feeling of goneness in the pocket and to mourn the untimely departure of his trusty pill packer.

"At Campbell's Station, they burned the warehouse and its contents, belonging to Mr. John Fordyce, after robbing his safe, containing, we learn, about four thousand dollars in money, two thousand dollars of which belonged to Mr. Thomas Frame ; also the railroad bridge convenient, and three freight cars loaded with tobacco, cut the telegraph wires and started for Washington. Here they made a grand stand ; threw out their pickets, and prepared for War. We believe they did no damage in Washington, at least we have heard of none, except eating up what provisions the people had on hand, and relieving them of a few horses. At this place, General Shackleton came upon the thief with one thousand Union cavalry, which caused him to skedaddle in doublequick. A smart skirmish ensued at the edge of the town, the rebels firing one volley and running, as usual. In this skirmish, three rebels were wounded, two of whom are since dead and the other expected to die. On the road from Washington to Winchester the rebels made two more stands, each for a few minutes, when they fled. During one of these skirmishes, three rebels were captured. Near Winchester, Colonel Wallace, with a few troops and one piece of artillery, joined General Shackleford.

"The rebels, after the last skirmish, succeeded in getting some distance ahead of our forces, we failing to get in sight of them again in this county.

"It appears, from conversations with eight of Morgan's men, who were captured, and are now in the county jail here, that the scoundrels despaired of reaching home many days ago, and that they roamed about without any definite object beyond a very slight hope that they might find an unguarded crossing on the Ohio river. They claim to have had plenty to eat, and but little time to eat it, so hard were they constantly pressed by our troops. They made it a point to take every horse they met with that was of any value, and when they stole a horse they generally turned loose some poor tired-out animal. How many horses they stole in this county we cannot possibly say, but as they stole all along the route, they must have picked up a considerable number.

"As John Morgan and his band are now captured, the people can settle down and content themselves with at least a hope that one horse-thieving scoundrel and disturber of the peace of the country, will get his just deserts. If our people don't shoot him for the raid, the rebel authorities will be sure to, if they ever lay hands on him. He has wasted and destroyed, on a fool's errand, the best body of cavalry they had in their service, and all to no purpose in the world. Such a senseless expedition never started since the world

began. He has failed to perform a single achievement that is worth thinking of a second time.

"Rebel raids into loyal states—whether on a great or a small scale—have but one ending, the defeat and utter route of those attempting them. John Morgan ventured this time something out of his usually safe line, and, in crossing the Ohio river, marked his track with foul murderS—the killing of peaceful and unoffending citizens. It was but a little while until he found the spirit he had aroused,--the great mistake he had made,—and his fate will be the fate of all such scoundrels who undertake similar expeditions. They are the disgrace of civilization, and the villains will in future be hunted down as men hunt down wild beasts, and when caught, a 'short shrift and a long rope' will be all the compensation these blood-stained wretches will receive at the hands of a justly outraged people. We are told that in one section 0f this county they were so very urbane and polite that they quite charmed our people. We, for one, are sick of this accursed cant about `politeness,' `chivalry,' etc., this trifling with murder and every black crime. And when we look at the horrors so long carried on with impunity by this vile, black-hearted cut-throat and his land-pirate gang, we cannot say that we would object should the result of the whole matter be a "short shrift and a long rope,' from the friends and relatives of the persons he and his band have so foully murdered, and whose property he has so wantonly destroyed."

(Published in the Jeffersonian in January, 1891, by Col. C. P. B. Sarchet, who took part

Before the raider, Gen. John Morgan, with his rough raiders, reached Ohio, at Harrison, near Cincinnati, on July 14, 1863, Governor Tod had proclaimed martial law in Ohio, and called out the militia. To this call more than fifty thousand responded. These militia were minute men, who were ready to leave their offices, shops and farms at a moment's notice. The militia of the state had been enrolled and officered by companies. The writer had been commissioned a captain, by Governor Tod, to enroll three regiments in Guernsey county. This had been done and the writer was elected colonel of the First Regiment of Guernsey county, and as we remember now, the then editor of The Jeffersonian, McClelland, late of the Barnesville Enterprise, and the present editor of the Guernsey Times, D. D. Taylor, mustered in this regiment, and each carried a cornstalk as well as anybody. We want to record the part that the "Cambridge Scouts," a company composed of

colonels, captains, lieutenants and high privates, under the immediate command of Col. John Ferguson, late from the seat of war, took in the chase after "Morgan's Rough Raiders," July 15, 1863.

The "Cambridge Scouts," in command of Col. John Ferguson, under orders of Governor Tod, left Cambridge for Chillicothe, taking, at Zanesville, the Cincinnati & Wilmington railroad for Circleville. This company of seventy-five or eighty men reached Circleville sometime after dark, and slept on the soft side of the pavement until morning, experiencing at the outset a taste of grim-visaged war. Here we were breakfasted in squads, at the several hotels. Transportation by wagon was to have been ready here to take us to Chillicothe, but this had not been provided, nor could it be obtained now, for fear Morgan would capture the horses. He was reported near Chillicothe, with three thousand men, heading north, closely pursued by General Hobson, with the Union forces and militia. Our place of rendezvous was Chillicothe, where we were to be armed and equipped f0r war. A heavily- loaded canal boat, bound south, came along, the captain was coerced, and the company took the upper deck. All day long, amid the hot July sun, we boarded the perils of "the raging canal," as the cry ever and anon was heard, "low bridge," when we had to flatten out to keep from being scraped off, and drowned in the green scum of the Ohio canal. Arriving at Chillicothe a little after nightfall, we found the men, women and children fleeing for their lives. We were told that Morgan was coming, and that Paint creek bridge had been burned to stop his progress. We debarked from the boat and formed company on the towpath, and marched in quick step through the city, to the railroad running south to Hampden, where the militia had formed in line to receive arms, and fell into the line. All was darkness and confusion, not a light shone from any house, all places of business were closed, valuables were being carried away or secreted. The arms were being slowly given out, and, to make "confusion worse confounded," a report came that M0rgan had cut the railroad near Hampden and was sweeping everything before him. Hundreds of men took arms, and strapped their cartridge boxes around them, who perhaps never before had had a gun in their hands, and moved off down the railroad, falling over the crossties and themselves, and on every hand was heard the cry, "You fool, you keep off my heels." By the time our company moved down to the place of armament, the arms were exhausted, and we were given the freedom of the city, with orders to rep0rt at the place of armament in the morning, as more arms were to be sent down from Columbus. We had had no supper, and the quarters assigned was the market house, which was already jammed. As we were marching up through the city, we had

seen a small show tent pitched on a vacant lot. We marched to it, determined to make it our quarters for the night. After some parley with the proprietor, we were allowed to march in, and for one night we "tented on the old camp ground," but not to sleep, as the boys kept up the rallying song, "We'll Rally 'round the Flag" and "Way D0wn in Dixie Land."

In the morning we were marched to the market house, where rations had been provided of sandwiches and coffee, to which we did ample justice, not having had anything to eat since the previous morning. Anxious to see Paint creek, and the remains of the bridge destroyed to prevent Morgan's crossing into the city, we walked down and found a good ford, which was traveled at low tide, and in summer preferred to crossing the bridge. Its destruction was one of the exciting freaks of the war, and the alarm that gave rise to its destruction was the coming of a funeral procession, With solemn tramp, all oblivious of the threatened danger of the beleaguered city. For years this bridge was not rebuilt, the commissioners of Ross county claiming that the state or the person in command, whose foolhardiness caused its destruction, should rebuild it. All day long we moved about the doomed city, awaiting arms and further orders, By everyone came rumors, that Morgan had cut his way through the main force and was pushing northward. The streets were deserted, except by the militia and a few of the citizens. No women were to be seen, the blinds of the windows were down, and death-like solemnity reigned supreme. Late in the afternoon a dispatch came that Morgan was at Portland above Pomeroy, making for Buffington's Island, where he would make an effort to cross the Ohio. We were ordered home, and late at night, we boarded a canal boat, loaded with baled hay, which we took for Circleville, making our beds on the bales of hay. The boys improvised songs with a chorus, "As We go Sailing on the Raging Canal." When we arrived at Circleville the next day, the siege of Chillicothe being raised, and the imminent danger being passed, we were not so hospitably treated as we were going to the front, but had to forage for our dinners as best we could. Again taking the cars for Cambridge, we arrived late at night, after four days' service in "grim visaged war." As we marched up street, the boys sang, "Johnny's Come Home from the War."

We give below some extracts from Bazil W. Duke's article in the January Century, entitled, "A Romance of Morgan's Rough Raiders" :

"The Ohio militia were more numerous and aggressive than those of Indiana. We had frequent skirmishes with them daily, and although hundreds were captured, they assumed operations as soon as turned loose. What

excited in us more astonishment than all else we saw were the crowds of able- bodied men. The contrast with the South, drained of adult males to recruit her armies, was striking and suggestive of anything but confidence on our part in the result of the struggle.

"When a thirsty cavalryman rode up t0 a house to inquire for buttermilk, he was generally met by a buxom dame with a half dozen or more children peeping out from the voluminous skirts, who, in response to a question about the 'old man' would say : 'The men have all gone to a rally; you'll see them soon enough.'

"In Ohio, on more than 0ne occasion, we found pies in deserted houses, hot from the oven, displayed on tables conveniently spread. The first time I witnessed this kind of hospitality was when I rode up to a house where a party of men were standing around a table furnished as I have described, eying the pies hungrily, but showing no disposition to trouble them. I asked in astonishment why they were so abstinent. One of them replied that they feared the pies were poisoned. I was quite sure, to the contrary, that they were intended as a propitiatory offering. I have always been fond 0f pies— these were of luscious apples, Swank orchard, so I bade the spokesman hand me one of the largest and proceeded to eat it. The men watched vigilantly for two or three minutes, and then, as I seemed much better after my repast, they took hold ravenously.

"Morgan had thoroughly planned the raid before he marched from Tennessee. He proposed at no time to be far from the Ohio river, so that he might avail himself of an opportunity to recross. On reaching the borders of Pennsylvania, he intended, if General Lee should be in the state, to make every effort to join him ; failing in that, to make his escape through West Virginia.

"At Piketown we learned that Vicksburg had fallen, and that General Lee, having been repulsed at Gettysburg, had returned across the Potomac. Under the circumstanceS this information was peculiarly disheartening."

"I think Morgan crossed the Muskingum this morning, near the south line of Noble county. Send messengers into Noble county to call out the people to obstruct the roads to the Ohio river. Be on the alert yourselves, for he may take north. "D. TOD, G0vernor."

A company was quickly raised and mounted, armed with rifles, pistols, shotguns and old muskets, and placed under the command of Col. John Ferguson, in the evening on the scout into Noble county. The company numbered sixty or seventy, and was increased on the march to perhaps one hundred men. We arrived at Cumberland, Guernsey county, about ten o'clock at night, and after a stop for a short time, pushed on into Noble county, to Hiramsburgh and Hoskinsville. Here a halt was made until daylight. A squad of four men in charge of the writer was ordered to McConnelsville to learn of Morgan's whereabouts. As near as we now remember, this squad was Elza Turner, J. R. Downar, George Frazier and another not remembered. We arrived at McConnelsville about noon. But long before we got there, we met men, women and children fleeing from the town, giving us the information that Morgan was crossing at Eaglesport, and that "we had better turn back, or he would take us." We told them that "we were hunting for Morgan, and were going to take him dead or alive."

We galloped on into the town, and found all excitement and confusion and the citizens in a state of terror. There seemed to be no organization of militia, or anything that looked like fight, but s0me women scraping lint and preparing bandages. We stayed long enough to learn that Morgan was passing around the town, then we started back to report to the command. On our way back we could hear of Morgan on another road, and we were, in fact, in his front for some time. When we got back to the command it had moved off without leaving word where. We determined to go to Cumberland.

It was now very dark, and after nightfall we pushed on as best we could, often taking the wrong road, having to dismount and examine for the road. After a time we came upon the command, which had halted on account of the darkness. We gave them our news, the first they had had concerning Morgan. We were now near Cumberland, and not knowing Morgan's direction, we parleyed for a time as to what course we should take. It was finally decided that a squad of picked men, under Lieutenant Squiers, should go forward to learn more of Morgan, The writer was one of the number. We moved on with caution in the darkness t0ward Cumberland. After advancing a few miles, we met some men carrying bridles and saddles. They told us that Morgan's raiders were in Cumberland, that their horses had been taken, and they themselves detained as prisoners for a time. They said that Morgan's pickets were down at the bridge, but a short distance back. Our lieutenant proposed to the squad that we hide our arms and go down to the pickets, claiming to be farmers on our way to Cumberland to see Morgan, but the squad did not propose to give up their horses to Morgan, but pro-

posed to go forward and run in the pickets. This the lieutenant objected to. and standing on our arms, sent back for the command to come up. Whilst waiting, we could hear Morgan's raiders reveling on the good things of the people. The town was well sacked. The pickets were soon called in, and, the command coming up, we galloped into the town by one road, Hobson and Shackleford on another. The command of Morgan were not yet all through with their pillage. We managed to take two prisoners, whom we sent under guard to Cambridge. Morgan pushed on t0ward Hartford, trying to burn the bridge over the creek behind him. But the pursuers were too close, and the fire was soon extinguished, One hundred well-armed men in Morgan's front. anywhere between Eaglesport and the Central Ohio railroad could have held him in check long enough to have been taken by the pursuing forces. This day, July 24th, was spent between Cumberland and Winchester, passing through Hartford, Senecaville, and at Campbell's Station checked for a time by the burning of the bridge by Morgan over Leatherwood creek and the station house. Morgan halted at Washington long enough to dine off its citizens. The town was picketed on the east and west. How well it was done the "heroes of Hyde's Hill" may in the future write up its history. Morgan's pickets on the south were driven in by Hobs0n's advance, and the whole column of raiders got out of Washington, helter-skelter, toward the north, making a stand over the hill, which is known in the history of this raid as the "battle of 'Washington." In this battle four of Morgan's men were killed or mortally wounded, and several prisoners taken. Another stand was made at Salt fork bridge, where the entire pursuing force was checked until dark, reaching Winchester in the night, where a long halt was made, as Morgan made a feint of going toward Birmingham, with a part of his command, but took again the Antrim road, the whole column joining again at Antrim. There had been a heavy rain in the afternoon, and it was still raining. All was darkness and confusion, The farmers Were coming in to hear the news, and a general exchange of horses was going on. A detachment of troops sent down from Cambridge by wagon were being mounted as fast as horses could be conscripted. This night's ride from Winchester to Moorefield told upon pursued and pursuers. The men were drenched to the skin, saddles and blankets wet and heavy, road muddy and slippery, horses jaded and hungry, many fell by the wayside and the troopers left to plod along carrying saddle and bridle, until a horse could be captured. The pursuing forces moved on slowly through Antrim, Londonderry, and on to Smyrna. Here a halt was made to examine the road, as it was reported that Morgan's forces had taken the Freeport road. At Londonderry, the Writer was suffering severe pain in

stomach and bowels. He roused up an old friend and former fellow-citizen, Doctor John McCall, who prepared us medicine that relieved our pain and sent us on our way rejoicing. And this ought to be a good enough record, when in the future a grateful state shall pension her gallant sons, who threw down the implement of peace and flew to arms and horses to chase the marauders from her sacred soil. Before reaching Stillwater creek, we could see the flashes of light that told that Morgan had burned the bridge behind him. It was now two o'clock—rain pouring down, thunder and lightning adding their flashing light and rumbling roaring as on we galloped.

Before coming to the burning bridge, a part of the command, having a battery of two guns, made a detour up the creek to a bridge to cross over. The rest moved on down the bottom and began crossing below the burning bridge. To make this ford was dangerous and at the same time amusing. Crossing by twos, plouting into the mud and water up to the saddle skirts, plunging through, and hallooing back to those in the rear, "over" ; then a steep, slippery bank had to be climbed to reach the road. This being gained, the word came back, "up." After all were over a halt was made to await the action of the party that made the crossing farther up the creek, and the entire command laid down to rest on the roadside. Here for the first time we lay down to sleep since leaving Cambridge, having confidence enough in our tired, jaded horses, that they would stand by and not tramp on the tired, Water- soaked troopers.

When the bugle sounded the march, the sun was just peeping out clear and bright in the eastern horizon, and as we felt the warm, drying rays, men and horses seemed to make obeisance to the "God of Day." Our horses had nipped the grass in the fence corners and barked the rails, and were ready to gallop on. Of this day's ride of seventy-two miles from sun-up to sun-down, and the capture on the next, it is our purpose to tell in the following account.

So far the pursuit was a chase. The pursued had the advantage of the fresh horses on the line, but now Morgan was to meet opposing forces in front and flank and rear, and to use a fox-chase term, the pursuers had come to the "last straw line," and the fox is in the square.

Rev. W. M. Ferguson, of Washington, wrote of Morgan and his raiders at the time as follows :

"On Friday last, 24th, six hundred and seventy of the marauders took possession of this town. The writer conversed freely with Morgan himself

and with several members of his staff. They said that the Unionists were far more cruel and destructive than they, and that one object in coming across Ohio was to give us a taste of what the South had for years seen and suffered from our armies. Such a raid has never been known before. It is more than a thousand miles long from its first start in Tennessee, marked by a line of green graves—and the grandest horse exchange ever witnessed. Morgan's band stole (so Lieut. Thomas J. Morgan, John's cousin, told me) on an average three hundred horses a day."

This day, Saturday, July 25, 1863, Morgan began to play the leading card on the military board. To make a crossing of the Ohio river was the desired goal. As we passed through Moorefield in the early morning, the hogs and chickens were feasting on the remains of corn and oats left by Morgan's horses, where they had been fed in a long line on Main street. The men had breakfasted off the citizens. So that our inquiry for something to eat was answered by, "Morgan has just eat us out." Morgan usually halted twice during the day to feed men and horses, choosing generally the small towns. The pursuing forces got what they could in feed and provisions at points between where Morgan had made his stops. These halts were made when the Union forces were farthest in the rear. The time for rest at Moorefield was gained by the burning of the bridge already detailed. Before reaching Cadiz, the pursued left the grade road, passing south of Cadiz through Harrisville. Here the rear guard made for a time a very determined stand. and General Hobson brought to bear upon them a light field battery, which had the effect of breaking their lines. All along as We neared the high river bluffs we could see the column winding up the hills or coursing along the ridges, headed by Morgan in his buggy drawn by two spirited Kentucky horses. At Georgetown another stand was made by the whole column, under the direction of Morgan himself. The different moves made for a position seemed to indicate to the writer that here the final battle and capture was to take place.

Morgan's forces were partly protected in a stretch of woods. Hobson opened fire from the field battery and endeavored to flank him on his course to the river, but again Morgan moved off with the main column, leaving the rear guard to bold in check the Union forces. This rear guard was in command of Captain Himes, mounted upon the best horses that could be picked up along the line of the raid, its object being not only to hold in check the pursuers, but to prevent any straggling of the main column and their capture. Morgan

made three desperate attempts to gain the river during the day, and being headed off, dashed back again in the hills. In these dashes he passed through New Athens and Smithfield. It was an up-and-down-hill chase from valley to valley, which told severely on both men and horses. The citizens were now fully aroused, Morgan's raiders were in their midst, and the pursuing forces were being increased by mounted militiamen joining the column. As we galloped down Short creek, we passed a lone militiaman, carrying an old flintlock musket at "right shoulder shift." He had on his old military suit, bearing the old white braided herring-bone chevron of the old army of long ago, in which he had paraded, no doubt, as a member of Captain Beebe's company. He moved along with a light, elastic step, thinking of the long past training days, when he fought the "mimie fray." But he was soon lost to sight. It was this spirit of patriotic devotion, this readiness to fly to arms that made the raid of Morgan, bold as it was, fruitless in the result.

Morgan's force struck the Steubenville grade road at right angle, west of Winterville. Here, in order to get north around Steubenville, as he was making for Smith’s Ferry, there being no direct road north, without turning west or to the east through Winterville, he parleyed for a time and was overtaken by Hobson's advance and a sharp skirmish ensued. It was said that several were killed, but we saw no dead but horses.

A young lady, Miss Dougherty, at the Maxwell house, in the line of direction of fire, was struck by a ball which passed around her body, passing out and into the wall, making a large indenture. It was reported that she was killed, but she recovered. Mrs. Arnold, of this place, was well acquainted with this young lady, and verifies ,these statements. The report given in the January (1891) Century is not correct as to the killed, or as to the time of the skirmish. A Michigan soldier was wounded and afterward died.

Morgan took the road east through Winterville, his rear guard holding the Union forces in check long enough for the advance to do some pillaging. At Winterville there was a company of mounted militia, who fled helter-skelter through the town, crying, "Morgan is coming, he's down at Hanna's," and whether they were stopped by the Ohio river or fled over into West Virginia we don’t know. It was evident they had met Morgan and were satisfied. The women of Winterville fled to the minister's home, and held a prayer meeting, and the men who had all the day long marched and countermarched through the streets with "plumes and banners gay," when the cry was heard that Morgan was coming, "marched, marched away," and took refuge in an oat field nearby. When Morgan was well on his way to Hammonsville, and the Union forces came up, the sun sinking behind the western hills, there waS a resurrection from the oat field, "nor lost a single man."

Colonel Collier, of Steubenville, gathered up enough of the frightened militia to man and plant a cannon on the hill, and let drive at the Union forces. General Shackleford sent up an officer to learn who "them fools were shooting at." The fleeing mounted militia, when they got to Steubenville, said they had met and turned Morgan, and that he was "on to Richmond," and the city was saved. We took the road to Hammonsville and Richmond, a night's ride in the darkness. Some time in the night we were cut off from the main forces by taking the wrong road, but we pushed on, not knowing where. We were lost, and our situation became more perilous as we advanced, as we might encounter Morgan or we might meet the Union forces. We called a halt until daylight. Then we went forward again, finding that we had passed west of both Hammonsville and Richmond, and were some miles from the main forces. Between nine and ten o'clock we learned that Morgan was captured and his men prisoners. This we accepted as true, and, after resting a while on the roadside, we "about faced" for home, and struck the grade road west of Winterville, and went into camp in a grove, where we quietly rested, as it was the Sabbath.

The first report of the capture proved to be only a part. Morgan was not himself captured until that afternoon. Here we rested, rejoicing that the battle had been fought, and the capture made. This Sabbath's rest was enjoyed by both men and horses. We had plenty of sheaf oats for the horses, and plenty of food for the men, procured either by buying or by forage. So we quietly feasted and rested, until 'well in the day on Monday, when we broke camp, and t0ok the road for Cadiz. In conclusion, let us sum up the events of the raid.

At the Maxwell House, "the cross roads hotel," we went in to see the young lady, Miss Dougherty, who was a victim of the raid, as described in the preceding account. Here we could more clearly see the evidence of the skirmish of Saturday. The fences were torn down, where the cavalry had charged through the fields, disabled and abandoned horses were nipping the grass by the roadside, and the dead horses remained unburied. From the Maxwell House to Cadiz, no signs of the raid were to be seen. But many of the citizens had taken time by the forelock, and hid away their horses, which they were now bringing in, all rejoicing that Morgan was captured and the raid at an end. At Cadiz we were entertained by the citizens in a very hospitable manner. The writer, with others from Cambridge, was entertained by our old school teacher and former citizen of Cambridge, and editor of the Guernsey Times, Richard Hatton, father of the Hon. Frank Hatton. Here

we all enjoyed the pleasure of a "bivouac" on the parlor carpet, and slept the "sleep of the brave." Mrs. Hatton afforded us the best supper and breakfast that could be set up on the unexpected coming of a hungry squad, to which we did ample justice, and now at this late day we feel, as then, thankful for her generous hospitality. The people of Cadiz did not feel at all snubbed that Morgan had passed them by on the other side. A few miles west of Cadiz we again struck the line of the raid, and on every hand we saw its effect, and heard the tales of wanton destruction 0f property, not only by Morgan's forces, but the Union forces as well. War means extravagance and destruction.

Near to Londonderry we met Moses Sarchet and Stephen Potts, Esq., who, under appointment of Governor Tod, were out on the line of the raid, in Guernsey county, looking up the abandoned property, and having it cared for, as well as assuring the people that their damages, of whatever character, would be paid. Governor Tod, while a war governor, looked well after the interests of the state and her citizens. We arrived home on Tuesday evening, and were received with joyous enthusiasm by the citizens of Cambridge.

The disposition of Morgan's raiders and plunderers is described as follows, in the Century, by Basil W. Duke:

"There were very good reasons, independent of the provost guard, why the men should not straggle far from the line of march; but the well filled stores and gaudy shop windows of the Indiana and Ohio towns seemed to stimulate, in men accustomed to impoverished and unpretentious Dixie, the propensity to appropriate without limit or restraint. I had never before seen anything like this disposition to plunder. Our perilous situation only seemed to make the men more reckless. At the same time, anything more ludicrous than the manner in which they indulged their predatory tasks can scarcely be imagined. The weather was intensely warm, yet one man rode for three days with seven pairs of skates slung about his neck ; another loaded himself with sleigh-bells. A large chafing dish, a Dutch clock, a chandelier and a bird cage, containing three canaries, were some of the articles I saw borne off and jealously fondled. Baby shoes and calico were, however, staple articles. A fellow would procure a bolt of calico, carry it carefully for a day or tw0, then cast it aside and get another."

"The expedition was of immediate benefit, since a part of the forces Which would otherwise have harassed Bragg's retreat and swollen Rosecrans' muster roll at Chickamauga, were carried by the pursuit of Morgan so far northward that they were kept from participating in that battle."

"And thus ended the greatest of Morgan's raids. By it, Bragg lost a fine large division of cavalry, that, if added to Buckner's forces, might have defeated Burnside; or, if thrown across Rosecrans' flank, or long line of supply and communication, might have baffled Rosecrans altogether."

The immediate result of the raid was further to fire the Northern heart. The President had just issued a call for three hundred thousand more troops and an enrollment had been made for a draft, if quotas were not filled by volunteers. This raid stimulated volunteering, and by the time the draft was ordered in Ohio, most of the counties had filled their quotas. We have never seen a report of the full loss sustained by the citizens of Guernsey county, by this raid, as reported from time to time to the commission having the different classes of claims for adjustment, but they are now all paid.

Almost a new generation of people have come upon the stage of action since Morgan's rough raiders galloped through Guernsey, and the most of the "Cambridge Scouts" have passed their three score years, and "one by one are falling away, like leaves before the autumn wind."

When war was declared against Spain. by President McKinley, in the spring of 1898, after the sinking of the battleship "Maine," men were wanted to enter the government's service for that war. As a rule, the state militia companies were largely used for that purpose.

The local newspapers of Cambridge had several stirring articles on the war and one item, throwing light on the first real action here, reads as follows :

"The first patriotic demonstration for war against Spain was made by the citizens of Cambridge on last Friday evening. About seven o'clock Adam Broom's drum corps, headed by the United States flag, and followed by an enthusiastic crowd, marched up street to the Mc. and Mc. store, where young men recruit under H. F. McDonald. Stirring war speeches were made by Mayor Luccock and others to a large crowd of interested citizens, after which a number of young men signed the recruiting pledge. The recruits, old veterans and citizens, then marched down street to blood-stirring martial music."

Owing to the fact that there was no regular National Guard company within Guernsey county when this last war broke out, there were but few men who went from the county, save a few who served as members of the regular army.

Perhaps no better history can be given of this monument than the one written, at the time, by the editor of the Times, which follows :

Tuesday, June 9, 1903, will be remembered as an eventful day in the history of Guernsey county as long as any now living shall survive, and it will be a tradition as long as the monument of granite endures. The weather clerk had promised fair weather, and came very near to filling the bill, except that during the noon recess there were showers, which cooled the atmosphere and gave an enjoyable after part of the day and a glorious evening.

Early in the morning all Cambridge was astir, and soon the crowd came from every quarter of the county as for a holiday of great sacredness of interest.

There was no parade on the program, nor band show. The Electric Park or Consolidated Band and the Winchester Drum Corps, with Superintendent Cronebaugh and Professor LaChat's High School Glee Club, gave the best of music, timed as directed, alternating with the addresses.

A little after nine thirty o'clock Editor David D. Taylor, chairman of the board of trustees of the Guernsey County Monumental Association, called the crowd at the Public Square to order and asked the people to stand silently while Rev, Dr. McFarland made the invocation. Mr. Taylor also presented Hon. Milton Turner to preside over the further exercises of the day, as chairman of the building trustees appointed by the county commissioners. Mr. Turner was greeted with applause, and spoke as follows :

ago a movement was started to build a soldiers' monument by subscription. A charter was taken out, and an association formed under the name of the Guernsey County Monumental Association. Fifteen thousand fine lithographed life membership certificates were procured and a regular campaign opened up by holding meetings in each township of the county. The constitution provided that any man, woman or child, white or colored, could become a lifetime voting member upon the payment of one dollar. A vice-president was appointed in each township, and a book of blank certificates left in his hands to be sold to all who wished to become members. After the expiration of two years the books were called in, and did not show sufficient receipts to pay the expenses of the campaigns, so the project was abandoned and we went into the show business. A hall was fitted up in one of Colonel Taylor's buildings, and a series of entertainments were given during the winter by the ladies and gentlemen 0f the association. Star actors appeared on the stage in the persons of Hon. D. D. Taylor, Alfred Weedon, A. K. Broom, Capt. A. A. Taylor, J. C. Carver, and H. F. McDonald, supported by a strong coterie of the best ladies of the town. The public was entertained once or twice a week with a good performance for the sum of ten cents. Money accumulated slowly but surely, and the property man reported an accumulation of over four hundred dollars in paraphernalia, pictures, etc. But, alas, the dread fire fiend in the dead hours of the night stole upon us, and reduced the amphitheater to ashes. For six long years the movement lay dormant, until the monumental association again arose, Phoenix-like, and applied to the Legislature for a special act authorizing the county commissioners to levy a tax in the sum of fifteen thousand dollars. The bill was pushed through the House by the Hon. W. L. Simpson, and Hon. J. E. Hurst did not let it stick in the Senate. The county commissioners acted promptly under its provisions and appointed three members of a building committee and the monumental trustees appointed three, as was also pr0vided for in the act.

The building committee are, in addition to Milton Turner, president; I. A. Oldham, secretary ; A. A. Taylor, treasurer ; J. O. Mcllyar, A. K. Broom and Thomas Smith, and their names are carved on the monument in the rear of the figure of the cavalryman, underneath the "Erected by the Monumental Association and Commissioners of Guernsey County, 1903."

In the midst of tbe reading by Mr. Turner, the monument was unveiled by himself and little granddaughter, Ruth McMahon, amidst the plaudits of the people. There was a hitch in the proceeding, but the veil yielded to some stout pulling, and the Glee Club sang the "Soldiers' Chorus."

The response of the county commissioners accepting the monument was by H. W. Luccock, in his usual neat and eloquent manner. There followed a beautiful medley of national airs by the band, after which Gen. R. B. Brown, of Zanesville, made an impressive address. After further singing and music by the band and drum corps, there was a recess until two o'clock. The following is a brief account of the afternoon exercises :

Hon. Ralph D. Cole, of Findlay, the star orator of the last two Legislatures, made the oration of the afternoon. Senator Hurst telegraphed from New Philadelphia that he could not come. Freeman T. Eagleson was introduced by Mr. Turner as the next representative from Guernsey county. This sentiment, as well as his magnificent speech, was cheered to the echo. There followed speeches by Hon. W. L. Simpson, John L. Locke, and, in closing, Editor D. D. Taylor made an address. After more music, and a few remarks by Chairman Turner, Rev. Pope pronounced the benediction.

The soldiers buried in the old graveyard, as near as we can now remember, are : Of the Revolutionary war, Capt. Thomas Cook, Capt. James Jack, Thomas Lawrence, John Linn, Robert Moffett, Christopher Donover, Sr,, and Robert Chambers; of the war of 1812, Maj. James Dunlap, Capt. James Harding, Capt. Cyrus P. Beatty, Lieut. Wyatt Hutchison, Lieut. David Burt, Privates John Hutchison, James Turner, Andrew McConehay, Andrew Marshall, James Kelley, Joseph Lofland, William Talbott, Rodney Talbott, Peter Stears, Peter Torode, John Bollen, John McKee, James Thomas and Christopher Donover, Jr., and of the Mexican war, John Clark.

Joseph Lofland was a soldier in the regiment of Col. Jonathan Meigs and was with the army of the Northwest when it was surrendered to the British at Detroit by Gen. Joseph Hull.

From the number of names we have given as buried in the old graveyard, which is perhaps imperfect, it will be seen that that neglected two acres contain as many soldiers' graves in proportion to area as does the city cemetery. It is a graveyard filled with the graves of heroes, heroes of the wars that gave liberty to the struggling colonies and the heroes who endured all the dangers incident to the pioneer settlement ; heroes all; let the dust of their shrines he the Mecca of the future city of Cambridge.

And besides the soldiers we have named there are buried in it : John Ferguson, one of the Irish Rebels of 1790; Francis Donsouchett, a soldier

of the French army of the First Napoleon, and all of the pioneer settlers, the Gombers, Beattys, Sarchets, Tingles, Hollers, Bichards, Lenfestys, Huberts, McClenahans, Talbotts, Bells, Hutchinsons, Halleys, Stewarts and others.

The Grand Army of the Republic, which was formed all over the Northern states a few years after the Civil war, was early in the field in Guernsey county, and had various posts organized, but with the passing of these more than forty-five years since that conflict closed, the soldierS have died in such great numbers that only a few posts are in existence today, and the most of the fraternal interest is now centered at Cambridge, where the Cambridge Post was formed in the late seventies, went down and was reorganized in February, 1884, as Post No. 343. It, now has a membership of about one hundred and fifty, but of this number only ninety-seven are in good standing.

The 1910 officers are : Commander, Alfred Weeden; senior vice-commander, D. T. Jeffries; junior vice-commander, George H. Stottlemire; chaplain, Dr. F. A. Br0wn ; quartermaster, D. W. Nossett; surgeon, Stewart Harris; officer of the day, Joseph McGill; officer 0f the guard, James Albaugh ; adjutant, John Hamilton; quartermaster sergeant, C. F. Camp; sergeant-major, William Priaulx.

The past commanders include these : Charles L. Campbell, Hugh McDonald, A. A. Taylor, Alfred Weeden, Henry Coffman, Robert Hammond, W. H. C. Hanna, J. C. Carver, R. H. Dilley, D. T. Jeffries and B. S. Herring. The deceased of this number are Messrs. Taylor, Coffman, Hammond and Herring.

At the old Cambridge cemetery there is a soldiers' square in which the annual Memorial services are held. In 1905 the Woman's Relief Corps caused to be erected a handsome monument dedicated to the "Unknown Dead." It is about twenty feet in height and properly inscribed.

William Reed 'was one of the soldiers from Guernsey county who participated in the famous battle on Lake Erie, in which Commodore Perry was hero, and in the fine oil painting of that lake engagement, now gracing the rotunda of the State House, at Columbus, the figure of the man manfully plying an oar, while his face was tied up with a handkerchief, with blood running down over him, is none other than this man, William Reed, of this county.

Guernsey, in common with almost every county in Ohio, from the earliest settlement, sought to provide good schools, both of a private and public character. Liberality has been the rule from the days when lands were given for such purpose, even to the present time, when none but modern buildings and the best of instructors are furnished to the people, cost what it does, and the taxpayers, as a rule, are not complainers of the amount of money thus expended.

Up to 1836, when the public school system was enacted by the Ohio Legislature, there had been no regular educational system, or regular public school building erected within the county. Private schoolS were taught in the various settlements. Anybody who desired to teach school got up a subscription paper proposing to teach a school for thirteen weeks, and the branches taught were the alphabet, spelling, reading, writing and arithmetic. There were eight school districts formed before Cambridge was set off as No. 9 in 1836. The first school taught in the town, however, was in the winter of 1809-10, by John Beatty, a Virginian, and the brother of Zaccheus Beatty, one of the town's founders.

The author of this work wrote the following concerning the first free school in Cambridge, for the columns of the Herald, in the autumn of 1902, and the same is the best authority now at hand on this subject :

Professor John McBurney handed to us an article of agreement, dated February 25, 1833, between Joseph Bute, John B. Thompson and John Hersh, Jr., directors of school district No. 7, in Cambridge township, Guernsey county, Ohio, of one part, and Andrew Magee, teacher, 0f the other part, to-wit :

"The said directors agree to employ Andrew Magee, teacher of a common school, in said district, for a period of three months, commencing the first day of February, and ending on the 12th day of May, free for all chil-

dren between the ages of four and twenty-one years, agreeable to the thirty- fourth section of the Ohio school law, passed March 2, 1831, and in consideration of his services as teacher, they do hereby engage to pay over to said teacher, at the close of such quarter, the sum of seventy-five dollars, out of the school funds belonging to said district. And the said Andrew Magee agrees with the directors that he will teach the several branches of an English education specified in the certificate of qualification granted by the board of school examiners of Guernsey county, according to the best of his abilities—to keep the same open for school exercises from eight to twelve o'clock in the forenoon, and from one to four o'clock on the afternoon of each day of the week, Saturday afternoon excepted, from the twelfth day of February to the first day of April next, and from eight to twelve o'clock in forenoon, and from half-past one o'clock to five o'clock in the afternoon of each day thereafter, to provide at his costs for use of said school, the room, desks and fuel necessary, and moreover to use all reasonable diligence and attention toward the improvement of those attending school."

School district No. 7 comprised all of the town of Cambridge west of the public square, extending north to Wills creek, and west and north of the National road to the Adams township line. Moses Sarchet was the clerk of the district, and Ebenezer Smith treasurer. At that time Joseph Bute resided in the old David Burt house, which covered the front of the lot now occupied by the Burgess, Schaser and Zanhiser properties. John B. Thompson resided in a small frame house on the lot now occupied by the Hutchison block. John Hersh was then editor and proprietor of the Guernsey Times, and resided in a frame house, corner of Steubenville avenue and Seventh street, on the lot now the residences of Dr. C. A. Moore and Rev. Dr. Milligan. The Guernsey Times office was in a small frame house on the same lot. The school was in the old Masonic building on N0rth Seventh street. Moses Sarchet resided in the Burgess house, corner of North Eighth street and Steubenville avenue, and Ebenezer Smith resided on North Sixth street, in what was known as the Hersh house, and later the site of the Gooderl house.

This quarter of three months' free school was the first altogether free school in Cambridge township, and at the same time there was a school in District No. 6, which comprised the east of the township for a considerable distance east. At all the scho0ls, heretofore, the state school fund was applied for the payment of teachers, but was riot sufficient, and the residue was made up by levying a percentage on each scholar in attendance, which had to be collected by the teacher.

The paper on which the article of agreement is written is well preserved, and should be kept in the school library, as a record of the first free school in Cambridge. The writer was a scholar in the school taught by Andrew Magee, and twenty-two years later was married by Rev. Andrew Magee, so that with him he began a school life and matrimonial life.

Charles Marquand in early days taught a school in a house on the Kirkpatrick lot, on Wheeling avenue and South Ninth street. He was a good scholar and a first-class penman. Some of the scholars of this school afterward filled some of the county offices. One of these, Jacob G. Metcalf, was an ambidexter, writing a good legible hand, as the records of the county will show. Judge Joseph D. Tingle and Moses Sarchet, Esq., were, perhaps, the last living scholars of the Campbell school. Mrs. Nancy B. Noble, Mrs. Nancy B. Albright, Mrs. Samuel H. Oldham and Mrs. Margaret Thompson were scholars of the Marquand school. These schools were all subscription schools. After these, there was a school taught by John W. Kipp, in a part of the Ogier house on Wheeling avenue. This school was party paid by the state school funds and partly by assessment per scholar. Kipp was the compiler of a spelling book, called "Kipp's Speller." This book and tuition could be paid for in trade : bees-wax, gentian, furs and snake root were regarded as cash, and were the staple articles at that time. A file of the first volume of the Guernsey Times, 1824, will show an advertisement of the "Cambridge Academy," William Sedgwick, teacher. This academy was located on the brow of the hill on the Harris lot, Wheeling avenue, in a small frame building. An eccentric old German, Elias Entz, had a saddle and harness shop in the front room, and the academy was in the rear. Entz was a teacher, as well as Sedgwick, and while Sedgwick, in the rear, was teaching the young idea how to shoot, Entz, in the front, was teaching the rayens how to talk, and notably one "Bony," whose fame as a talker was known from east to 'west along the old Wheeling road, afterward the National road. It may be that this academy was of great advantage to "Bony," and that his ravenship when on his perch in the saddler-shop gathered in the A B C's and I. O. U's as the groundwork for his afterward successful raven scholarship. "Bony," when out on his perch in front of the shop, would help the teamsters drive up the hill by clucking, "Get up there," "Whoa haw," "Go

up," etc. He would whistle up the dogs, and then cry, "Go home, you whelps." He would cry out to pedestrians, "Stop !" and then laugh at their surprise. And while all this was going on, the old German would be stitching away, enjoying the fun as prompter behind the scenes.

In 1825 the Legislature passed a law requiring a tax to be levied for the support of schools. But it was eight or ten years after before even this fund came to be available for the payment of teachers, and then for not more than three or four months during the winter season. As we have said. the Kipp school had the advantage of this fund, but the law then only granted the power to levy, and levies were only made by the school boards to afford a sum for the part payment of teachers, leaving the parents who were considered able to make up the balance. William Sedgwick was one 0f the early Baptist ministers of this section of Ohio, and often preached in Cambridge, and at the time of his academy taught a Bible-reading school on Sunday in the grand jury room of the old court house, which was attended by old and young of all denominations, and as these were the days of controversy, as to election and reprobation, sprinkling and dipping, there were often some very spirited and angry discussions.

The first altogether free school began, within the knowledge of the writer, about the year 1834-35. Andrew Magee, afterward a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church in the Pittsburg conference, was the first teacher. This school was in the lower room of the old Freemason lodge, now a part of the McConehey building on North Seventh street. The floor was of brick, and the benches were of the primitive style, slabs with pins for support, and the desks for 'writing were rough b0ards pinned up around the wall on one side, at which those who were advanced to writing took turns. The teacher meanwhile mended the goose-quill pens, and set the copies, "Command you may your mind from play, every' moment of the day." The ink, often made out of polkberry juice or copperas, was hung to the wall in a bottle. The day of ink-stands was not yet. The boy or girl who had a slate, or a real slate pencil, belonged to the "upper ten" of that day, and even the boy who had a piece of slate handed down from away back, and a soapstone pencil, was a subject of some envy by those who had only a multiplication table roughly prepared on a piece of paper. This was the first step toward the slate, and when the slate came, how s0on the average boy or girl became an artist, and horses, dogs, houses and kites often took the place of figures and brought to the back of the busy artist the ever-indispensable hickory, for it was by might and power the master reigned, his right no one to dispute.

Prior to 1838, Richard Hatton taught several terms of three months' school. In the winter of 1837 or 1838 the town was divided, and there were two free schools, called the up-town and down-town. The down-town school was taught by a Mr. Lowry ; the up-town by an Irishman, William Latimore. At Christmas came the bar-out; this custom followed the free school. The day before Christmas the terms of the treat, usually gingerbread, cider and apples, were written out and laid before the teacher for his approval or rejection. If rejected, the next morning found the schoolroom in possession of the larger boys, the doors and windows well barricaded, and supplies of fuel and provisions laid up for a long siege. The demand to open the door by the teacher or directors was answered by a demand to sign the protocol. Sometimes the teacher succeeded in entering the house, and subduing the rebellion, but most generally the boys succeeded in holding the house until the besiegers surrendered. This was reversing the order of warfare; but sometimes some moat or breastwork was left poorly guarded, and a daring sally forced through an entrance, and the fort was taken and the boys led away to be beaten afterward with many stripes, and the little fellows on the outside, whose mouths had been watering for gingerbread and cider, looked on with hope deferred to some other day. On the day before Christmas, Lowry, whose school was in the basement of the old Methodist Protestant church, found the door barricaded and the boys in possession. He had refused to agree to the terms. He soon found an unprotected point, by an entrance through a trap door, from the church above, which he opened and bounded down into the room, and demanded surrender in terms as imperious as old Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga, when he demanded the surrender of the fort in the name of the "Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," but the besieged didn't surrender. They pounced onto Lowry, and, opening the door, took him down the hill, overlooking the stone quarry, and, taking him by the arms and legs, they proposed to swing him over, counting "one, two, three," and then, if no cry of surrender was heard, to let him flicker, but he cried "Cavy." The school was resumed, and the gingerbread, cider and apples passed around. At the up-town school, the old Irishman, Latimore, met with the same resistance. This school was in a log cabin that stood on the Milner lot, Wheeling avenue. Latimore soon decided that he would scale the fort and smoke the boys out. He got a ladder, and was soon on the roof, covering the chimney with clapboards off the roof. The boys did not long stand the smoke within, but bounded out and secured the ladder before Latimore could get to it, and they had him treed. After they had marched around less than seven times, he demanded that he be let down and he would

comply with their terms, and the gingerbread, cider and apples were passed around. This was a custom of barbarous days, and is happily now no more, but it was no more barbarous than is the custom of hazing, n0w practiced in the best colleges of the land.

We have now passed over the schools of Cambridge from the first in 1807 to the beginning of the free schools in 1836. We have not given all the schools, having named only those that seemed to be of the most note. During these years there were schools taught by Reverend Mills, a Presbyterian preacher, John McGuire, William Walker, C. J. Albright, Joshua Hunt, A. W. Beatty, J. D. Tingle, Mrs. Rhoda Needham, Miss Mary Hersh, Miss La Baire, Miss Gibbs and perhaps others. These were all the ungraded scholars, and they brought such books as they had, the "English Reader," "Introduction to the English Reader," and the Testament. These were the general reading books. Dillworth's and the "United States" were the spelling books. Arithmetics were the "Western Calculator," Smith's and Parke's. Uriah Parke lived at Zanesville, and his arithmetic was published, we believe, by himself, he being a printer. Owley's Geography was just coming into use. The Dillworth Speller was a partial geography, giving a description of the earth and its grand divisions, and a more general description of the United States.

The one main feature of these schools was the spelling class, which formed in a line on one side of the schoolroom, and the graduation was from foot to head. The lesson was first spelled by use of the book, then the book was closed, and the strife for head began. If a word was misspelled, it passed to the next until spelled, then the speller went up, and the strife was more animated when the lucky speller, if a boy, would chance to be placed between two girls that he liked, and in those dlays the boys liked the girls, for in the fly-leaves of the spelling-books might have been found this stanza :

The rod of correction had a more general use then than now, and the idle fool got whipped at school, and the dunce wore the "dunce-cap."

In 1838, William Sedgwick, on the part of the Cambridge lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, deeded to the "Cambridge Academy" lot 82 in Steubenville avenue, now the McConehey lot. This was a corporation under the laws of Ohio. Dr. Thomas Miller, Gordon Lofland, Jacob G. Metcalf, James M. Bell and Moses Sarchet were the incorporators and

directors. This academy was opened in the fall of 1838, William Ellis, principal and teacher. The academy sessions were for five months, and the tuition eight dollars per session. It was expected that the scholarship would pay all expenses, if not, the corporation guaranteed the payment. This school or academy was the first attempt toward a graded school in Cambridge, and the boys and girls of this school were supposed to be higher up than the common herd, and were called by way of derision "upper crust," or "college bred." This academy was carried on With varied success, under the principalship of William Ellis, Mitchell Miller and Thomas Brown, until 1844. Thomas Brown, the last principal, brother of Turner G. Brown, of Cambridge, is said to have been the first common school teacher of Guernsey county who received twenty dollars per ,month for teaching. The writer of this passed out of this academy at the age of fourteen years, with a grade above ninety-five, in algebra, mensuration, geometry, trigonometry, surveying and history, which was the curriculum of the last session, having, as was then supposed, an education high enough for all practical purposes, and has regretted so far in his life that he failed to continue through the years from fourteen to twenty, which are the years of life, whether of boy or girl, that will tell if improved, in the manhood or womanhood of those who are so fortunate as to have the opportunity. A man or woman may educate himself, and this self-education may be of more practical advantage than that of the school, but its acquirement after entering upon the active duties of life means self-sacrifice and labor that but few are ready to make.

The "old lodge," as this academy was called, was embellished with paper on the walls, representing Chinese towers and scenery, grand marches and imposing burials of orders, going back, perhaps, to the days of Confucius, and the border round the ceiling consisted of the pictures of Washington and Lafayette, as the two representative Masons. In this old room was held our Philomathean society, where we orated, declaimed and essayed, as young Ciceros; but following, as this did, the great Morgan anti-Masonic wave, we sometimes sat in awe and trembling, thinking that the ghost of some revealer of the "mysterious glorious science" might troop through the room headless, or shackled with clanking chains, as the representative of the dark mysteries which seemed to attach themselves to the order that was then thought to have abducted William Morgan. Morgan lived in the town of Batavia, New York, and, it was said, was about to publish an exposure of the secrets of Masonry in connection with the editor of the Republican Advocate, who, as well as Morgan, had been a member of the Masonic order. While this rumor of the exposure of Masonry, about to be made,

spread through the country, the community was startled by tidings that Morgan had been seized and carried off, no one knew where. The greatest excitement spread throughout the community, committees of vigilance were formed, and an investigation initiated, which resulted in tracing the abductors and their victims out upon Lake Ontario, and led to the belief that Morgan had been consigned to its depths, as no trace of him was further heard. This gave rise to the anti-Masonic party, which sprang up in New York and Pennsylvania in 1827, and later in Ohio. Joseph Ritner was chosen governor of Pennsylvania in 1835 as an anti-Mason. The abduction of Morgan did not prevent the publication of the proposed exposure. Morgan's book was published and others that claimed to give the regulations, signs, ceremonies and passwords of the order and its traditional secrets. However true these books may have been, and the political oppositi0n which was the outgrowth of the times, Masonry, for awhile, was under a ban, and it was ten years or more before a lodge could be re-instituted, here in Cambridge, and we know from past experience that the average boy of twelve years of age, at that day, after hearing the wonderful tales about the "Morgan killers," had to whistle up a good deal of courage to sit in a deserted lodge room, dimly lighted with tallow candles, where once the traditional goat bounded from cliff to cliff and the clanking chains were heard that bound the victim to unbrotherly servitude, and no flash of the mystic light shone on his way as he traveled toward the ineffable.

"Notice is hereby given to all persons residing within the corporate limits of the town of Cambridge, that a district school will be taught by Mr. Hatton in the Academy for a period of three months, commencing on Monday, the fifth day of November inst. And also that a district school will be taught by Miss Haft in Mrs. McCleary's house immediately east of the court house for the same time, and commencing on the same day. For the present, the male scholars are directed to attend the school to be taught by Mr. Hatton. and the females the school taught by Miss Haft. Said schools will be entirely free to all children residing within the corporate limits of said town, who are by law entitled to attend a district school. No part of the teacherls compensation will be assessed upon the scholars who may attend.

Nowadays, when the position of teacher in the schools is open, there are countless applicants, but in the earlier days a competent teacher was by no means easy to secure, as the following advertisement from the Guernsey Times of December 7, 1839, testifies :

"A person who can come recommended, as to character and qualification as a common school teacher, can get employment by inquiring of the directors of the Tenth school district in Londonderry township.

Rev. William Wallace, Thomas Beahan, William Allison, John K. Fesler, Moses Oldham and William Morton were teachers of free schools in the old lodge before the adoption by the school district of the union school law, known as the Akron school law. There were also women teachers, in connection with these, Mrs. Martha Carnes, Miss Dorcas Reed, Miss Sarah Metcalf, Miss Anna M. Beatty and others.

The union school was organized in 1850 with Robert B. Moore, C. L. Madison, Thomas W. Peacock, Samuel Craig, James Hunter and Matthew Gaston as directors. The school building, the old lodge, was enlarged to four rooms. William M. Lyons was principal, Miss Dorcas Reed, Miss Lou Hill and Miss Kate McCluskey, teachers. William M. Lyons was a brother of Lord Lyons, once a minister from England to the United StateS. He took great pride in his high connection, and never tired in letting everybody know that he was the brother of a lord.

Lyons came here as a portrait painter, and it may be that some of his work is yet extant in Cambridge.

The Methodist Protestant church located a college here in 1850, and began its erection. Its site was the present site of the new school building on Wheeling avenue. This building was three stories in height, but was never completed. It was badly dem0lished by a cyclone which visited Cambridge in May, 1852. This so crippled the enterprise, which was in a critical financial state, that the project was abandoned. The building was bought for school purposes by the directors, raised to a two-story building containing five rooms, and was occupied for school purposes in 1860, John McClenahan, principal. He resigned in 1861, entering the army as captain of a company in the Fifteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. This building was enlarged in 1865-66 by tw0 additional rooms, and was destroyed by fire in September, 1871, the school being continued in rented rooms in different parts of the town, until the building and completion of the present central school building, first occupied in February, 1874.

After the burning of the school building, a public meeting of the voters of the district was held in the court house, with a view 0f instructing the directors as to rebuilding. The question submitted was whether two buildings, one in the east and one in the west, should be built, or one central building, and a majority favored one central building. The directors bought a hole, the present site, and began to fill it up with earth and stone, but never succeeded, as the present elevation very plainly shows. Of the first directors named, all are dead but C. L. Madison. They were not connected with the last building, and only a part of them with the second. Professor Lyons was followed by James McClain, J. C. Douglass, Levi C. Brown, W. K. Gooderl, C. C. B. Duncan, John McClenahan and Samuel Kirkwood, now professor in Wooster University at Wooster, Ohio. Kirkwood resigned, and his term was finished out by John S. Speer.

John S. Speer was followed by Thomas Smith, and he by Prof. John McBurney. This brings the history of the schools down to a time with which almost eyeryone is familiar. Great and wise is the provision of the United States setting aside one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands to the state to afford a free education of its youth, with the hope that all the youth of the state may avail themselves 0f this gratuitous education, that knowledge may abound and truth and righteousness reign supreme in the land, and that intelligence and sobriety shall measure the advancing step toward universal brotherhood.

The following history of the Cambridge schools was written by Wilson McMahon, a pupil in them, and read as an essay in his room. It was pub-

lished in the Jeffersonian in June, 1880, and is so complete an account of important facts in the educational history of the county that it is worthy of preservation in the public press :

In the winter of 1809-10, the first school in Cambridge was taught by John Beatty, a Virginian, and a brother of Col. Zaccheus Beatty, one of the founders and original proprietors of the town. It was held in one of the several small cabins which stood on the north bank of Wills creek, near where the old bridge crossed that stream. He was succeeded by his sister, Mrs. Sarah McClenahan, who taught a school in one of the rooms of her father's dwelling-house, which stood on Lot No. 62. The next schools were held in a log building, that stood on Lot No. 21, and were taught by John W. Kipp, who afterward compiled a speller that was published; Elijah Dyson, the first sheriff of Guernsey county, and a man by the name of Acheson.

During the winter of 1813-14, a school was taught in the same place by Thomas Campbell, the father of the late Rev. Alexander Campbell, of Bethany, West Virginia. From this time until the organization of the public schools under the act of 1836, there was no regular school building or any system of education established. Anybody who desired to teach got up a subscription paper proposing to teach a school upon certain terms—these usually being fifty cents per sch0lar for thirteen weeks—and the branches taught were the alphabet, spelling, reading, writing and arithmetic. The parents gave little attention to the schools. The teachers, generally, were not very profound scholars; they went in on their muscle, and if they succeeded in maintaining their authority no one complained.

Upon the organization of the public schools in 1836, Cambridge became school district No. 9. Andrew Magee was the first district school teacher. In 1843, Thomas and William Brown taught what they called the Academy.

William Morton, who taught in the school building now the McConehay property on Steubenville and Pine streets, from 1847 to 1849, is entitled to notice as the best mathematician and most thorough grammarian in the state of Ohio. He taught the boys, and Mrs. Karnes the girls. Mr. Morton had about ninety boys in his classes, the names of most of whom were after-

ward borne upon the honorable rolls of the volunteers in the war of 1861. On the original rolls of the school appear the names of Moore, Rainey, Lofland, Metcalf, Grimes, Salmon, Jefferson, Logan, Evans, Tingle, Brown, Bonnell, Hirsch, etc. Lemuel Bonnell was assistant teacher for some time.

The Union school was organized in 1850, and William M. Lyons, a younger brother of Lord Lyons, the late minister from England to the United States, became the first principal, at a salary of thirty-five dollars per month. Mr. Lyons is now living in Zanesville, Ohio, on a pension which

he receives from his brother. Then the school had but four rooms, the fourth room being taught by the principal. Under Principal Lyons the teachers were Miss Lou Hill, Miss Kate McCluskey and Miss Dorcas Reed.

The principals from 1850 to 1853 were William M. Lyons, James McClain, Miss Dorcas Reed and Joseph D. Tingle; salary, thirty-five dollars per month; from 1853 to 1857, J. C. Douglass, Levi C. Brown, W. K. Gooderl and C. C. B. Duncan ; salary, forty dollars per month ; from 1858 to 1861, John McClenahan was principal at sixty dollars per month. In 1861 he resigned his position to recruit a company for the Fifteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, of which he afterward became colonel. In August, 1861, Samuel Kirkwood, now professor of mathematics at Wooster University, Wooster, Ohio, became the first superintendent at a salary of four hundred and fifty dollars a year; but Mr. Kirkwood leaving before the year was out, John Speer finished the term. He was succeeded by Thomas H. Smith, at a salary of six hundred dollars a year. In August, 1866, Prof. John McBurney, now professor of natural science in Muskingum College at New Concord, was elected superintendent, at a salary of five hundred and forty dollars a year, which was afterward increased to 0ne thousand two hundred dollars a year. In 1880 he was succeeded by Prof. J. E. Williams, at a salary of one thousand dollars a year.

The high school was organized in 1869. The following are the names of the teachers, with the time they taught : Prof. John McBurney, four years; T. H. Anderson, one term; Rev. W. V. Milligan, three years; William Fleming, one month ; Miss Means, three years; J. H. Mackey, two terms; I. A. Tannehill, one year; E. L. Abbey, one year.

In 1872, the first class, composed of four girls, was graduated. After the loss of the former school building, and while the present building was in process of erection, the schools occupied such rooms as could be procured for them, and were subjected to every inconvenience. As a result, there were no classes graduated in 1873-74, but afterward they were graduated as follows :

Boys

Girls

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

Total

In all, sixty-four. This year's graduating class was composed of four boys and seven girls, which, added to the above, will make twenty-two boys and fifty-three girls, making the total number of graduates seventy-five.

Changes in classification, grading, course of study and methods of instruction and of examining have been made from time to time, as the interests of the school seemed to require. The present course of study embraces all branches o f a thorough and complete English education, together with German and Latin.

In 1860 a building in the east end of town was purchased for one thousand two hundred and one dollars, and finished for school purposes for five thousand dollars, making a total cost of six thousand two hundred and one dollars. It contained five rooms, to which two more were added in 1866. This building was destroyed by fire September 27, 1871. In January, 1872, lots Nos. 126, 127 and 128, on Steubenville street, were purchased and the present building erected, at a total cost of fifty-four thousand dollars. It was first occupied February 16, 1874. There were nine teachers when they first went into the present building, but in a few 'days another room was fitted up, and another teacher engaged. Now, twelve well-trained and experienced teachers are engaged nine months in the year, in the instruction of six hundred and thirty children, at a cost, for 1876, of four thousand eight hundred and forty dollars ; this year, four thousand nine hundred and seventy-two dollars. The present building contains eleven large rooms, besides the superintendent's office, and his recitation room. Part of the basement is used as a storeroom, and one room is fitted up as a dining room. The building has a seating capacity of about seven hundred, but it has not the capacity for as careful and accurate a system of grading as it should have. However, it is one of the best in the state, and reflects much credit upon the enterprise of the people of Cambridge. The school taxes us at a rate of nine mills, but is worthy of its costly support. The only things it seems to need at present are a small library of the commonest books of reference and apparatus for philosophical and scientific explanation.

With the further growth of the city, other school houses were demanded and were built in about the following order of construction: The Lofland school was erected in 1895, at a cost of fifteen thousand dollars, the same being located on Fourth street, and is in an excellent condition.

The South Side school was erected in 1893, costing twenty-eight thousand dollars.

Orchard Place school building was erected in 1906 and opened January 1, 1907. Its cost was twenty-three thousand dollars, and two thousand more for grounds.

The same date last mentioned the Glass Plant addition school building was opened ; it is a fine brick structure, costing ten thousand dollars.

The latest and by all odds the finest school building in all this section of Ohio was the present Brown high school, containing twenty rooms, all modern throughout, as to heating, lighting and sanitary equipment. It is located on Steubenville avenue, between Eighth and Ninth streets. Its cost was sixty thousand dollars, besides ten thousand dollars for grounds and improvements of same. It is built of flinty vitralized brick. The building was first occupied for school purposes January 1, 1910. The total valuation of school property in Cambridge is one hundred and sixty thousand dollars.

The schools of Cambridge have been under the charge of the following principals and superintendents since 1850: William M. Lyons, John McClanahan, James McClain, J. C. Douglass, L. C. Brown, W. K. Goderel, C. C. B. Duncan, John McClanahan, Samuel Kirkwood, John Speer, Thomas Smith, Prof. John McBurney, Prof. Williams, Prof. Yarnell, Prof. Abbe, Prof. O. T. Caron, Prof. H. B. Williams, Prof. C. L. Cronebaugh, Prof. J. M. Carr, Prof. H. Z. Hobson, who came in 1905

According to the 1908 state school reports, Cambridge had an enumeration of 3.210 pupils and an enrollment of 2,276. Daily average attendance, 1,935. In the high school there were at that date 76 boys and 88 girls. The population was then fixed at 8,241. The expenditures for that year were $51,807.

[The following article was written by request especially for the Guernsey Times. The author is the venerable Doctor John McBurney, who for many years was connected with the local schools. He was superintendent at the time of the first commencement in 1872.]

The first commencement of the Cambridge high school, held in the old town hall, June 7, 1872, was, viewed from our present standpoint, a very modest affair, though at that time it created quite an interest.

All that was needed to prepare the place in which it was held was to turn the benches in the west half of the hall to face the east and the stage. This was made necessary because at that time the hall accommodated two schools, separated from each other by having the pupils of the first grammar school face the east and those of the second face the west. At one o'clock

on the 7th day of June, thirty-four years ago, the hall was well filled with an interested audience and the stage occupied by the members of the board, the teachers and perhaps some others. These four young girls, in their neat- fitting and tidy calico dresses, occupying the center of the platform, made a pleasant impression, and modestly received the generous and well-earned applause of their friends.

After the usual introductory exercises, Miss Nannie E. Morton came forward without any announcement and delivered the salutatory. Then came Miss Sadie Jackson, with her essay, Subject, "Silent Voices." Miss Dolly R. Suite followed with her essay on "Sunshine," and Miss Maggie McCall had the valedictory. All the exercises were well rendered, and received hearty applause. By authority of the board, the superintendent delivered the diplomas. The exercises closed with music and the benediction, and these four young ladies, followed by the well wishes of their friends, stepped forth the first of the long line of bright, happy, hopeful high school graduates who are still going out in ever-increasing numbers from our schools and under much more favorable conditions than existed June 7, 1872.

And now, in closing this brief account of the days long gone by, allow us to step over the intervening years and extend to the large class of splendid young people who received their well-earned diplomas on the thirty-fourth anniversary of the first commencement of the Cambridge high school, a hearty greeting with the earnest wish that succeSs may crown every right effort of every member through all the coming years.

Among the earliest "free schools" known in this county was the one established in Richland township in 1814. It came in this way : While pioneer William Thompson was in Philadelphia buying goods for the first store in his township, and paying eleven dollars a hundred freight on same, he employed a school teacher there, named Isaac Woodard—a lame man— to come here and teach school for twelve months. William and Robert Thompson agreed to pay the teacher in full for his services. The salt works were then running day and night and many men were employed to cut wood for the running of the same. These men, many of them, had children and with others in the settlement made quite a respectable little school. The men were told to send their children to this school free of cost. Joseph and Abraham Dilly, having large families each, had small means with which to pay, but said they were willing to do what they could, as they disliked the burden to fall on two men. Later they did each pay their share. This is one of the earliest free schools on record in this country.

From the primitive settlement of Byesville, the children attended school at Oak Groye school house, in Riddle Grove, near the White Ash mine. Later it was moved to Lucasburg, and some years later the Byesville settlement had a school of their own, the date of the latter being about 1881. The Byesville school occupied a two-room building that stood on the site of the Beckett's livery barn. This cost one thousand dollars. John A. Bliss was the first principal. In 1886 two more rooms were added to the vest side of this building at a cost of one thousand two hundred dollars. In 1892 more room was needed and after renting awhile, in 1894, when two more rooms completed the T-shaped building; this last cost one thousand five hundred dollars. It was soon found that the growth of the town was so great that still better accommodations must be had, and the present site was chosen and the present fine school building was erected at a cost of twenty thousand dollars. It stands on a sightly hill overlooking the place. It was first used in January, 1903. But not yet did the place have sufficient room, and in 1906, at a cost of one thousand two hundred dollars, the North Side school of the Ideal addition was built and still rooms had to be leased for the accommodation of the pupils.

A township high school was first organized out of the village graded school in 1890, then in 1893 it was made a special district, and in 1894 was raised to a second grade, and finally under the new classification of high schools was made first grade in 1904.

In 1907 there were eight hundred pupils enrolled out of the one thousand two hundred school population.

In the early days in Guernsey county the whipping of children at school was a common practice, and one case in point will illustrate the effect it sometimes produced upon teacher, pupil and parents :

In Liberty township the first school was taught by a New Englander named Austin Hunt, who believed the rod was to be freely used when needed to correct children. The late venerable James Gibson relates this concerning this practice and was his own experience in "tannin' "

"I went to keeping school, and kept school here in Liberty. Some of the boys from over the creek began to run off and stay around the creek to hunt mussels and crawfish. I found it out and brought them back and gave them a tannin'. They went home and told their parents that I had whipped them. The next day their fathers rode up to the school house, called me out

to the door and said they had come to give me a tannin' for whipping their boys. I replied: 'What color are you going to tan me? If you have any business you can attend to it now, but if you come into this school house I will do the tannin'.' There was no tannin' done. I think a good tannin' never hurt a boy when he needed it."

The official report made to the secretary of state for the year just ending (1910) has the following figures concerning Guernsey county schools:

The elementary teachers of the county have cost $40,911; high school teachers, $9,905; supervision exclusive of teachers, $2,700.

There are 19 elementary buildings, two high school buildings erected in the year; 101 elementary school rooms and 29 high school ro0ms. The value of the school property is placed at $347,250. The average term taught throughout the year is 33.35 weeks, with an average daily attendance of 86.91. The largest number of pupils was those taking arithmetic, 4,463 being enrolled in this study during the year.

In 1908 the reports show the following: Guernsey county contained 19 township districts and 133 sub-districts; 12 separate districts; total number of members of boards of education, 155; cost of new buildings, $2,890. There were at that date, in the county, 253 separate school rooms. The value of school property was estimated by the authorities at $123,300 in township districts: $263,650 in separate districts; total of $386,950. The -total number of teachers was 256; average wages paid to men, $41 in the elementary schools, and $40 to women. The wages paid to high school instructors was, for men, $50, and about the same for women. The total number of teachers was 267, of which number 121 were men.

The county at the last report had the following village, special and township district high schools:

Byesville, salary $1,000 for the superintendent, $560 for high school principal.

The county examiners in Guernsey county are as follows: Worthy Dyson, clerk, Kimbolton, term expires August 31, 1910; W. O. Moore, Senecaville, term expired August 31, 1909; T. A. Bonnell, Cambridge, term expires August 31, 1911.

One of the earliest educational institutions in Guernsey county was the Cambridge Seminary, and the Guernsey Times of May 21, 1825, has the following advertisement of the school :

"The subscriber has the pleasure of informing his friends and the public that he has procured the best books, globes, maps, charts, etc., and has commenced a regular course of Geography and Astronomy, which is taught upon the interrogative plan.

"The English grammar is taught agreeably by 'Hull's System' (by lectures), x‘ hich is acknowledged to be the best in use, and for which from two to five dollars has generally been paid to teachers of that plan for forty-eight hours’ services.

"After ten years' experience, the subscriber can with confidence assure the public, that he is fully prepared to teach all the useful branches of an English education correctly, and with as much speed as the nature of the branches, and the capacity of the pupils will admit.

"He pledges himself that no exertions on his part will be wanting, to render his institution as respectable and useful as any of the kind in the state. The terms are very moderate.

The old Cambridge Academy was incorporated by the Legislature in its session of 1837-38, with a capital stock of five thousand, dollars, divided into five hundred shares of ten dollars each. Of this stock, seven hundred and forty dollars was subscribed by the citizens of Cambridge. The old Masonic

lodge building on North Seventh street was purchased by the trustees for the academy building. This public announcement was made September 22, 1838. The board of trustees were William W. Tracey, Esq., president ; Moses Sarchet, secretary ; Ebenezer Smith, Esq., Dr. Thomas Miller, Dr. Samuel P. Hunt, Nathan Evans, Esq., Hamilton Robb and William McCracken. The institution was conducted under the general management of Rev. James McGill. The students were under the immediate care and instruction of William T. Ellis. The course of instruction embraced all those branches of a thorough and extensive English education, usually taught in the best high schools and academies, and the Latin and Greek languages. The academic year was divided into two sessions of twenty-two weeks each, with a vacation of four weeks at the close of each session. Terms were : Tuition in all branches of instruction at eight dollars per session, one-half to be paid in advance, the balance at the close of the session.

Another scholastic advertisement appeared in the Times, in October, 1842. It was concerning the college at Antrim and reads as follows :

"The ensuing session will commence on the first Monday in November. Alexander Clark, A. B., and Thomas Palmer, Esq., will continue to conduct the interior operations of the college. Boarding can be had at a very low rate in respectable families in town and country. Tuition, ten dollars per session. As a report has g0ne abroad that Antrim and neighborhood are unhealthy, the trustees feel it their duty to say that such is not the fact, that we are not subject to any prevailing diseases, more than the most healthy neighborhoods.

The history of this college, in short, is as follows : When Madison township was organized, there were four sections of land reserved by the state and set apart for public school purposes, numbers 1, 2, 9 and 10, situated in the northwest part of the township. These lands were directed by law to be leased to suitable persons for a certain period; they were to be built upon and improved that the value thereof might be increased and that a revenue might in time be derived to meet the object intended. The lands were leased and settled upon and the improvements made. When the term of the leases expired the Legislature passed an act ordering the lands to be appraised and sold

to the highest bidder at not less than the appraisement. Under this arrangement the lands were sold, and were bought principally by the lease-holders. The proceeds of these sales went into the general state fund for schools. The same rule held good in the other townships of Guernsey county, too. The northwest quarter of section 10 was purchased by A. Alexander. The old road from Cambridge to Steubenville passed through this quarter section. Alexander was a man of much enterprise and conceived the idea of platting a town site on this land. Accordingly he surveyed out twenty-four lots, twelve on each side of this road. This was the beginning of Antrim. Subsequently, James Welch platted and laid off six lots as an addition to the place.

Doctor Findley bought the quarter lying west of Alexander's land and took up his residence in a log cabin there. When he was fairly well .settled he began to make arrangements to start a school at the new place. Either in May, 1835, or 1836, he succeeded in enrolling the names of eight boys and young men of the vicinity as students. He used his cabin as a recitation room, and thus it was that Madison College had its establishment.

The people around Antrim gave their hearty support, and the students increased in numbers rapidly, so it was resolved, at a meeting of the town, that a united effort be made to provide suitable buildings for the embry0 college. Subscriptions were made in money and material, as well as in work, many giving far beyond their means, so much were they interested. A site was ch0sen for the building at the east of the village, on the most elevated ground about it. David White, a resident, was the contractor. The building completed was a respectable two-story brick structure, containing two rooms on the first story, and one large room or hall on the second floor. The name given the new born institution was "Madison College." The board of trustees appointed under the laws of Ohio chose Doctor Findley as president, and Milton Green, M. D., secretary, who was the father of Mrs. Samuel J. McMahon. The institution prospered wonderfully. In 1846 Rev. Samuel Mehaffey, pastor of the Old-School Presbyterian church here, became president and this, possibly, became the means of the downfall of the institution. His successors were A. D. Clark, D. D., Rev. W. Doal, Rev. Thomas Palmer, and others who were employed as tutors. Then new members were added to the board of trustees and a college charter was obtained. Rev. Samuel Findley, Jr. (son of Doctor Findley), was chosen and installed president of the newly planned school. At this time the school waS opened for both sexes, and seemed to prosper until the plan of erecting a large, costly building was adopted. There was much opposition to this move, but the new building was

erected, completed and occupied. Rev, H. Wilson succeeded Doctor Findley as president, and his successor was Rev. William Lorimer, during whose term the crisis was reached. The creditors of the college were beginning to press their claims hard, the mutterings of the great Civil war cloud were heard, and finally, when that storm burst, Madison College and its plans for a future existence were carried down, never more to rise, like the slavery question, over which the war was so successfully fought out,

The first settlers in Guernsey county were not all Christians, or members of any religious organization, but it is quite certain that a majority of the pioneer band were of some special religious faith and adhered to some particular church creed. The Methodist and Presbyterian churches had the greater majority of those who first came here to make for themselves h0mes. The Methodist Episcopal church, of all others, had a peculiar origin here, especially at Cambridge, where first it existed in the county. Like the good old Pilgrim church, it was transplanted from beyond the big seas to the wild forests of this county. It Was in 18o6 and 1807 that there came from the beautiful island of Guernsey, Europe, Thomas Sarchet, William Ogier, James Bichard, Thomas Lenfestey, Daniel Ferbrache and Thomas Naftel, with their wives and children, who settled in Cambridge and immediate vicinity. All these parents were members of the Methodist society, when they left Guernsey, in the old country, from which this county took its name. They came into the wilderness, indeed. In the year 1808 these emigrants and their wives organized themselves into the Methodist Episcopal church of Cambridge, Ohio, being assisted by Rev. James Watts, a preacher of the Western conference. As far as is now known, this was the first attempt at church organization within the territory now known as Guernsey county. This being the case, very naturally the history of this denomination in the county will take the first place in this chapter, and here follows :

The church at Cambridge, formed in 1808, held its services for the first few years in the house of one of its founders—Thomas Sarchet—on the corner of Main and Pine streets; later at the court house, and in the lower room of the old Masonic Hall, a building then occupying the lot opposite the Presbyterian church. Late in 1831, the trustees, Jacob Shaffner, James Bichard, John Blancipied, Nicholas Martel, Joseph Neelands, Joseph Wood, Joseph Cockerel, Joseph W. White and Isaiah Mclllyar, purchased a piece of ground sixty feet square. It was located on Turner avenue, west of where the Ham-

mond opera house stood many years later. No better history of this pioneer house of worship can be given than was given by the pen of the author of this work, and which was published in the Jeffersonian in 1899, and reads as follows

The first Methodist Episcopal church was built in 1832-33, and was dedicated in 1835 by Rev. Joseph M. Trimble. He took for his text, "The Lord of Hosts is with us, and the God of Jacob is our refuge." The church had been occupied for some time before being dedicated. The church was located on what is no'w Turner avenue, of Cambridge, on the south side and west of the Hammond Opera House. The lot was sixty feet square, the church a frame thirty-six by forty feet, costing four hundred dollars. We look back at this old church. It stands before us in all its simplicity. The front, on the north, had two doors and two windows, and a quarter circular window in the gable. On the east and west sides, three 'windows, and on the south side three, one being in the centre above the pulpit. The lot was enclosed with a board fence, with two gates opposite the doors. The females entered at the west gate, and the males at the east. In the church there were two centre aisles and a cross aisle in front of the altar rail and pulpit. The seats to be right and left of the pulpit ran north and south. These corners were designated as the "Amen corners," and were occupied by the older men and women, who often responded "Amen" and "God grant it" when the preacher was preaching. To the right of the west entrance door were the seats for the women, and to the left of the east entrance door were the seats for the men. The sheep and goats were separated. Between the aisles were short seats, where old men and women, with their children, could sit, but there was no general indiscriminate sitting. If a stranger took a seat on the women's side, he was politely notified that he was "in the wrong pew."

The pulpit was five or six feet above the main floor, and was reached by a flight of steps and entered through a door. The preacher, when seated, was out of view of the congregation. On the front of the pulpit was a circular sounding board, for the preacher to pound on to awake his drowsy hearers. There was a book board in the centre, and a foot board for the short preachers, and when one of these missed the footing he was out of sight until he regained his footing. The hymns were lined out, a stanza at a time, by the preacher. The congregation singing at the last stanza, all turned around to kneel in prayer. Some of the preachers often sang alone a favorite hymn. Dr. James Drummond, who preached in the church, had two which he often sang: "The Chariot, the Chariot, its Wheels Roll in Fire," and "Turn, Sinners, Turn, for the Tide iS Receding, and the Saviour will Soon and Forever

Cease Pleading." The church was at first heated with a large tin-plate stove, in which was burned cordwood, and was lighted by candles suspended around the walls. There were movable ones on the pulpit for the convenience of the preacher. There were no young people's meetings or Sunday school until 1835, and then it was only a summer school. Most of the scholars came from the country barefooted, the boys with straw hats and in their shirt sleeves, the girls with sunbonnets and cottonade dresses. It was a day of small things. There were no Sunday school books nor Berean leaves. The John, Rogers primer and the Testament were the text-books, This is but a meagre description of the first church and the manner of worship. We close with this pioneer verse :

The preachers that preached in this first church were Revs. James McMahon, Samuel Harvey, Cyrus Brooks, David Young, Henry Whiteman, Gilbert Blue, Moses A. Milligan, B. F. Meyers, Andrew Carroll, Harvey Camp, Jeremiah Hill, Luman H. Allen, John M. Reed, I. N. Baird, James Drummond, John Grimm, Thomas Winstanley, Thomas R. Ruckle, J. D. Rich, Ludwell Petty, R. Stephenson, David Cross, J. Phillips, E. G. Nicholson, David Trueman, Isaac N. Baird, Robert Boyd, A. J. Blake, J. A. Swaney, J. D. Knox, S. P. Woolf, James McGinnis, Andrew Magee, T. J. Taylor, William Gamble. Presiding Elders : Robert 0. Spencer, Edward H. Taylor, S. R. Brockunier, James C. Taylor, James G. Sansom.

The second church was built in 1852 and 1853, a two-story brick located in Gaston's addition, on the lot now owned by J. F. Salmon. This church was dedicated January 2, 1854, by Rev. James G. Sansom, Andrew Magee, the preacher, in charge of the Cambridge circuit, Pittsburgh conference. The preachers who preached in this church were, Andrew Magee, T. J. Taylor, John Huston, W. Devinney, F. W. Virtican, James L. Deens, W. B. Watkins, Tertullis Davidson, James Henderson, Edward Ellison, A. L. Petty, J. D. Vail, Samuel Crouse, J. H. Conkle, James H. Hollingshead, Ezra Hingeley, W. H. Locke, J. R. Mills.

Presiding elders : John Moffit, W. F. Lauck, W. A. Davidson, James Henderson, S. F. Min0r, A. L. Petty, John Williams, Allen H. Norcross, James R. Mills, W. L. Dixon. The third church, located on North Seventh street and Steubenville avenue, was erected during the pastorates on Cambridge Station, East Ohio conference, of W. H. Locke and James R. Mills.

The edifice, costing thirty-two thousand dollars, was finished in 1885, and was dedicated January 9, 1886, by Bishop Edward G. Andrews, assisted by Dr. Joseph M. Trimble and Dr. C. H. Payne, James R. Mills being the pastor. The preachers who were on the station were J. R. Mills, John Brown, Sylvester Burt, J. M. Carr, and R. B. Pope. Presiding Elders : W. L. Dixon, John I. Wilson, John R. Keyes. The trustees and building committee were G. J. Albright, Joseph D. Taylor, T. H. Anderson, John C. Beckett, P. B. Sarchet, Alfred P. Shaffner, J. O. Mcllyar, B. F. Fleming and W. M. Scott.

On Thanksgiving day, November 25, 1896, the union services were held in this building-. Saturday afternoon, November 27th, it was discovered that the structure was afire. The flames had been at work for some time before discovery, and continued their destructive course with great rapidity. _In spite of the fire department, which responded very quickly, in the course of half an hour portions of the roof began to fall in, and it became apparent that the building was doomed. Doctor Pope, the pastor, also lost much of his household goods, which were not protected by insurance in the burning of the pastorage, but managed to save a rare library of books, the accumulation of a lifetime, In the end nothing was left but the main tower and belfry, comparatively uninjured, and the stone walls. Insurance on the church and its contents amounted to twelve thousand three hundred dollars. For some time the dispossessed congregation was accommodated by other churches of the city, and later services were held in the opera house, and in the assembly room in the Taylor block, the free use of which was given by the late Col. J. D. Taylor.

At a meeting on December 6, 1896, less than ten days after the fire, the officials of the church, without a dissenting voice, formally resolved to rebuild the church, upon an improved and enlarged plan. December 10, 1897, Architect S. R. Badgley, of Cleveland, was employed, at once viewed the site. and submitted a rough outline of a plan for its reconstruction. On February 4, 1897, the plans were finally approved. The contract was let to Vansickle Brothers, of Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, April 14th, to be completed by November 1st, following. This firm began work the last week in April, and on the evening of May 7th, without any previous warning, abandoned the undertaking, and the member of the firm who was on the work left town in the night, and never returned. The work was continued under new contracts made for

separate parts of the work, the carpentry and joiner work being done by the day. W. C. Carlisle, of Cleveland, was superintendent on behalf of the building committee.

In April, 1898, the building committee took up also the matter of building a new parsonage, a work which was in contemplation when the church burned. The contract was let to Hoyle & Scott, of Cambridge, and the work progressed rapidly. The entire cost of construction of the church and parsonage is in round numbers, thirty-six thousand five hundred dollars. The former church building cost about thirty-five thousand dollars, including site. The first meeting held in the new church was Sunday, November 26, 1899, when a long and impressive service was held, at which spoke many of Cambridge's foremost pastors.

The pastors of this church since the list above mentioned have been : Revs. R. B. Pope, from 1897 to 1903, six years; W. B. Winters, 1903 to 1905 ; Edwin Jester, from 1905 to 1908; C. N. Church from 1908 to the present time ( fall of 1910), to serve under present appointment to close of conference year of 1911.

The present membership of the church is twelve hundred and forty-six ; number in Sunday school, thirteen hundred and fifty. The church is in a prosperous condition and will soon be aided by an assistant to the pastor in way of a lady who has been employed for special work in the community, the time of her coming being fixed at January, 1911. The present pastor receives one thousand eight hundred dollars per year and house rent, four hundred dollars. The estimated value of the church property of this church is sixty thousand dollars.

Besides this church in Cambridge, there is the Second Methodist Episcopal church, in the Glass-plant addition, which was formed a few years since. It has a neat frame building and is laboring hard to free itself from debt. It is supplied by the present pastor, at Lore City, Rev. Bevington.

The African Methodist Episcopal church is now under the charge of Rev. Beck, recently appointed to this charge. They have a modest, but well arranged edifice in the city and a good congregation of colored people of the Methodist faith.

The Methodist Episcopal church of Byesville, Ohio, had its beginning in the year 1870, in the organization of a church at Rainey's Chapel, which was located about two miles from Byesville, and was organized in 1870 with eleven charter members by the Reverend Foutz. Byesville being the most central

point, it was thought best to move the church to that place ; so accordingly in 1879, the church at Rainey's Chapel was torn down and moved to Byesville and erected on the site where the new church now stands.

Since its organization the following ministers have served as pastors: Reverends Foutz, Webster, Timberlake, Waters and Stewart, while the church remained at Rainey's Chapel. Since the church was moved to Byesville, Reverend Stewart was its first pastor. He was followed by Reverends Dennis, Ream, Gruber, J. K. Grimes, Forsythe, Davidson, Neeley, Bowers, Collier, M. C. Grimes, Petty and W: O. Hawkins.

In June, 1907, a new church was projected and the money subscribed. At a meeting held in August, 1907, a contract was let to F. Wentz & Company for the sum of twelve thousand eight hundred and seventy-five dollars. The corner-stone was laid October 20th, that year, and it was completed the following season.

Since the building of this fine church, which is valued at twenty-five thousand dollars, the membership has increased to three hundred and sixty, with a Sunday school of five hundred pupils. The present pastor is Rev. W. 0. Hawkins.

The Cumberland Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1852. It now enjoys a membership of three hundred and twenty-five. The records are not now at hand and cannot be obtained, hence no further detail concerning this branch of the church in the county. The minutes of the last conference show the church to have a membership of three hundred and twenty-three, with a Sunday school of two hundred and twenty ; the church property is valued at five thousand five hundred dollars. The present pastor is Rev. T. H. Taylor.

The Salesville Methodist Episcopal church, located in the village of this name, was organized in the summer of 1837, with the following charter members: Francis Linn and wife, William Crouse and wife, Thomas Wolford and wife, James Foreacre and wife, John Rimmer and wife, James Bell and wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson. Francis Linn was elected class leader, which office he faithfully filled until called to his home above in 1890.

The first church was built in 1840, the class having worshiped in a building located on the hill north of the village ; it was known as the "Temple" and was free to all denominations to hold services in. The building of the first

church was done chiefly by the members and the material was also donated, so the cost is not known. It was located just east of the present school building. The present edifice, which took its place in 1873, is located west of the school building. The material is frame and its cost was one thousand eight hundred dollars. It has been improved and repaired much since then and is now said to be worth two thousand five hundred dollars. It is lighted by a gasoline plant.

The present membership is eighty. The Salesville and Millers church, and also the Quaker City church, were on the same circuit for sixty years, hence the history of one is the same as the other. Recently the Millers church has been dropped from the circuit and is now a part of Washington circuit, also with Salesville.

Among the pastors now recalled are these : Revs. Bishop, Boyd, Butts. Phillips, Rich, Hollister, Hamilton, Rogers, Olp, Baird, Cartwright, Fouts, Webster, Grimes, Robbins, Armstrong, Taylor, Hollett, Strahl, Petty, Westwood, Wilson, Lepage, Wycoff, Merrill, Romic and Dunn, the present pastor.

Rev. W. Reeves organized a class in the township of Spencer, as early as 1815 and erected a house of worship on land owned by Col. Thomas Bay, Sr.. one of the first pioneers of the valley. It was a frame building, twenty by twenty-eight feet in dimension. In 1852 the class had so grown that more room was demanded and they sold to the Presbyterian church and in 1853 built again. Rev. Hamilton was pastor when this change was effected.

Quaker City church is in the Barnesville district. The church here was formed at a very early date, and the present building was erected in 1871, on the corner of Pike and Main streets. The property of the church and parsonage is estimated at six thousand dollars. The present pastor is Rev. E. R. Romig. The membership is now six hundred and ten, while the Sunday school is six hundred and forty-six.

The Claysville church has a membership of two hundred and nineteen ; Sunday school of one hundred and eighteen ; church property valued at seven thousand dollars. The pastor is Rev. J. W. Rich.

At Kimbolton the church has a membership of five hundred and seventy- five, with a Sunday school of three hundred and thirty-five. The church property is valued at sixteen thousand dollars ; the present pastor is Rev. M. W. Bevington.

five, with a Sunday school numbering four hundred and twenty. Church property valued at twelve thousand eight hundred dollars. The pastor is Rev. C. R. Poulson.

The Senecaville Methodist Episcopal church has a membership of four hundred and six, with a Sunday school numbering four hundred and twenty. The present value of the church property is thirteen thousand eight hundred dollars, The present pastor is Rev. F. G. Fowler.

Pleasant City has a church property valued at fifteen thousand dollars and a membership of five hundred and sixty. Its Sunday school has a membership of six hundred. The present pastor is Rev. R. J. Norris.

The church at Washington has a membership of nine hundred and eighty- five and its property is valued at nine thousand five hundred dollars. The present pastor is Rev. W. H. Stewart.

At Buffalo the membership is about one hundred and fifty and the value of church property is estimated at six thousand five hundred dollars. The present pastor is Rev. J. F. Cash.

There are other Methodist Episcopal churches in the county that have not been properly reported to the editor of this work. Among these are preaching places at Hopewell, Birds Run, Antrim, Londonderry, Wesley Chapel, etc.

The Christian church of Quaker City is an old organization. In 1859 they had a good building in the eastern part of the village. This was abandoned in March, 1875, for the new brick building on the corner of South street and Broadway.

There is also a society in Cambridge, but they own no building. They hold services over a business house on the north side of Wheeling avenue.

Another church society is the Associaters,—a branch of the Methodist Episcopal church,—who by some are termed "Holiness People." They believe in a much higher life than that taught by the church generally. Some of the best citizens in Cambridge unite with this sect in their weekly worship.

Among the early settlers in various part of Guernsey county the Friends predominated, especially in the vicinity of what is now Quaker City, where the Hall family planted a church of this faith. A meeting house, as they call churches, has always been maintained near the village, and a prosperous soci-

ety of Friends has had much to do with the morals and religion of the community. At an early day the Friends had a much harder time than at present. Just before the opening of the war of 1812-14, with England, the Friends, carrying out their belief that war was always wrong, aggressive or defensive, refused to engage in that war and were badly dealt with by the authorities. They had heavy fines imposed upon them and in cases sacrificed much of their property. In cases, the fine collectors were cold, hard-hearted officials who feathered their own nest, as well as causing this sect any amount of trouble and loss. of valuable property. One Elijah DySon, then sheriff of Guernsey county, took it upon himself to enforce the law as against these people and through his arrests made bad work among them and worked incalculable in jury to them. Among these people are found some of the "salt of the earth" and today the members of this sect are honored for the carrying out of their religious convictions.

The first Catholic church in Guernsey county was probably erected about 1840 at Washington, where some years previous a number of Catholic families had settled. They continued to worship there until about 1865, under priests from various parts of the state, especially those from Beaver township, Noble county (then within Guernsey). About 1867 Father Jacket, pastor at Temperanceville, Belmont county, built the church at Gibson Station. He used some of the material of the church at Washington in the construction of this church. Father Jacket came to Temperanceville in 1854, from Tennessee, serving this congregation and others in this vicinity, traveling on horseback over Guernsey, Belmont and Noble counties. In 1868 he was transferred to Coshocton, Ohio. Fathers O'Brien, Laughlin and Hall succeeded Father Jacket in the order named, each remaining but a short time. About 1870, Rev. Father Heary, now of Dennison, Ohio, came to Temperanceville, and attended to the wants of the Catholic people of Guernsey county. He said mass and held services part of the time at the residence of Steve Quinn, at the corner of Second street and Gomber avenue, Cambridge, and part of the time at Michael Slaymons, at Guernsey Mines. At that date there were not more than a dozen families near Cambridge.

Father Heary was followed by Father Montag, who for a long time held services at Slaymon's, Guernsey Mines, then at Adam's hall, near the court house, which building was leased by the Catholic people. Later the Carlisle Hall, on Wheeling avenue, Cambridge, was rented. Following Father Heary came Rev. Nathaniel McCaffrey in 1897, who was the first priest to regularly

reside at Cambridge. Shortly after his coming, the Catholics bought the Shultz property, at the corner of Gomber and North Ninth streets, and while they were erecting a small church on the rear of the lot, he said mass and held services at William Armbuster's, on West Wheeling avenue.

Then let it be recorded that the first Catholic church in Cambridge was on Gomber avenue, between Seventh and Eighth streets, and it was dedicated by Bishop Watterson in December, 1897, The Bishop being of national reputation, and many never having seen a bishop, the attendance was very large. This good bishop was noted for his zeal in the cause of temperance.

The first parish formed in Cambridge was organized by Father McCaffrey, who was succeeded by Father James Slevin, who remained only eight months, retiring on account of his extreme old age. Then came Rev. C. H. A. Watterson as pastor, beginning his labors in July, 1901. The congregation grew and flourished spiritually, under his administration, In June, 1904, he was selected to organize a parish in East Newark, Ohio. The same year and month he was succeeded by the present able pastor, Rev. J. H. Wagner. Under his guidance, the congregation has almost, if not quite, doubled its membership.

In 1910 (present year) there is being completed a magnificent brick church, with a parochial school building on the lots above described, on the corner of Gomber and North Seventh streets. This is known as St. Benedict's church. The church will easily seat seven hundred persons. The interior finish of this building is indeed elegant ; its altars are works of high art, the main one costing in excess of eight hundred dollars. This church building is considered one of the finest in this section of the country. Its dedication was on Sunday, November 20, 1910, when Bishop Hartley, of Columbus, officiated, being assisted by Father Waterson and Father O'Boylan, of Newark, and Father Mattingly of Lancaster.

The Slavish Roman Catholic church at Byesville was begun in June, 1905, and completed in November of the same year. It was erected at an expense of seven thousand dollars, and its location is on Fifth street, south of Main. The congregation in 1907 was over seven hundred. A nine-room parsonage was provided south from the church, at a cost of five thousand dollars. Rev. E. F. Rahtarsik, pastor, Was the man who put this church on its present standing.

The Methodist Protestant church at Cambridge was formed by Rev. Cornelius Springer, in 1830, with seven members, Thomas Mcllyar and wife,

Peter Corbet and wife, Zephima C. Suitt and wife and Thomas Sarchet. Mr. Sarchet did not become a full member until 1832.

Services were held in the lower room of the old Masonic building, on Seventh street. A small brick church was built in 1832, Thomas Sarchet having donated the lot and built the church. In 1832 the society was reorganized and Thomas Sarchet, Solomon Tomolson and wife, Sarah Tingle and others, became members in full communion. The local church at this time belonged to Cambridge circuit. Rev. William Reeves and wife and Rev. George Broure served as evangelists before any regular pastor was appointed. Rev. Jacob Meyers and Rev. A. H. Basset seem to have been on the Cambridge circuit at this time and preached at Cambridge, as Rev. Springer lived at Zanesville. The first pastor in charge was Rev. Jacob Ragan, he having been appointed by the Pittsburg conference in the autumn of 1832. Rev. Ragan died here October 3, 1834, and his body rests in the old cemetery here. Singular enough to relate, it appears that with the passing of all these years only two pastors died in Cambridge from this church, Revs. Ragan and John Rowcliff. Rev. Dobbins filled out Rev. Ragan's time. The records show that Revs. J. Burns and George Claney were appointed pastors of Cambridge circuit in 1834 and supplied Cambridge. Rev. John Herbert came in 1836; Revs. Israel Thrapp and A. H. Basset, in 1838 and 1840. Following came pastors, Jacob Nichols and John Rowcliff, tbe latter dying in 1846. Then came Rev. William Munhall and Rev. Washington Mannard in 1849. These were succeeded by George Caney and Joel Thrapp. This brings it to 1851, 'when Cambridge became a station and Rev. Springer became pastor in 1852. In 1853 came William Ross; Rev. Washington Mannard, 1855; Rev. John Burns, 1860. Then Cambridge was attached to Cambridge circuit again and Rev. C. L. Sears and Rev. J. W. Case were appointed pastors in 1863. In 1865 came Revs. J. M. Woodward and T. H. Scott. In 1866, Revs. E. S. Hoagland and Rev. Walter Moore served. In 1871 came Revs. J. W. Woodward and O. V. W. Chandler. 1872, came Rev. K. M. Woodward. At that date Cambridge again became a station and Rev. S. A. Fisher was appointed pastor in 1873.

During the latter's pastorate the second church was erected, the same costing seven thousand dollars, and was dedicated November 26, 1876, Revs. J. J. Murray and Alexander Clark officiating, assisted by clergymen from the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1879 Rev. S. S. Fleming became pastor. Then came Revs. E. H. Scott, 1880; A. Sarchet, 1881; J. W. Thompson, 1882; M. L, Jennings, 1883; J. A. Thrapp, 1887; F. A. Brown, 1890; G. E. McManiman, 1895; J. A. Selby, 1896; S. A. Fisher, 1901; C. E. Sheppard, 1904 ; W. E. Harrison, 1910, and still serving as pastor.

During the seventy-five years history of this church there seems to have been thirty-one regular pastors. Of these only twelve are now living. It was during the pastorate of Rev. Selby that the third church building was erected at a cost of thirteen thousand and ten dollars. It was dedicated June 19, 1898, by Doctors F. T. Tagg, of Baltimore, and M. L. Jennings, of Pittsburg, assisted by Doctors D. C. Coburn, W. L. Wells, J. A. Selby and F. A. Brown. During Rev. Sheppard's time as pastor here, the heating plant system was installed and a beautiful pipe organ was secured and other improvements made upon the church, which is indeed a model house of worship.

The Byesville Methodist Protestant church was organized about 1873, Rev. John Burns, D. D., of the Cambridge Methodist Protestant church, 0fficiating. The organization took place in the home of Liburn B. Rodgers, then living at Old Town, just east from Enon Baptist church. The following is a list of charter members : L. B. Rodgers and wife, Isaac Hoopman and wife, Wesley Gorsuch and wife, Mary (Kaufman) Cummings.

At first they met at private houses and in a log building at the forks of the road near Trail run, where they worshiped until the fall of 1853, when a church known as Bethlehem, was dedicated, Rev. Joel Thrapp, D. D., officiating. This served until 1880 when the society bought a lot and erected a new church at the corner of Main and Depot streets in Byesville, which served until 1903, when the present commodious edifice Was erected, at the corner of Main and North High streets.

The pastors who have faithfully served this people include these : Rev. William Ross, Rev. Joel Thrapp, D. D., Rev. Orr, Rev. Israel Thrapp, Rev. William Sears, Rev. Case, Rev. John Burns, D. D., Rev. E. S. Hoagland, Rev. J. C. Ogle, Rev. Thomas Scott, Rev. A. Harrison, Rev. J. P. King, Rev. J. M. Woodward, Rev. 0. V. W. Chandler, D. D., Rev. S. A. Tisher, D. D., Rev. W. L. Wells, a D., Rev. J, B. McCormick, D. D., Rev. W. H. Guy, Rev. S. S. Fisher, D. D., Sc. D., Rev. G. E. McManiman, D. D., Rev. Joseph Gray, Rev. W. S. Caims, D. D., Rev. D. C. Weese, Rev. C. R. Blades, Rev. C. S. McGrath, Rev. C. E. Stockdale.

Presbyterianism has always been a strong factor in the county—both the regular and United Presbyterian bodies. The following facts have been furnished by the present pastor of the Presbyterian church at Cambridge, at the request of the publishers of this work :