(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 300 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. pital as early as 1848. In 1852 he took the opportunity of a European tour to visit the most famous hospitals of England and France. He was, to some extent, a poetical writer, and occasionally prepared New Year's addresses for the city papers. He also wrote much in prose for the medical journals and the daily press, and read many papers and discourses before various learned bodies. His most famous production was a prize essay on Difficult Labors and their Treatment, read to the Ohio State Medical Society in 1854. His last public effort was at the opening of the Amphitheatre of the Cincinnati hospital, October 1877, when he delivered a masterly address, to which we acknowledge indebtedness elsewhere. In 1860 Dr. Wright was restored to the Faculty of the Medical college, and retained his chair until 1868, when increasing infirmities prompted his resignation. He was made a member of the Board of. Trustees and emeritus professor of obstetrias, and for many years was observing and consulting obstetrician to the hospital. In 1861 he was health officer of the city, and was at one time president of the State Medical society, and had an influential membership in many other associations. Dr. Wright died in October, 1879. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-THREE the number of allopathic physicians in Cincinnati was one hundred and fifty-one; of eclectic, nineteen; homoeopathic, sixteen; botanic, five; Indian, one; unclassified, seven. A prominent old Cincinnati physician and professor in the Ohio Medical and Dental colleges died Sunday, November 21, 1880, of blood-poisoning. Dr. Thomas Wood was born at. Smithfield, in this State, August 22, 1814, studied medicine and graduated in the same at the University of Philadelphia; practiced three years in an asylum in that city and for a time in Smithfield, coming to Cincinnati in 1845. Here he rose to eminence as a practitioner and a professor in various medical colleges during the next thirty-five years. He also owned and conducted for a time the. Western Lancet and Observer. During the war he did useful medical service in the field, and after the battle of Shiloh contracted blood-poisoning, which cost him the removal of a part of his thumb in order to save his life. After the disaster on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, October 20, 1880, he was employed to attend ten of the wounded, and in handling their cases he was poisoned a second time, with the ultimate loss of his life. He was very highly esteemed in the profession, as well as by the community. THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. The beginnings of this institution were undoubtedly outlined in the mind of Dr. Daniel Drake during his short incumbency of the chair of Materia Medica in the Transylvania University at Lexington, in the winter of 1816-17. The next year he announced a series of botanical lectures at Cincinnati, to which a subscription of forty-four names was obtained. About that time Dr. Drake, with Dr. Coleman Rogers and Rev. Elijah Slack, then principal of the Lancasterian Seminary, made up their minds to undertake a short course of medical in struction, and began lectures to a class of twelve. The Lexington people took alarm at this germ of a new medical college so near them, and offered Dr. Drake the best professorship in their university, if he would make permanent removal thither; but his heart was fixed upon Cincinnati and his own projects, and he declined to re- move. This was in 1818. In the winter of this year he went to Columbus with his drafts of charters for the medical college and a hospital to be connected therewith, and a charter for the Cincinnati college, into which the Lancasterian Seminary was to be merged. He was thoroughly successful before the legislature in the presentation of all his schemes, and the charters were obtained in January, without special difficulty. Everything seemed favorable for the inauguration of the medical school at once; but the intrigues of some of his professional brethren, to secure control of the institution at the very outset, delayed its opening for a year. In January, 182o, however, its organization was completed, and a circular prepared by Dr. Drake, head of the college by its charter, was issued to the public. The principal parts of that document are as follows: The medical college of Ohio is at length organized, and full courses of lectures on the various branches of the profession will be delivered in the ensuing 'winter (1820-21]. The assignment of the different departments for the first session will be as follows, viz.: The Institutes and Practice of Medicine, including Obstetrics and the Diseases of Women and Children—Daniel Drake, M. D. Anatomy and Surgery—Jesse Smith, M. D. Materia Medica and Pharmacy—Benjamin S. Bohrer, M. D. Chemistry—Elijah Slack, A. M., President of Cincinnati College. Assistant in Chemistry—Robert Best, Curator of the Western Museum. Medical jurisprudence will he divided among the professors, according to its relations with the different branches which they teach. After the termination of the session, should a sufficient class be constituted, a course of Botanical Lectures will be delivered, in which the leading object will be to illustrate the Medical Botany of the United States. The considerations which originally suggested the establishment of a medical college, and which doubtless induced the general assembly to give its sanction, were—first, the obvious and increasing necessity for such an institution in the western country; and, secondly, the peculiar fitness and advantages of this city for the successful execution of the . project. These are its central situation, its northern latitude, its easy water communications with most parts of the western country, and, above all, the comparatively numerous population. This already exceeds ten thousand—more than double the number of any other inland town in the new States; and, from the facility of emigrating to it by water, the proportion of indigent immigrants is unusually great. The professors placed on this ample theatre will, therefore, have numerous opportunities of treating a great variety of diseases, and thus be able to impart those principles and rules of practice which are framed from daily observations on the peculiar maladies which the student, after the termination of his collegiate course, will have to encounter. The same state of things has compelled the guardians of the poor to assemble their sick into one edifice, and thus to lay the foundation of a permanent hospital, the care of which is confided to one of the professors. In this hospital, which is at no time without patients, the students will have many opportunities of hearing clinical lectures and of witnessing illustrations of the various doctrines which are taught in this college. Finally, every medical man will perceive that, amidst so mixed and multiplied a population, the opportunities presented to the western student for the study of practical anatomy will altogether transcend any which he can enjoy, without visiting and paying tribute to the schools of the Atlantic States. The first session opened in the fall of this year with an attendance of thirty members: The two professors; Drs. Smith and Bohrer, were new men in the community, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 301 having been invited from eastern cities to their chairs. These were originally designed for two others, Cincinnati physicians, who were named in the charter among the original corporators; but the intrigues which delayed the opening of the college for a year had made it necessary to remove them in order to organize a faculty for the school. But the new men in their turn soon took ground against Dr. Drake, and, as we have seen, actually expelled the founder from the institution. Another session was attempted the following winter, by two professors only, and a corporal's guard of pupils; but it was poor work, and the college would probably with that have ended its small usefulness, had not the legislature, at the session of 1822-3, amended the charter and appointed a board of trustees, with General Harrison at the head, and with sole power of electing and dismissing members of the faculty. The college was revived the next winter, but with an attendance of only fifteen, while Lexington the same year had two hundred and thirty-four. The next year there were thirty; the next year eighty; then, in successive years, one hundred and one, one hundred and one, one hundred and seven, one hundred and twenty-four, one hundred and thirty-one, seventy-two, one hundred and two, and eighty-three, making one thousand and nineteen in the sixteen years of the chartered existence of the college, 1819-34. The first and fifth years, however, there were no students; and of the rest an average of twelve per year, from 1826 to 1833, or ninety-six in all, were beneficiaries, and contributed nothing to the support of the college. During the same period of sixteen years, the attendance at the medical college in Lexington aggregated three thousand and twenty. The comparative weakness and inefficiency of the Ohio Medical college excited the attention and inquiry of the profession generally in southern Ohio, and at the legislative session of 1834-5 a petition for reform in its management was sent in, numerously signed, not only by physicians of Cincinnati, but by those of Dayton, Xenia, Circleville, and other places. The assembly elected a new board of trustees, which through a committee sent out a circular dated April 14, 1835, asking physicians to whom it was addressed what, in their judgment, were the causes of the inefficiency of the college. Answers were returned by a large number, and the committee, after a careful digest of them, reported the reasons, of the decline of the institution to be "the dissensions of the individuals composing the faculty at different periods, and the want of scientific reputation in the teachers." In the effort at reconstruction and reform, Dr. Drake was offered the chair of theory and practice, and two other places in the faculty were opened to his friends; but, since three or four of the former professors, who had been virtually condemned by the report, were to be retained, Dr. Drake declined to cooperate, and went instead into the new medical department of Cincinnati college, of which he was also founder. The older institution, however, maintained its existence, and prospered fairly. In 1841 its library contained over two thousand volumes, and it also possessed large cabinets, among which was a cabinet of comparative anato my more extensive and containing rarer specimens than any other in the country. Its faculty was now composed of Dr. John T. Shotwell, professor of anatomy and physiology, and dean of the faculty; Dr. John Locke, professor of chemistry and pharmacy; Dr. Reuben D. Mussey, professor of surgery ; Dr. David Oliver, professor of materia medica and lecturer on pathology; Dr. M. B. Wright, professor of obstetrics and diseases of *omen and children; Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, professor of theory and practice. In 1851 a new building was put up for the college, being, with enlargements, that now occupied by it near the corner of Sixth and Vine streets. It is of brick,„ cast-iron and freestone, in the collegiate Gothic style, one hundred and five by seventy-five feet, and forty-eight feet high. The original building here was only fifty-four by thirty-six feet. Mr. John P. Foote, in his Schools of. Cincinnati, writing in 1855, says: "The internal arrangements furnish accommodations for professors and pupils which are said, by persons competent to speak ex cathedra on the subject, to be unsurpassed, in extent of convenience, by any institution of the kind in the United States." A valuable History of the Chair of Practice in this institution was given to the profession and the public by Professor James F. Whitaker, M. D,, of the college Faculty, in an introductory lecture September 4, 1879. It includes many valuable notices of the older and later practitioners and medical professors here, and is amply worth transfer bodily to these pages. We omit, however, the preliminary matter, and the sketch of Dr. Drake's career, with which the notices begin. The whole was printed in the Cincinnati Lancet and Observer for October, 1879: Dr. John Morehead was born in the county of Monaghan, Ireland, in 5784. He graduated at the University of Edinburgh, and shortly after entered the medical service of the regular British army. In 1820 he crossed the ocean and came to Cincinnati. Dr. Morehead was appointed to the chair of Theory and Practice in the Medical College of Ohio in 1825, and held this position six years, when on a re-organization of the faculty he was appointed to the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. For nine years he lectured in this field and then resigned and went to Ireland to visit his father, who was one of the nobility, and proprietor of large landed estates. In 1842 he returned to the old field of his labors, from which even the prospect of a coronet could not entice him, and was in the same year appointed Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. He now made annual irips to Ireland, going over in the spring and returning every, autumn to fill his winter course. In 1849 his father died, and Dr. Morehead left our city and college, abandoned the practice of medicine, returned to Ireland, and became Sir John Morehead. He died in 2873, over eighty years of age. The old practitioners of this city are most of them his students. They speak of him with veneration. He was a remarkably lucid lecturer, a keen diagnostician, and a sound practitioner of the old school. Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL. D., was born in Wallingford, Connecticut, November 10, 1793. At an early age he was adopted into the family of his grandfather, Dr. Jared Potter, a distinguished physician of Wallingford, and there received his early education. In 1803 his father removed to Poland, Mahoning county, Ohio, leaving his son in the family of his grandfather while pursuing his studies in the academies of Wallingford and Cheshire. At the age of twelve young Kirtland was an expert at budding and engrafting, and a student of the Linnan system of botany. He also, with some assistance, managed the extensive orchard of white mulberry trees established by his grandfather for the cultivation of silkworms. In 1810 his father, being dangerously ill, sent for him to come west. He left home in May, travelling on horseback, and reached his father's house in. June, who in the 302 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. meantime had recovered. Young Kirtland began teaching school soon after his arrival. 'In 1811 his grandfather died, leaving him his medical library and means to attend the medical school in Edinburgh. He returned at once to Wallingford and began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. John Andrews, and later in that of Dr. Sylvester Wells, of Hartford, both of whom had been pupils of his grandfather. In 1813 he was ready to enter Edinburgh university, but the war with Great Britain prevented, and, as the medical department of Yale college was to open the following winter, his name was recorded first on the matriculation book of that institution. While at Yale he received private instructions in botany from Professor Ives and in mineralogy and geology from Professor Silliman, and made great progress in zoology without a teacher. After one year at Yale his health required him to take a vacation, which was passed at Wallingford, during a time of general sickness. He practiced during this time with success. In 1814 he attended lectures at the university of Pennsylvania. In this year he returned to Yale college, and graduated there in 1816. He began practice at once in Wallingford. In 1818 he journeyed to Poland, Ohio, and made arrangements to take his family there. During his absence from home he was elected, against his will, probate judge. He performed the duties of this office .until he settled as -a physician in Durham, Connecticut. At this place he remained until 1823, when the death of his wife and daughter occurred. He then returned with his father to Ohio. Though it was not his intention to practice, but to be a farmer and a merchant, calls were constantly made upon him, and he finally became associated with Dr. Eli Mygath, an able physician. In 1828 he was elected a representative to the legislature, where he succeeded in putting an end to close confinement in the penitentiary and to deriving profit from the labors of convicts. He continued in the legislature for three terms. During this time he carried through the bills chartering the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal. In 1834 he, announced the existence of sex in the naiads (Vid. American Journal of Art and Science, vol. xxvi). He decided that the fresh-water shells of Ohio were of different sexes, not hermaphrodite, as has been supposed. The translators of the Encyclopdia Iconographic attempted to refute his statements. Professor Agassiz said, "Dr. Kirtland's views are entirely correct, and have been sustained by my own and the German naturalists' observations." In 1837 he accepted the chair of theory and practice in the Medical college of Ohio, and continued in this institution until 1842. He was the colleague of Cook, Harrison, Locke, Mussey, Oliver, Shot-well, and Wright. In 1842 he resigned and accepted the same chair in Willoughby Medical college, where he remained one year. In 1843 he was elected to the same chair in the medical department of Western Reserve college, Cleveland. He continued in this school until 1864. In 1848, when the first geological survey of Ohio was made, he took part as assistant in the natural history department. His report embraces a catalogue of the fishes, birds, reptiles and mollusks of Ohio, and was published in the Boston journal of Natural Sciences and in the Family Visitor. He commenced a cabinet of Ohio mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects, and a cabinet of the land and fresh-water shells of the State. The legislature stopped the survey, and ultimately he donated his collections to the Kirtland Society of Natural History, of Cleveland. He was president of the State Medical society in 1849 and one of its vice-presidents in 1851. In 186x Williams college conferred on him the degree of LL. D. During the war he was detailed to examine several thousand drafted men. He donated all his pay to the bounty fund of Rockport and to the Soldiers' Aid society. He was called "the Sage of Rockport." For many years he was president of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences and of the Kirtland Society of Natural History. He received the title of Philosopher from the American Philosophical society in 1875. At the age of seventy he declined to lecture on any subject. Of his long life and great labors more than half were given to the public without compensation. When by long and tedious experiment he found fruits especially adapted to Ohio, seeds, slips, and young trees were gratuitously distributed throughout the country. He gave himself no rest as long as his physical condition permitted him to work. He had printed over his table the motto, " Time is money ; I have none of either to spare." He was one of that band who move in the van of science, and by personal observation and unremitting study add to the sum of human knowledge and to the elevation of the race. He died in Cleveland December to, 1877, aged eighty-four years. Dr. John Eberle was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, January, 1788. His parents were of the early German population of Lancaster county, and cultivators of the soil. Of his early training little is known; certainly he had no collegiate education. He began the study of medicine about 1806, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1809. Disappointed in not immediately acquiring a lucrative business in a short time, he undertook the editorship of a political paper in the midst of a gubernatorial contest. This soon deprived him of medical practice, but involved him in the practices of political demagogues, which were nearly his utter ruin. Alarmed at his danger, he quit politics and his home and located in Philadelphia, where he began again the struggle for existence. In 1818 he published the first number of the American Medical Recorder, which for years enjoyed great popularity. In 1822 he published Eberle's Therapeutics, which was acknowledged at home and abroad as the best work then extant on the subject. It was in two volumes. Dr. Eberle was one of the founders of the Jefferson Medical College. During his connection with that school he published his work on Theory and Practice, in two volumes. The demand for it was great, and it reached a fifth edition. In the summer of 1830 he was invited to take the Chair of Materia Medica and Botany in the Medical Department of Miami University, then being formed in this city. He reached Cincinnati in the fall -of 5831. At that time the new school had merged into the Medical College of Ohio, and Dr. Eberle became one of the professors. During his connection with the Medical College of Ohio he published his work on Diseases of Children. He was co-editor with Drs. Staughton and Mitchell of the Western Medical Gazette. In 1837 Dr. Eberle was elected to the Chair of Theory and Practice in the University at Lexington, with a salary of four thousand dollars, guaranteed for three years. The highest expectations had been raised in Lexington of- the coming man ; but trials and disappointments had completely broken him down mentally and physically, and his efforts there resulted in failure. He died in Lexington February 2, 1838, before the close of the first session, mt. fifty. Dr. John P. Harrison was born in Louisville, Kentucky, June 5, 1796. He began the study of medicine in that city, but the principal part of his pupilage was spent in the office of Professor Chapman, in Philadelphia. He graduated in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1819, and began immediately the practice of his profession in his native city. ,There he remained sixteen years. Much of this time he was physician to the Marine Hospital. In 1835 he removed to Philadelphia, but having received the appointment of Professor in the Cincinnati College, he came the same year to this city. He remained in that school until it suspended in 1839. In 1841 he was elected Professor of Materia Medica in the Medical College of Ohio. In 1847 he was transferred to the Chair of Practice, but after two sessions, in 1849, at his own request, he was restored to his former Chair. This position he held at the time of his death. He was President of the Medical Convention of Ohio in 1843,- Chairman of the Committee on Medical Literature in the American Medical Association in. Baltimore in 1848, and Vice-President of the same body at Boston in 1849. During his connection with the Cincinnati College he was one of the editors of the Western Journal of Medicine. In 1847 he became one of the editors of the Western Lancet. His more important works were Essays and Lectures on Medical Subjects, and his work on Materia Medica, in two volumes, published in 1845. He died of cholera, in this city, September 1, 1849, aged fifty-three. He fell like a soldier in the line of duty, with his face to the foe. Of his successor I can find but the following note, taken from the Medical News and Library, October, 1872: "There died in this city, August 19th, at the mature age of seventy-two years, Dr. John Bell. Dr. Bell is well-known as a contributor to medical literature. He is the author of a work on Baths and Mineral Waters, which has gone through several editions. He edited, with additions, Stokes' Treatise on the Practice of Physic, Combe's Treatise on the Physical and Moral Management of Infancy, etc., and contributed very many papers to different periodicals, and reports to societies. He lectured for several years in the Phiadelphia Medical Institute, and occupied for one session the Chair of Theory and Practice in the Ohio Medical College. For several years his health had been declining and had incapacitated him from active professional duties." Samuel G. Armor, M.D., now of Brooklyn, New York, was born January 29, x818, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, of Scotch-Irish parentage. While young his parents removed to Ohio. He received his collegiate education at Franklin college, New Athens, Ohio, and the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him in the same institution at its commencement in June, 1872. He studied medicine with Dr. James S. Troine, of Millersburgh, Ohio, and graduated in the Missouri Medical college of St. Louis in 1844. Soon after his graduation he located in Rockport, Illinois. In 1847 he accepted an invitation to deliver a HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 303 special course of lectures on physiology in the Rush Medical college of Chicago, Illinois, and the following year he was tendered the chair of physiology and pathology in the same institution, which he declined for the reason that he had just accepted the same chair in the medical department of the Iowa- university, located at Keokuk, Iowa. He subsequently resigned his chair in this institution, and accepted the chair of the natural sciences in the Cleveland university, in the meantime devoting himself to the general practice of his profession. In July, 1853, the Ohio State Medical society awarded to Dr. Armor a prize for his essay upon the Zymotic Theory of the Essential Fevers, and during the same year he resigned the chair of the natural sciences in the Cleveland university and accepted the chair of physiology and pathology in the Medical College of Ohio. During the following year he was transferred to the chair of pathology and practice of medicine and clinical medicine, made vacant by the resignation of Professor L. M. Lawson, which chair he continued to fill during his connection with the school. In May, 1855, Dr. Armor was married to Mary M. Holcomb, of Dayton, Ohio, and soon after resigned his position in the Medical College of Ohio and transferred his residence to that city. Immediately after his resignation in the Medical College of Ohio he was elected to the chair of pathology and clinical medicine in the Missouri Medical college of St. Louis, of which institution he was an alumnus. In 1861 he was tendered the chair of institutes of medicine and materia medica in the University of Michigan, which position he accepted, making his home in Detroit. In 1866, he accepted the chair of therapeutics, materia medica, and general pathology in the Long Island College hospital of Brooklin, New York, and in the following year he was transferred to that of, practice of medicine and clinical medicine, made vacant by the resignation of Professor Austin Flint, which position he still occupies. Dr. Armor has been a frequent contributor to the current medical literature of his time. Leonidas Moreau Lawson was born in Nicholas county, Kentucky, September 12, 1812. He received his early education in what afterwards became Augusta college. In 1830, at the age of eighteen, he received a license to practice medicine in the first medical district of Ohio. He removed soon after to Mason county, Kentucky, where he engaged in practice until 1837, when he attended lectures at Transylvania university, Lexington, graduating there in the spring of 1838. In 1841-he removed to Cincinnati. In 1842 he founded the Western Lancet, and continued its sole editor and proprietor until 1855. In 1844 he commenced to reprint Hope's Pathological Anatomy. During the same year he received a call to a chair in Transylvania university. In 1845 he spent several months in the hospitals of London and Paris. On his return he removed to Lexington, where he delivered two courses of lectures. He edited the Western Lancet in that city while lecturing there. In 1847 he accepted the chair of materia medica and general pathology in the Medical college cf Ohio. This position he held until 1853, when he was appointed professor of the principles and practice of medicine and of clinical medicine. In 1855 he disposed of his interest in the Western Lancet to Dr. Thomas Wood. In 5854 and 1855 he delivered two courses of lectures in the Kentucky School of Medicine, at Louisville, Kentucky. In 1856 he returned to the Medical college of Ohio, where he remained until his death. In 1861 he published his work on Phthisis Pulmonalis, a work to which he had given six years of earnest labor and which was a standard work long after its publication. He died in Cincinnati, January 21, 1864, aet. fifty-one, of the disease whose pathology he had done so much to establish. I was myself at that time a student upon the benches, and well remember the long line of student-mourners who filed out of the college down to the church, and from the church to the grave. The short remnant of his course was filled out by Dr. C. G. Comegys, of this city, at that time professor in the college of the Institutes of Medicine, as the chair of physiology was then called. Dr. James Graham died only a few clays ago [October, 1879] at the ripe age of sixty-one, and we have just had opportunity to observe in what veneration he was held in this city and school. He entered this college in 1854, and lectured continuously in it for twenty years. He was dean of the college for ten or fifteen years. He was born at New Lisbon, Ohio, in 18 ; but very little is known of his, early history. He was educated at Jefferson college, Washington county, Pennsylvania, and graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. He came to us friendless and unknown. He raised himself to the highest position that could be reached in medicine, and held it with honor to himself and to his profession for a full quarter of a century, resigning it then, under protest of all his colleagues, because he felt that his day was done. One day in his early youth he stood up in the- Medical society and made a report of a case. His report was sharply criticised, and he defended himself with an ability in singular contrast with his age and experience. A few days afterwards a far-sighted old physician, who was conducting a medical college, came to him and requested him to fill a chair in it. The students in the other schools thought it a joke, and they made up a crowd to go and give him a reception. They went down armed with paper-wads and such other missiles of juvenile aggression. They came pouring in at the door. Dr. Graham was just at his desk, and was stopped by the noise. For a moment he was thoroughly confused, then straightening himself he begged for a few moments' attention. Forthwith he commenced his subject and as, stimulated by the opposition, he continued his lecture, he poured out such a stream of simple eloquence as won every heart. Cheer after cheer went up as he closed. The whole class was won. In a few years more he was at the post he held for twenty years in the Medical College of Ohio. Dr. Graham had been sick so long that the youngest generation of medical men never knew him personally. But they knew of him. The name of no teacher of medicine in this city has ever come down with such a halo about it as that of Dr. Graham. It is the universal testimony of students of medicine, who have sat at his feet while he taught, that he had no equal as a lecturer on the practice of medicine. It was not that his vocabulary was so great. On the contrary his words were few, but they were so perfectly clear and choice as to convey, with the greatest force, precisely what he meant to say. Dr. Graham was master in the art of exposition. His style was perfectly simple. He stood straight as an arrow before his class and spoke, at first gently, winning*, and then warmly, until his face glowed like a poet's and music fell from his lips. Dr. Graham had but- one affectation. He would always pretend, not so much in words as manner, a kind of amusing indifference to the statements of Continental authors ; but if there happened to be on the benches a scholar familiar with their works, he- soon discovered that they had been ransacked for new points in pathology before the lecture was begun. An inexperienced listener would often wonder at the perfect flow of facts upon such short preparation, or seemingly none at all, but it was well known that Dr. Graham never went before his class without thorough investigation of the best and latest books. Thereupon would follow that lucid exposition of the subject which gave the student a knowledge of disease he could not learn from books. But it was as a lecturer in clinical medicine that Dr. Graham stood head and shoulders above others. It was at the bedside rather than at the desk that he forgot himself, and made the student forget himself, in the subject being studied. It was indeed a rare privilege to hear Dr. Graham lecture on a case of heart-disease, so systematically and succinctly could he make a diagnosis, and so clearly and convincingly establish the principles of its treatment. Men who had been abroad and listened to the best clinicians of Europe, would say invariably on their return, "I have never heard the equal of Dr. Graham as a clinical lecturer." Profounder scholars were abundant, more thorough pathologists everywhere, but better clinicians none. Dr. Graham had in his prime a keen insight, a: woman's intuition, a fine instinct, which enabled him to fix upon the disease at once, and he had, as only the- children of genius have, the gift of making it plain to the commonest understanding. The country students fresh from the plough, and the college .graduate fresh from the halls of learning, sat with equal pleasure and profit at his feet. As a physician he was emphatically a "doctor for doctors." Dr. Graham seldom wrote. Had he written as he talked his death would have been felt as a national loss. He leaves few relatives to mourn him. But there are a thousand men in this State to-day, his pupils in the past, who will feel such grief at the announcement of the death of James Graham as the wider world felt at the death of Charles Dickens. Robert Bartholow, A. M., M. D., the recently elected professor of materia medica in Jefferson Medical college, was born November 18, 1831, in Howard county, Maryland. He is now, therefore, at forty-eight, in the full maturity of life. We learn from the Biographical Encyclopedia of Ohio that he completed his education at Calvert college, in his native State, and in due course of time received from this institution the degree of master of arts. He began the study of medicine immediately upon leaving college, and in the year 1852 graduated from the university of Maryland. He attended subsequent courses of lectures, however, in the years 1855 and 1856. In 1857 he entered the United States army by competitive examination, passing first in his class. He remained in the army in various capacities, at one time having charge of one of the large hospitals in Washington until 1846, when he resigned to take a position in the faculty of the Medical col- 304 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. lege of Ohio. It was during his army service that the monograph on the enlistment of soldiers was written, a work that still remains official; and it was at this time also that he contributed an instructive series of papers to the sanitary commission and published his work on spermatorrhoea. Dr. Bartholow was tendered, immediately upon his entrance into Cincinnati, the only position in the college then vacant, viz., the chair of medical chemistry. This chair had been hitherto filled for the most part by professional chemists rather than physicians, and the appointment of a physician, pur et simple, was regarded rather with disfavor by that large class opposed to innovations. Dr. Bartholow entered upon his new duties with characteristic zeal. He began to teach chemistry in its application to practical medicine. Instead of inorganic was substituted organic chemistry. The staid and placid sessions of the Academy of Medicine, which had been hitherto occupied in the narratives of the experiences of the older physicians, about as profitable as the "class meetings" of some of the churches, began to be disturbed by reports on the analysis of drinking water, of cholera excreta —Dr. Bartholow was at this time put in charge of the Cholera hospital —on sewerage, ventilation, ozone, etc. It was in this chair of chemistry and in these studies that Dr. Bartholow laid the deep foundations of his education. In 1869 he was transferred to the chair of Materia Medica, where he commenced the course which has since given him his fame. For his concise work on therapeutics is really simply the condensation of his course of lectures. His lectures were illustrated with experiments exhibiting the action of drugs on the lower animals, and his abundant writings at this time display, in every direction, the widest research and the utmost fertility of invention. It was about this time that he wrote his Manual of Hypodermic Medication, his Russell prize essay on Quinia, his American Medical association prize essay on Atropia, and his Fiske prize essay on the Bromides. It is safe to say that he took the prize whenever he contended for it. With the retirement of Professor Graham in 1874, Dr. Bartholow naturally drifted into the chair of Theory and Practice in the college, which position he has held and upheld to the present time. We can readily imagine that the question of accepting the call to Philadelphia must have been long and deliberately studied before it was accepted. Dr. Bartholow had by far the largest and most lucrative practice ever attained in Cincinnati, and, what is even dearer to the heart of the true physician, enjoyed in a singular degree the confidence as well as the esteem of his patients. It is safe to say that Dr. Bartholow left all these allurements that he might have leisure to prosecute his studies. The Appletons are now publishing for him a large work upon Practice, which will represent, the crowning efforts of his professional career. Personally Dr. Bartholow is a man of average height, substantial build, reserved manner, intensely active, even restless habit. In lecture, narrative, or debate he is singularly cool and calculating. He is choice of word, undemonstrative, incisive. An especial characteristic is his capacity for work. He was at one time pathologist to one hospital, clinician to another, and regular lecturer in the college. He was at the same time editor of The Clinic, the first medical weekly published in the west, was indeed one of the founders of it, was examiner and referee for a life insurance company, was contributor to all the new and many of the old journals, meanwhile attending to the ceaseless and often harassing demands of a rapidly growing practice. But he was always ready for a new case, a new lecture or course of them, a new debate in the academy, a new paper for a journal, a new chapter in a book. Dr. Bartholow is, in short, the type of a modern physician, and they who know him best, have no doubt of hit success wherever he may go or in whatever work he may engage. With this sketch our record is complete to date. These are their works, and these are the individuals [including Dr. Drake] who successively filled the chair of Practice in the Medical college of Ohio for sixty years, from October I, 1819, to October r, 1879. We may safely challenge any other institution or any other branch of learning, in this city or in the west, to show as bright a page of history. The Medical College of Ohio has now grown to be one of the greatest institutions of the kind in the world. Its Sixtieth Annual Catalogue and Announcement, made for the session of 1880–1, bears the name of ten full professors in the Faculty of the College, with six assistants and one instructor, two demonstrators and one assistant, and two lecturers, with a catalogue of nearly two thousand graduates. One hundred and twenty-one—the largest graduating class in the history of the college----were graduated at the Commencement of 1880, while the entire number of matriculants for the year was three hundred and twenty-six. The Faculty have exclusive charge of the Good Samaritan hospital, on the southeast corner of Sixth and Lock streets, which is managed by the Sisters of Charity. The students also receive clinical instruction in the College dispensary and in the Cincinnati hospital, to the latter of which the students of all medical colleges in the city are admitted. A new Clinical amphitheatre has been erected in connection with the College, for the students of the Ohio Medical. A liberal system of prizes and hospital appointments also opens superior advantages to the ambitious student. The Public Library, in the immediate vicinity of the. College, contains a large medical library, which is open to the students gratuitously during all library hours. THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE. This was organized in 1835, under the charter of the College, giving it full powers to establish such branch. The reasons for its establishment appear, with sufficient fullness for the purposes of this History, in the resolution presented at a meeting of the trustees of the College, in May of this year, at the instance of Dr. Joshua Martin, a physician of Xenia and mover of the resolution: WHEREAS, The recent attempts of the medical profession and the General. Assembly of Ohio to re-organize and improve the condition of the Medical College of Ohio have, as we are informed, been unsuccessful (the Board of Trustees having adjourned sine die, leaving two or three of its professorships vacant); and whereas, there is the utmost danger that Ohio will lose the advantages of a medical institution, unless immediate measures be taken to organize a substitute for said college;—therefore, be it Resolved, That this Board will forthwith proceed to establish a Medical Department of the Cincinnati College. The resolution was referred to Trustees Martin, Ephraim Morgan, Albert Picket, Dr. William Mornit, and William R. Morris. Their report thereon was that, "from the peculiar situation in which the Medical College of Ohio is placed at this time, the interests of the State, and especially of this community, 1equire that this Board should immediately create a Medical Department and appoint a Medical Faculty." This proved to be the sense of the Board; the Department was accordingly formed, and the following-named Faculty announced the next month: Dr. J. N. McDowell, special and surgical anatomy. Dr. Samuel D. Gross, general and pathological anatomy, physiology, and medical jurisprudence. Dr. Horatio G. Jameson, surgery. Dr. Landon C. Rives, obstetrics, and diseases of women and children. Dr. James B. Rogers, chemistry and pharmacy. Dr. John P. Harrison, materia medico. Dr. Daniel Drake, theory and practice of medicine. John L. Riddle, M. A., adjunct professor of chemistry. Three of these were professors from the Faculty of the Medical College, chosen, it would appear, as a measure of policy, in the nature of a hint to the trustees of the Medical college to adopt the new Faculty themselves, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 305 and thus avoid the alternative of another school of the kind in connection with the Cincinnati college. The hint was not taken, however, and the department was duly opened the next fall. Dr, Jameson did not fulfill his appointment, and the chair was taken by that distinguished surgeon and scientist, Dr. Willard Parker. After the first session Mr. Riddle vacated his place, and Dr. Cary A. Trimble, afterwards a prominent physician in Chillicothe and a member of congress, was appointed demonstrator in anatomy. The chair filled by Dr. Gross was the first of the kind founded in the United States, and the abilities and reputation of its occupant contributed to give it distinction. The Faculty as a whole was considered a very able one. The new department at once took respectable rank, and considerably led the older medical college in the attendance of students, having eighty the first year and one hundred and twenty-five the next, then standing second in this particular among the western schools of medicine. Its history was inevitably short, however. Four sessions it lasted, and there was an end. Mr. Mansfield says, in the Life of Dr. Drake: The cause of the dissolution of the medical department at that time was one which has extinguished the hopes and promise of many literary institutions in this country. It was simply the want of funds to supply the apparatus, library, hospital, and other material means necessary to carry on scientific instruction. The day is gone when any uninspired man can, by human learning or eloquence, go out into the fields and draw crowds around him, as was once the case in the middle ages, when learning emerged from the tomb of centuries. The world now requires the luxurious arts of instruction, and is no longer willing to receive the lessons of Gamaliel divested of the dross and drapings of his profession. Nor is science any longer the simple and unadorned thing it once was. It comes now not only with man's arts, but with complications and collaterals which require a scientific machinery for adaptation and illustration. In fine, to establish a scientific institution and give instructions in all its parts, requires buildings, apparatus, libraries, and laboratories, which in turn require the investment of large sums of money. The faculty of Cincinnati college undertook to do this for themselves, found it too great a burden and gave it up. Dr. Gross, who was with the school from the beginning almost to the end, adds The chief burden fell upon the four original projectors—Drake, Rivers, McDowell and myself. They found the edifice of the Cincinnati college, erected many years before, in a state of decay, without apparatus, lecture-room, or museum; they had to go east of the mountains for two or three professors, with onerous guarantees; and they had to encounter no ordinary, degree of prejudice and actual opposition from the friends of the medical college of Ohio. It is not surprising, therefore, that after struggling on, though with unusually increasing classes and with a spirit of activity and perseverance that hardly knew any bounds, it should at length have exhausted the patience and even the forbearance of its founders. What, however, contributed more, perhaps, than anything else to its immediate downfall was the resignation of Dr. Parker, who, in the summer of 1839, accepted the corresponding chair in the college of physicians and surgeons of the city of New York, an institution which he has been to instrumental in elevating, and which he still continues to adorn by his talents and his extraordinary popularity as a teacher and a practitioner. The vacation of the surgical chair was soon followed by my own retirement and by that of my other. colleagues, Dr. Drake being the last to withdraw. . . The school had cost each of the original projectors about four thousand dollars, nearly the amount of the emoluments of their respective chairs during its brief but brilliant career. In its four years the department had in all about four hundred students, in the last year of its existence its classes numbering nearly double those of the medical college. One notable episode of the short existence of this department was the purchase, by its executive committee, of a literary periodical, the Cincinnati Mirror, as an organ of its interests—a proceeding which would nowadays be considered at least a very queer one. The Mirror was bought of its publishers, Messrs. Flash & Ryder, for one thousand dollars, and its name was changed to the Chronicle, which had been the name of a paper started in 1826 by Benjamin Drake, brother of Dr. Drake, and lasted till 1834, when it was merged in the Mirror. Mr. E. D. Mansfield was engaged to edit the new Chronicle, and it started off quite hopefully. The subscription list rapidly fell off under the new auspices, and of those that remained not one-half paid anything; the medical men tired of the burden, and sold out to Messrs. Pugh & Dodd, the senior of whom was also publisher of Dr. Bailey's abolition paper, and so added to the unpopularity of whatever he handled; and the Chronicle had hard work to live. It became a daily paper, however, in December, 1839, and in one shape or another lasted for several years longer. THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY was established in Cincinnati in 1830, and went into operation during the fall of the next year. The lectures were delivered partly in the hall of the Mechanics' Institute, then on Walnut street, and partly in a new building near the corner of Race and Longworth streets. The present. MIAMI MEDICAL COLLEGE was established in 1852. It occupies its own building on 'Twelfth street, conveniently near the Cincinnati Hospital; has a staff of seventeen prominent physicians, one of the largest and best medical museums in the land, the opportunity of daily clinics at the hospital, and the extensive Miami College dispensatory, where about eight thousand patients annually are treated by the faculty and students. ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE. This school, as its name implies, is devoted to instruction in the eclectic practice of medicine. It was organized in 1843, and chartered two years thereafter, with seven professorships—in anatomy, physiology and institutes of medicine, materia medica and therapeutics, surgery, obstetrics, and chemistry and pharmacy. The students have the privileges of the clinics at the Cincinnati Hospital. The building now occupied by it, on the northwest corner of Plum and Court streets, was erected in 1871, upon the site of an old building formerly used by it, THE PULTE MEDICAL COLLEGE is the only school of homeopathy in the city, and occupies one of the largest and most fully appointed medical colleges in the country, at the corner of Seventh and Mound streets. It was organized in. 1872, and owes its foundation mainly, as it does its name altogether, to Dr. Joseph Pulte, a leading physician of his doctrine in the city. Its faculty comprises nine professors, two lecturers, and one demonstrator of anatomy. Great attention is given to practical clinical teaching, which occupies 39 306 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. nineteen out of thirty-nine lectures per week. The annual announcement of the college says: Pulte College was the first to establish a thorough course of clinical instruction, which it was enabled to do, from the very large attendance of cases at the dispensary in the college building, under the charge of the clinical professors ; and the advantages have been abundantly demonstrated by the success of the college alumni all over the country. While, therefore, this department receives such close attention, didactic instruction is by no means neglected. Students are therefore thoroughly drilled in the science and art of medicine. While these advantages are enjoyed by every matriculant, opportunity is afforded to those who wish to pursue a special line of study to fit themselves as specialists. Whatever of trial and opposition the college has had to encounter, has served more firmly to unite its present faculty, and rally its friends in its support. Possessed of one of the finest college edifices in the country; absolutely owing no man anything, and a surplus in its treasury; conducting one of the largest free dispensaries in the country; backed and supported by an efficient board of trustees, composed of representative business men, and with a faculty earnest, competent, and of large experience in the lecture field, the friends of Homeopathy and the college need have no fear of the perpetuity and continued success and usefulness of the Pulte Medical College. The clinics are conducted at both the college and .the Cincinnati hospital. Ladies are admitted to matriculation, but are taught separately in some of the branches. The school has already two hundred and twenty-one graduates, of whom twenty-two were graduated last year. THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY was founded in 1851, by physicians of the "regular" or allopathic school of practice. It is situated on the south side of George, between John and Smith streets, and, unlike some other medical schools, has two sessions a year, one from October to March, and the other from March to May, inclusive. THE PHYSIO-MEDICAL INSTITUTE, teaching "the doctrines of a vital force and the rejection of poisons," is situated on the northwest corner of Seventh and Cutter streets. THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY is one of but nine such colleges in the United States whose diplomas, conferring the title of Graduate of Pharmacy, are granted only when, the student possesses, in addition to the theoretical or scientific knowledge acquired by study, a practical acquaintance with the apothecary business, obtained by actual experience for several years previous to examination; and whose certificates of proficiency in chemistry and materia medica are granted to students having had several years' experience in the wholesale drug or chemical manufacturing buiness previous to passing examination. It was founded in 1870, and occupies a fine building on the southwest corner of Fifth and John streets. It has three professors, who give six evening lectures per week, and also laboratory instruction. Its matriculants and graduates, to the close of the session of 1879-80, numbered two hundred and twenty-five. THE OHIO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY can fitly receive notice here. An excellent historical sketch of the institution was prepared for the first annual meeting of the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, and afterwards published in the Dental Register for May, 1879. We abridge from it the following account: Dental colleges accord with no new rule in regard to human progress; but the thought was ripe in the minds of those giving their entire professional attention to the mouth and its adjacent organs. This thought assumed practical shape first in the State of Maryland, resulting in the establishment of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. But the dentists of the west, though fewer in number, and more widely dispersed, were equally ripe for action; and this action asserted itself in the organization of our Alma Mater, the Ohio College of Dental Surgery. The charter or act of the legislature of Ohio, by which the institution came into legal existence, was passed January 21, 1845, and constituted B. P. Aydelott, Robert Buchanan, Dr. Israel M. Dodge, William Johnson, J. P. Cornell, and Calvin Fletcher, of Cincinnati, Dr. G. S. Hampstead, of Portsmouth, and Dr. Samuel Martin, of Xenia, and their successors, a Board of Trustees, with power to establish a College of Dental Surgery in the city of Cincinnati. In the spring of 1845 the trustees met and organized by the appointment of B. P. Aydelott, M. D., D. D., president, and Israel M. Dodge, M. D., secretary; and then organized the Ohio College of Dental Surgery by the creation of the following departments, viz. : Dental Anatomy and Physiology, of which Jesse W. Cook, M. D., D. D. S., was made professor. Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, of which Melancthon Rogers, M. D., D. D. S., was elected professor. Practical Dentistry and Pharmacy, of which James Taylor, M. D., D. D. S., was appointed professor. Jesse P. Judkins, M. D., was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy; and Professor Taylor agreed, for the present, to discharge the duties of Demonstrator of Practical Dentistry. The Faculty elected Professor Cook Dean. He issued the first annual announcement; and the college session, for its first course of lectures, opened on the first Monday of November, 1845, and closed on or about the twentieth day of February, 1846, four young men receiving degrees, two of whom are yet alive and in active practice. President Aydelott delivered the opening address, conferred the degrees, and, in behalf of the college, gave each graduate a copy of the Holy Bible. (a custom which has been observed ever since). Professor Cook gave the valedictory address to the graduates. And thus ended the first voyage of our Alma Mater on the sea of science. For the second session the venerable Christian philosopher, Elijah Slack, D. D., LL. D., was appointed lecturer on chemistry, and, it is believed, delivered the, first course of •lectures on this science ever given to dental students. In 1847 Professor Cook resigned his chair, and the trustees filled it by electing J. F. Potter, M. D., and the faculty appointed Dr. William M. Hunter demonstrator of mechanical dentistry. In 1848 Professors Rogers and Potter resigned, and George Mendenhall, M. D., was elected professor of dental pathology and therapeutics, and John T. Shotwell, M. D., professor of anatomy and physiology. The faculty appointed A. M. Leslie, D. D. S., demonstrator of mechanical dentistry, and Charles H. Raymond, lecturer on chemistry. In the department of anatomy Professor Shotwell was succeeded by Thomas Wood, M. D.; he by C. B. Chapman, M. D.; he by Charles Kearns, M. D.; he by William Clendenin, M. D. The character and standing of the professors elected to teach this science, show the high estimate placed upon it by the trustees and stockholders of the college. In 1850 a professorship of mechanical dentistry was created, and A. M. Leslie, D. D. S., was elected to the new chair, which place has since been held by John Allen, D. D. S., H. R. Smith, D. D. S., M. D., Joseph Richardson, M. D., D. D. S., C. M. Wright, D. D. S., J. A. Watling, D. D. S., William Van Antwerp, D. D. S., M. D., N. S, Hoff, D. D. S., and I. R. Clayton, D. D. S., whom to name is to eulogize our Alma Mater. The department of chemistry struggled for existence. After Dr. Raymond, G. L. Van Emon, D. D. S., was appointed lecturer in 1851. And in 1853 George Watt, M. D., succeeded him as lecturer ; and he was in turn succeeded by George M. Kellogg, M. D. In 1855 the science was regarded as worthy of a professorship, a new chair was created, called "Chemistry and Metallurgy," and George Watt, M. D., D. D. S., was elected to fill it. The position has since been filled by H. A. Smith, D. D. S., S. P. Cutler, D. D. S., J. G. Willis, M. D., D. D. S. (1), and J. S. Cassidy, M. D., D. D. S.,, who is the present incumbent. The chair of pathology, after the resignation of Professor Mendenhall, was filled by the election of J. B. Smith, M. D.; and this position has been subsequently held by George Watt, M. D., Edward Rives, M. D., F. Brunning, M. D., and A. 0. Rawls, D. D. S., the present incumbent. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 307 In 1851 a chair of operative and mechanical dentistry was created, and John Allen, D. D. S., was elected to fill it. In 1853 this was divided, leaving the department of operative dentistry to Professor Allen, who in 1854 resigned the chair, and was succeeded by Jonathan Taft, D. D. S., who occupied the place till March, 1878. A chair of clinical dentistry was established (at a date not now recollected), and was filled at various times by W. T. Arrington, D. D. S., J. A. Watling, D. D. S., C. R. Butler, D. D. S., William Taft, D. D. S., M. D., H. M. Reid, D. D. S., J. L Taylor, D. D. S., and H. A. Smith, D. D. S., the present incumbent. Additional studies, other than those indicated by the names, were added to most, if not all the departments, such as dental hygiene, microscopy, histology, metallurgy, materia medica, etc., and special professorships were from time to time provided for the departments of oral surgery, irregularities, etc. And besides these, special clinical instructors have been selected for many years, from among those in the dental profession of high repute as operators. It is probably that our college was the pioneer in this direction; but, at any rate, the example has been well and profitably followed. Previous to the session of 1851 the duties of the college were discharged in a building leased for the purpose. True, it had been mainly built by the distinguished educator, John L. Talbot, with special reference to the wants of this college. The lease, for ten years, included the privilege of purchase. By correspondence and personal solicitation, arrangements were made to buy the building, shares of stock having been issued, which were promptly taken by members of the profession and a few others interested in dental education. It would be unjust should we fail to give Professor Taylor due credit for this effort. Accordingly, in November, 1851, the college session was opened in a building owned by the profession, and specially dedicated, for all time, to the cause of dental education, which was another new thing under the sun. The stockholders held their first regular meeting in the lecture-room of the college, February 19, 1852. Dr. Charles Bonsall was called to the chair, and Dr. Thomas Wood was appointed secretary. Drs. Thomas Wood, H. R. Smith and James Taylor, were appointed to report a draft of a constitution for an Ohio college dental association, which, after some modifications, was adopted. The first election of officers resulted in the selection of James Taylor, President; W. M. Wright, First Vice President; Thomas Wood, Second Vice President; Charles Bonsall, Secretary; Edward Taylor, Treasurer. And thus was the Association organized and equipped for action; and it has had virtual control of the College ever since, in its educational as well as in its financial aspects. Eighteen members were present, and signed the constitution. At this first meeting the stockholders generously relinquished their interest on stock, for the good of the -college, for three years; and this principle of generosity has ruled ever since. New shares of stock were issued and taken. In 1854 the old building, purchased from Mr. Talbot, having been found inadequate to the growing wants of the College, the stockholders took steps toward the erection of an entirely new edifice. As the location, College street, between Sixth and Seventh streets, was central, it was decided to rebuild on the same ground. With marvellous energy and promptness the new building was erected and furnished in time for the opening of the ensuing course of lectures. This is the first building erected for the sole and special purpose of dental education. In 1865 a change in the charter and general management of the College occurred. Progress has ever been, and still is, the watchword of our Alma Mater. One object of the change was to bring the institution more directly under the immediate supervision and control of the College association. A new act, adapted to this end, and in pursuance of it, was passed by the legislature. Three trustees, of a board of nine, are now annually elected by and from the members of the College association. A radical and advanced step, in the cause of dental education, was taken by the College association and board of trustees, on the fifth of March, 1867. This is of sufficient importance to be given in full, and is accordingly here appended : REGULATIONS of the Ohio Dental College, adopted by the Dental College Association and Board of Trustees, March 5, 1875.   " 1st. An extension of the session to five months.   " 2d. A preliminary examination, the requirements of which shall be a good English education.   " 3d. There shall be two classes, junior and senior; the first shall consist of first course students, the second of those who are candidates for graduation.   " 4th. The studies of these classes shall be arranged as follows:   " First year or junior class—Anatomy, embracing dissections, Physiology, Histology, Inorganic Chemistry, Metallurgy, and Mechanical Dentistry.   " Second year or senior class—Histology, Pathology, Dissections, Organic Chemistry, Therapeutics, Operative Dentistry, and Dental Hygiene.   " 5th. Members of the junior class will be required to pass an-examination on the branches studied before entering the senior class. This may be at the close of the junior or the beginning of the senior course, at the option of the student. When this examination is satisfactory, a certificate of the fact, bearing the seal of the college, shall be given to the student, which shall entitle him to enter the senior class.   " 6th. Applicants for admission to the senior class must pass a satisfactory examination of the junior course, except when, in special cases, the faculty may allow them to take a part of the junior course in connection with the senior, in which case this part of their examination will be deferred till the close of the senior term." The division of the course with "junior" and "senior" studies, and the requirements in the first clause of the fifth section, viz: "Members of the junior class will be required to pass an examination on the branches studied before entering the senior class," were at this time, probably, new features in collegiate study. The influence of this college on the dental profession, and on society in general, can never be over-estimated. It is not claiming too much when we state that her alumni have done their full share of solid thinking for our profession, especially in the last thirty years. They have furnished leading text-books, leading writers for the periodical press, leading speakers and thinkers in the dental associations, leading investigators and experimenters, while they have not fallen behind any in collateral science and social qualities. It will be noticed at a glance that the professorships in our Alma Mater, through all the changes made necessary by time and circumstance, have been mainly held by her own alumni, except where it was thought best to fill certain special chairs from the medical profession. She always knew where to find the men she needed, and the thoroughness of her teachings rendered it quite unnecessary to go beyond the pale of her own family Other dental schools also found in the ranks of her sons the teachers wanted for their new institutions. The faculty of the college comprises seven professors, five demonstrators, two lecturers, and one instructor, besides fifteen clinical instructors. Clinics for instruction in practical dentistry are given in the college infirmary every afternoon. The .surgical and other clinics at the Cincinnati hospital are also open to the students. Three hundred and ninety-three graduates were enumerated to the close of the session of 1879-80, of which thirty-one were then graduated. DENTAL INTERESTS in the city are also cared for by the Cincinnati Dental society and by the Dental Register, a monthly periodical now in its thirty-fifth volume. It was started in 1847, as the Dental Register of the West, by Dr. James Taylor, of the Dental college, as a quarterly. THE CINCINNATI MEDICAL SOCIETY was organized during or before 1819. All else that we have been able to learn of it is that Elijah Slack was president in the year given; O. B. Baldwin, vice-president; John Woolley, secretary; and William Barnes, treasurer. Several of these honored names reappear in the official connections below. THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY. One of the earliest medical societies in Cincinnati had this euphonious name. It was formed at a meeting of local physicians, held January 3, 1820, in the lecture- 308 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. room of the museum. Dr. Marshall was chairman and Mr. Higgins secretary. The zealous and ever-ready Dr. Drake had a constitution in hand, and without delay it was taken up, and, after some amendment, adopted by a large majority as the 0rganic act of the society. It provided that its name should be the Cincinnati MedicoChirurgical society; that its meetings should be held at Cincinnati ; that its members should be in two classes, honorary and junior—"the former to consist of practitioners of physic and surgery, or gentlemen eminent in its collateral sciences, residing in the Western country, and especially in the State of Ohio; and the latter to he composed of students of medicine, who shall be admitted in such manner and under such regulations as the society may approve;" that a dissertation should be secured for each meeting, suitable for discussion, "or at least a debate on some professional topic, in which it shall be the duty of the member proposing the topic to participate; that provision should be made for the publication of the most worthy of the papers submitted; that a library of journals of medicine, surgery, and the auxiliary sciences should be formed, "embracing those heretofore published and still continued, both in Europe and the United States;" and the usual provisions as to officers and members of the society were made. Article 7 provided that "every motion for the removal of an officer or the expulsion of a member must be made in writing by two members, at a meeting previous to that at which it is acted on, and must receive the suffrages of three-fourths of the members to render it valid." The by-laws of this body, submitted by a committe and adopted at a subsequent meeting, provided for weekly meetings of the society from November to February inclusive, and monthly meetings the rest of the year, the latter "at twilight in the evening;" and that "no session shall be protracted beyond ten o'clock." Medical gentlemen kept early hours in those days. Every candidate for junior membership must, under the by-laws, pass the inquest of a committee of three members into his moral character and scientific attainments; and even upon their favorable report he was not to be admitted or balloted for until he produced and read a dissertation on some medical subject and sustained an examination upon the same before the society. He was to be formally advised of the objects of the institution when he was introduced by the secretary and notified of his election by the presid ing officer. He was then to pay two dollars into the treasury. It was no small matter to go through all the circumlocution necessary to get into this pioneer aid of the medicine-men. Members were not to be interrupted while speaking, except upon a mistake or misstatement, when the chair was entitled to call them to order. No member could retire from a session of the society except upon permission granted by the chair. Twenty-five cents fine was imposed for each case of non-attendance upon the stated meetings of the society. The first officers-elect of the society were: Dr. Daniel Drake, president; Mr. Elijah Slack, senior vice-president; Dr. V. C. Marshall, junior vice-president; Dr. B. F. Bedinger, corresponding secretary; Dr. John Woolley, re cording secretary; Dr. C. W. Trimble, librarian and treasurer. At the adjourned meeting of the society January 7, 1820, a paper was read by Dr. Bedinger on the bilious epidemic fever which appeared in Kentucky in the year 1818; and the following question was proposed for discussion: "Are medicines absorbed and carried into the circulation?" The first stated meeting was held a week from that date, when Dr. Drake read a paper on the modus operandi of medicines, and Dr. Marshall offered for the next meeting a paper on cholera infantum. Other papers read at succeeding sessions were: Obstructed Glands, by Dr. Vethake; Life, by Dr. Bedinger; Hydrocephalus, by Mr. O'Ferrall; Death, by Dr. Vethake; Typhus Fever, by Mr. Wolf; the Management of and Improved Apparatus for Fractures of the Thigh, Dr. Hough; Scrofula, Mr. Wolf; Bilious Remittent Fever, Dr. Hough; and other topics of similar importance were treated, by both honorary and junior members. Some of the questions debated were: "Is scrofula an hereditary disease?" "Is the opinion that supposes inflammation to consist in debility of the capillary vessels sufficient for the explanation of the phenomena of that disease?" "Is the proximate cause of primary and secondary inflammation the same?" "Does nosology constitute a necessary or useful part of the education of a physician?" "Can respiration be continued independent of volition?" "Is the theory that supposes cuticular absorption founded on fact?" Twenty-five regular meetings seem to have been held with tolerable regularity during the winter months, but none in the warm seasons. The last meeting of which record is made was held "March the —, 1822." Few members were then present; yet it was voted as "expedient that the society should continue its meetings for the next six months at the usual hours." Notwithstanding this heroic resolve, the society disappears from history after this meeting. The list of books accumulated for the society's library is a short one. It included simply several volumes and single numbers of Dr. Drake's Western Journal of. Medical and Physical Sciences; some numbers of the North American Medical and Surgical Journal; the Aphorisms of Hippocrates; Three Dissertations on Boylston. Prize Questions, by Drs. George, Cheyne, and Shattuck ; Wilson Phillips' Treatise on Indigestion; one volume of the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Journal; and one of the American Medical and Philosophical Register; and one medical thesis in manuscript. SUNDRY MEDICAL SOCIETIES. A sort of academy of medicine was formed here by a voluntary association of physicians in the spring of 1831, for the benefit of medical students who spent the summer in the city. It began operations April 1st, of that year, with Dr. James M. Staughton giving instruction in the institutes of surgery, Isaac Hough in operative surgery, Joseph N. McDowell in anatomy, Wolcott Richards in. physiology, Landon C. Rives in the institutes of medicine and medical jurisprudence, Daniel Drake in the practice of medicine and materia medica, John F. Henry HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 309 in obstetrics, and Thomas D. Mitchell in chemistry and pharmacy. The society or academy does not appear to have been long lived. In the winter of 1832-3 was incorporated the Cincinnati Medical society. Its officers were well-known and reputable physicians of the city, as Dr. Landon C. Rives, president; Drs. John F. Henry and Charles Woodward, vice-presidents ; Dr. R. P. Simmons, chairman; C. Hatch, secretary; Dr. John T. Shotwell, treasurer; Dr. J. S. Dodge, librarian; Dr. Isaac Colby, curator of the herbarium ; Dr. A. Hermange, curator of the cabinet. A society for discussing medical topics, the Ohio Medical Lyceum, was accustomed to meet in the medical college edifice about the years 1833-4 Its president at that time was Dr. John Eberle; Drs. Samuel D. Gross and Isaac Colby, vice-presidents; Dr. Richard Steele, corresponding secretary; J. P. Arbuckle, recording secretary; T. S. Pioneer, treasurer; Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, orator for the year 1834. A Medical Library association was formed in 1852 and a reading-room opened June 9, with the addresses of Dr. Drake upon the Early Physicians, Scenes, and Society of Cincinnati, and, on the following evening, upon the Origin and Influence of Medical Periodical Literature and the Benefits of Public Medical Libraries. It is the former of these which we have copiously cited in the first part of this chapter. An attempt had been made many years before to found such a library in Cincinnati, but it had failed and the effort of 1852 met a like fate in the fullness of time. At a meeting of physicians held in the lecture-room of Bacon's building, on the northwest corner of Sixth and Walnut streets, the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati had its birth, March 5, 1857. Dr. J. B. Smith was chairman; Dr. C. B. Hughes, secretary. A constitution was adopted, and the following named officers elected: Dr. R. D. Mussey, president; Drs. J. B. Smith and Robert R. McIlvaine, vice-presidents; Dr. C. B. Hughes, recording secretary; Dr. C. G. Comegys, corresponding secretary; Dr. William Clendenin, treasurer; Dr. Jesse P. Judkins, librarian. Meetings were held regularly in the same place till March 7, 1859, when the society removed to Dr. J. F. White's office, northwest corner of Fourth and Race, and thence on the sixth of February, 1860, to its hall in the Dental college on. College street, between Sixth and Seventh. A proposition was made in 1858 for union with the Cincinnati Medical society and the Medico-Chirurgical society, the objects of all being similar; but the movement did not succeed. The old medical society, however, expired no great while after the academy was organized. In 1869 the academy was incorporated, apd Drs. McIlvaine, J. J. Quinn, and J. P. Walker were chosen trustees. It is still maintained, and includes in its membership nearly one hundred and fifty members, who are chiefly graduates of the Medical College of Ohio. Its meetings are weekly, on Monday evening, in the amphitheatre of the Dental college. A new Cincinnati Medical society was formed in 1874, by about twenty seceders from the Academy, as the result of a disagreement upon a point of medical ethics or etiquette. It also meets weekly, but only during the autumn, winter, and spring months. A Miami Valley medical society, composed of physicians of Hamilton, Warren, and Clermont counties, was organized at a meeting in Loveland, June 13, 1877. MEDICAL JOURNALISM. In 1818-19 Dr. Daniel Drake, then a prominent physician in Cincinnati, and about to found the Ohio medical college, issued a prospectus for a journal of the profession, and secured two or three hundred subscribers, but found the pressure of other duties too strong to allow him to undertake its publication. The first number of a medical organ in Cincinnati, however, saw the light in March, 1822, when the initial number of the Western Quarterly Reporter was issued. Dr. John P. Godman, who had just resigned the chair of surgery in the medical college, was its editor, and John P. Foote, publisher. It lasted through six numbers, when it expired, upon Dr. Godman's return to the East. In the spring of 1826 Doctors Guy W. Wright and James M. Mason ventured into this field of journalism, starting a semi-monthly called the Ohio Medical Repository. At the end of the first volume the interest of Dr. Mason was transferred to Dr. Drake, and the title changed to the Western Medical and Physical Journal, and the publication made a monthly. At the end of another volume Dr. Drake took sole charge of the magazine, greatly enlarging it, changed it to a quarterly, and made another change of name, this time expanding the title to the Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, and adding the motto, "e sylvis nuncius." He had presently an assistant editor in Dr. James C. Finley; then Dr. William Wood; and finally Drs. Harrison and Gross. When the medical department of Cincinnati college came to an end, in 1839, Dr. Drake took the journal with him to Louisville, and there merged it in the Louisville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, which became a permanent publication. A semi-monthly periodical called the Western Medical Gazette was started by the Faculty of the Medical College in the fall of 1832, with Professors John Eberle, Thomas D. Mitchell, and Alban G. Smith as editors. It lasted only nine months at first; but was resuscitated and made a monthly five months afterward by Dr. Silas Reed, Dr. Samuel D. Gross being added to the editorial staff. In April, 1835, upon the completion of the second volume, the editors dissolved their connection with it, and it was consolidated with the Western Medical and Physical Journal. In September of the same year Dr. James M. Mason issued the first number of a new Ohio Medical Repository, giving it the same name as the journal he had started with Dr. Wright in 1826. He printed it semimonthly, but it hardly lasted a single year. The Western Lancet, the original of the present Lancet and Clinic, was begun in 1842 by Dr. Leonidas M. Lawson, afterwards a professor in the Medical College of 310 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Ohio, and the surviving Nestor of the profession in Cincinnati. He was sole proprietor and generally sole editor of the Lancet until 1855, when his interest was transferred to Dr. Thomas Wood. It was published monthly for many years as the Lancet and Observer; but in 1878 was consolidated with The Clinic, and has since been known as The Lancet and Clinic, and is published as a weekly journal of medicine and surgery, edited by Drs. J. C. Culbertson and James G. Hyndman. Dr. Hyndman was editor of the Clinic at the time of the merger. That paper had been issued weekly since 1871, in fourteen portly octavo volumes, which are now much esteemed in the profession. It was the first medical weekly started in the western country. The medical journals of 1859 in Cincinnati were The Lancet and Observer, The Medical News, The Cincinnati Eclectic and Edinburgh Medical Journal, The College Journal of Medical Science, and the Physio-Medical Recorder. CHAPTER XXXII. THE BENCH AND BAR. PIONEER LAWYERS. To Thomas Goudy is usually accorded the honor of being the first lawyer in Cincinnati. But it should not be forgotten that in the very first boat-load of Losantiville voyagers, among those who landed, as he himself testified much later, "on the twenty-eighth day of December, 1788," was the most prominent lawyer and magistrate of Cincinnati's first decade. He was a worthy man to lead the long and distinguished roll of the bench and bar of the Queen City. WILLIAM M'MILLAN was born near Abingdon, Virginia, of Irish stock, the second of nine children. He was graduated at the renowned old college of William and Mary, and left it, as his nephew and eulogist, the late Hon. William M. Corry, said long after, "not only with the diploma, but with the scholarship of a graduate whose distinction became important to the institution and more than reflected her benefits." Until his removal to the Miami Purchase, he divided his attention between intellectual and agricultural pursuits. He was the first justice of the court of general quarter sessions of the peace, commissioned by Governor St. Clair for Hamilton county, in 1790, and was an active, energetic, public-spirited citizen here from the beginning. In 1799 he was elected as a representative of the county in the territorial legislature, and was chosen delegate of the territory in Congress after the resignation of General Harrison. While at Philadelphia, then the seat of Government, he was commissioned United States district attorney for Ohio; but was prevented by declining health from assuming the duties of the office for more than a short time. He died in Cincinnati in May, 1804. He had been one of the most zealous and influential members of Nova Caesarea Harmony lodger No. 2, of Free and Accepted Masons; and that lodge, nearly a quarter of a century after his decease, October 28, 1837, dedicated a monument to his memory, at which a glowing and eloquent eulogy was pronounced by William M. Corry, esq. We extract the following tribute to his merits as a lawyer During his professional career, there was no higher name at the western bar than William McMillan. Its accomplished ranks would have done honor to older countries; but it did not contain his superior. Some of our distinguished lawyers of that day were admirable public speakers: he was not. Some of them were able in the comprehension of their cases, and skilful to a proverb in their management. Of these he ranked among the first. His opinions had all the respectability of learning, precision, and strength. They commanded acquiescence; they challenged opposition when to obtain assent was difficult and to provoke hostility dangerous. The succeeding remarks strongly and no doubt correctly characterize the local bar of his day: The profession in those times are conceded to have held high characters for attainments and intellect. Their recorded history demonstrates the fact, and those who have 'survived to this day still receive the tribute of unqualified praise for what they are, as well as what they were. It was not easy to obtain the district attorneyship in that day, when men were chosen and appointed to office from amongst formidable competitors by the test of honesty and capacity, as well as patriotism. The front rank of the law, then, as much as now, was inaccessible to the weak or the idle, and offices of gift went to the deserving, instead of the dishonest. Judge Burnet, in his Notes on the Settlement of the Northwestern Territory, has this to say of Mr. McMillan: He possessed an intellect of a high order, and had acquired a fund of information, general as well as professional, which qualified him for great usefulness in the early legislation of the territory. He was a native of Virginia, educated at William and Mary, and was one of the first adventurers to the Miami valley. He was the son of a Scotch Presbyterian of the strictest order, who had educated him for the ministry, and who was, of course, greatly disappointed when he discovered that he was unwilling to engage in that profession, and had set his heart on the study and practice of the law. After many serious discussions on the subject, the son, who understood the feelings and prejudices of the father, at length told him that he would comply with his request, but it must be on one condition—that he should be left at perfect liberty to use Watts' version of the Psalms. The old gentleman was very much astonished, and rebuked his son with severity, but never mentioned the subject to him afterwards. THOMAS GOUDY, however, has undoubtedly the right to precedence as being the first member of the legal profession who put out his shingle in Cincinnati. Indeed, he was here before Cincinnati was, coming, like McMillan, while the place was yet Losantiville, but later in the year 1789, it is said. In 1790 he was one of the settlers who formed Ludlow's Station, in what is now the north part of Cumminsville, and his name appears occasionally in the Indian stories of that period. Three years afterwards he was married to Sarah, sister to Colonel John S. Wallace. Among his children was the venerable Mrs. Sarah Clark, now residing with Mr. Alexander C. Clark, her son, upon his farm in Syracuse township, north of Reading. Goudy's office was originally upon the corner of an out-lot, on the present St. Clair square, between Seventh and Eighth streets; but he found it altogether too far out of town for a law-office. It was long abandoned, and came near falling a prey to the flames in the first fire that occurred in Cincin- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 311 nati—one that swept the out-lot of pretty much everything else upon it. This was the only building put up for several years upon the spacious tract between Sixth and Court streets, Main and the section line on the west, about where John street now is. The lots were then surrounded by a Virginia or "worm-fence." SAMUEL FINDLAY. Contemporary with McMillan and Goudy, as a Cincinnati lawyer, was Ezra Fitz Freeman; and early came also an attorney of reputation, of whom Judge Carter has the following pleasant recollections: He was an intelligent man and a good lawyer; but he became fonder of politics, and engaging in them most earnestly and prosperously, he was sent to Congress from the Hamilton county district once or twice in the latter twenties. He was a first-rate man in every sense, and we are glad to put him down in our reminiscences, I remember him as I saw him and knew him in very boyhood—a burly, portly form, largely developed frontal head, adorned with sandy hair; and he had the mien and manners of a finished gentleman. DANIEL SYMMES, another early member of the Hamilton county bar, was a nephew of Judge Symmes and brother of Captain John Cleves Symmes, the advocate of the theory of concentric circles and polar voids. His father, Timothy Syrnmes, only full brother of theSymmesf 0nlyMiami Purchase, was himself judge of the inferior court of common pleas in Sussex county, New Jersey, but came west soon after his older brother and was the pioneer at South Bend, where he died in 1797. Daniel was born at the ancestral home in 1772, graduated at Princeton college and came out with his father; was made clerk of the territorial court; studied law and practiced some years; after Ohio was admitted was a State senator from Hamilton county and speaker of the senate; upon the resignation of Judge Meigs from the supreme bench in 1804 was appointed to his place and held it until the expiration of the term, when he secured the post of register of the Cincinnati land office, and performed its duties until a few months before his death, May To, 1817. JACOB BURNET. Judge Burnet, has received incidentally so many other notices in this work that he need have but brief mention here. He was born in 1770---son of Dr. Burnet, of New Jersey, who distinguished himself in the Revolutionary war—and in 1.796 followed his brother, Dr. William Burnet, to the hamlet in the wilderness opposite the mouth of the Licking, and here made his beginnings as a lawyer and magistrate. In about two years he was at the head of the legislative council for the Northwest territory—the man, scarcely beyond twenty-eight years old, who in influence and usefulness stood head and shoulders above all others in the first Territorial legislature. His long and honorable career thereafter, ending only with his death in 1853, at an advanced old age, need not be recapitulated here. He retired from active practice in 1825. Judge Carter indulges in the following reminiscence of him: Judge Jacob Burnet, as he was called, after he became a judge of the supreme court, was a very early lawyer of the Ohio bar. Having come to the city of Cincinnati from the State of New Jersey, toward the close of the last century, and engaging in very early practice of the law in our courts, and becoming one of the most expert and learned and able lawyers of the bar, he may justly be esteemed the pioneer lawyer of the old court-house, and his name deservedly stands at the head of the list of its members of the bar. When the hapless Blennerhasset was to be tried as an accessory to the high treason of Aaron Burr, he was advised by the latter to employ in his defense Judge Burnet, and also Richard Baldwin, of Chillicothe. It was expected that the trials would occur in the State of Ohio. Blennerhasset followed the advice, and presently wrote to his wife: "I have retained Burnet and Baldwin. The former will be a host with the decent part of the citizens of Ohio, and the latter a giant of influence with the rabble, whom he properly styles his 'blood-hounds.'" Some reminiscences of Judge Burnet's own, extracted from his Notes on the Settlement of the Northwestern Territory, will have interest here: From the year 1796, till the formation of the State government in 1803, the bar of Hamilton county occasionally attended the general court at Marietta and at Detroit, and during the whole of that time Mr. St. Clair, Mr. Symmes, and Mr. Burnet never missed a term in either of those counties. The journeys of the court and baThe those remote places, through a country in its primitive state, were unavoidably attended with fatigue and exposure. They generally traveled with five or six in company, and with a pack-horse to transport such necessaries as their own horses could not conveniently carry, because no dependence could be placed on obtaining supplies on the route ; although they frequently passed through Indian camps and villages, it was not safe to rely on them for assistance. Occasionally small quantities of corn could be purchased for horse feed, but even that relief was precarious, and not to be relied on. In consequence of the unimproved condition of the country, the routes followed by travellers were necessarily circuitous and their progress slow. In passing from one county seat to another, they were generally from six to eight, and sometimes ten, days in the wilderness. The country being wholly destitute of bridges and ferrries, travellers had therefore to rely on their horses, as the only substitute for those conveniences. That fact made it common, when .purchasing a horse, to ask if he were a good swimmer, which was considered one of the most valuable qualities of a saddle horse. Strange as this may now appear, it- was then a very natural inquiry. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THREE TO EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND TEN. Mr. James McBride, in his Pioneer Biography, notes as the Cincinnati lawyers who were wont to attend the Butler county courts during and between these years, Judge Burnet, Arthur St. Clair, jr., Ethan Stone, Nicholas Stone, Nicholas Longworth, George P. Torrence, and Elias Glover. He adds: "The bar was a very able one, and important cases were advocated in an elaborate and masterly manner." ST. CLAIR AND HARRISON. The "Mr. St. Clair" named in Judge Burnet's first paragraph, was Arthur St. Clair, jr., son of Governor St. Clair, and a man of some ability, who came within two votes of defeating General Harrison at the first election, by the Territorial legislature, of a delegate to Congress. Harrison was also a lawyer, as well as doctor, farmer, soldier; and public officer, and sometimes appeared in a case; but won no distinction whatever at the bar. His chief prominence in the courts was simply as clerk of the Hamilton county court of common pleas, from which position he was elected at one bound to the Presidency of the United States. His knowledge of the law, of course, 312 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. was of much use to him in his various public and private employments. Harrison was, it should be noted, one of the very few temperate lawyers and public men of his time. Judge Burnet recorded in his Notes many years afterwards that, of the nine lawyers that were contemporaries with him in his earlier days in Cincinnati, all but one went to drunkard's graves. It was an age, as we have seen elsewhere, of high conviviality and destructive go0d fellowship. Harrison's own son, it is said—the junior William Henry Harrison, a young lawyer of brilliant talents, eloquent and witty—fell an early victim to intoxicants. Apropos of the morality of the bar in the olden day, there is a tradition that two of the lawyers, named Clark and Glover, made full preparations to fight a duel over some personal or professional difference. The affair was settled without bloodshed, but not until one of them had pulled off his shoes, to fight the more conveniently in his stocking feet. EARLY JUDGES. Hon. A. H. Dunlevy, son of Judge Francis Dunlevy, of Columbia, in an address before the Cincinnati Pioneer society, April 7, 1875, gave the following reminiscences of the bench of 1804-5: Among these early judges, besides my father, then the presiding judge, were Luke Foster, James Silver, I think, and Dr. Stephen Wood. Judge Goforth was also on the bench, but lived in the city. Here, too, I frequently met Judge John Cleves Symmes. In the early part of court he was always thronged with purchasers of his lands, and I have seen him while supping his tea, of which he was excessively found, writing deeds or contracts, and talking with his friends and those who had business with him, all at the same time. OTHER EARLY LAWYERS. John S. Will, a native of Virginia, born in 1773, and admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one. In 1798 he went from Cincinnati to Chillicothe and attended the first session of the common pleas court of the territory there. In 1809 he removed to Franklinton, now a part of Columbus, and died there April 27, 1829. He was not an eminently successful attorney, and is said often to have appeared as defendant, rather than counselor and advocate, in actions for debt. David Wade was more prominently identified with the early bar here. He was public prosecutor in 1809, and for a long time afterwards. Moses Brooks came to Cincinnati in 1811, was at first an innkeeper, but studied law and was admitted to practice. He abandoned the profession in 1830 from ill health, and became a successful merchant. He was also, as we have seen under another head, an occasional writer of some note for the press. Nicholas Longworth came from Newark, New Jersey, to the west, and soon became a Cincinnati lawyer, but more for wealth than fame, and did not remain permanently in the profession. Judge Carter says: He came to Cincinnati from Jersey in very early times and commenced operations as a shoemaker and afterwards studied law and was admitted to practice law at the earliest bar, but he did not practice law very much, though he was very capable and possessed an acute and astute mentality, and he was always a good and clever gentleman, as singular and eccentric as he was sometimes. His position as a lawyer affording him great facilities, he became mostly engaged in property speculations, and eventually became by far the largest real-estate holder in this city and in the western country, and the richest man. He was, in a sense, the Croesus of the west, for his wealth increased and increased so much in the great growth of Cincinnati that he hardly knew what to do with it, and certainly did not know all he owned. For a rich man, though peculiar, particular, and eccentric, he was a good and clever man, in both the American and English sense. Mr. Longworth was reputed to have died worth twelve millions. He was the father of Joseph Longworth, of the court of common pleas, who has had a long and honorable career as a lawyer and judge in Hamilton county. THE LYTLES. William Lytle, a captain in the Pennsylvania line in the old French War, was an immigrant to Kentucky in 1779. His son, also William, was a pioneer in southwestern Ohio, where he became famous in the border warfare, and an extensive landholder in Clermont county, where he then resided, and elsewhere. An intimate personal friend of President Jackson, he had no difficulty in obtaining from him the post of surveyor general of public lands. Many of his later years were spent in Cincinnati, whither he removed early in this century. Robert T. Lytle was the son of General William Lytle, and was a native Cincinnatian. He was early admitted to the bar, and gave great promise as a young lawyer; but the attractions of politics and his rare gifts as an orator soon took him into public life and long ruined him as a practitioner. He was but a youth when sent to the legislature, to which he was repeatedly returned, and then twice sent to Congress (the first time when but thirty-two years old) as a Democratic representative from this district. President Jackson made much of him at Washington. He spoke often and well in the house, and achieved national repute. As a stump orator also, he was hardly excelled at that time by any man of his years in the country. Lytle sided with Jackson on the United States bank question, and this led to his defeat in 1834, by Judge Storer. He gave great promise as a lawyer and public man, which was defeated by his early death. William H., son of Robert T. Lytle, studied law with his uncle, E. S. Haines, and also cultivated literature successfully. He was an officer in the Mexican war, and held a general's commission in the war of the Rebellion, during which he lost his life in action at Chickamauga. JUDGE WRIGHT, in early life a school-teacher, came to Cincinnati in 1816. He was a graduate of Dartmouth college, and was admitted. to the bar the following November term of the supreme court of Ohio. He married a niece of Judge Burnet, and succeeded early in getting a good practice. For many years he was distinguished at the bench and bar, and in the Cincinnati Law school. Says Judge Car- ter: One of the best examples of a real and genuine lawyer of the old school and of the old bar, was Nathaniel Wright. He came in early times from the east to this city, thoroughly educated in academies and in the law. He obtained and maintained a good legal practice for many years, and, unlike some of his fellows, never was diverted from or went out of the way of his professional limits. He was strictly a lawyer and because of this he was reputed and relied upon as a counselor learned in the law, and became the Mentor of many of the lawyers. He was a rigid man in his moral and religious principles, and I doubt if anything was ever said or could be be said against him. His reputation as the soundest and safest of lawyers was much extended, and he was a HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 313 great credit to the bar of early Cincinnati. He was the father of our present D. Thew Wright, lawyer and judge, and good and clever fellow and lived to venerable age, and died recently among us, respected by every one. PEYTON SHORT SYMMES, grandson of Judge Symmes, began his career in Cincinnati. He never made so much figure in law as in literature and public life. In 1817, and for many years afterwards, he was register of the land office here. In 1831-3 he was a member of the city council; 1833-49, an active member of the board of education, preparing some of its most elaborate reports; 1830--50, a member of the board of health, exhibiting special activity during the cholera year of 1849. He was a trustee of the old Cincinnati college, and took a lively interest and intelligent part in the transactions of the Western College of Teachers and in nearly all the local literary societies of that time. He wrote much and well, as the Carrier's Address—poetry, of course—for the Cincinnati Gazette of New Year's Day, 1816, and many articles in the Literary Gazette of 1824-5, the Chronicle of 1826, and the Mirror of 1831-5, in both prose and verse. He is said to have had in preparation a biography of his distinguished ancestor, Judge Symmes; but, if so, the matter prepared has never been recovered. He died July 7, 1861, at the residence of his son-in-law, Charles L. Col-burn, on Mount Auburn. TIMOTHY FLINT'S VIEW. The Rev. Timothy Flint, who spent the winter of 1815-16 in Cincinnati, says in his book of Recollections: At the bar I heard forcible reasonings and just conceptions, and discovered much of that cleverness and dexterity in management, which are so common in the American Bar in general. There is here, as elsewhere in the profession, a strong appetite to get business and money• I understood that it was popular in the courts to be very democratic; and, while in the opposite State a lawyer is generally a dandy, he here affects meanness and slovenliness in his dress. The language of the Bar was in many instances an amusing compound of Yankee dialect, southern peculiarity, and Irish blarney. "Him " and "me," said this or that, " I done it," and various phrases of this sort, and images drawn from the measuring and location of land purchases, and figures drawn from boating and river navigation, were often served up as the garnish of thin speeches. You will readily perceive that all this has vanished before the improvements, the increasing lights, and the higher models, which have arisen in the period that has elapsed between that time and this. THE LAWYERS OF 1819. Farnsworth's Directory of 1819, the first issued for Cincinnati, gives the following as the entire roll of the attorneys of that time in the city : Thomas Clark William M. Worthington. David Shepherd Francis A. Blake. William Corry Nathaniel Wright. Elisha Hotchkiss Nicholas Longworth. Samuel Q. Richardson Samuel Todd. James W. Gazlay Nathaniel G. Pendleton. Chauncey Whittlesey Benjamin M. Piatt. Richard S. Wheatley David K. Este. Joseph S. Benham Thomas P. Eskridge. David Wade John Lee Williams. Hugh McDougal Stephen Sedgwick. Nathan Guilford Daniel Roe. Bellamy Storer. The names of Judge Burnet and General Harrison are strangely omitted from this list. They were undoubtedly entitled to enrollment in the Hamilton county bar, and they have their proper place in the catalogue given by Judge Carter. Mr. Gazlay came about this year-to Cincinnati from New York State, and entered upon a distinguished career in law and politics. In 1824, as a Jackson man, he was elected to Congress over no less a competitor than General Harrison, he representing, as his friends put it, plebeian or popular interests against aristocratic. Having voted, however, against the proposed appropriation from the Federal Treasury as a gift to General Lafayette, then on a visit to this country, Mr. Gazlay was relegated to private life at the next election of Congressman. He practiced but little at the bar after this, but retired to the country and spent much of his time in literary work. He was much respected through a long life, and died at the good old age of eighty-nine. David K. Este was a graduate of Princeton College, came from New Jersey to Cincinnati about 1813, and was a very successful practitioner here. Mr. Mansfield says he was "a good lawyer, but chiefly distinguished for courtesy of manners, propriety of conduct, and success in business. Like Burnet, he was one of those cool, careful temperaments, which are incapable of being excited beyond a certain point, and who never commit themselves out of the way. . . . . . An Episcopalian in the church, a gentleman in society, and a Republican in politics." He lived a long and honored life here, having grown very wealthy through the rise of real estate, in which he had invested the savings of his lucrative practice. He was Judge of the old Superior Court, organized in Cincinnati in 1838; but resigned in 1845, from insufficient salary. He was also for several years presiding Judge of the old Court of Common Pleas. He survived until recent days, dying at last at the age of ninety years. William Corry was accounted a sound lawyer, and was the first Mayor of the village of Cincinnati, remaining in the office until the village became a city. He, too, was neatly depicted at the hands of the Cincinnati Horace: Slow to obey, whate'er to call, And yet a faithful friend to all; In person rather stout and tall, In habits quite domestic; Devaux in elegance is found To run the same unvaried round, Ne'er groveling lowly on the ground, Nor stalking off majestic. He was father of the late Hon. William M. Corry, who was an attorney of brilliant talents and a fine orator. Mr. Hotchkiss was a practitioner of much reputation, a portly man of distinguished appearance, who also became Mayor after Cincinnati received a city charter. Mr. Guilford had some repute as a lawyer, but was better known in journalism and education, and as a promoter of public enterprises. Mr. Roe, besides being a lawyer, was occasionally preacher to the Swedenborgian or New Jerusalem church, then worshiping on Longworth street. Mr. Pendleton came at a very early day from Virginia, and in due time married a daughter of Jesse Hunt, the citizen who gave to the county the lots upon which the 40 314 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. present court house is situated. He was a very reputable practitioner, and became prosecuting attorney. He was a successful candidate for Congress on the Whig ticket in 1840, defeating Dr. Alexander Duncan. A strong resemblance in personal appearance was noticed between him and Thomas Corwin, on account of his swarthy complexion. He was a thoroughly polite gentleman, and a worthy progenitor of the distinguished Cincinnatians of that family name. Judge Storer came from Maine in 1817, and had a highly successful career in this part of the west. Mr. Mansfield says "he had a remarkably quick and sprightly mind; also a certain species of humorous wit." In 1825 he was generally taken to be one of the two dozen or more editors of the Crisis and Emporium newspaper, published by Samuel J. Browne. In 1832 he was elected to Congress as a Whig, over Robert T. Lytle, the Jacksonian candidate. His title was derived from his judgeship in the new Superior Court of Cincinnati, created in 1854, which post he filled very ably. He was a learned and eloquent advocate, and a very popular man in the community. His services to education here will also be long and gratefully remembered. Mr. Benham was one of the most remarkable characters at the early Bar. He was father of Mrs. George D. Prentice. Mr. Mansfield says he was "an orator, and few men were more imperial in power and manner." He makes a figure of this kind in the Satires of Horace in Cincinnati: With person of gigantic size, With thundering voice and piercing eyes, When great Stentorius deigns to rise, Adjacent crowds assemble, To hear a sage the laws expound In language strange, by reasoning sound, Till, though not yet guilty found, The culprits fear and tremble. Mr. Benham died somewhat early for his best fame and usefulness. Judge Carter, to whose entertaining book on the Old Court-house we are indebted for the material of most of the above notices, has this to say of him: The great and convivial Joseph Benham I am reminded of—an eloquent advocate and an able lawyer. He was a large and portly man, standing near six feet in his shoes, with large head and dark auburn flowing hair, broad shoulders, and capacious and "unbounded stomach," covered by a large buff vest and a brown broadcloth frock coat over it, and with a graceful and easy position and delivery. Before a jury he was indeed a picture to look upon. His voice was a deep basso, but melodious, and its ringing tones will never be forgotten by those who ever heard him. He sometimes spoke on politics out of the bar, in the open air, to his Whig friends and partisans; and then he was always able and eloquent. He was also, I think, an editor of a Whig paper once; but it was at the bar he mostly distinguished himself. He was a Southerner, and had all the manners of the South of the days of yore. . . . On the occasion of the visit of General Lafayette to Cincinnati in the month of May, in the year 1825, Joseph S. Benham was selected by the citizens to deliver the address of welcome to the great American-Frenchman and French-American; and well, exceedingly well, did he perform his part of the great ovation to the immortal Lafayette. It was upon the old court house grounds that Benham's great oration to Lafayette was pronounced before the most numerous concourse of people—men, women, and children—of this city and State, and from all parts of the west; and it was pronounced by the multitude, with one accord, that the tribute of genuine eloquence to Lafayette was great and grand, and fully entitled Lawyer Benham to be enrolled among the chief orators of the land. The occasion was certainly a memorable one, and his selection to the position of orator of the occasion manifests to us in what eminent esteem the eloquence of Benham was held in those early days. He was of national repute as a lawyer. TORRENCE. At this time the president-judge of the court of common pleas was the Hon. George P. Torrence, who had as associates under the old system Messrs. Othniel Looker, John Cleves Short, and James Silvers—these gentlemen not being necessarily lawyers. Of Judge Torrence many pleasant things are related. The History of Clermont county, published a few months ago, says of him: From 1820 to 1822 the dignified and popular George P. Torrence, of Cincinnati, presided with a courtly grace and dignity unequalled, his imposing presence lending charm to his descisions. . . . In 1826 the dignified and popular George P. Torrence ascended the woolsack and sat as judge for the seven following years; and many of Clermont's older people remember with pride his pleasant stories at the hotel when court had adjourned, and his apt way of making and retaining friends. The following notice of another well-known judge, from the same work, may as well be given here: In 1833 John M. Goodenow presided—a clear-headed jurist from Cincinnati, to which place he had moved some two years previous from Jefferson county. . . . He made a splendid judge, and for many years was a leading attorney, and one of the best advocates in Hamilton county. THE ROSTER OF EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIVE. The roll of attorneys at the local bar in 1819 numbered twenty-seven. In six years it had increased nearly fifty per cent., then numbering thirty-nine. But fifteen of the old names, however, re-appear upon this list—those of Joseph S. Benham, William Corry, David K. Este, James W. Gazlay, Wm. H. Harrison, sen., Nathan Guilford, Nicholas Longworth, Nathaniel G. Pendleton, Benjamin M. Piatt, Hugh McDougal, David Shepherd, Bellamy Storer, Daniel Roe, David Wade, Nathaniel Wright. The new names of 1826 were— William Brackenridge, Moses Brooks, Edward L. Drake, Samuel Findlay, Charles Fox, William Greene, E. S. Haines, Charles Hammond, Elijah Hayward, Wm. H. Harrison, jr., John Henderson, Jesse Kimball, Samuel Lewis, J. S. Lytle, Jacob Madeira, Samuel R. Miller, Jacob Wykoff Piatt, Benjamin F. Powers, Arthur St. Clair, Dan Stone, Daniel Van Matre, Elmore W. Williams, Isaiah Wing, and John G. Worthington. In 1826, by act of the Legislature, attorneys and counsellors-at-law were subjected to a tax of five dollars apiece. This was the occasion of a docket entry in the Court of Common Pleas for Hamilton county, February 20, 1827, which includes the following list of attorneys as then at the bar of the county. This list numbers but thirty-two. Some names in the roll of 1825 are not here; and one new name, that of Mr. D. J. Caswell, appears : David K. Este, Bellamy Storer, Joseph S. Benham, Nathaniel Wright, David Wade, William Greene, William Cony, Charles Hammond, Samuel R. Miller, Nicholas Longworth, Thomas Hammond, Samuel Lewis, Dan Stone, Charles Fox, Elijah Hayward, Jesse Kimball, John S. Lytle, F. W. Piatt, N. G. Pendleton, E. S. Haines, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 315 F. G. Worthington, W. H. Harrison, jr., Samuel Findlay. Moses Brooks, J. Madeira, Daniel Van Matre, Isaiah Wing, Nathan Guilford, Benjamin F. Powers, Yaws W. Gazlay, D. J. Caswell, Hugh McDougal. Republishing this record in his Miscellany in 1844, Mr. Cist is moved to say: What changes have seventeen years brought in this list! Of the attorneys, Este, Longworth, Lewis, and Pendleton have retired from professional business. Stone, Hayward, and Powers have removed from Cincinnati ; Brooks, Wing, and Guilford have changed their profession, and, with the exception of the ten in italics, who still survive, the residue are no longer living Some remarkable men were in the lists of 1825 and '27. We shall give sketches of two or three of the most prominent : JUDGE FOX. The name of Charles Fox, the Nestor of the Cincinnati bar, appears for the first time in the catalogue of attorneys in the city directory in that of 1825. He had then been admitted to the bar for two years. He came to the Queen City—an Englishman born, and already in this country some years—about 1820, and labored as a carpenter here for a time. He was also a singing-master, and had considerable knowledge and talent in other department of thought and work. He studied law, was admitted, and soon formed an honorable and profitable partnership with Bellamy Storer, under the firm name of Storer & Fox, which lasted a long time and did a large business. Judge Carter says: Perhaps there was, and now is, no lawyer who has had and has attended to more law business than Charley Fox, as he used to be so familiarly called., I remember the time when he used to be on one side or the other of every important case in court, and he was always regarded by his brethren of the bar as a wide-awake and sometimes formidable adversary. His extended experience made him most learned in the law, and particularly in its practice ; and he used to be sought for, for advice and counsel, in many questions of law practice, and the judges of the bench were in the habit frequently of interrogating lawyer Fox as to what was the true and right practice in given cases. Mr. Fox became one of the judges of the local courts, and served ably and faithfully. He is still in practice, notwithstanding he passed his eighty-third year November 11, 1880. CHARLES HAMMOND. One of the strong men then at the bar here—strong in law as in journalism and everything else he undertook—was Mr. Hammond. He came to the town in 1822 from St. Clairsville, Belmont county, as a full fledged practitioner, and the next year was made reporter for the supreme court, when that office was created. He retained it until 1838, publishing the first nine volumes of the Ohio Reports, when he retired from the bar. He had already gone into journalism, and finally became absorbed in it, and was totally lost to the legal profession. We again take pleasure in referring to Judge Carter for reminiscences of him: In this city he became both lawyer and editor, and he was excellent as each, or both. He practiced law for a dozen years, perhaps; and then, in the increase of our city and the duties and labors of his newspaper, he relinquished the practice and devoted himself to it alone. He had wit and humor in himself, and was sometimes the occasion of them in others. My friend Mr. Robert Buchanan, of this city, told me this good one of him. Hammond had an important case once in court for him as client and as president of the Commercial bank, the only bank then in the city. The case was a quo warranto against Mr. Bu- chanan, to find out by what authority he was exercising the functions of president and director of the bank. Mr. Hammond told Mr. Buchanan that the law was against him, but he would see what could be done. "You," said Mr. Hammond, "need not appear in court." Mr. Buchanan did not appear, but went "a-fishin'." Case came on, but no Mr. Buchanan present. Hammond moved for a postponement vociferously, but not with purpose to accomplish it particularly—he knew what he was about—on account of absence of Buchanan. Opposite counsel, not perceiving the cat in the meal, insisted, as. Hammond thought he would, on immediate trial, and gained his point. Trial was had; "and now," said Mr. Hammond to adversary counsel, , " bring forward your witnesses." He did bring them forward, and proved all he could; but as there was no one except Mr. Buchanan himself to prove the corpus delicti, and he was absent, of course the qua warranto proceeding was thrown out of court, as it ought to have been, being, as it seemed, a piece of spite-work upon the part of some men interested against Mr. Buchanan. After the success, client met Mr. Hammond, his lawyer, to pay his fee. " How much?" "Fifty dollars; but I gained the case by a little pettifogging, which I didn't like at all." Mr. Buchanan handed his lawyer a check for one hundred dollars, and Hammond taking it and looking at it, exclaimed: " What is all this for?" Buchanan replied: "For yourself and your partner, the pettifogger." Hammond, laughing and taking the check: " I shall dissolve with that scamp, and have nothing more to do with him hereafter." The following anecdote, among others, is related of him by Mr. Roswell Marsh, of Steubenville, who prepared and published a pamphlet memoir of Mr. Hammond: About a year before his death, after he had relinquished legal business, two men called upon him to get his opinion on a case. As a favor to his son-in-law he granted them an interview. When they were seated he turned from his writing-table, raised his glasses on his forehead, and requested them to state their case. It was this: An honest old farmer in Indiana had loaded a flat-boat on the Wabash with produce for New Orleans, and had effected an insurance on the boat and cargo for seven hundred dollars. The boat and cargo had been wrecked and totally lost in descending the Wabash, and the owner had nearly lost his life in strenuous efforts to save his property. It was his all, and reduced him to poverty. He had a family to support, and they must suffer if the insurance was not paid. But the terms of the policy required the owner, in case of loss, to make a protest. This, from oversight or ignorance, the old man had not done, The question propounded to Mr. Hammond, on behalf of the insurance company, was whether the company would be justified in paying the money. During the statement tears were, observed on Mr. Hammond's cheeks. When they had concluded, he asked somewhat sharply if they came to him for his opinion expecting to put money in their pockets. This was admitted reluctantly. He then required a fee of twenty dollars, which was paid. Turning to his son-in-law, he said : " Take this money and send it to the orphan asylum." Turning again to the gentlemen, he said: "prom your account the man has acted the honest part. My advice is that you go home and do like, wise." Mr. Hammond made a very notable plea in the case of Osburn et al. vs. United States Bank, which is reported in 9 Wheaton, 738. Hammond was against the bank, and his argument was made before the supreme court of the United States, of which Marshall was then chief justice. Referring to it, Judge Marshall said that "he had produced in the case the most remarkable paper placed on file in any court since the days of Lord Mansfield," and that he had almost persuaded him (Marshall) that wrong was right in this case. BENJAMIN F. POWERS was a brother of Hiram Powers the sculptor. He began practice hopefully, but was soon diverted into journalism as a co-proprietor and principal editor of the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, winning far more distinction from 'his connection with the press than with the bar. 316 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. WILLIAM GREENE was born in Rhode Island in 1823 or 1824. He was an able and learned man, and did a large business. He became somewhat noted for his numerous opinions on points of constitutional law, and was often called "Constitutional Billy Greene." Once or twice he was a candidate for Congress, but unsuccessfully. E. D. MANSFIELD, himself educated in part at the Litchfield Law school, then kept by Professors Reeve and Gould, undertook the practice of law in Cincinnati during most of the years between 1825 and 1836, when for two academic years he filled the chair of constitutional law and history in the Cincinnati college. Law and literature, in his case at least, did not thrive well together ; and he never made a great figure at the bar. In his book of Personal Memories he says of the associates of his earlier professional career that they numbered not more than forty, of whom three or four were retired from practice. But, he says, "in this small body were several men of mark and influence—men of mind, weight, and character—some of them had influence upon the nation." Jacob Burnet was then reckoned at the head of the local bar. BENJAMIN DRAKE, brother of the celebrated Dr. Daniel Drake, and associate of Mr. Mansfield in the preparation of Drake and Mansfield's little book on Cincinnati in 1 8 2 6, began the study of the law in his nineteenth year, at the old home in Mayslick, Kentucky, whence he came to Cincinnati to take a place in the drug store of his brother. He finished his preliminary studies about 1825, and began practice with William R. Moses. The firm did a good business, in which young Drake bore a full part, though much engaged in journalism and general literature, until his untimely death in April, 1841, after a long and painful sickness. A NEWSPAPER NOTICE. An interesting little editorial article, in regard to the bar and its business, appeared in the Saturday Evening Chronicle of July 9, 1827, from the pen of Moses Brooks, esq., who was himself lawyer as well as editor. It runs as follows: At the late term of the supreme court of Ohio for Hamilton county, there were one hundred and sixty cases on the docket. There are at the bar in Cincinnati forty lawyers. Supposing the business in the supreme court to be equally divided among this number, it would give to each four oases. If there be any truth in the old adage that legal business is just in proportion to the number of lawyers, it would seem that those in our city have but little talent or else a great deal of honesty among them. For ourselves, we are disposed to refer the slender docket to the latter cause. One fact, illustrative of the peculiar advantages which Cincinnati possesses, may be drawn from the following statement. We refer to the extreme cheapness of subsistence in this. place. Most of the lawyers of our city present an embonpoint by no means corresponding with their docket. Other members of the legal profession who may contemplate an immigration to Cincinnati need not, therefore, be discouraged. There is little danger of starvation if they have but three or four suits in the supreme court in each year. Mr. Mansfield, in his Personal Memories, says of the Cincinnati bar of this period: "In no larger number than forty, it certainly had as large a proportion of gifted and remarkable, men as perhaps ever adorned a similar body." Among them proved to be some remarkable examples of longevity, as no less than eight were living fifty years afterwards. There were then surviving four out of a dozen members of a little society of attorneys formed in 1825 for mutual improvement. SIX YEARS LATER. By 1831, with the rapid growth of the city in population and business, the number of lawyers had also largely increased. The following named are mentioned in the directory of that year : Jacob and Isaac G. Burnet, David K. Este, Nicholas Longworth, William Corry, Joseph S. Benham, B. Ames, James W. Gazlay, Nathaniel Wright, Samuel Lewis, Daniel J. Caswell, Henry Starr, Benjamin Drake, William R. Morris, John G. Worthington, Benjamin F. Powers, Daniel Van Matre, E. S. Haines, David. Wade, Charles Hammond, Jeptha D. Garrard, Bellamy Storer, Charles Fox, Moses Brooks, Hugh Peters, J. Southgate, J. Lytle, B. J. Fessenden, Vachel Worthington, Thomas Longworth, James F. Conover, Thomas J. Strait, S. P. Chase, D. H. Hawes, Thomas Morehead, Robert T. Lytle, R. Hodges, Jesse Kimball, N. Riddle, J. W. Piatt, H. Hall, B. E. Bliss, Daniel Stone, H. S. Kile, S. Y. AtLee, F. W. Thomas, Isaiah Wing, William Greene, Talbot Jones, Stephen Fales, N. G. Pendleton, E. Woodruff, H. E. Spencer, H. P. Gaines, S. Findlay, Henry Orne. Judge Carter adds the names of Judges John M. Goodenow and Timothy Walker. These make, with the others, fifty-eight—an increase of nineteen upon the roll of 1825. But four of them were known here to be living in 1880----Judge Fox, residing in Cincinnati, and still practing; Judge Woodruff and Henry E. Spencer, also in the city, but retired from business; and Mr. AtLee, of Washington city. JUDGE CHASE. In the spring of 1830 young Salmon P. Chase made his advent in Cincinnati, from Washington, where he had kept a classical school for boys. He began a profitable practice at once, and by and by published his edition of the statutes of Ohio, which gave him wide repute and brought him a large practice. In 1834 he became solicitor of the Branch Bank of the United States, and soon after of another city bank, which proved to be lucrative connections. In 1837 he added materially to his fame by his eloquent and able defense of a colored woman, claimed as a slave under the Fugitive law of 1793. The same year he made a famous argument in behalf of James G. Birney, editor of the Philanthropist, for harboring a runaway slave. His strong anti-slavery bent early took him into politics, and his subsequent career as governor. United States senator, secretary of the treasury, and chief justice of the Federal supreme court, is well kn0wn to the world. JUDGE WALKER came about 1831, married fortunately, and soon won name, fame and money. Judge Carter has some pleasant things to say of his old preceptor: He was a most worthy man and a most worthy lawyer. He had not genius, however; he had abundance of talent, and chiefly of acquirement. He was learned in the law and out of the law. He could deliver a good lecture and a good speech anywhere and almost on any topic, if you would give him time for his own preparation. . . He was the author of Walker's Introduction to American Law, one of the best of law books for the legal studies of American law students. He served as presiding judge of our old court of common pleas for a time, by appointment of the governor; and in every relation of life, public or private, he was a gentleman and a scholar. He was full of HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 317 good points intellectually, and good parts generally. He never reached political distinction—he never sought it. He was not ambitious; he was, perhaps, aspiring. He will always be well remembered by those who knew him. HAWES AND STRAIT. Daniel H. Hawes, a practitioner here between 1827 and 1834, made a beginning in business as a peddler of cakes, which he pushed about in a wheelbarrow. After his admission he obtained a partnership with Thomas J. Strait, and the firm commanded a large_ business. In 1832 he was chosen to represent the county in the legislature, though his opponent was the renowned but sometimes defeated General Harrison. Mr. Strait was a country schoolmaster in Miami township before removing to Cincinnati, where he became a quite prominent attorney. He also, like most lawyers, went into politics, and was once an unsuccessful candidate for congress. He removed finally to Mississippi, and died there. JOHN M. GOODENOW came to Cincinnati very early, from Steubenville. In February, 1832, he was elected judge of the common pleas court, over Judge Turner. THE WRIGHTS. Crafts J. Wright, now of Wright's Grove, near Chicago, came with Judge Goodenow, but shortly went into partnership with Charles Hammond, and in 1836 transferred his association to Judge Fox, whom he left after a time to take a place on the Daily Gazette. He was in this a partner with Mr. Hamilton, with whom he was very intimate, and was afterwards president of the Gazette company. Judge John C. Wright, who had been a judge of the supreme court, and member of congress from the Steubenville district, came about 1834, and entered into partnership with Timothy Walker. He succeeded Hammond as editor of the Gazette, and was known as one of General Harrison's "conscience-keepers"—that little body of Harrison's friends who took it upon themselves to see that he should say or write nothing indiscreet while the presidential canvass was pending. He was also the author of Wright's series of the Supreme Court Reports. Crafts J. Wright was his son, and another son, Benjamin T. Wright, came with him, and proved a successful young lawyer, but died prematurely. JAMES H. PERKINS. One of the lawyers of the middle period here was Mr. Perkins. He, however, remained but a short time in the profession. Coming from Boston in February, 1832, he entered the office of Judge Walker, and was admitted in 1834. The next year he undertook a manufacturing enterprise at Pomeroy, in this State, but abandoned it in a year or two, and returned to Cincinnati in the autumn of 1837. He soon got into journalism, was for a year or two editor of the Chronicle, and then became minister of the Unitarian church, where, and as a literary man, he made much reputation. One of his little fugitive pieces in the Chronicle, entitled "The Hole in My Pocket," is believed to have been copied in nearly every newspaper than existing in the country. He was compiler of the large octavo volume known as the Annals of the West, which is still greatly esteemed as furnishing the materials of history. For years he was also a sort of city missionary in Cincinnati, and was of great service to the sick and poor. Mr. Perkins died comparatively young, and his loss was very much regretted. His death occurred December 14, 1849. SUNDRY NOTICES. Vachel Worthington immigrated from Kentucky at some time before 1831, and gained some eminence at the bar for industry, learning, and ability. He was strictly a lawyer, decling to be drawn aside into politics or literature, and giving the most careful attention to his business, in which he naturally succeeded very handsomely. About the same time came Henry Starr Easton, an old man when he began practice here, but a fair lawyer, who soon made his way into practice. In 1830 came Frederick W. Thomas, a young attorney from Baltimore. He was devoted mainly to literature and educational matters, and practiced quite irregularly. He lived in Washington between 1841 and 1850, and afterwards served in Cincinnati for some time as a Methodist preacher. He died here in 1867. Henry E. Spencer was a son of Oliver M. Spencer, and grandson of Colonel Spencer, of the Columbia pioneers. He was mayor of the city for a number of years, and then president of the Fireman's Insurance company. His brother, Oliver M. Spencer, jr., was also an attorney at the Hamilton county bar. Harvey Hall was the compiler and publisher of the Directory of 1825, the second published in the city. He prepared it with great care, and carried the same assiduity and patience into his subsequent practice of law, in which he achieved much success. An interesting relic of his residence is a three-story brick building, remarkable for its very small windows, which is still standing on Eighth street, near Main. Edward Woodruff, son of Archibald Woodruff, one of the pioneers, was in his day judge of the probate and common pleas courts. He is still living, but altogether retired from practice. Thomas Longworth, a cousin of Nicholas, was much respected as both lawyer and citizen, but did not remain permanently in practice. Thomas Morehead shared the good Scotch blood of his brothers, Dr. J0hn and Robert Morehead, and was accounted a good lawyer. James F. Conover, although a lawyer, was better known as a politician and as editor of The Daily Whig. He is remembered by the veterans of the bar as a scholar and a gentleman. 1831-49. Judge Carter, in his book of Reminiscences of the Old Court-house, has taken pains to collect the names of the large number of practitioners in Cincinnati during about eighteen years after the publication of the last roll we have copied—that of 1831. This list, evidently carefully prepared, is as follows: 318 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. George W. Allen, Charles Anderson, Larz Anderson, John W. Applegate, William C. Barr, C. P. Baymiller, James Boyle, Charles Bohne, J. Blackburn, William G. Birney, C. P. Bishop, William K. Bond, Joshua H. Bates, Henry B. Brown, D. V. Bradford, Charles D. Brush, A. L. Brigham, Charles H. Brough, John Brough, Peter Bell, Augustus Brown, Milton McLean, Nathaniel McLean, James S. Brown, Charles S. Bryant, Jacob Burnet, jr., Edward Harrington, William B. Caldwell, Samuel F. Cary, Louis Carneal, John Collins, S. S. Carpenter, A. G. W. Carter, Samuel S. Cox, John W. Caldwell, William Bebb, Charles L. Telford, Manley Chapin, — Loomis, Flamen Ball, Stephen Clark, A. D. Coombs, Martin Coombs, William M. Corry, Edward P. Cranch, Joseph R. Gitchell, Samuel F. Howe, Jacob T. Crapsey, Newman Cutter, Jacob H. Clemmer, S. C. Carroll, Doddridge & Ramsey, Thomas B. Drinker, Aaron R. Dutton, James H. Ewing, Samuel Eels, James J. Faran, Ira D. French, Jacob Flinn, Jozaf Freon, William T. Forest, Fisher A. Foster, Timothy D. Lincoln, Frederick D. Lincoln, John Frazer, Thomas J. Gallagher, Charles W. Grames, Henry. H. Goodman, Frederick Colton, William S. Groesbeck, Herman Groesbeck, John H. Groesbeck, Benjamin F. Gurley, Albert S. Hanks, Samuel M. Hart, Jordan A. Pugh, George E. Pugh, Thomas J. Henderson, Joseph Howard, David P. Hull, Charles P. James, —Steele, William Johnson, Jeremiah Jones, John Joliffe, William Rankin, Talbot Jones, Edward Kenna, Rufus King, Edward King, Othniel Looker, William M. McCarty, Alexander H. McGuffey, Edward D. Mansfield, 0. M. Mitchel, Abraham E. Gwynne, James F. Meline, Patrick McGroarty, William P. Miller, Thomas G. Mitchell, Charles D. Coffin, Thomas Morris, Eben B. Reeder, Nelson B. Rariden, Cyrus Olney, George H. Pendleton, William Phillips, jr., Donn Piatt, John L. Pendery, Charles S. Pomeroy, Thomas Powell, Andrew J. Pruden, Frank Chambers, David Quinn, Raymond & Dumhoff, Edward C. Roll, James Riley, Henry Roedter, R. W. Russel, James W. Ryland, John L. Scott, Thomas C. H. Smith, Henry Snow, Joseph Cox, Oliver M. Spencer, James W. Shields, Richard M. Corwine, John W. Herron, Isaac C. Collins, John M. Stuart, John Stille, Richard H. Stone, Llewellyn Gwynne, Robert D. Handy, J. J. Collins, George C. Perry, John F. Hoy, William Cunningham, William W. Fosdick, Alphonso Taft, Thomas M. Key, Patrick Mallon, Joseph G. Gibbons, James W. Taylor, William C. Thorpe, John M. Guitteau, Washington Van Hamm, Peter J. Sullivan, Patrick Collins, John B. Warren, William H. Williams, William Y. Gohlson, John P. Cornell, Truman Woodruff, John Kebler, C. F. Dempsey, John C. Wright, Crafts J. Wright, John L. Miner, Joseph McDougal, E. A. Ferguson, Peter Zinn, C. C. Murdock, Nathaniel C. Read, Oliver S. Lovell, Adam Hodge, Robert B. Warden, George Hoadly, jr., Abijah Miller, A. Ridgely, Samuel W. Irwin, George W. Woodbury, John H. Jones, Eli P. Norton, F. W. Miller, Stephen Gano, J. G. Forman, Henry Morse, W. E. Bradbury, Joseph S. Singer, Thomas Hair, Thomas Bassford, Matthew Comstock, A. F. Pack, George H. Hilton, Stephen Hulse, Calhoun Benham, E. L. Rice, J. B. Moorman, David P. Jenkins, J. H. Getzendanner, Henry Gaines, Andrew McMicken, Rufus Beach, Edward R. Badger, T. 0. Prescott, James B. Ray, Mason Wilson, Alex. M. Mitchell, H. H. Smith, L. B. Bruen, David Lamb, Robert S. Dean, Asa H. Townley, James Burt, William M. McCormick, Charles C. Pierce, F. C. Socking, Moses Johnson, M. T. Williamson, W. E. Gilmore, C. W. Gilmore, Robert S. Hamilton, Claiborne A. Glass, A. Monroe, S. T. Wylie, J. M. Wilson, Thomas C. Ware, J. J. Layman; Alexander Van Hamm. About fifty of all this large number, the judge thinks, were still alive in 1880; and of the survivors many have turned their attention to other pursuits. Speaking of the court house and bar of the second generation in Cincinnati, Mr. Scarborough says in his Historical Address: The bar numbered not less than one hundred and twenty-five members. The location of the court house was then more inconvenient even than it is now. Some few of the law offices were, as at present, in its neighborhood ; but the most of them were on Third street, between Syc- amore and Walnut streets, while several were to the south of Pearl street, on Main, Columbia [Second], and Front streets. The offices of Storer & Gwynne and Charles Fox were of this number, the former being on the west side of Main, about half way from Pearl to Second street, and the latter on the southeast corner of Main and Columbia streets. The office of T. D. Lincoln, afterwards Lincoln, Smith & Warnock, was a little to the east, on Columbia street, where it remained until about 1865. The lawyers of that time who had their offices near the court house were not all book men, and no one of them had any considerable library. Necessarily, the books then used in court were carried from day to day to and from the court house and the down town offices. "To tote" is an active verb, and generally believed to be not of purely classic origin. The lawyers of that day, as well as the court messengers, came to know its signification in the most practical way. The green satchel was used by every lawyer, and was almost as essential to him as the ear of the court. Nevertheless, it is well remembered that in all sharply contested trials, prominent features were delays while authorities were sent for, and statement and altercation as to cases cited and not produced in court. The bar at that time was conspicuous for its ability—Judge Burnet, Judge Wright, Nathaniel Wright, and Henry Starr had retired, or were about retiring, from practice. Judge Este had just left the bench of the old superior court, and Judge Coffin had become his successor. The late Chief Justice Chase, Judges T. Walker, 0. M. Spencer, W. Y. Gholson, and Bellamy Storer, and T. J. Strait, not to make mention of their compeers yet living, were then active members of the bar in full practice. Scarcely less brilliant or richly gifted were the younger members of the bar. Some are still with us, among the leaders of to-day ; others, as B. B. Fessenden, Jordan A. Pugh, C. L. Telford, A. E. Gwynne, and T. M. Key, are deceased. . . But among the more notable members of the bar were two not yet mentioned—William R. Morris and Daniel Van Matre. Visitors to the court rooms of that day rarely failed, in the morning hour, to find them there, or to be attracted and favorably impressed by their deportment and marked, though dissimilar peculiarities. Morris was a man of energy and push, of high spirit and great manly beauty. Van Matre was thoroughly genial, singularly quiet and unobtrusive, and guileless as a child. Withal he was cultured, and unusually exact and painstaking in the fulfillment of his purposes. They were both good lawyers, and alike cherished their profession, and desired to do whatever they could to ennoble it. THE ANDERSON BROTHERS. Judge Carter gives the following appreciative notice of these gentlemen : Lawyer Larz Anderson belonged to the bar of the old court-house, but, having married a daughter of the millionaire, Nicholas Longworth, he gave little or no attention to law except as it concerned the affairs of Mr. Longworth's large estate. Larz Anderson was a good lawyer, however, and a polished gentleman, and was much liked by the old members of the bar. His brother Charles, whom I knew as a fellow-student at Miami University, became quite a distinguished lawyer as well as a polished gentleman, and also became of some account in politics, and was once elected by the people of Ohio as their lieutenant-governor. They were both Kentuckians, but came to this city in young age, and settled permanently among us. Charles was much given to the drama, and at a great benefit for the poor of Cincinnati, in the month of February, 1855, he appeared in the character of Hamlet, enacting the scenes of the third act. This was at the old National theatre of this city. Some ten years after this, at another benefit for the poor, given at Pike's opera house, he enacted the whole of Hamlet, with great approbation and eclat. So that it was well said of him, he was as fit for the winsome walks of the drama as he was for the perilous paths of the law. In either capacity, as lawyer or actor, he acted well his part and there the honor laid ; and it used to be said of him, he was a first-rate actor in both professions—law and the drama—notwithstanding an indignant adversary advocate in court once directly pointed at him before the court and jury, and proclaimed, by way of manifesting some contempt for the way he managed his cause, "Lo ! the poor actor !" But Charles Anderson was a good lawyer as well as good actor, and a gentleman in every sense of the term. TELFORD. One of the ornaments of the local bar, for a short time in the middle period, was Charles L. Telford. He was a superior young man—"in no way a common person," writes Mr. E. D. Mansfield; "he had uncommon talents, both of nature and self-culture, tall, erect, with dark hair and clear, dark eyes, his carriage was manly, dignified, and commanding. In this respect he was one of a few whom nature has formed not to be reduced to the ordi- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 319 nary level by the want of gravity and dignity." He was graduated at Miami University, and became professor of rhetoric and belles lettres in Cincinnati college, upon the re-organization of its literary department in 1835. While performing the duties of his chair he read law, was admitted to the bar and to a partnership with William S. Groesbeck, obtained a good practice, and about 1847-8, with Mr. Groesbeck, became a professor in the Law school. He died comparatively young, however, the fell destroyer, consumption, claiming him for its own. FOSDICK. Judge Carter gives the following little sketch of Fosdick, the lawyer-poet: The Western poet, William W. Fosdick, was a lawyer and a member of the bar of the old court-house in its later days. Given to poets and poetry as he was, he was not very much given to the law, but he was quite capable, though he never practiced the law a great deal. He was a good-souled, jovial fellow, and full of wit and humor, and was always a companion. He was very fond of puns from others and of punning himself. He was a punster, and stirred up a great many puns, and often in company he became the very life of it. A coterie of lawyers were one day engaged in the old court-room of the old court-house discussing the Mexican war„ when Fosdick was asked his opinion and expression. He readily replied : "Gentlemen, I can easily express my sentiments in a single poetic line from Addison's Cato. It may be a new reading, but them's my sentiments : 'My voice is still—for war!'" HODGE. Again from the Old Court House: Adam Hodge, as a lawyer, had very few superiors among the young members of the old bar. He was distinguished for learning and legal sharpness and acumen, and was very successful in his practice. He was a tali, thin, spare man, long arms and long legs and long body, and long but very agreeable and pleasant face, which, when he was arguing a case at bar, lit up with peculiar, fascinating illumination; and his eloquence attracted all his listeners, who were pleased with his use of language and his mellow bass and tenor tones of voice. Adam also had wit and humor in him, and frequent sallies issued forth from his brain, with the applause of his auditory and to the discomfiture of his adversary. He was a clever gentleman and a clever lawyer, and no one who had the pleasure of knowing will soon forget him. He was engaged in the defence of many prisoners in the criminal department of the court; and he seemed to love to defend such, and would gloat with positive delight whenever he succeeded in getting any defendant acquitted. ZINN. One of the most remarkable men of the bar of the old court house, and mentioned in Judge Carter's list, died November 17, 1880, at his home in Riverside, of tetanus or lock-jaw, induced by a surgical operation. Peter Zinn was born in Franklin county February 23, 1819, and came to Cincinnati in 1837 as a journeyman printer; published the Daily News in 1839 ; read law with Judge Storer and William M. Corry, and was admitted in 1849; became a partner with Charles H. Brough, then with John Brough, and with Judge Alexander Paddack ; represented a city district in the State legislature 1851-2, and again in 1861; was major in the Fifty-fifth Ohio volunteer infantry, rendered signal service during the "siege of Cincinnati," and was then appointed to command Camp Chase; after the war obtained distinction as a lawyer, especially in conducting for the plaintiff the cele brated case of the Covington & Lexington railroad (now Kentucky Central), against R. B. Bowler's heirs et al., and author of Zinn's Leading Cases on Trusts; retired from the bar a few years ago, to give attention to his extensive rolling-mill in Riverside and other private interests; and there ended his active and successful career. THE KINGS. The Hon. Rufus King, of New York, is well known in American history as a distinguished minister of the United States Government at the Court of St. James, a United States Senator, and candidate of the Federal party for the Presidency in 1804, 1808, and 1816. Edward King, his fourth son, was born at Albany, March 13, 1795, and came to Ohio twenty years afterward, making his home first in Chillicothe, then the capital of the State. He had followed his graduation at Columbia college with a course at the celebrated Litchfield Law school, was admitted to practice the year after his removal to Ohio, and by his talents and popular qualities soon acquired a' large practice. At Chillicothe he married Sarah, the second daughter of Governor Thomas Worthington. Returning to Cincinnati in 1831, he practiced here with eminent success until his death, February 6, 1836. His most notable, association here was with the Cincinnati Law school, which he helped to found in 1833; and when the college was re-established two years afterwards, he was selected by the trustees to fill the chair of the law department, which his failing health compelled him to decline. He had been attacked the previous October with dropsical disease, and had taken a southern trip for it, but without material benefit. He returned much discouraged, unable to resume his business, and grew rapidly, more feeble until death relieved him. While in Chillicothe he was four times elected a representative to the legislature from Ross county, and during two of his terms served the house as speaker. Colonel Gilmore, of the Chillicothe bar, in a notice of Mr. King in the History of Ross and Highland Counties, says: There was a great deal to admire in Edward King's abilities, and a great deal to love in his character. He was quick and acute in perception, of active and vivid imagination, abounding in good-natured wit, was fluent and pleasant in speech, graceful and often forcible in declamation, and always gentle and polished in manners. He was generous to a fault—if that be possible—cheerful, frank, cordial to all acquaintances, high or low, learned or ignorant, rich or poor. No wonder, then, that his praise was in all men's mouths. Rufus King, son of Edward, became in his turn an eminent Cincinnati lawyer, besides rendering the public great service in education and other lines of duty. He is still living, and in full practice. ALLEN LATHAM was another Chillicothe lawyer who removed to this city, and spent his later years here. He was born in Lyme, New Hampshire, March t, 1793, came early to Ohio and was admitted to the bar at New Philadelphia, removing to the old State capital about 1815. At Chillicothe he did something in law practice, but more in land speculation, for which his office as surveyor-general of the military land district gave him special facilities. He was also a prominent Democratic politician, represented Ross county in the State senate in 1841-2, and in 1838 was defeated as a candidate for congress by only one hundred and thirty-six votes. He removed to Cincinnati in 1854, and died here March 28, 1871, being then seventy-eight years old. 320 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. THE BROUGHS. John and Charles H. Brough came from Lancaster to this city in the winter of 1840–I, purchased the Advertiser from Moses Dawson, changed its name to the Cincinnati Enquirer, and started the paper on its wonderful career. Both were successful lawyers and public men. John, as is well known, became auditor of State and one of the famous war governors of Ohio. He was not admitted to the bar until 1845, and did not acquire so much business as a lawyer as he did in journalism and politics. His voice was remarkably clear and strong, and when he spoke, as he sometimes did during the war, on the river-bank or from a steamer on the Cincinnati side, he could be heard easily in Covington. Charles Brough became prosecuting attorney of the county, colonel of one of the Ohio regiments in the Mexican 'war, and afterwards presiding judge of the court of common pleas. He died here of cholera in 1849. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES was a young legal immigrant of 1849. He became partner with Richard M. Corwine, forming the firm of Corwine & Hayes, to which William D. Rogers was presently added, the partnership then becoming Corwine, Hayes, & Rogers. The firm soon commanded a large business. Hayes became prosecuting attorney, went to the war of the Rebellion as a major, was elected to represent the second district in congress while still in the field, and subsequently governor for three terms and President of the United States. His great case here was that of Nancy Farrar, the poisoner, in whose defence he labored with great assiduity and ability, and finally with success. CHARLES D. COFFIN came to the city about 1842, and remained until his death, at the advanced age of seventy-six, which occurred but a few years ago. He was judge of both the old and the new superior courts of the city. DONN PIATT. This eccentric Washington editor, a member of the famous Piatt family of Cincinnati and the Miami valley, was a lawyer here many years ago. After the resignation of Judge Robert Windom from the bench of the common pleas, Piatt was appointed by the governor to the vacant place. His professional brethren thereanent said of him that, as he knew nothing of law, he would go to the bench without any legal prejudices. Judge Carter, however, testifies that he was a good lawyer and made a good judge. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-THREE the bar of Cincinnati included one hundred and eighty-three lawyers and law-firms. Some of the most famous names of the local bar are in this list; as Hayes, Groesbeck, Taft, Long, Pugh, Anderson, and others. We have said little in this chapter of the living still in practice of the later generation of lawyers, and of the equally distinguished not heretofore referred to—as Stanley Matthews, Judge Hoadly, Job E. Stevenson, and many more—the limitations of this chapter and book compelling us to deal almost exclusively with the past; but we must find room here for 0ne remarkable anecdote told by Judge Carter of the late GEORGE E. PUGH. On one occasion he was all alone, engaged in the defence of a celebrated case involving a great part of the Elmore Williams estate; and on the plaintiff's side, against him, were those two distinguished lawyers Thomas Ewing and Henry Stanberry. The long table before the bench was filled with a hundred law-books, placed there by the plaintiff's lawyers; and from them, taking each one up and reading, Mr. Stanberry cited his cases, and occupied several hours in so doing. Mr. Pugh replied to Mr. Stanberry, and, without brief or notes, or taking up or reading from a single law-book, he cited from his own memory all that Mr. Stanberry had quoted, and then, in addition, cited more than thirty different law-books--cases, principles, and points, and names of cases, and pages of books, where they were to be found on his own side of the case, without in a single instance using books, notes, or briefs. It was truly a most unique and remarkable mental performance; and after he got through the presiding judge of the court called Mr. Pugh to him to the bench and asked him "how in the world he did it." Pugh modestly replied : "Oh, for these matters I always trust to my memory; and while that serves me, I want no books or briefs before me." What a valuable memory ! By it, too, Pugh won his case, as he did many others. THE OLD GUARD. Judge Carter gives the following list of survivors of the old court house (burned in 1849) at the time his book was published in 1880: Charles Anderson, Samuel York At Lee, James Boyle, Joshua H. Bates, Jacob Burnet, jr., Flamen Ball, Samuel F. Black, Calhoun Benham, Oliver Brown, Robert W. Carroll, Samuel F. Cary, Samuel S. Carpenter, A. G. W. Carter, Samuel S. Cox, John W. Caldwell, Edward P. Cranch, Jacob T. Crapsey, Jacob H. Clemmer, Frederick Colton, Nelson Cross, Joseph Cox, Aaron R. Dutton, William Dennison, James J. Faran, William T. Forrest, John Frazer, E. Alexander Ferguson, Charles Fox, William S. Groesbeck, Joseph G. Gibbons, John M. Guitteau, Stephen Gano, W. E. Gilmore, C. W. Gilmore, John W. Herron, Robert D. Handy, John F. Hoy, George Hoadly, George Hilton; Robert S. Hamilton, Rutherford B. Hayes, Charles Hilts, George B. Hollister, Samuel W. Irwin, Charles P. James, William Johnson, Rufus King, John Kebler, Timothy D. Lincoln, Frederick D. Lincoln, Oliver S. Lovell, J. Bloomfield Leake, Thomas Longworth, Nathaniel C. McLean, Alexander H. McGuffey, Edward D. Mansfield, Patrick McGroarty, Patrick Mallon, Charles C. Murdock, Andrew McMicken, John B. McClymon, William McMaster, Stanley Matthews, M. W. Oliver, George H. Pendleton, William Phillips, jr., Donn Piatt, John L. Pendery, Andrew J. Pruden, Alexander Paddack, James W. Ryland, Thomas C. H. Smith, Richard H. Stone, Peter J. Sullivan, John B. Stallo, W. S. Scarborough, Henry E. Spencer, Alphonso Taft, James W. Taylor, William C. Thorpe, Samuel J. Thompson, John B. Warren, James S. White, Crafts J. Wright, Robert B. Warden, Edward Woodruff, D. Thew Wright, Peter Zinn. Not all of these reside in Cincinnati, but a number, as ex-Governor Dennison, Judge Crafts J. Wright, and others, live elsewhere. M.r Zinn has died since Judge Carter's book was published. AT THIS WRITING the Cincinnati bar numbers not less than six hundred attorneys. In this fact alone may be seen the impossibility of giving anything like a full biographical history of the profession here. Among them are many practitioners and public men of national reputation. Judge Carter, cl0sing the pages of his toilful and interesting volume, proudly yet worthily vaunts the local bar in these terms: It has furnished two Presidents of the United States—Harrison and Hayes. It has furnished two justices of the supreme court of the United States —McLean and Chase—and one of them Chief Justice. It has furnished two attorney generals of the United States—Stanberry and Taft. It has furnished Burnet, Hayward, Wright, Goodenow, Read, Cald- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 321 well, Warden, Gholson, and Okay, and Wright, as supreme judges of our own State, and quite a great number of the judges of our own numerous courts at home. It would make a big catalogue to name them. It has furnished, I believe, one judge of the superior court of the city of New York, even. It has furnished two Secretaries of the Treasury of the United States —Corwin and Chase. It has furnished several governors of our State—Corwin, Bebb, Dennison, Brough, Hayes, Anderson and Young. It has furnished several United States Senators, and any quantity of congressmen, and legislators innumerable. We have had, too, from our bar, divers ministers and consuls abroad and we have now a minister at the court of France. We have furnished other officials of importance and consequence. THE LAW LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.* The need of a convenient and ample library of reference was sharply felt by the bar of Cincinnati, as it grew in number and business, about the middle period of the history of the city. and   Of the lawyers had any large collection of books, and the labor of carrying such as were in hand and needed in cases, to and from the court house and offices, was by no means small. Serious delays. in important trials often occurred while awaiting the production of authorities. At one time, when Judge Caldwell, of the court of common pleas, desired to consult some authorities not at hand, he called up a member of the bar, Mr. George E. Pugh, in open court to inquire what had been done toward the formation of a bar library, and, not satisfied with the progress made, lent his personal efforts thereafter to the procurement of subscribers to the fund. In 1834 a charter for the incorporation of the Cincinnati Law Library was obtained, Messrs. Edward King, E. D. Mansfield, Jacob W. Piatt, 0. M. Mitchel, S. York AtLee, and other well-known members of the Bar of that day, being named as corporators. Nothing further of account was done, however, until 1846, when not less than one hundred and twenty-five attorneys were at the Hamilton Bar, and the need of a library at the court house had become imperative. In September of that year a meeting was called in the court room of the old Superior Court, and it was resolved that an effort should be made to establish a library. Messrs. William R. Morris, Daniel Van Matre, William M. Corry, Alphonso Taft, and George E. Pugh, were appointed a committee to devise a plan and. raise the money to execute it. A subscription paper was drawn up by Mr. Morris, which is still in existence, and headed by himself, his partner, and Mr. Andrew McMicken, who then occupied a desk in their office. It provided that— The undersigned, members of the Cincinnati Bar, for the purpose of raising a fund for the purchase of law-books for the use of the Bar of said city, hereby mutually agree to form a Library Association on terms to be settled and determined, from time to time, as shall be deemed advisable hereafter, and also agree to pay, for that purpose, to the committee of the Association, the sum of twenty-five dollars each, payable as follows : Ten dollars when called on; five dollars at the end of six months ; five dollars at the end of twelve months ; and the balance eighteen months from the time of making the subscription. September 3, 1846. This was signed ultimately by one hundred and five * The materials for this section have been drawn mostly from the careful and elaborate historical address of W. S. Scarborough, esq., before the Law Library association, June is, 1875, and published in a neat pamphlet. persons, the last subscriptions bearing date 1849 and 1850. Judge Burnet gave fifty dollars as a donor, not as a member. With this the total amount subscribed was two thousand six hundred and fifty dollars—a very respectable ,beginning, truly. About December 1st Mr. Van Matre, now chairman and acting treasurer of the committee, began to collect the subscriptions, and in about six months realized one thousand and ninety-three dollars and twenty-seven cents therefrom. Books had been bought in January, 1847, of Messrs. Derby, Bradley & Company, then principal law book-sellers in town, to the value of one thousand four hundred dollars, of which seven hundred dollars was paid down, and the rest was secured by the note of the committeemen. Seventy-five dollars' worth of books had also been bought of Rufus King and other members of the bar. In these, the nucleus of the superb library since formed, were Bibb's & Munford's works, Dane's Abridgment, and five volumes of State Papers on Public Lands. A large book-case was bought for ninety-four dollars and fifty cents, and set up in the court-room of the Common Pleas, just at the right of the entrance. Mr. Bernard Bradley was appointed librarian February 8; and the great usefulness of the Cincinnati Law Library began. In the spring of 1847 the association was formally organized, though against the opposition of Mr. Corry, Mr. Pugh, and perhaps others, under the "act to regulate literary and other societies," passed by the legislature March II, 1845. A constitution was adopted and signed by the subscribers; but at the. meeting of the corporate body held on the first Saturday in June, 1847, at the Superior Court room, for the election of trustees, but twenty-four members were present. The association now owed seven hundred and twenty-one dollars, and had less than one hundred and fifty dollars in its cashbox. Twenty members still owed the first installment of their subscriptions; eighty-eight had not paid their assessment of five dollars voted February I 9, 1847; and eighty-seven had not paid the second installment. The large sum of two thousand and fifty-five dollars was due, or about to become due, from the members. The trustees elected at the June meeting were W. R. Morris, Oliver M. Spencer, Daniel Van Matre, Alphonso Taft, and Jordan A. Pugh, with R. B. Warden. They organized as a board by electing the first-named president, the second vice-president, and the third treasurer. For four years thereafter, no record appears of any meeting of stockholders or trustees, though there is extrinsic evidence that the former held a meeting June 4, 1849, and assessed ten dollars per share upon the stockholders, at the same time raising the shares to forty dollars each. It is said, moreover, that the annual meeting was regularly held, and the board and secretary regularly re-elected, except Jordan A. Pugh, who died of yellow fever in New Orleans, whither he had removed, and was displaced upon the board in 1849 by Judge Timothy Walker. June 7, 1851, there was a general reconstruction of the board, Messrs. A. E. Gwynne, Rufus King, George E. Pugh, Jacob Burnet, jr., and Thomas G. Mitchell being elected trustees, and Peter Zinn clerk. The three gentlemen first-named 41 322 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. were chosen, respectively, as president, vice-president, and treasurer. Mr. Pugh, however, became attorney-general of the State and resigned his office in the association late in the year, when it was conferred upon Mr. Burnet. When the old court house was burned, in the summer of 1849, the books of the library were saved, with some exceptions, and in pretty good condition. The bookcases were lost, however, and one hundred dollars were soon after recovered from the Columbus Insurance company for them, and one hundred and ninety dollars for books destroyed. The library then went with the courts to James Wilson's four-story brick building, on the north side of Court street, west of St. Clair alley; and a small room was obtained for it on the third floor. The collection now comprised one thousand and eighty volumes—eighty-three of American Federal reports, five hundred and forty-seven State reports, two hundred and thirty-eight English reports, fifty-one digests, fifty-nine of- statutes, and one hundred and two text-books, treatises, etc. About one-half of the English reports were in the imperfect American reprints, and have since been largely displaced by original editions. Many of the books, particularly text-books, had been lent or given to the library. At the meeting of June 16, r851, it was resolved that the price of shares be reduced to twenty-five dollars and all assessments after June 1st of that year; that the library be accessible to all lawyers not three years in practice, upon the annual payment in advance of ten dollars; and that any member who should pay sixty dollars into the treasury, in addition to the forty dollars previously paid, should have a perpetual membership, without further charge or assessment. The reduction in the value of 'shares worked badly, and a considerable number of shares practically lapsed.* There was but small increase of membership, and on the fifth of June, 1852, but eighty-nine had a share paid up or any interest in a share. Says Mr. Scarborough: Such was the condition of the Association at the end of five years from the time of its organization. The membership lacked coherence and growth. If not declining, and somewhat rapidly, it was at a standstill. But the library, on the other hand, though small in fact, was large for its years, and for its purpose was a good one. The getting together of one thousand and eighty volumes as a beginning, at the time and under the circumstances in which they were collected, was most creditable to all connected with it. It- was an achievement for the institution, as I think, far greater than any that, in the same length of time, has since been wrought. In 1852 the Association published its first catalogue, showing the number of books then on hand to be one thousand three hundred and eighty. It was still some. what in debt, and few books had been added to the library for some time; the trustees were therefore directed to make all collections possible. A. new code of bylaws, in relation to shares and life-memberships, was adopted July 10th, the second of which read as follows Any person may become a life-member on paying such sum as, in addition to any previous payments made by him, will amount to one hundred dollars ; provided that the amount which shall be paid, in ad- * The share of R. B. Hayes, then a young member of the Cincinnati bar, taken in 1852, though not forfeited, was practically surrendered to the association 1865—also that of General W. H. Lytle. dition to the payments before made and assessments due, shall not be less than fifty dollars. This over-liberal by-law was changed, and life-memberships practically cut off June 4, 1864, by an amendment moved by Stanley Matthews, as follows: That the existing by-law regulating the form of certificates of life-membership be amended so that hereafter the sum to be paid therefor at any given time, shall be the amount of the original stock, together with all subsequent assessments made thereon to that period, and the additional sum of one hundred dollars—all payments of original stock and assessments to be credited thereon. Since the passage of this no life-members have been added to the Association. The receipts and disbursements for the library, from June 5, 1852, to June 2, 1866, averaged per year about three hundred and thirty-six dollars from new members, six hundred and fifty-one dollars from assessments, thirty-six dollars and forty-three cents from non-members for use of the library, and one hundred and twenty-three dollars from the law school in the college building. From life-members one thousand one hundred and twenty-five dollars in all were received (five hundred and fifty dollars in 1852), and from all sources seventeen thousand two hundred dollars and forty-seven cents, or one thousand two hundred and twenty-eight dollars per year, on an average. The average disbursements were three hundred and twelve dollars for current expenses, and nine hundred and twenty-one dollars for books. The total membership June 2, r866, was one hundred and thirty-nine, of whom nineteen were life-members--1852, Flamen Ball, Timothy Walker, Aiphonso Taft, James T. Worthington, W. Y. Gholson, M. H. Tilden, T. D. Lincoln, Charles Anderson, George H. Pendleton; 1853, Thomas J. Strait, G. B. Hollister; 1855, M. E. Curwen; 1856, E. F. Strait, Aaron F. Perry ; 1858, George H. Hilton; 1860, J. P. Jackson; 1863, Jacob Wolf, Anthony Shonter, Samuel Caldwell. Sixty-five shares had been forfeited or surrendered. The new members in fourteen years numbered one hundred and fifteen; so that but a few, comparatively, of the original members were left at the end of twenty years. During the next ten years the membership increased rapidly, as well as the library. Judge Hoadly and Mr. W. S. Scarborough were long before appointed purchasing committee, and were industrious and enterprising in getting the best books the means of the association would allow. They bought many valuable volumes at the sales of lawyers' libraries, as when the library of Judge Purviance, of Baltimore, was broken up and sold in 1855, and that of Judge Cranch in Cincinnati in 1863. Many purchases were also made from attorneys in practice here, of such Reports as were wanted. In 1854, when about, one hundred and fifty volumes of the American Reports were wanting, Judge Hoadly was instructed to get them upon the best terms he could, and at the same time the trustees resolved to keep up full sets of the Statutes of the several States—a work of very great difficulty. It has been So successfully accomplished, however, that it is believed no other collection in the country, except the congressional library, is fuller in statute law. In June, 1875, the library contained one thousand five HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 323 hundred and sixty-five volumes of Statutes—a truly splendid c0llection—with two thousand four hundred and twenty-six volumes of State Reports, one hundred and ninety-nine of United States Reports, one thousand one hundred and fifty-eight of British and Canadian Reports, and treatises, digests, etc., en0ugh to swell the total number to nine thousand one hundred and fifty-one. Mr. Scarborough says: "Doubtless mistakes have been made in the selection and purchase of books, yet I know of no library that is so absolutely free from lumber and rubbish as this. Our elementary works, owing to the early policy of confining the purchases mainly to reports and statutes, are mostly of recent editions." The first invoice of imported works was received in 1856, through Messrs. Little, Brown & Company, of Boston, and consisted of Irish Reports, and Reports of the House of Lords, and Privy Council decisions. The largest addition was made in the year 1864-5, being four hundred and thirty-nine books, of which fifty-five were 1eports, the rest consisting mainly of bound volumes of The Law Magazine, The Law Reporter, American State Papers, Annals of Congress, and other congressional documents. The next year three hundred and ninety-five volumes were bought, of which over two hundred are text-books. On the 2d of June, 1866, the library contained about five thousand three hundred volumes, having increased nearly three hundred a year for fourteen years. The increase was more rapid thenceforth, and was largely of imported books, some of them rare and costly. The current American reports, and all valuable treatises appearing in this country, were bought as fast as they came out. In 1869, a heavy importation was made, amounting to one thousand one hundred and eighty-eight d0llars and fifty cents, completing the sets of English Chancery, House of Lords, Ecclesiastical, and Admiralty Reports, with other valuable sets. In 1870-1 the Scotch Appeals and Irish Reports were bought in considerable number, also the Crown Cases, some Nisi Prius reports, and two hundred and forty-four other volumes. Large additions have since been made, and the library now musters the magnificent total of fifteen thousand volumes. In the spring of 1854 it was moved into the best room available in the new court house; and in the summer of 1857, upon the completion of the third story, it was taken to its present spacious and well-lighted quarters, where it has since found a comfortable and fitting home. The county officials have always manifested a friendly feeling to the library, and provided for it as best they could without rent or other charge. A written obligation now secures both parties against probable disturbance. The librarians in charge have been: Bernard Bradley, 1847-8; A. A. Pruden, 1848-9; Joseph McDougall, 1849-50; John Bradley, 1850-61; M. W. Myers, 1861 to the present time. N. B. Bradley, son of John Bradley, was the assistant of Mr. Myers for two years and a half after Mr. Myers' appointment. THE LAW SCHOOL. Cincinnati college, by its original charter, was virtually a university, with the saving clause that no particular theology could be taught therein, which of course cut off a theological department. Any other school, however, undergraduate or post-graduate, could be legally established as a branch of it, and when Dr. Drake and others, in 1835, instituted the medical department of the college, they interested themselves also in the founding of a law department and the revival of the literary department or faculty of arts. A respectable law school was already in existence in the city, having been founded in May, 1833, by General Edward King, John C. Wright, and Timothy Walker, esq., three of the leaders of the Cincinnati bar. This was the first law school established west of the Alleghanies. Its founders were themselves graduates of law schools at the east, and thought that similar advantages should be afforded to the rising generation of lawyers in the northwest. Its first term began October 7, 1833. The school drew together a considerable number of students, whom the founders taught ably and successfully. General King died, and Mr. Walker was persuaded to incorporate the school with Cincinnati college as its law department. Another lecturer was engaged, and at the opening of the department the faculty stood as follows: Timothy Walker, professor of constitutional law and the law of real estate. John C. Wright, professor of practice, pleading and criminal law. Joseph S. Benham, professor of commercial law and the law of personal property. Under their auspices the department opened with a good number of students, and has maintained itself prosperously to this day, now more than forty-five years, being indeed all there is now and has long been of Cincinnati college, as an agency of formal instruction. In strength and reputation it is among the very first in the land. It has a large library and all necessary conveniences for its work. Among its professors have been the Hon. William S. Groesbeck, E. D. Mansfield, Bellamy Storer, Judge James, M. E. Curwen, and several other gentlemen of distinction. Ex-Governor Jacob D. Cox is now at its head. The remainder of the faculty is constituted as follows: Rufus King, LL. D., professor of the law of real property, evidence, and institutes. George Hoadly, LL. D., professor of the law of civil procedure. Henry A. Morrill, professor of the law of contracts and torts. Manning F. Force, professor of equity jurisprudence and criminal law. Hon. John W. Stevenson, professor of commercial law' and contracts. At the session of 1879-80 the number of students aggregated one hundred and twenty-five—fifty-six juniors, sixty-nine seniors. The graduates of the school number more than a thousand. Among them are many who became distinguished in various walks of public life—as Senator Charles D. Drake, of St. Louis, Judges Joseph Longworth and Jacob Burnet, jr., Generals S. F. Cary and William H. Lytle, Judge Stallo, Hon. William Cumback HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 324 of Indiana, Robert Kidd the elocutionist, A. T. Goshorn, Thomas L. Young, Milton Sayler, Julius Dexter, Samuel F. Hunt, Ozro J. Dodds, and many others. The diploma of the school entitles the graduate to admission to the Cincinnati bar without further examination. The lectures are delivered in the college building, on Walnut street. Fifteen hundred dollars are appropriated annually by the college corporation for the library. CHAPTER XXXIII. MANUFACTURING. THE writer of this history has many times experienced a sensation of despair as he has confronted a large topic with a long and interesting story, which would in itself fill a portly volume, but which must be compressed into the limited space of a chapter. This feeling has not elsewhere been so pronounced as at the outset of this division of our narrative. It would be an immense--literally immeasurable—affair to relate the whole tale of the rise and progress of the industries of Cincinnati, which manufacturing has mainly made great in wealth, population and fame. We can give here, as in some other chapters of this work, but the merest outline of the subject in hand. It is believed that the first manufactory in Cincinnati was one of earthenware, started by William McFarland, in October, 1799. At the same spot James and Robert Caldwell took up the same business in February, 1801. Manufactures belonging to Cincinnati men were opened in the adjacent country almost as soon as here. In a local newspaper for July 9, 1800, Messrs. Lyon & Maginnis advertise desks, escritoires, dining-tables, plain and veneered, etc., at their shop, eleven miles out on the Hamilton road. Probably the first notice of the industries of the Queen City, in the larger way, was made by Mr. John Melish, the Englishman who was here in 1811, and subsequently published two volumes of Travels in America. In the second of these he has the following : This is, next to Pittsburgh, the greatest place for manufactures and mechanical operations on the river, and the professions exercised are nearly as numerous as at Pittsburgh. There are masons and stonecutters, brick-makers, carpenters, cabinet-makers, coopers, turners, machine-makers, wheelwrights, smiths, and nailers, coppersmiths, tinsmiths, silversmiths, gunsmiths, clock and watchmakers, tanners, saddlers, boot and shoemakers, glovers and breeches-makers, cotton-spinners, weavers, dyers, taylors, printers, bookbinders, rope-makers, comb-makers, painters, pot and pearlash-makers. These branches are mostly all increasing, and afford good wages to the journeymen. Carpenters and cabinet-makers have one dollar per day and their board, masons have two dollars per one thousand for laying bricks and their board, when they board themselves they have about four dollars per one thousand. Other classes have from one to one dollar twenty-five cents per day, according to the nature of the work. Wool and cotton carding and spinning can be increased to a great extent ; and a well organized manufactory of glass bottles would succeed. Porter brewing could be augmented, but it would first be necessary to have bottles, as the people here prefer malt liquors in the bottled state. A manufactory of wool hats would probably succeed, and that of stockings would do remarkably well, provided frame smith work were established along with it—not else. As the people are becoming wealthy and polished in their manners, probably a manufactory of piano-fortes would do upon a small scale. There are ample materials for manufactures. Cotton is brought from Cumberland river, for from two to three cents. Wool is becoming plenty in the country and now sells at fifty cents per pound, and all the materials for glass-making are abundant ; coal has not been found in the immediate neighborhood, but can be laid down here at a pretty reasonable rate ; and it is probable the enterprising citizens will soon introduce the steam engine in manufactures. Wood is brought to the town at a very low rate, There is a very considerable trade between New Orleans and this place, and several barges were in the river when we visited it. One had recently sailed upwards over the falls. There was, then, already, within little more than twenty years from the founding of Cincinnati far in the depths of the wilderness West, with a demand and market for her manufactures yet to be wholly created, a considerable industry in the village, with many lines of operation and a most hopeful future. The first pork-packer in Porkopolis, Mr. Richard Fosdick, was already on the ground, having arrived the year before, and was soon to begin operations. Two years afterwards, in 1813, a beginning was made here of the great industry of plow-making by Mr. George C. Miller, who at first labori0usly hammered out his shares upon the anvil, and then sent them out to Madison (now Madisonville), to be stocked by a weaver named Bran—so limited were still the facilities for this kind of work in Cincinnati. Twelve years thereafter, in 1825, Mr. Miller constructed the first steel-spring gig seen in the city, which was naturally a great curi0sity. Two sons of Mr. Miller afterwards built up a large business in manufacturing in the city. The great steam-mill on the river-bank, east of Broadway, was erected shortly after Mr. Melish's visit, in 181214. It was the architectural and industrial wonder of its day, and is noted by Dr. Drake in 1815, in his Picture of Cincinnati, as "the most capacious, elevated and permanent building in this place." It was built by William Greene, an ingenious mason and stone-cutter—the same, we presume, who is mentioned in a following chapter by Judge Storer in a most interesting connnection—upon plans prepared by George Evans, one of the proprietors. Its situation upon the river-bank allowed its foundations to be laid upon a bed of solid limestone rock, and it was so close to the stream that in time of high water the current swept its entire length. The foundations were sixty-two by eighty-seven feet, and about ten feet thick. n the river side the height of the structure was one hundred and ten feet, comprising nine stories—two of them above the eaves. The walls were "battered" or drawn in to the height of forty feet, and then carried up perpendicularly. The cornice was of brick, and the roof wood, in the common style. The limestone in the building (six thousand six hundred and twenty perches) was quarried in the bed of the river close by. Brick was used to the amount of ninety thousand; timber, eighty-one thousand two hundred cubic feet; and lime, fourteen thousand eight hundred bushels. The total weight of all the materials was estimated at five th0usand six hundred and fifty-five tons. Ninety windows and twenty-