There are in Lower Market street, sixty butchers' stalls, which rent yearly for fifty dollars each. Sixty side benches, for the sale of vegetables, and rent for twelve dollars each Four stalls or stands, at the end of the market house, under the shed roof, and rent for one hundred and forty dollars FIFTH STREET MARKET. Fifty-six butchers' stalls, and rent for fifty dollars each Fifty-six side benches, and rent for twelve dollars each Four stalls or stands, at the end of the market house, under the shed roof, and rent for two hundred and eighty-two dollars SIXTH STREET MARKET. Forty-eight butchers' stalls, and rent for thirty dollars each Forty-eight side benches, and rent for five dollars each. Four stalls or stands, at the end of the market house, under the shed roof, and rent for fifteen dollars each CANAL MARKET. Thirty-eight butchers' stalls, and rent for thirty dollars each Thirty-eight side benches, five dollars each The whole amount MARKET SPACES. There are the following number of regularly licensed retail dealers in the markets, who deal in the following articles, and pay to the city the following prices, yearly, to-wit : Twenty-four who sell butter and eggs, and pay twenty-five dollars each Three who sell butter, twenty dollars each One who sells butter, eggs and cheese One who sells butter, eggs and poultry One who sells butter, cheese and poultry. Four who sell butter and cheese, twenty-five dollars each Two who sell butter and dried fruit, thirty dollars each One who sells butter, bacon and salt meat Thirteen bacon cutters, twenty-five dollars each Four cheese cutters, twenty dollars each One fish dealer, twenty dollars Six who sell flour, twenty-five dollars each Fourteen who sell fruit, dried or green, twenty-five dollars each Whole amount

$3,000 720 140 2,800 672 282 1,440 240 60 1,140 190 10,689 $600 60 35 30 25 100 60 40 325 80 20 150 350 $1,875

Again, for his more dignified publication of 1851, MrCist prepared valuable statistics. There were now six markets—the Lower, Fifth Street, Sixth Street, Pearl Street, Canal, and Wade Street. Seven hundred wagons were counted in a single day at one of them, most of them bringing full loads for two horses to drag. As many as one thousand nine hundred and fifty wagons, carts, etc., had been enumerated at the Cincinnati market places in one day. The writer goes on to give a very entertaining bit of history in the following narrative: Christmas day is the great gala-day of the butchers of Cincinnati. The parade of stall-fed meat on that day, for several years past, has been such as to excite the admiration and astonishment of every stranger in Cincinnati—a class of persons always here in great numbers. The exhibition this last year has, however, greatly surpassed every previous display in this line. A few days prior to the return of this day of festivity, the noble animals which are to grace the stalls on Christmas eve, are paraded through the streets, decorated in fine style, and escorted through the principal streets with bands of music and attendant crowds, especially of the infantry. They are then taken to slaughter-houses, to be seen no more by the public, until cut up and distributed along the stalls of one of our principal markets. Christmas falling last year on Tuesday, the exhibition was made at what is termed our middle or Fifth Street market house. This is three hundred and eighty feet long, and of breadth and height proportionate —wider and higher, in fact, in proportion to length, than the eastern market-houses. It comprehends sixty stalls, which, on this occasion, were filled with steaks and ribs alone, so crowed, as to do little more than display half the breadth of the meat, by the pieces overlapping each other and affording only the platforms beneath the stall and the table, behind which the butcher stands, for the display of the rounds and other parts of the carcass. One hundred and fifty stalls would not have been too many to have been fully occupied by the meat exhibited on that day, in the manner beef is usually hung up here and in the eastern markets. Sixty-six bullocks, of which probably three-fourths were raised and fed in Kentucky, and the residue in our own State; one hundred and twenty-five sheep, hung up whole, at the edges of the stalls; three hundred and fifty pigs, displayed in rows on platforms; ten of the finest and fattest bears Missouri could produce, and a buffalo calf, weighing five hundred pounds, caught at Santa Fe, constituted the materials for this Christmas pageant. The whole of the beef was stall-fed, some of it since the cattle had been calves, their average age being four years, and average weight sixteen hundred pounds, ranging from one thousand three hundred and thirty-three, the lightest, to one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, the heaviest. This last was four years old, and had taken the premium every year at exhibitions in Kentucky, since it was a calf. The sheep were Blakewell and Southdown, and ranged from ninety to one hundred and ninety pounds to the carcass, dressed and divested of the head, etc. The roasters or pigs would have been considered extraordinary anywhere but at Porkopolis, the grand emporium of hogs, suffice it to say, they did no discredit to the rest of the show. Bear meat is a luxury unknown at the east, and is comparatively rare here. It is the ne plus ultra of table enjoyment. The extraordinary weight of the sheep will afford an idea of their condition for fat. As to the beef, the fat on the flanks measured seven and one-quarter inches, and that on the rump six and one-half inches HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 401 through. A more distinct idea may be formed by the general reader, as to the thickness of the fat upon the beef, when he learns that two of the loins on which were five and a half inches of fat became tainted, because the meat could not cool through in time; and this, when the thermometer had been at no period higher than thirty-six degrees, and ranging, the principal part of the time, from ten to eighteen degrees above zero. This fact, extraordinary as it appears, can be amply substantiated by proof. Specimens of these articles were sent by our citizens to friends abroad. The largest sheep was purchased by S. Ringgold, of the St. Charles, and forwarded whole to Philadelphia. Coleman, of the Burnet house, forwarded to his brother of the Astor house, New York, nine ribs of beef, weighing one hundred and ninety pounds; and Richard Bates, a roasting piece of sixty-six pounds, by way of New Year's gift, to David T. Disney, our representative in Congress. The Philadelphians and New Yorkers confessed that they never had seen anything in the line to compare with the specimens sent to those points. The beef, etc., was hung up on the stalls early upon Christmas eve, and by 52 o'clock next day the whole stock of beef—weighing ninety-nine thousand pounds—was sold out; two-thirds of it at that hour being either preparing for the Christmas dinner, or already consumed at the Christmas breakfast. It may surprise an eastern epicure to learn that such beef could be afforded to customers for eight cents per pound, the price at which it was retailed, as an average. No expense was spared by our butchers to give effect to this great pageant. The arches of the market house were illuminated by chandeliers and torches, and lights of various descriptions were spread along the stalls. Over the stalls were oil portraits—in gilt frames—of Washington, Jackson, Taylor, Clay, and other public characters, together with landscape scenes. Most of these were originals, or copies by our best artists. The decorations and other items of special expense these public-spirited men were at reached in cost one thousand dollars. The open space of the market house was crowded early and late by the coming and going throng of the thousands whose interest in such an exhibition overcame the discouragement of being in the open air at unseasonable hours, as late as midnight, and before daylight in the morning, and the thermometer at fifteen degrees. We owe this exhibition to the public spirit of Vanaken and Daniel Wunder, John Butcher, J. and W. Gall, Francis and Richard Beres-ford, among our principal victualers. No description can convey to a reader the impression which such a spectacle creates. Individuals from various sections of the United States and from Europe, who were here—some of them Englishmen, and familiar with Leadenhall market--acknowledged they had never seen any show of beef at all comparable with this. THE PRESENT MARKET HOUSES are the Lower upon the old site; the Sixth Street, Court street (formerly Canal market), the Wade Street market, and the Findlay Street, between Elm and Plum. On the authorized market days, venders are also allowed to occupy the margin of the streets for a certain number of squares in each direction from the buildings. In 1878 a number of wealthy citizens, mostly butchers and gardeners, combined for an extensive and elegant market house on Sixth street; but their scheme has not yet been consummated. It has also been proposed to occupy with a market house a convenient lot two hundred by forty feet in size, between Western avenue and Barnard street, in John Bates' subdivision of the city. The pressure increases year by year, however, for the removal of the ancient, unsightly, and insufficient structures now occupied, and they must at no distant day succumb before the march of progress. THE MARKET SPACES now owned by the city are the Pearl street, 143 by 398 feet between Elm and Plum streets, and the same between Plum and Central avenue; the lower, 153 by 402 feet between Sycamore and Broadway, and 74 by 400 between Sycamore and Main; Fifth street, 141 by 400 between Walnut and Vine, and 130 by 400 between Wal nut and Main; Sixth street, 120 by 383 from Elm to Plum, and the same from Plum to Central avenue; the Canal or Court street, 126 by 196 feet between. Main and Walnut, and 126 by 397 from Walnut to Vine; and the Wade street, 140 by 239 from John to Cutler streets. The tracts are valued at about two and a half millions of dollars. THE STATISTICS OF EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY. There were in attendance at the Cincinnati markets, from May 1st to December r, 1880, a total of 75,84o farmers and 8,939 gardeners, or 84,779 in all. The average daily attendance was, of farmers and gardeners, 405; of hucksters, etc., 942—a total of 1,347. Of the latter classes the hucksters proper numbered 556; peddlers and beggers, 129; butchers (inside), 159, outside, 59; fishmongers, 20; florists, 19. Inspections were made during the year by the meat and live stock inspector, of beef cattle to the value of $5,431,560; hogs, $8,644,450; sheep, $1,055,892; calves, $75,450. Live stock and other marketable products were condemned to the amount of $25,832.80. The milk inspector reported 284 dairies registered and in operation, with 9,462 cows, and a total yield for the year of 5,957,640 gallons, sold at an average price of 2I cents, or a total of $1,264,- 525.08. Samples of milk inspected, 1368; below the standard, 133, or about ten per cent. CHAPTER XLVII. STREETS.—STREET RAILROADS.—BRIDGES.—PARKS, ETC. STREETS. For some years after the founding of Losantiville, there was little facility of communication for wheeled vehicles between the Hill and the Bottom, and, indeed, little need of it. We have previously recorded the comparative uselessness of a wagon here in the early day. In time, however, rude roads were then cut through the bluff on the line of Main, Sycamore and other streets. Although somewhat improved on the "corduroy" plan, there were for a long time bad places in them, and wagons were sometimes stalled while going up Walnut street, at a spot opposite the northwest corner of Front. On Main street, part of the way from Front to Lower Market, then many feet lower than its present grade, boat gunwales were laid down as footpaths in a wet time. When it was very muddy, however, pedestrians in that quarter were obliged to work their way along by the post and rail fences then enclosing the lots bordering the street. About 1817, when Pearl street was opened through, several panels of this fence were dug up in good condition. Upon various parts of Main street causeways of logs, generally a foot in diameter, had to be put down, and so. lately as the fifth decade, when Main street was regraded between 402 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Eighth and Ninth, about forty yards of such a pavement was found. In 1800 Eastern row, now Broadway, from a point opposite Columbia for about one hundred feet north, still ran through a pond of three or four acres extent, upon which the early settlers shot aquatic birds. Another pond, also a shallow one, crossed on a log footway considerably decayed, was yet about the northeast corner of Fifth and Main streets. From Lower market to west of Ludlow street the entire tract was swampy. In 1808, Colonel Mansfield, the surveyor general of the northwest, then resident here, laid out Broadway on the line of Eastern row, but much increased its width for a few squares, intending to make a fine, broad avenue from the village to the country, until stopped and compelled to leave the remainder of it narrower by the opposition of the property-holders above Fourth street. It is manifestly impossible, within our limits, to follow in detail the history of the multitudinous streets ,of the Queen City. Colonel George W. Jones, author of the forthcoming History of Cincinnati, contributes the following notes of old streets and boundaries to King's Pocketbook : In the winter of 1831-32 a flood submerged the whole lower level of the city. Water rose to the second stories of the highest houses on Front street. Steamboats passed through Second, at that time Columbia, street. A large number of the original citizens lived near the river; and it was not until the "miserable Yankees" came, and made a fuss about fever and ague, "and such aboriginal invigorators," that people who were "anybody" lived on the hill—say Fourth street. Front street, from Walnut west to Elm, was lined by beautiful homes. The wharf was the meeting-place, especially Sunday morning. There the best townsmen exchanged the news, took a quiet "nip" at the "Orleans Coffee-house," situated just east of Main street, on the public wharf, and surrounded by a large open garden, and thence went to church. Joseph Darr, the proprietor of the coffee-house, is now [1879] living in comfortable abundance, the owner of the large mansion southeast corner Seventh and Race. The chief business streets were Main and Lower Market, now East Pearl. Pearl street was opened in 1832; and at what is now its intersection with Main, stood a large tavern, with a large wagon-yard into which teamsters drove. This tavern was bought from Daniel Home by merchants, who built a row of four-story brick stores, thought at the time to be the finest in America, some of which are still standing on the north side of the street. The projectors of this first great commercial enterprise were Goodman & Emerson, Carlisle & White, J. D. & C. Jones, C. & J. Bates, Foote & Bowler, Blachley & Simpson, Reeves & McLean, David Griffin, and John R. Loran. Pearl street, west of Walnut, was opened in 1844. Fifth street, except from Main to Vine, was occupied by cheap residences; and a wooden market house filled the space now Occupied by the Esplanade. About 1833 Broadway'and East Fourth began to be pretentious as desirable residence streets. Prior to 1841 Fourth street west of Walnut as far as Plum, was a beautiful street. In 1841 improvements were made west of Plum, and gradually reached the "fence" which ended the street at what is now Wood street. In 1832 Columbia, now Second street, was merely a dirty creek, crossed by wooden bridges at all intersections west of Walnut. No business of importance was done west of Main. The wharfage was between Main and Broadway, and even as late as 1846 the wharf-space was a great mud-hole, sprinkled with coarse gravel. All transportation was done by river, by canal, or by country wagons. As late as 1842 the Little Miami railroad opened the State of Ohio, and about 1848 the Madison & Indianapolis railroad the State of Indiana. In 1840 streets beyond the canal were simply unmacadamized roadways. Central avenue was then Western Row, which north of Court street ran through pastures. Nearly every family kept a cow; and the cows were driven to the pastures in the morning, and were turned loose to wander home at night to be milked in the alleys and side-yards. The great characteristics of a city were not to be seen in Cincinnati until about 1848, when a "hoglaw" drove those "first scavengers" from the streets. Ash-piles were condemned, and the city supplied with water and gas. Most of the houses were cheaply built, and but few men kept carriages. There were only a few schools worthy of note. The merchants often entertained customers at their homes, and the general habits of pioneer simplicity prevailed. Turnpikes from the city were built between 1834 and 1840, and many of the citizens of to-day remember the mud-roads to Walnut Hills. Prior to 1840 Clifton was unknown. Cumminsville, now the Twenty-fifth ward, and Camp Washington, now the Twenty-fourth ward, were all farms. The "sports" gathered at a mile race track, south of the old Brighton house, where the John street horse-car stables are. The principal- drives were up the river-bank to "Corbin's," or down to old Joe Harrison's place. Only occasional pleasure parties ascended the hills, and then chiefly towards Cleves. The "down-river" road found all the fast horses, and Toe Harrison gave them good cheer. A few elegant homes, some yet in good condition, lined the hill-side of the road which was approached by Front street, and by a road, the Sixth street of the present time. West of Western Row, Sixth street was not improved much earlier than 1840. A great orchard stood on a high bank west of Park street; milk-yards and brick-kilns generally occupied that locality. The pioneers of wealth in that street were Abraham M. Taylor, who recently gave ten thousand dollars towards the Old Men's Home; James Taylor, William Neff, J. P. Tweed, Ambrose Dudley, Pollock Wilson, H. W. Derby, and others. The great Barr estate was north of Sixth street, and was subdivided after 1843, and the Hunt and Pendleton estate at the head of Broadway about 1846. In that neighborhood few houses were seen. The pork-houses were on Sycamore and Canal streets; the wholesale dry goods houses, on Pearl and Main streets; and the large grocery houses, on Main, Front, and Pearl streets. Such is a faint outline of what the great city of Cincinnati was only forty years ago. By 1826 the ideas of the people and the city government in regard to street improvement were considerably liberalized. Pavement was put down that year to the length of four thousand eight hundred feet, and other street work was done to the value of five thousand eight hundred dollars, besides one thousand dollars expended for fire cisterns. Mr. Cist, in his Miscellany of 1845, made the following interesting note upon one of the Cincinnati streets: Front street is not only the longest continuous street in Cincinnati, but with the exception of one or two streets in London, the longest in the world. It extends from the three mile post on the Little Miami railroad, through Fulton and Cincinnati as far west as Storres township; an extent of seven miles. In all this range there are not ten dwellings which are three feet distant from the adjacent ones, and two-thirds of the entire route is as densely built as is desirable for business purposes and dwelling house convenience. The following plaint, of much later date, is from one of the mayors' messages: Our limestone pavements have long been an annoyance and, reproach to the community. Of friable material and irregular shape, they soon break into irregularities, where water lies after heavy rains, increasing and extending the irregularity of the surface. It is easy to percieve to what extent this must affect the comfort as well as the health of our citizens. Of late years we owe to the public spirit of D. L. Degolyer the introduction of bowlder pavement, which is gradually changing the whole surface of the city. Properly laid, these require neither repaving nor repairing for fifty years or more. Indeed, this material is nearly indestructible. Our bowlders are smaller than those used in the Atlantic cities, which circumstance renders the surface here comparatively smooth. When this species of pavement shall be spread over the whole city, we may hope to escape those clouds of dust, which in dry summer weather constitutes our greatest street nuisance. In 1870 extensive experiments were undertaken with the Nicholson pavement, locust and other round block, the Stevens iron-slag pavement, the Fisk concrete, and the limestone pavement devised by Alderman Smith, of the eighteenth ward. Attempts had previously been made with the Pacific and the Harmeyer concretes, and the Whitehead square block pavement. In 1867 a large HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 403 amount of Nicholson was laid costing altogether one hundred and seventy-five thousand six hundred and fifty-five dollars and fifty-two cents. The city had, on the first of January, 1879, about ninety-nine miles of streets and alleys paved with bowl-der stone; seventy-seven and one-fifth miles of avenues, streets, and alleys macadamized with broken limestone; six and three-fourth paved with limestone blocks ; seven with wooden blocks; and twelve miles of macadamized turnpikes. Improved avenues, streets, and alleys two hundred and two and one-fourth miles; unimproved, one hundred and ninety-six; total, three hundred and forty-eight. A STREET CLEANING DEPARTMENT was organized by ordinance of council February 9, 1866, to be managed by a board of supervisors of street cleaning, consisting of the mayor, the chairman of the council committee on cleaning streets, and three citizens serving without compensation. The first board was composed of Mayor Wilstach, Hon. Larz Anderson, George Klotter, Samuel S. Stokes, and David Baker. Colonel A. M. Robinson was appointed superintendent of streets, by whom a contract was made with George Thompson, by which he paid three thousand dollars a year into the city treasury, in consideration for the house offal and animal garbage he was to collect from the streets. STREET RAILROADS. In 1839 the first street railways were laid in Cincinnati —although it is stated that three years previously an experiment was made of them here. At first there was much opposition to them, which had not wholly died.away long afterwards. Said Mayor Wilstach, in his annual message of 1868: All great enterprises have their opponents. Why it is so, it is often hard to divine, but we in Cincinnati have already been treated to many instances of this kind. All recollect with what pertinacity the street railroads were opposed. Grave arguments were advanced that their adoption would ruin business, that the streets along which the track was laid would be so obstructed that it would be an utter impossibility to transact the carrying trade of the city, etc. What have been the results? Property, instead of decreasing, has steadily enhanced in value. The city, indeed, has been largely built up by their influence. The en Are West End, in fact, owes its solid blocks, its palatial private residences, its park, its skating rink and ponds, and its base ball grounds to the facilities of getting to them afforded by the "peoples' carriages." So will it be with the suburbs of the city, to which these roads are fast being extended. In short, the people could not well do without them, now, notwithstanding their occasional shortcomings in the way of accommodations; high fares, etc. In 1860 the city had already sixteen and one-half miles of street railway, owned by the Cincinnati Street railroad company (four and one-half miles), the Cincinnati Passenger railroad company (three and one-fourth miles), the Pendleton & Fifth Street market space line (three and three-fifths miles), and the City Passenger railroad company (five miles). Each of these had laid much new track this year—the Pendleton line nineteen thousand feet, or nearly its entire road. Two years afterwards the Spring Grove Avenue line was also in existence, from the Brighton house to Spring Grove. The later companies have been incorporated as follows: Cincinnati Consolidated Street railway company, November 29, 1872, capital one hundred thousand dollars, Very nearly all the lines in the city are now controlled by the Consolidated company. The Avondale Street railway company, June 10, 1873; capital one hundred thousand dollars. The Mount Adams & Eden Park Inclined railway, June 26, 1873; two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The Newport Street railway company; twenty-five thousand dollars. The Avondale & Pleasant Ridge Street and Inclined Plane railway, July 28, 1874; five hundred thousand dollars. The Clifton Inclined railway, June or July, 1875; fifty thousand dollars. The Price's Hill Inclined railway, January r, 1876; fifty thousand dollars. Eden Park, Walnut Hills & Avondale, April 9, 1887: two hundred thousand dollars. South Covington & Cincinnati, August 2, 1877; ten thousand dollars. Avondale, May 10, 1879; one hundred thousand dollars. Newport & Cincinnati, July 28, 1879; twenty-five thousand dollars. Cincinnati & Newport, same date and. capital. Covington Railway Company of Cincinnati, July 30, 1879; ten thousand dollars. Not all these have yet constructed or completed lines. By 1876 the four inclined planes now used to surmount the Bills were constructed, and seventeen lines were in operation. In 1879 there were twenty-one lines, seven of them run by the Consolidated company, and all employing five thousand five hundred men. A Belt Railway company was also organized in 1880, with one million dollars capital, to run elevated tracts for steam cars from the terminus of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad at Fifth street to the Little Miami tracts, thence by Eggleston avenue, Broadway, a tunnel under the canal, and the Mill Creek bottoms to the railway tracks east and west of the creek, and southwardly along these roads to the place of beginning. The proposed occupancy by railroads of the berme-bank of the canal, from Cumminsville to its terminus will also make an important difference in the passenger facilities of Cincinnati. By an ordinance passed some years ago, the old Fifth Street market space, between Walnut and Main, at the front of the new Government building, is made the starting point for all lines in the city. BRIDGES. The first bridge to connect the shores of Mill creek near the river was attempted, but not built by popular subscription in 1798. April loth of that year, Judge Symmes drew up a subscription paper, heading it himself with one hundred dollars, promising to pay to Thomas Gibson, George Callum, John Matson, sr., and William H. Harrison, esqs., or to the order of any three of them, the amount of the several subscriptions, "for the express and sole purpose of forming and erecting a bridge over 404 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Mill creek at its mouth, either of stone or wood, on pillars or bents, so high as to be level with the top of the adjacent banks, and twelve feet wide, covered with three-inch plank, and so strong that wagons with three tons weight may be safely driven over the same, and so durable that the undertaker shall warrant the bridge to continue, and be kept in repair for passing loaded wagons, seven years after the bridge is finished." The argument for the improvement is very briefly and sensibly suggested: "The great advantage of this bridge, as well for supplies going to market as to the merchants, tradesmen, and other inhabitants of Cincinnati, as for travellers in general, needs no illustration." Two hundred and ninety-two dollars were subscribed upon this paper, in sums of one dollar to one hundred dollars, by Messrs. Symmes, Israel Ludlow (seventy dollars), William H. Harrison, Thomas Gibson, Cornelius R. Sedain (forty dollars each), Joel Williams (thirty dollars), J. and Abijah Hunt (twenty dollars), Stephen Wood, Smith & Findlay (one dollar each) Benjamin Stites (eight dollars), Samuel Dick (seven dollars), William Ramsey; J. Clarke, Burt & Newman, Griffin Yeatman, Jacob Burnet, A. St. Clair, jr., J. Sellman (five dollars each), George Fithian, Culbertson Park, Joseph Prince, George Gordon, Aaron Reeder (three dollars each), William McMillan, David Snodgrass (two dollars each), and Thomas Grundy (one dollar). Enough money was not raised for the purpose, however, and the enterprise was postponed indefinitely. Another and more successful effort was made in 1806, under which, one Parker built a bridge across Milicreek near the town of Cincinnati—a floating affair at the mouth of the stream, built of the yellow poplar that grew on the creek bottoms. A man named White was the proprietor of a ferry-boat kept near for recourse when high water rendered the bridge useless, and it was conjectured, after the bridge went out, as related below, that he was the principal agent in the ingenious arrangement of the boat and bridge, which resulted in the destruction of the latter. It is related that in the spring of 1807 or 18o8 a freshet started loose one of Jefferson's gunboats, built at the mouth of Crawfish creek, just above Fulton, which was moored simply by a grape-vine. As the vessel went floating by Cincinnati, canoes and skiffs put out to her, and the waif was towed into the mouth of Mill creek and fastened under White's bridge. The rising waters, however, presently lifted the boat, with the bridge on its back, so that the string-pieces and all other fastenings gave way, and the people were only able to save the flooring of the bridge by stripping it off. The same planks, it is said, went into the floor of the -first warehouse built in this town. The greater part of the bridge timbers, with the vessel beneath, were swept out by the rushing waters into the current of the Ohio. The next candidate for destruction was a bridge constructed over the same stream in 1811 by Ethan Stone, under an act of the legislature and a contract with the county commissioners, which lasted eleven years, and was then taken off by an immense freshet before it had been accepted by the commissioners, who required further time for testing it. The loss therefore fell upon Mr. Stone, and it nearly ruined him. This structure was but one hundred and twenty feet in length, which shows how much narrower the ravine of Mill creek was then than now. Shortly after its loss, Mr. Stone put up another bridge, with arches, which the county bought and made free of toll. This is the one carried off by the great flood of 1832. But the structure was then substantially built, and floated off entire, keeping company down the Ohio, says Mr. Cist, with a Methodist meeting-house, which had come out of the Muskingum. The former lodged upon an island six miles above Louisville, and an effort was made to tow it back by steamer, but it had finally to be loaded in pieces upon a flatboat, and so brought up the river. It was subsequently destroyed by fire. The only bridge across Deer creek, at this point, in the first decade of the, century, was built of a single string-piece stretching from bank to bank (the ravine not being more than twelve feet in span, at least in 1800), protected against loss from floods by piling loads of stone on the edges. It had a slight descent at each end, about one-quarter the fall of the Deer Creek bridges afterwards. The City Gazetteer of 1819 observes that within two or three years two bridges had been built within the city limits—one three hundred and forty feet long, at the confluence of Deer creek with the Ohio, and the other over the same stream, a few squares to the north. The compiler also notes the bridge over Mill creek, built by Mr. Stone, "a toll bridge, considered one of the finest in the State." In the same year the Gazetteer discusses the practicability of a bridge over the Ohio: It is now satisfactorily ascertained that a bridge may be permanently constructed, and at an expense vastly inferior to what has generally been supposed. The current of the Ohio here is never more rapid than that of the Susquehanna, Monongahela, and Allegheny sometimes are, where the experiment has been successfully proven. There is little doubt, if we can be allowed to form an opinion from the public enterprise which now distinguishes our inhabitants, that very few years will elapse before a splendid bridge will unite Cincinnati with Newport and Covington. It was not until September, 1846, however, that the first plan and report on the subject of the bridge was presented to an association of Cincinnati capitalists by the eminent engineer who ultimately constructed it—Mr. John A. Roebling; not until ten years thereafter that a beginning was made of the great suspension bridge and not until ten years after that December r, 1866, that the mighty structure was opened to foot passengers. The following brief history of the work was included in Mr. Roebling's report of April t, 1867, after its completion: It was observed that my first plan and report on the Ohio bridge was dated September I, 1846. About the same time in the year 1856, after a lapse of ten years, the foundations for the towers were commenced. The work was actively prosecuted during 1857, when the great financial crisis of that memorable year put an involuntary stop to our operations. So far it had been almost exclusively a Covington enterprise. Cincinnati looked on, if not with a jealous eye, at least with great indifference and distrust. Left without the moral and financial support of the proud Queen of the West, the Covington enterprise was allowed to sleep, and that sleep came very near terminating in its final dissolution by the threatened sale, at public auction, of the splendid HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 405 masonry of the Cincinnati tower, carried up forty-five feet above the foundation, in order to satisfy the proprietor of the ground, whose claims had not been finally settled. After all these reverses and drawbacks, most of the stockholders were disposed to consider their investments in the light of pub'ic sacrifices. The old stock was freely offered at twenty-five per cent., thus indicating the hopelessness of a final success. But the enterprise counted a few of its friends who never flinched or gave up in despair. With these gentlemen, the eventual completion of their-great work was only a question of time. During the winter of 1862, when the whole power of the nation was absorbed in its struggle with that gigantic Southern rebellion, fresh endeavors were made by the friends of the work, in conjunction with some prominent capitalists on the Cincinnati side, to resuscitate their sleeping enterprise. The great exigencies of the war, by the movement of troops and materials across the river, made the want of a permanent bridge all the more felt. It is a fact, worthy of historical notice, that in the midst of a general national gloom and despondency, men could be found, with unshaken moral courage and implicit trust in the future political integrity of the Nation, willing to risk their capital in the prosecution of an enterprise which usually will only meet support in times of profound peace and general prosperity. The prosecution of masonry was actively resumed in the spring of 1863. This was then the only public work in the country carried on by private enterprise; to crush the Rebellion, all the energies of the Nation had to be centred upon this one military task. From this time forward there was no lack of support; the different parts of the bridge were carried on as rapidly as could be done, with due regard to economy. The new interest in the work, awakened in Cincinnati, kept pace with its progress, and its final completion is in a great measure due to those liberal residents of the Queen City, who have so freely invested in our enterprise, and have taken so active a part in its management. Under these favorable auspices we were enabled to open the roadway for foot travel on the first of December, x866. One month later, on the first of January, 1867, the bridge was opened to vehicles, and from that day on has continued to serve as a permanent highway between the States of Ohio and Kentucky. The following general description of the bridge is abreviated from Mr. Roebling's account : By our charters the location of the towers was fixed at low water mark, so that the middle span should present an opening of no less than one thousand feet in the clear. To comply with this act, the distance from centre to centre of tower measures one thousand and fifty-seven feet, which leaves a clear space of one thousand and five feet between the base of masonry. In the spring of 1832 the river rose sixty-- two feet six inches above low water, and this is the elevation of the approach near Front street on the Cincinnati side. The centre of this street is only sixty feet above low water. But such an extreme rise may not occur again in a century. At this stage the width of waterway is over two thousand feet, including two blocks of buildings on either side. Except the intersection of Front by Vine and Walnut streets, thence to the approach, the entrance to the bridge on the Cincinnati side may be considered above water at all stages. The approach on the Covington side is seventy-one feet above low water, therefore always dry. On the Cincinnati side the abutment and anchor walls range with the line of Wharf row. This masonry extends solid through this block to Water street, a "depth of one hundred and four feet. On the Covington side the face of the southern abutment is in line with Front street. With the exception of the towers, the whole waterway between the two cities is thus left unobstructed, a width of one thousand six hundred and nineteen feet. The two small spans left open between the abutments and towers are each two hundred and eighty-one feet from face to centre of tower. Owing to the persistent opposition Of property, steamboat and ferry interests, the clear elevation of the floor above low water mark, in the centre of the river span, has been fixed at one hundred and twenty-two feet. With this elevation the ascent of the Cincinnati approach would have been over eight feet in one hundred feet. By a late enactment this height was reduced to one hundred feet. As the bridge stands now, its elevation is one hundred and three feet in the clear at a medium temperature of sixty degrees, rising one foot by extreme cold and sinking one foot below this mark in extreme heat. The greatest ascent is now only five feet in one hundred at the Cincinnati approach, and this diminishes as the suspended floor is reached. The consequence of this easy grade is that teams will load one quarter more than they were accustomed to do when crossing the ferries, and this is done without abusing the horses. Although considerations of humanity towards animals are seldom entertained when framing bridge charters, during those debates at Columbus, when the application for lowering the height of the bridge was discussed before the legislature of Ohio, this ground was made an argument of great force- in favor of a reduction. The result has fully justified this humane intention. The floor of the bridge is composed of a strong wrought-iron frame, overlaid with several thicknesses of plank, and suspended to the two wire cables by means of suspenders attached every five feet. The suspenders are arranged between the roadway and sidewalks. The latter are seven feet wide, and are protected by iron railings towards the river. The roadway is twenty feet wide, forming two tracks of four lines of iron trams, on which the wheels run, each tram being fourteen inches wide, to accommodate all kind of gauges. The whole width of the floor between the outside railings is thirty-six feet. The general appearance of the elevation of the bridge is that of a finely turned arch, suspended between two massive towers, the arch carried over both side spans in tangential lines, which continue to descend over the approaches, until Front street is reached on the Cincinnati side, and Second street on the Covington side. The symmetry of this arch will never be disturbed, because all disturbing forces are fully met by the inherent stiffness and stability of the work. Its curvature in the centre is subject to an imperceptible and gradual change of one foot, either higher or lower, caused by extreme variations of temperature. With the exceptions of this, no other impression will be noticed to take place, neither from transient loads nor high winds. To approach the Ohio bridge on the Cincinnati side, Water street, sixty-six feet wide, has been crossed by five plate girders, each of a depth of four feet, and strengthened by the suspension of wire ropes arranged on each side of the vertical plates. This bridge, therefore, is a combination of girders and suspension cables on a small scale. There will be no strife between the girders and the cables while contracting and expanding, as the material in both is the same. Now the same combinations have been carried out on the large bridge, only the order has been reversed. A floor of one thousand feet long is suspended to two wire cables; as such, it is the lightest and the most economical, and at the same time the strongest structure which it is possible, in the nature of things, to put up. But a simply suspended platform is too flexible for the transit of heavy loads; it is also liable to be effected by high winds; therefore other means must be resorted to to insure stability and stiffness. As one of these -means, two wrought-iron girders extend from one abutment to the other through the centre line of the bridge. One is twelve inches deep, and suspended underneath the floor beams, the other, of a depth of nine inches, rests on top, both being connected by screw bolts, firmly embrace the crossbeams, and thus not only form a combined girder of twenty-eight inches deep, running lengthways, but also add greatly to the lateral stiffness of the framing of the bridge floor. The girders are rolled in lengths of thirty feet. The two trusses which extend along each side of the roadway, ten feet high, constitute another and more powerful element of stiffness and of stability. Mr. James Parton wrote of this bridge in 1867 that "the whole population of Cincinnati might get upon it without danger of being let down into the water." The Cincinnati Southern Railway bridge, a mile and a half below the Suspension, and the Louisville Short-Line bridge, also used for street-cars and other vehicles, and foot passengers, about a mile above the Suspension, also span the river opposite the city. They are both of more recent construction, the latter being finished in 1870. At the beginning of 1877 there were eighty bridges belonging to the city, perhaps with a few small additional wooden girders. The number is about the same now. Thirty-one were of iron, forty-seven of wood, and two were of stone arches. Seven bridges were over the tracks of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette railroad, and are kept in repair by that corporation, but are in charge of the board of public works. Of the wooden bridges thirty-one are of the truss kind, and sixteen had wooden girders. The expenditures for such improvements, from 8852 406 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. to that year, were nearly one million dollars. Fifteen other bridges in the city, all belonging to railway or turnpike companies, were not under the control of the department. In 1880 new work was done by the bureau of bridges to the value of nine thousand six hundred and nineteen dollars and thirty-one cents. New bridges were planned or being constructed over Mill creek at Harrison avenue, over Lick run at Hart street, and over Hunt street at McMillan avenue—the last a ten thousand dollar bridge. PUBLIC PARKS. The parks of the city, with their respective areas, are as follows: Eden park, comprising two hundred and six acres. Burnet Woods park, one hundred and sixty-three and one-half acres. Lincoln park, ten acres. Washington park, five and seven-tenths acres. Water-works park, East Front street. Hopkins park, one acre. City park, west side Plum street, between Eighth and Ninth, about two acres. The value of the parks in April, 1879, was held in the mayor's message of that date to be: Eden, 2,004,000; Burnet Woods, 1,499,000; Lincoln, 660,000; Hopkins, 40,000; other park property, 55,000; total, 4,198,000. The Park commissioners (first appointed in 186o) have also charge of the Tyler Davidson fountain, on Fifth street. In 1872 the general assembly passed a law increasing the number of commissioners from three to nine. The board has in charge the improvement and expenditures of the public parks of the city, subject to approval of the common council. Burnet Woods park was bought in 1872-3, and opened to the public August 26, 1874. The next report of the Park commissioners gives the following picture of the scene: It was a joyous day; a gentle breeze was felt in the air; the sun retired behind the floating clouds, tempering its rays; the weather was perfect. No speeches, formal or informal, were made;, and the woods, hitherto silent except when broken by the singing of birds were made vocal by the merry voices of both old and young of all classes, who with delight drank in the sweet strains of music, as in harmony they were sent forth from Currier's band. The people were there, and appeared more than satisfied that the city had secured, before it was too late, that beautiful spot so richly planted by Him whose planting has been a study from the beginning of time, and will be till the end. The trees of Burnet Woods are grand specimens, and without rivals in the other parks, lifting their heads high up toward heaven, reminding those who rest beneath their genial shade of the God who plants and creates man to enjoy. Burnet Woods will be the pride and joy of the people of the Queen City. In this park are given the public concerts in the warm season, on the foundation of fifty thousand dollars, given for the purpose 17 the Hon. Wm. S. Groesbeck, April 7, 1875. Evening concerts have also been given at the expense of the city in Lincoln and Washington parks. The first year of concerts in Eden park was 1872. This magnificent pleasure-ground was bought, to the amount of one hundred and fifty-six acres, December 6, 1865, of the heirs of Nicholas Longworth, and increased by successive purchases to its present dimensions. In 1869 improvements were begun upon it, and have since been vigorously prosecuted, developing great beauty of situation and prospect. Colonel Maxwell says of it, in his Suburbs of Cincinnati: The river; the miles of distant hills extending along the Kentucky side of the shore; the less remote highlands of Ohio, rolling away in multitudinous waves of improved lands; the suburbs of the city to the north and east, and the city at the foot of the hill, teeming with its busy thousands, make up a prospect so rare that it may be said the park, for location, has hardly its peer. The avenues meander by graceful curves through the groves, at every turn shutting out something the visitor has just seen, but revealing another landscape filled with new beauties. Lincoln park. was formerly the Potter's field of the city; if its lovely shades could tell its story they would reveal many a tale of crime and woe. An interesting incident of this period was thus narrated by the late Dr. Wright, in the last public address of his life: Among the visitors to that lonely spot were the night-prowlers, the resurrectionists. The latter plied their vocation at a time when they .supposed no eye was upon them—when they hoped the surroundings were as quiet and lifeless as the tombs they were about to despoil of their occupants. But there were times when cloudsm nor storms, nor quiet steppings secured the prowler from observation. Just after midnight, the face of the moon being hid, and not a twinkle of the nearest star to be seen—the whole earth seemingly clothed in gloom—the light from a near-by brick-kiln fell upon the person of one and made him a prominent object, just as he had thrown from his shoulder two heavy burdens, specimens of castaway humanity. The men at the kiln were anxious for an opportunity to discharge the loads of two rusty guns, which had been on hand for some time; and they concluded to shoot near enough to the audacious intruder to frighten him from the ground. He was more than frightened—he was wounded, but retained sufficient activity to effect his escape, leaving horse, wagon, and contents at the mercy of the marksmen. THE TYLER DAVIDSON FOUNTAIN. This superb benefaction stands upon the western half of the old Fifth Street market space, now called Fountain square, between Walnut and Vine streets. It is the donation to the public by the late Tyler. Davidson, one of the merchant princes of Cincinnati, though the con- nection with it of his brother-in-law, Mr. Henry Probasco, has been so intimate and liberal that it is sometimes called the Probasco monument. February 15, 1867, Mr. Davidson addressed a letter from Palermo, Sicily, to Mayor Wilstach, embodying his thought and intention of several years, in the offer to the city of a sufficient sum for the building of the fountain. The conditions of the gift were simply that the fountain should always be kept in good order, with an abundant supply of pure water, free to the use of all; that it should be supplied with water twelve hours a day in summer, ten in the spring and fall, and six in the winter, except when the murcury should fall below the freezing point; that a policeman should always be near it to preserve its cleanliness and to guard it from abuse; that the water should be used only for drinking and ornamental purposes, except in case of fire in the immediate vicinity; and that the doner and his legal representatives should have the right to hold the city responsible for the constant fulfillment of the conditions. The grant was accepted, but legal and other difficulties had to be overcome in securing the proposed site and the procurement of a satisfactory design for the fountain. All were overcome, however, and on the sixth of November, 1871, it was unveiled in the presence of HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 407 an immense multitude, and with appropriate ceremonies. Mr King in his Hand-book of Cincinnati gives the following description of the work : It stands in the centre of the esplanade, on Fountain square. The massive base and the circular basin are made of porphyry, quarried and polished in Europe. The fountain itself is cast in bronze, of condemned cannon procured from the Danish government. The castings weigh twenty-four tons. The diameter of the basin is forty-three feet, and the weight of porphyry eighty-five tons. The height of the fountain above the esplanade is thirty-eighty feet. The bronze pedestal on the base of porphyry is square; the four sides bearing representations in relief of the four principal uses of water,—water-power, navigation, the fisheries, and steam. The pedestal is surmounted by four semicircular bronze basins, each pierced in the centre by a single jet an inch in diameter. From the centre of the four semi-circular basins rises a second bronze at a pedestal, surmounted by a square column, on which stands the Genius of Water, a draped female figure, with outstretched arms, from the palms and fingers of whose hands the water falls in spray into the four semi-circular basins. On either side of the square column is a group of figures of heroic size. The eastern group represents a mother leading a nude child to the bath; the western group, a, daughter giving her aged father a draught of water; the northern group, a man standing on the burning roof of his homestead, with uplifted hand, and praying for rain; the southern group, a husbandman with an idle plough, and at his side a dog panting from heat, supplicates Heaven for rain. There are life-size figures in niches at each corner of the bronze pedestal beneath the semi-circular basins. One represents a nude boy with a lobster, which he has just taken from a net, and is holding aloft in triumph with one hand; another, a laughing girl, playing with a necklace of pearls; the third, a semi-nude girl, listening to the sound of the waves in a sea-shell which she holds to her ear; the fourth, a boy well muffled, strapping on his skates. There are four drinking-fountains, equi-distant on the rim of the porphyry basin. Each is a bronze pedestal, surmounted by a life-size bronze figure. One represents a youth astride, a dolphin; the second, youth kneeling, holding one duck under his left arm, and grasping by the neck another; the third is that of a youth, around whose right leg a snake has coiled, which the youth has grasped with his left hand, and is about to strike with a stone that he holds in his right. The fourth figure is that of a youth kneeling on the back of a huge turtle, and grasping it by the neck. Water issues from the mouths of the dolphin, duck, snake, and turtle. The fountain was designed by August Von Kreling, of Nuremberg, and cast by Ferdinand Von Muller, director of the Royal bronze foundery of Bavaria. The cost of the fountain itself was one hundred and five thousand dollars in gold. Together with the esplanade the total cost was over two hundred thousand dollars. SEWERAGE. The situation of Cincinnati, in nearly all parts, is re markably favorable for a good system of sewerage. Indeed, so excellent is the natural drainage of the city that it was not until 1860, under a new law of that year, that the building of sewers began, and then chiefly for local purposes, and 1864 came before a thorough and systematic drainage by sewers was instituted. In two years more there were twenty-six miles of sewers in the city. The board of commissioners of sewers was created by the new code in 1869, and began operations the next year, when effective work was done, seventeen miles of sewers being laid, and much other work. done. In 1872 the great Eggleston avenue sewer ,was constructed, and five hundred and thirty thousand and eleven dollars expended. In 1879 there were nearly thirty-nine miles of sewers in the city, besides those laid by private enterprise. The ,next year thirty-three thousand one hundred and fifty-eight lineal feet of pipe sewers were laid, and four thousand eight hundred and seven of brick sewers, making a total of 37,965, or 7.19 miles, at a cost of about $75,000. There were, then in the city, 47.348 miles of sewers, with about 20,000 slants for house connections. A sewer at the city infirmary had also been laid by the bureau of sewers' construction, in which bureau of the chief engineer's office of the board of public works the business is now transacted, a sewer 3,864 feet long at the city infirmary near Carthage. GAS. The Queen City, unlike many large cities, has never had its own gas-works. The Cincinnati Gas and Coke company was organized in 1841, and has since enjoyed a monopoly of the city's supply. In 1865, at the expiration of the twenty-five years during which the company was to have the exclusive right of furnishing gas to the city with privilege of purchase then, the purchase of the works was provided for by the council, but not consummated, and ten years' extension of privilege was given to the company. The value of their works and appurtenances is more than $6,000,000, and the stock of the company owning them is among the most valuable in the city. The cost of light to the corporation of Cincinnati in 1880 was $200,313.69, including that of two hundred and four new gas lamps erected, and two hundred and nineteen gasoline lamps. The total number of gas lamps in use January 1, 1881, was 6,334; gasoline, 1,018; lineal feet of gas pipe in use, 212 miles and 2,160 feet. CHAPTER XLVIII. ANNEXATIONS AND SUBURBS. UNTIL, nearly within the last decade, Cincinnati's swarming thousands subsisted within a comparatively narrow compass of territory. Upon seven square miles there were, in round numbers, two hundred thousand people. It was the most densely crowded metropolis in America, and few of the venerable cities of the Old World had a greater population to the square mile. But in 1869 began a process of rapid annexation—not by conquest, except by reason, common sense, and the might of the ballot box—scarcely paralleled in municipal history. By the close of 1870 twelve and three-fourth square miles had been added; in 1873 the process was already complete by the addition of four and one-fourth square miles, or seventeen in all, broadening the corporate territory of Cincinnati to twenty-four square miles. A favorable note upon another measure submitted and presently to be mentioned, would have reversed these figures, and given forty-two. But with what was accomplished, as a result, behold the present magnificent proportions of the Queen City, which has "ample room and verge enough" for its teeming population, and probable for all who are to come hither during the next quarter century. The annexations have been as follows. The dates given are those in which the initial steps were taken; in most cases the arrangement was not complete until the next year: 408 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Storrs township, except that part of it included within the corporate limits of Riverside; September 10, 1869. The special road districts of Walnut Hills, Mt. Auburn, and Clintonville; September 10, 1869. The election precincts of Camp Washington and Lick run, from Mill Creek township; November 12, 1862. The west part of Spencer township, by proceedings before the county commissioners; May 9, 1870. The incorporated village of Columbia; February 10, 1871. The incorporated villages of Cumminsville and Woodburn; September 6, 1872. The desirability of further annexations was very clearly hinted in the following paragraph of Mayor Moore's message to the common council in 1878 Within a circle of seven miles of the spot where you are now congregated, there are eleven acting mayors, over the same number of cities and villages; which is quite an injury to our city, as they take away from the aggregate of our population, which otherwise would make Cincinnati the metropolis she really is. His argument further was for the annexation of the remainder of the county, after the pattern of Philadelphia; and he made a pretty strong case of it, citing, among other interesting matters, the prediction of an Indian in the early day, that there would sometime be a grand city here, reaching from one Miami river to the other. By annexation, he thought, "the prediction might sooner be verified than any of us had dared to hope for." Mayor Torrence had previously, in 187o, argued for the organization of the entire county into one municipality, as the city of Cincinnati. FULTON VILLAGE AND TOWNSHIP came into the city many years before any of these. An ordinance submitting to the voters of the city and of the incorporated village of Fulton, which was pretty nearly, though not quite, co-extensive with the township, the proposition of annexation, was passed by the council August 23, 1854; in October following both municipalities voted in favor of the measure; and the terms of it were formally approved December 27, 1854, completing the annexation. This village consisted principally of one long street between the hills and the river, above Cincinnati. Lying as this strip does between the old city and Columbia, the two earliest settlements in the Miami country, it was of course inhabited very early, and in time had a busy and somewhat numerous population engaged largely in steamer and other boat building. It was at the Fulton landing that the awful explosion of the boiler of the Moselle occurred, in 1835, as is elsewhere related. The place had been originally, from the character of the industry which had grown up within it, named from Robert Fulton. In 1830 the "Eastern Liberties," comprising Fulton, contained one thousand and eighty-nine inhabitants.* What was known more strictly as Fulton village, had three hundred and seventeen business men and heads of families represented in Shaffer's business directory of 1840. The next year it was noticed in the State Gazeteer as containing one thousand five hun- * The date of the recorded plat of Eastern Liberties is May 17, 1826. dred to two thousand inhabitants, and two extensive lumber yards, three steam saw-mills, with another in course of construction, and four shipyards, which annually launched steamboats with an aggregate tonnage of five to six thousand. Four-fifths of the Cincinnati built vessels were then constructed there. It was intersected, as now, by the Cincinnati, Columbia & Wooster turnpike, over which passed one-fourth of the marketing of the city. Fulton township, although long since practically abolished, is still known in city affairs by the regular election of justices of the peace for it, and within the last year an interesting question has arisen in the courts in regard to the validity and jurisdiction of their office, in which they have been sustained. Some of the gentlemen who have served in this capacity are Bela Morgan and Nathan Sanborn, 1829; William Friston, 1865-8; E. P. Dustin, 1869; Robert Tealen, Jacob Wetzel, 1874--7; George H. High, 1878--80. THE NORTHERN LIBERTIES was, as the name implies, immediately north of the old city limits. It was in Mill Creek township, and in 1825, according to the map of that year, it extended in one line of short, narrow lots from Liberty street along the west side of Vine, and in another line of lots, with a short one adjoining, on the Hamilton road, now McMicken avenue. The whole were included between Liberty street and that road. On the west of the lots, parallel to Vine, was New street, which was intersected by Green and North streets. East of the plat, and also parallel to Vine, was Pleasant (now Hamer) street, with Poplar street on the south, near Liberty, Elder street on the north, and Back street, as now, parallel with the Hamilton road, and behind the short line of lots. The recorded plat of the Northern Liberties bears date much later than this—March 31, 1837. It was known, however, long before this, as a subdivision of Mill Creek township, and in 1830 had a separate population of seven hundred and ten,-about thirty per cent. of all then in the township. Ten years afterwards, according to Shaffer's business directory, it had no less than five thousand seven hundred qualified voters, and a German population alone of eight thousand. MOHAWK was another of the little old villages on the upper plain of Cincinnati north of the original town site, and west of Vine street. Mrs. Trollope, who took a house here in 1829, describes it in her book as "a little village about a mile and a half from the town, close to the foot of the hills formerly mentioned as the northern boundary of it." .The heights back of it were then still covered with an almost unbroken forest. Mrs. Trollope gives an amusing description of her neighbors here, which we do not care to copy. Her former residence is now occupied as one of the buildings of the Hamilton Road pottery, a little west of Elm street. The name of the writer is still preserved in Mohawk street and Mohawk bridge in the same locality. Its plat was never recorded, and we have no dates of it, except as to the famous Englishwoman's residence. WILLIAM H. BRISTOL. William Henry Bristol was born in Canaan, New York, October 3, 1824, son of George and Sally (Hutchinson) Bristol. On his father's side, the family sprang from the Bristols of Connecticut, but his father and mother were married in Canaan, and there brought up their family. The mother is now dead, but the father survives, and is a resident of Oswego, New York. Young Bristol was educated in the Canaan. schools, but early launched out in life for himself, and at the age of sixteen or seventeen became a chain-carrier in the survey of the Hudson & Berkshire railroad. When the road was finished, he became a fireman upon it, and then baggage-master; at the age of about twenty he went on the Saratoga & Whitehall railroad for three years as baggage-master, and then for ten years was passenger conductor upon the same line. His engagement for the next three years was as conductor with the New Jersey Railroad & Transportation company. He came to Cincinnati in September, 1857, to take charge of the Cincinnati Transfer company, upon its organization. Wheeler H. Bristol, his brother, had been in the Old Omnibus Line, and prevailed upon William to come and take the superintendency of the new company. He is now in Oswego, New York. Mr. Bristol remained with the Transfer company until after the war, during which he did the Government hauling in the city, having at times as many as two hundred and fifty horses engaged. The Transfer company sold out, and after a while the Omnibus company sold to the Strader & Company Omnibus Line and Mr. Bristol began to take contracts from the city, especially in street-paving. He paved much of Pearl and Park streets and other thoroughfares, and was largely instrumental in introducing the Nicholson pavement in parts of the city. He also aided contractors in building the Cincinnati Southern railroad, on sections fifty and fifty-one. In 1872-3, by election on the Democratic ticket, he served as city commissioner, in special charge of streets, under direction of the board of improvements, before the board of public works was constituted. It was then the most responsible office in the city, except that of city engineer, and gave him much trouble in securing obedience to the ordinances, as in the matter of removing awning-posts from the sidewalks, etc. He triumphed over all, however, and the benefits of his administration are felt to this day. The volume of biographies entitled Cincinnati Past and Present, published while Mr. Bristol was commissioner, says of him: A more suitable choice is seldom made by the popular voice, as he possesses the firmness, moderation, and excellent judgment to enable him to discharge its duties with credit to himself and profit to the city. He is emphatically a self-made man, and during his residence in the city has so identified himself with its interests as to be every way entitled to a place in this industrial history. In 1857 Mr. Bristol opened the Empire Stables, at 276 Walnut street, between Sixth and Seventh, where he has since remained in the livery, feed, and sale stable business. In this he exercises conscientious care in the selection of animals for hire and their adaptation for the special trips desired, and never allows horse-trading swindlers to hang about his establishment. For about seven years he has also been president of the Carpet-beating company, with headquarters at 87 East Eighth street. In politics he generally sympathizes with the Democrats, but is an independent thinker and voter, as he was trained to be in early life. Mr. Bristol was married February 20, 1851, to Miss Harriet E. Williams, of Canaan, New York, daughter of Norman and Eliza (James) Williams. Her mother lived with the family in Cincinnati, and survived to the age of one hundred years. They have had three children—Morris Nutting, Mary Cornelia, and Mettie Price, of whom only the first-named is living. He assists his father in conducting the business of the stable. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 409 BRIGHTON names that part of the present city reaching from Mill creek to Freeman street, at the junction of Central avenue. It came easily by the familiar title of a place for cattle dealing, from the former location of the stockyards here. A railway station and the Brighton house yet keep the name. TEXAS AND BUCKTOWN were never incorporated villages, but simply popular names for local districts—the former at the northwest part of the old city; the latter, which still wears its honors, in the Deer creek bottom, east of Broadway, where many negroes and some of the most depraved whites of the city formerly inhabited. STORRS TOWNSHIP was one of the smaller subdivisions of the county, and lay immediately west of the city, between Mill creek and the meridian west of Price's hill, now the western boundary of the city. It was erected about 1835, according to the report of former county Auditor McDougal to State Auditor John Brough. It was the first of recent annexations to the city, its annexation being authorized September 10, 1869. A small part of the southwest corner, being within the limits of the incorporated village if Riverside, was not annexed. The first house built by General Harrison in this country, long before his removal to North Bend, still stands within the limits of the old Storrs township, a little west of Mill creek, near Gest street. Justices of the peace continue to be elected for Storrs. I, 1865 John F. Gerke and Colonel Henry F. Sedam, from whose family Sedamsville is named, were justices; it 1866, Mr. Sedam and J. H. T. Crone; 1867-9, S ,am and William Dummick; 1870-80, Mr. Dummick. This office was formerly, and for many years, held by father of Colonel Sedam, one of the most noted characters of local history, going back very nearly to the beginnings of white settlement here. Colonel Cornelius R. Sedam was the projenitor of this remarkable family in the Miami country. He was a Jerseyman of Holland stock, and a colonel in the Continental army, receiving his commission from the august Washington himself. He fought courageously in the famous battles in New Jersey, Princeton and Monmouth, and was engaged at Germantown and on other fields, displaying a bravery and dash that won him marked notice from his commander and fellow officers. He was in Losantiville almost at the beginning, coming as he did with Major Doughty and the force that built Fort Washington, in 1789. He rode with St. Clair to the terrible defeat on the Maumee two years after, and received a dangerous-wound in the fight, besides having two horses shot down beneath him. Retiring from the army soon after, he invested his means in a large tract of the fertile lands about the mouth of Bold Face creek and extending some way up the valley and adjacent hills, being parts of the sections:thirty-four and thirty-five, below Cincinnati, in the former Storrs township, upon a part of which Sedamsville is built. He fixed his home about a quarter of a mile west of the residence now known as the old Sedam house, and built there, of the stone of the region, a substantial and tolerably large dwelling called the Sylvan house. This is still standing in good condition, and occupied as a residence, a little in rear of the great distillery of Gaff, Hischmann & Company. It was built in 1795, and is undoubtedly the oldest stone building in Hamilton county, antedating by thirteen years the Waldschmidt residence south of Camp Dennison, in Symnies township. He improved a large farm here very successfully, sometimes sending its produce in flatboats to New Orleans on his own account, instead of marketing it at Cincinnati. He was a very large man, physically, but exhibited considerable energy in personal attention to his extensive interests and the public affairs of Storrs township after it was organized. He was a justice of the peace from the date of his original appointment by Governor St. Clair, in 1795, to his death in 1824, when his official mantle was taken up by his son and successor, Henry F. Sedam. One of his fancies is thus pleasantly described by his biographer, Judge Cox, in Cincinnati Past and Present: He had imbibed a love for military affairs and military men, which adhered to him through life. Especially did he take an interest in the old wounded and crippled veterans of the Revolution. Near` his home he built barracks for the reception, to which every one who had lost a limb or an eye, or was unfit to make his living by reason of wounds, was invited and made perfectly at home. But they must conform to discipline. They were called from their couch at dawn by the rattle of the drum, and all lights must be out at "taps." During the day every one must, if able, attend to such duty as was assigned him, and regularly be at dress parade in the evening at a given signal; and on all public days they were to be on hand for drill, according to their capacity. Many a poor soldier, unable to obtain proof that he was entitled to a pension, served in the corps of the colonel during his life, was comfortably fed, clothed, and housed, and carefully nursed in sickness, and when dead buried by his companions, under the command of the old colonel, in true military style. His house was the headquarters for all military men passing that way, and also in the latter part of his life especially for all Methodist ministers, to which denomination the colonel adhered. Many instances are given by those who knew him, of his good judgment in and knowledge of military affairs; and his children remember distinctly a memorable instance which would make a historical painting. It was a day spent by General Harrison with the colonel when on his journey to take command of the troops in the northwest, in the War of 1812. Together they consulted maps and interchanged views as to the most feasible method of carrying on the campaign. The back porch of the Sylvan house, extending along the whole length, was the scene of their conference. Here these two military men were seen on the floor on their hands and knees, with each a piece of chalk in hand, marking out the plans and details of march and battle which were to, and which did, decide the supremacy of the Government in the northwest; and ever after the home of the colonel was the favored stopping-place of General Harrison on his journey from his home, at North Bend, to Cincinnati, and at each visit it was a rich treat for the old veterans, the neighbors, and boys, to gather around and listen to the war-stories of these two commanders. The colonel, although a Democrat, was always a stout defender of General Harrison, from whatever point he might be attacked. Henry F. Sedam was born in the Sylvan house July 18, 1804. When a boy of seventeen he was entrusted by his father with the management of one of the flatboats, laden for New Orleans with the produce of the farms. At the age of twenty-three he was married and left the old home for a new house which he built a few hundred yards east of that—the dwelling now occupied 52 410 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. by his son, Mr. Charles Sedam, near and south of the station of the Indianapolis, St. Louis & Chicago railway. This was the site of an old Indian village, and here the Indians had often encamped for fishing and hunting in the neighborhood, after his father commenced his settlement. They were very friendly, and young Sedam became so familiar with them and their language that he came to consider himself one of "the Miami tribe." He inherited the tract of his father's estate east of Boldface creek, here laid out the village of Sedamsville, and offered perpetual leases of lots to actual settlers. He is best remembered in this region as "the chief justice of Storrs," from his long occupancy of the office of justice of the peace. He put up a two story brick building in his orchard, where he held his court room, "dispensing justice by dispensing with law," as he was accustomed humorously to say. In pleasant weather he commonly heard causes under the trees of his orchard, where tables and benches were constantly set out to accommodate the attendants upon his court. His methods of procedure seem to have been in the Carlylean phrase, "independent of formula." One of his old friends contributed to Cincinnati Past and Present—to which we are indebted for the material of these outlines—the following amusing account of his procedure as a magistrate: His original and unique manner of disposing of cases was always attractive. He did not hold the office for the sake of making money, for he never in that long time (thirty years) charged any fees for himself. Did some exasperated creditor or supposed sufferer come in great haste to bring a suit against his neighbor, the 'squire would set him down, carefully get all the facts from him, ascertain the best kind of compromise he would take, fix a day for trial and send the party away; then send for the opposite party, talk with him, urge a compromise, and if he found him reasonable and willing to settle on a fair basis, enter judgment, give him such time as he thought proper, go his bail and notify the other party that all was settled, and the parties were told to pay the constable one dollar. Tuesdays and Saturdays were his court days; and often would be found the litigants of half a dozen cases sitting around in the shade, all provided with fruit or melons by the 'squire, and told to get together and try and settle while he was trying the case of some litigious cusses who wouldn't be settled in any other way, in which event the 'squire made what he called a chancery case, in which he didn't give either party a chance to gouge the other. In this high court no legal quibbles were tolerated, and there never was an appeal from his decision. The general principle on which he acted may be well illustrated by anecdote. A young man had just been elected magistrate in an adjoining township. He at once called on the 'squire and acquainted him with the fact and desired that he would give him some advice as to what law books he should read. The 'squire heard him patiently, and then said: " I wouldn't advise you to read any law books at all; my experience is that whenever a county magistrate undertakes to study law he makes a d—n fool of himself. You are elected as a justice of the peace; now all you have to do is to use your common sense and best judgment in trying to do justice and keep the peace among your neighbors—and if they want law let them go to the higher court and be plucked to their hearts' content." Living on the river's edge, with the constant improvement of a growing country going on all around him, building canals, railroad bridges, steamboats, flatboats,with another State just across the river, he had all kinds of folks to deal with—some very rough indeed, and which would well puzzle the most learned brain; but he has managed to work through them, sometimes with good humor, sometimes with roughness and sternness and the invincibility of his strong will. But through all of them it must be said of him that he ever leaned to the side of justice and mercy. A favorite remedy with him for the vagrant class who get drunk and whip their wives was to take all the change found in their pockets, deposit it with some grocery keeper, with orders to give the family groceries in small quantities till exhausted, and then banish the culprit to Kentucky for from thirty days to six months. His strong and willing constable would take the criminal across the river in a skiff, and as the 'squire would say, " put him in a foreign country without a cent in his pocket, and let him scratch for it." Woe be to the luckless fellow if he ventured to return before the expiration of his term of banishment; for there was the bastile, the raging canal, the boys with lithe and pliant apple-sprouts, ready to vindicate the high majesty of the court, and he was glad to tarry in foreign parts until the time of his return as prescribed by rule as immutable as the laws of the Medes and Persians, and when he came back it was as a better citizen than before. A steamboat laden with pork and flour landed near his place. The men had not been paid their wages, and were clamorous for them. A number of suits were brought before him, in all of which the captain proposed putting in security for appeal to court and went to the city for bail. As soon as he started the 'squire, with his constable, took a hatchet and a pair of steelyards, repaired to the boat, broke open some barrels of pork and flour, and weighed out to each one the amount of his judgment; and when the captain returned with his security he found the judgment satisfied and the pleasing injunction to appear and be blessed. A German living on the road about half a mile from the 'squire kept a ferocious dog, which was very annoying to travellers. One Sunday morning an old gentleman presented himself to the court with the whole seat of his pantaloons torn completely off, and sundry marks in the naked hide, and demanded a warrant against the owner of the dog. The 'squire took him in to breakfast, and sent his trusty constable for the culprit, who shortly returned with him, dressed in his best suit for church. The case was soon heard, the defendant chided for his frequent acts of carelessness, and the constable ordered to take both parties into the bastile, and make them exchange pants. With many bitter cursings and strong resistance on the part of the owner of the dog, this was at last done, and the old gentleman went on his way with a good breakfast, a dollar in his pocket, and his nether man clothed in decent garments. That dog never appeared in court again. Sometimes two desperate fellows, intent on whipping each other, would be made to strip, and a couple of constables standing over with good switches, would compel them to fight to their hearts' content. In some cases judicial ducking in the canal would rid the neighborhood of an old loafer. Sometimes at nightfall a drunken fellow would be brought in to be tried for a general row. The order would be given to the constable to put him in the bastile till morning, when, sobered off, he would be dismissed with his breakfast and an admonition not to be caught that way again. Instances like these might be indefinitely multiplied. It is astonishing that in his long career some cases were not appealed to a higher court, or the 'squire mulcted in damages for preventing it. Often would some disappointed litigant demand a transcript of his docket, in order to take the case up by appeal on error; but the unvarying reply of the 'squire has been that he didn't keep any books, but always settled up as he went along. In fact, the entire entries made in his docket during his official life wouldn't amount to a dozen pages. The law requires each magistrate to make an annual report to the county auditor of the number of criminal cases tried before him during the year, the amount of fines and costs assessed; and an appropriation from the county treasury is made to cover the costs. But his report of every case was ended with the remark, "No costs." The bastile referred to in this amusing account was the circular front room of the wine-cellar dug by the 'squire in the side of a large mound. It was secured with strong iron doors and an immense padlock, and over the arches at the front the word "bastile" was painted, with the designs of a sword and pistols about it. This unique prison, with its legend still upon it, may be seen to this day, near the gate to the left of the path leading up to the old mansion. Another good story told of him is the following: His neighborhood had been afflicted with chicken thieves, and many were the complaints of his neighbors to him. He had always had a faithful constable—that is, always faithful to him in his office—and he sent this constable out, ever and anon, to look up and catch the chicken thieves. At last the constable caught a notorious one, and brought him before the 'squire. The 'squire put him to trial immediately, and the evidence plainly convicted the man. "Now," said the 'squire, "you chicken thief, I am going to banish you to Kentucky, and the HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 411 sentence of the court is that you be immediately banished to the State of Kentucky, and the court itself will see the sentence carried out in full." Whereupon the 'squire ordered the constable to bring the man along; and his own residence and office being on the bank of the Ohio river, he went down to the river, put the man into a skiff, and ordered the constable to get in and row the man over the river to the shores of Kentucky, telling the man that it would be certain death to him if he ever came back. The constable rowed him over, and that man never did come back. Squire Sedam was a noted loyalist during the great Rebellion; and during the siege of Cincinnati, in the fall of 1862, he was appointed provost marshal for the township of Storrs. Our excellent authority says: He was active and vigilant in the performance of his duties, and particularly in seeing that every man turned out, his motto being that when our homes are threatened no man ought to be exempt. His proclamation, issued then, allowed only five hours for business, closed up all places where liquor was sold, and declared that all persons in the country five years and claiming to be exempt as aliens should be put south out of the township lines into Kentucky; and it would have been enforced to the letter in several instances if the parties had not withdrawn their claim and marched into camp and done duty as good soldiers. The old residence, just apposite the Sedamsville station, is still occupied by the Sedam descendants. SEDAMSVILLE, that part of the former Storrs township lying between the bluffs and the Ohio, three and one-half miles from Fountain square, was never a populous village, but contained a number of large distilleries and mills. It is now a part of the Twenty-first ward of the city. The Catholic church of St. Vincent de Paul is located here, in charge of Rev. T. Byrne. The Storrs Congregational church is at the corner of the river and Mount Hope roads. It was founded in 1872, and its pastorate has long and honorably been associated with the services of the veteran missionary and minister, Rev. Horace Bushnell. The Sedamsville post office, after about ten years interval, was reestablished here August r, 1880, under the designation of station G, with Mr. John J. Untersinger as postmaster. CAMP WASHINGTON is the locality in the Mill Creek valley on both sides of the Colerain pike, between the old Brighton house site and Cumminsville, upon which the First and Second Ohio regiments rendezvoused and encamped after the outbreak of the Mexican war in 1846. The tract was then mostly covered by woods, but is now wholly cleared and mostly covered with buildings, among which are the house of refuge and the workhouse, and many great, packing-houses and factories. Upon the turnpike, near the present grounds of the workhouse, in the olden time stood a famous willow tree, which is said to have been the ancestor of all the yellow willows in southwestern Ohio. Switches cut from it by travellers and thrust in the ground after use, proved the beginnings of great trees, many of which are still green and flourishing. More than sixty years ago the Rev. Alexander Porter, riding from Cincinnati to his home in Israel township, Preble county, cut a switch from it, which his daughter planted in the ground near a spring on the premises. It is now the largest tree in the county, still vigorous and strong, measuring twenty-five feet in circumference just below the branches, and having one branch sixty feet long. The decaying stump of the parent tree may be seen to this day on the west side of the turnpike, a little south of the entrance to the workhouse enclosure. Camp Washington with the adjoining precinct of Lick run, which included a small village of the name a little west of Fairmount, was merged in the city November 12, 1869. This annexation brought in the minor localities on the west known as Fairmount, Mount Harrison, Barrsville, Forbesville, Spring Garden, and St. Peter's and Clifton heights on the north. The village of St. Peter's was regularly laid out in 1849, by John V. Biegler, west of Fairmount. AN ANNEXATION STOPPED. The next spring a very comprehensive scheme of territorial aggrandizement was proposed, which, if consummated, would have brought in over twenty-seven miles of additional territory and more than doubled the present surface of the city. An act of the legislature was procured April 16, 187o, authorizing an election May 16th, next following, to determine the question of annexing Clifton, Avondale, Woodburn, Columbia, Cummins-vine, Spring Grove, Winton Place, St. Bernard, Riverside, and some other suburbs. The vote of these was close—one thousand one hundred and twenty-five to one thousand and eighty-two—and the matter had to be settled in the courts, which declared the enabling act unconstitutional, as being a special act conferring corporate powers. Most of these villages have therefore remained outside the city; but several, as we shall see, have since been annexed. WALNUT HILLS. This interesting locality, until recently suburban, was settled in the second year of Cincinnati, so called, 1791, by Rev. James Kemper, first pastor of the First Presbyterian church of Cincinnati, who owned and occupied a large farm here—mainly, it is probable, for the benefit of his large family, some of whom were grown sons. Kemper avenue, Kemper lane, Kemper hall, and the like, aid to perpetuate the memory of the pioneer. Here he built a block-house for defence, which was situated at the old Kemper home, on the east side of Kemper lane, where the street has been graded much below the original level. In those days the region abounded in walnut trees, from which it took its name. In 1818 was dedicated the first church building there—the First Presbyterian—in which Mr. Kemper preached most of the time until his death in August, 1834. In that .year, June 29th, the plat of the village of Walnut Hills was recorded. It was never incorporated, except for road purposes. Some years before this Lane seminary had been founded upon land given by Mr. Kemper, as is more fully noticed in chapter XXI of this volume. Some reminiscences will here be given of the most noted family then connected with the seminary—the famous third part of humanity, as some have reckoned it—the Beechers, the rest being divided into saints and sinners. This family occupied the residence now the home of Rev. Dr. J. G. Montfort, of the Herald and Presbyter, at the northeast corner of Gilbert avenue and Chestnut street. We have the following from the Biography of Dr. Lyman Beecher, writ- 412 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ten by one of his children, and which published after his death: Dr. Beecher's residence on Walnut Hills was in many respects peculiarly pleasant. It was a two-story brick edifice of moderate dimensions, fronting the west, with a long L running back into the primeval forest, or grove, as it was familiarly called, which here came up to the very door. Immense trees—beech, black-oak, and others—spread their arms over the back yard, affording in summer an almost impenetrable shade. An airy veranda was built in the angle formed by the L along the entire inner surface of the house, from which, during the fierce gales of autumn and winter, we used to watch the tossing of the spectral branches, and listen to the roaring of the wind through the forest. Two or three large beeches and elms had been with difficulty saved from the inexorable woodman's axe by the intercessions of the doctor's daughter Catharine, on the visit already described, and, though often menaced as endangering the safety of the house from their great height, they still flourish in beauty. Through that beautiful grove the doctor and two of his sons, during the three years 1834-7 passed daily to and from the seminary buildings. A rustic gate was hung between the Lack yard and the grove, and the path crossed a run or gully, where, for a season, an old carpenter's bench supplied the place of bridge. In this old grove were some immense tulip-trees, so large, in some instances, that two men uld scarcely clasp hands around the trunk. How often has that grove echoed to the morning and evening song of the children or the students! We can hear yet, in imagination, the fine soprano of James, then a boy, executing with the precision of an instrument solfeggios and favorite melodies till the forest rang again. In that grove, too, was a delightful resort of the young people from the city of Dr. Beecher's flock, who often came out to spend a social hour or enjoy a picnic in the woods. The doctor's study was decidely the best room in the house—no longer, as at Litchfield, in the attic, but on the ground floor, and the first entrance to which you came on arriving from the city. Here, from its cheerful outlook its convenience of access, and other inviting properties, soon was established the general rendezvous. Here came the students for consultation with the president ; here faculty meetings were held, and here friends from the city spent many a social hour. On one side of the room the windows looked westward on an extensive landscape; on the opposite side a double window, coming down to the floor, opened upon the veranda, serving in summer the double purpose of window and door; between these, on the back side, were the bookcases and sundry boxes and receptacles of MSS; while opposite was the fireplace, with the door on the left and a window on the right. From said door you looked forth across the carriage-drive into a garden situated between the road and the grove, where thz doctor extracted stumps and solved knotty problems in divinity at the same time, and whence the table was supplied with excellent vegetables. A little barn was ensconced in the back part of the yard, just beyond the end of the L, under the shade of the big beech-trees, in which Charley (a most important member of the doctor's establishment) had his stable. The family was large, comprising, including servants, thirteen in all, besides occasional visitors. The house was full. There was a constant high-tide of life and commotion. The old carryall was perpetually vibrating between home and the city, and the excitement of going and coming rendered anything like stagnation an impossibility. And if we take into account the constant occurrence of matters for consultation respecting the seminary and the students, or respecting the church and the congregation in the city, or respecting presbytery, synod and general assembly, as well as the numberless details of shopping, marketing and mending which must be done in the city, it will be seen that at no period of his life was Dr. Beecher's mind more constantly on the stretch, exerted to the utmost tension of every fibre, and never, to use an expressive figure of Professor Stowe, did he wheel a greater number of heavily-laden wheel-barrows at one and the same time. Had he husbanded his energies and turned them in a single channel, the mental fire might have burned steadily on till long after three score years and ten. But this was an impossibility. Circumstances and his own constitutional temperament united to spur him on, and for more than twenty of his best years he worked under a high pressure, to use his favorite expression, to the ne plus—that is, to the utmost limit of physical and moral endurance. It was an exuberant and glorious life while it lasted. The atmosphere of his household was replete with moral oxygen—full charged with intellectual electricity. Nowhere else have we felt anything else resembling or equaling it. The following most interesting and touching narrative is from the same work: Long before Edward came out here the doctor tried to have a family meeting, but did not succeed. The children were too scattered. Two were in Connecticut, some in Massachusetts, and some in Rhode Island. That, I believe, was five years ago. But—now, just think of it !—there has been a family meeting in Ohio ! When Edward returned, he brought on Mary from Hartford ; William came down from Putnam, Ohio; George, from Batavia, Ohio; Catharine and Harriet were here already, Henry and Charles, too, besides Isabella, Thomas and James. These eleven—the first time they all ever met together ! Mary had never seen James, and she had seen Thomas but once. Such a time as they had ! The old doctor was almost transported with joy. The affair had been under negotiation for some time. He returned from Dayton late one Saturday evening. The next morning they, for the first time, assembled in the parlor. There were more tears than words. The doctor attempted to pray, but could scarcely speak. His full heart poured itself out in a flood of weeping. He could not go on. Edward continued, and each one, in his turn, uttered some sentences of thanksgiving. They then began at the head and related their fortunes. After special prayer, all joined hands and sang Old Hundred in these words: " From all who dwell below the skies." Edward preached in his father's pulpit in the morning, William in the afternoon, and George in the evening. The family occupied three front pews on the broad aisle. Monday morning they assembled, and, after reading and prayer, in which all joined, they formed a circle. The doctor stood in the middle and gave them a thrilling speech. He then went round and gave them each a kiss. They had a happy dinner. Presents flowed in from all quarters. During the afternoon the house was filled with company, each bringing an offering. When left alone at evening, they had a general examination of all their characters. The shafts of wit flew amain, the doctor being struck in several places. He was, however, expert enough to hit most of them in turn. From the uproar of the general battle, all must have been wounded. Tuesday morning saw them together again, drawn up in a straight line for the inspection of the king of happy men. After receiving particular instructions, they formed into a circle. The doctor made a long and affecting speech. He felt that he stood for the last time in the midst of all his children, and each word fell with the weight of a patriarch's. He embraced them once more in all the tenderness of his big heart. Each took of all a farewell kiss. With joined hands they joined in a hymn. A prayer was offered, and finally the parting blessing was spoken. Thus ended a meeting which can only be rivaled in that blessed home where the ransomed of the Lord, after weary pilgrimage, shall join in the praise of the Lamb. Dr. Beecher resigned his connection with the seminary in the summer of 1850, and the next May went to Boston. He was then seventy-six years old. Besides the Presbyterian church, Walnut Hills has the Catholic church of the Presentation, in the west part of the district; a Methodist Episcopal church, on Kemper lane, and the Protestant Episcopal church of the Advent, on the same thoroughfare. There are also congregations of colored Methodists and Baptists. The new Cincinnati Northern (narrow gauge) railway will traverse Walnut Hills, through a tunnel at Crown street, and a branch is expected to run from some point on these heights to Avondale, the zoological gardens, Chester park, and Spring Grove cemetery. Walnut Hills came into the city, with Vernon village, Mount Auburn, and Corryville, March 5, 1870, under an ordinance of September 10, 1869, and a vote of October 12th, the same year. EAST WALNUT HILLS was not an incorporated village, but rather a thickly settled rural district, beautifully situated. Its improvement as a suburb dates from about 183o. Until about 1866 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 413 it included territory up to the village of Walnut Hills, but the village of Woodburn then came between. General John H. Bates was mayor of this place from 1867 to 1873, and Alexander Todd, in 1876. The Catholic church of St. Francis de Sales, with a parochial school attached, is located here, at the corner of Woodburn avenue and the Madison turnpike. September 6, 1872, the ordinance looking to its annexation to the city was passed ; a favorable vote was had in both corporations in October; and the agreement was completed by the acceptance of the terms of annexation March 29, 1873. It was the last of the annexations. East Walnut Hills had come in about the same time as Camp Washington and Lick Run. At its northwestern corner is the hamlet of O'Bryanville, which was included in the annexation, and at its northeastern corner, Mount Lookout, which is mostly out of the city. Here, in a superb, commanding situation, beyond the city limits, is the Cincinnati observatory. COLUMBIA. This famous old place, the first settled in the Miami country, lies south of Woodburn, and became a part of Cincinnati December 13, 1872, under an ordinance of February I0, 1871, and a favorable vote in the following April. It forms a part of the first ward, as does also Pendleton, an old, narrow village lying between it and Fulton. Tusculum and Delta were formerly clusters of dwellings in this vicinity, on the line of the Little Miami railroad, which still has stations called by their names. They were subsequently merged into Pendleton, where the locomotive works, car-shops, and round-house of this railroad are situated. This line has also stations for Woodburn and the Torrence road. The history of Columbia has been very fully related in our chapter on the history of Spencer township, in the first volume. CUMMINSVILLE. The history of this interesting old place has also been largely written in this work, but not in a connected way. The scattered notices of it, however, in our chapters, obviate the necessity of any full treatment here. To this locality, in the first year of Cincinnati proper (1790), came Colonel Israel Ludlow, one of the founders of Losantiville, and built Ludlow station. The block-house stood at the present intersection of Knowlton street and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad. It was five miles from Fort Washington, and a dense forest lay between the two defensive works. The primitive Ludlow residence stood where the latter one still stands, into which a part of the old dwelling is built. This was for some years the outpost in the Mill Creek valley. Here St. Clair's army encamped in 1791, about on the line of what is now Mad Anthony street, on its way to the fatal field near the Maumee. Here also Wayne's army encamped, according to Mr. Ludlow's journal, on its way to victory. Its camp was in the orchard, with two rows of tents pitched parallel to each other from a spring in the orchard to a spring at Colonel Ludlow's door. Mrs. Ludlow was the Charlotte Chambers who forms the subject of a beautiful biography by one of her grandsons, as mentioned in our chapter on Literature. She was so winning in her ways, so amiable and pious, that the Indians called her "Athapasca,"—the good white woman. -She was finely educated and highly accomplished. After the death of her husband in 1804, Mrs.. Ludlow removed to Cincinnati, and the dwelling at the station was occupied by General Jared Mansfield. Upon her re-marriage, however, in 1810, Mrs. Ludlow, now Mrs. David Riske, returned to the station. Her husband was an Irish clergyman, in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian connection, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, and a gentleman of good presence and accomplishments. He had at this time three congregations in charge, in as many townships, and filled his days with active and useful labors. Mrs. Ludlow organized a Bible society at the station in May, 1815. No one but herself attended at the first meeting; but, to her glad surprise, thirty women came to the next meeting, and the society was formed. The next year, she notes in her journal, "with joy," the formation of a Ladies' association in Cincinnati, auxiliary to the American Bible society, then lately instituted in New York. In October, 1818, she lost her second husband by death. After residing again for some time in Cincinnati she paid her last visit to Ludlow station in 1820, and spent the remainder of her days among near relations in Franklin mission, where she died in peace May 20, 1821. Sara Belle, daughter of the Ludlows, became mother of General Garrard, of Kentucky, and other children of note, and was afterwards wife of Justice John McLean, of the supreme court of the United States. Lewis H. Garrard, of this family, is author of the memoir before mentioned. The village which gradually grew up in this vicinity was named from David Cummins, son of a Cincinnati pioneer, and born in a house on Third street, opposite the Burnet house. He is by some supposed to have been the first white child born in Cincinnati. In 1844 a post office was established here, with Ephraim Knowlton as first postmaster. November 29, 1865, the village was incorporated. Mr. A. De Serisy was mayor in 1868, J. F. Lakeman in 1869-71, and. Gabriel Dirr in 1872. The annexation to Cincinnati was effected under an ordinance of September 6, 1872, a popular vote of the two municipalities in October, and acceptance of the conditions of annexation March 12, 1873. In 1832 the Christian people of this region were still worshipping in a log school-house. A building for educational and religious purposes was put up that year at the expense of James C. Ludlow, son of the pioneer. The Methodist Episcopal church was built here about 1833. The Presbyterian church was erected twenty years afterwards, and a regular organization of the society was effected in it by, a committee of the Cincinnati Presbytery October 16, 1855. St. Boniface's Catholic church, with a school of two divisions, also St. Patrick's, with a school of three departments; and the St. Peter's and St. Joseph's orphan asylum, in care of the Sisters of Charity, are located here; also a church of the Christian or Disciple faith, to which Mrs. Justice McLean gave the land 414 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. upon which its building stands. A weekly paper called the Suburban Resident, formerly the Cincinnati Transcript, is published here, with an edition for Lockland, Carthage, and other places. MOUNT AUBURN was long almost the sole Cincinnati suburb. It was known as Key's Hill, from the residence of an old settler at the later McMiken place on its slope, until about 1837. Long before this, by 1826, indeed—a number of the leading citizens of Cincinnati had residences upon its height—as General James Findlay, Gorham A. Worth, and others. Until 1870 only about half of it was in the city, but it was finally all annexed. Vernon village, annexed with Mt. Auburn, was a small tract adjoining it, between the Lebanon road and Burnet avenue. OTHER SUBURBS, not yet embraced in the city, on the Ohio side, as Clifton, Avondale, and Riverside, are noticed with sufficient fullness in our chapters on the townships. Mr. Parton said, in his Atlantic article in 1869, that "no inland city in the world surpasses Cincinnati in the beauty of its environs." The party of the Prince of Wales, when here in 1860, thought the suburbs here the finest they had seen. THE KENTUCKY SUBURBS. The beginnings of Newport were made in 1791, when Hubbard Taylor, agent of General James Taylor, of Caroline county, Virginia, the original proprietor of the tract including its site, laid out a small number of lots, upon a few squares extending back from the river. A sale was had in October. The ideas of a town site were enlarged in a year or two; and in August, 1795, the survey was extended to include one hundred acres. By act of the Kentucky legislature, December 14th, of the same year, Newport was incorporated, and the title to the lots was vested in seven trustees. It was the county seat for many years, and much of the county business is still transacted there. In 1791--2 there was considerable irregular ferrying across to Cincinnati, in skiffs and small flatboats. Captain Robert Benham was the first authorized ferryman, having received a license from the Territorial Government at Cincinnati, September 24, 1792. The next year, July 23d, John Bartle, the well-known Cincinnati merchant, had the right of ferriage between the two places, and also, October 28, 1794, across the Licking, granted him by the Mason county court. Campbell was erected from Mason county in in 1795. These licenses were declared void by the Kentucky court of appeals in 1798, and the rights vested in General Taylor, by whom and his heirs the ferry to Cincinnati has ever since been maintained. December 22, 1798, the State legislature incorporated the Newport academy, and granted it a tract of six thousand acres south of Green river. This became the famous school taught by Robert Stubbs, "Philom," of which colonel Taylor, of Newport, to whom we owe most of these facts, is said to be the sole surviving member. Two years thereafter, the place having meanwhile experienced some growth, it was made the seat of justice for the county (now Campbell). In December, 1803, Newport had another "boom"' in the selection of a site therein for a Government arsenal and soldiers' barracks, and the removal thither, the next year, of the garrison from. Fort Washington. Colonel Taylor contributes the following interesting account of this famous Government work: On the twenty-sixth of December, 1803, the commonwealth of Kentucky gave the United States exclusive jurisdiction over five acres and six poles of land at the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers, saving the right to the commonwealth to demand from the officer in command any person or persons who had committed crimes against the commonwealth, and gone there to evade the laws. This five acres and six poles was in part a donation by General James Taylor (now deceased, and the trustees of the town, and a part acquired by purchase by the United States in the year 1803. The object of the United States was to erect a magazine for powder, and arsenal and barracks, which was erected thereon by order of General Henry Dearbon, then Secretary of War, in the year 1804, under the superintendence of General James Taylor, and has ever since been used by the Government as a military post, and was the main point, in the years 1812 and 1814, of rendezvous of the troops that went to defend the northwest. Here troops drew their arms and supplies on their way to Detroit, Fort Meigs and other posts, and to Canada. It was from this post that General William Hull marched in 1812 to Detroit. General Boyd, in the year 1811, started with the Fourth regiment from this post also, when he went to fight the battle of Tippecanoe with General William Henry Harrison. On the fifteenth of June, 1848, the president and board of trustees of Newport, consideration one dollar, conveyed to the United States the Esplanade, or ground from Front street to the Ohio at low water mark between the east line of the barrack property and Licking river, reserving a right of travel and passway over the land by the public generally. The deed above referred to provides that if the United States sells the land occupied by the barracks, that the Esplanade with its improvements reverts to the town of Newport. The object of this deed was to enable the United States to erect a stone wall on the Esplanade in front of this ground, to stop the encroachment of the Onio river by washing away the Esplanade. This wall and improvement was made and now stands and prevents the wash of the Ohio river. The progress of Newport was nevertheless slow, and in 1815 Dr. Drake, the indefatigable Cincinnati writer, was moved to say in his second book: Notwithstanding its political advantages, proximity to the Ohio and Licking rivers, early settlement and beautiful prospects, this place has advanced tardily, and is an inconsiderable village. The houses, chiefly of wood, are, with the exception of a few, rather indifferent; but a spirit for better improvement seems to be recently manifested. Two acres were, by the proprietor, conveyed to the county for public buildings, of which only a jail has yet been erected. The building of a handsome brick court house has, however, been ordered. A market house has recently been put up on the river bank, but has not yet attracted the attention of the surrounding country. Two acres of elevated ground were designated by the proprietor for a common, but, upon a petition of the inhabitants, the legislature of the State have lately made it the site of an academy, which at the same time they endowed with six thousand acres of land. This land is not productive at present, and the academy is not in operation; but arrangements are made for the erection of a brick school-house and the organization of a school on the plan of Joseph Lancaster. In this village there is a Baptist and Methodist congregation, but no permanent meeting-houses. It has had a post office for several years. The United States arsenal is erected immediately above the confluence of Licking with the Ohio. It consists of a capacious, oblong, two-story armory of brick; a fire-proof, conica magazine, for gun-powder; a stone house for the keeper, and wooden barracks sufficient for the reception of two or three regiments of men, the whole enclosed with a stockade. Of late years Newport has grown rapidly. Its population, about sixteen thousand in 1870, was twenty thousand four hundred and thirty-three ten years afterwards. The street cars and bridges give its people ready access HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 415 to the great city on the opposite shore, and make it what it really is, a suburban town, but with a city charter and organization. Covington was long known as Kennedy's Ferry, from the Scotchman, Thomas Kennedy, one of two brothers who settled on opposite sides of the Ohio, probably in 1792 or 1793, and ran a ferry across the river. The land (two hundred acres) was originally entered in 1780 by Hubbard Taylor, son of General James Taylor, who made a gift of it to Colonel Stephen Trigg. It was subsequently once traded for a keg of whiskey, and once sold, in 1781, for one hundred and fifty pounds of Buffalo meat and tallow. It was little else than a cornfield, owned by Kennedy, until the village was established, February 8, 1815, upon one hundred and fifty acres of Kennedy's farm, by John S. and Richard M. Gano, and Thomas D. Carneal, proprietors, and named from General Covington. It was so surveyed and platted that its streets should appear to be continuations of the streets of Cincinnati, as may now be seen. The first sale of lots was at public vendue March 40, 1815, and they brought very good prices, better in some cases than were realized ten years afterwards. Dr. Drake wrote of Covington the same year it was laid out : The great road to the Miami country, from the interior of Kentucky, from Tennessee, Georgia, and the Carolinas, passes this place, and will be a permanent advantage. It is in contemplation to connect this place and Newport by a bridge across the mouth of the Licking—a work that deserves an early execution. Covington had a population of twenty-four thousand five hundred and five in 187o, and of twenty-nine thousand seven hundred and twenty by the tenth census. It received a city charter February 24, 1834. After Louisville it is the largest city in Kentucky. A very elegant Government building, for the post office, custom house, and Federal courts was completed in 1879, at a cost of near three hundred thousand dollars. West Covington is a village next west of the city just before named, and South Covington is a hamlet two miles south of the city. About the same distance beyond it is Latonia Springs. A mile west of Covington, at the Kentucky end of the Southern railroad bridge, opposite the mouth of Mill creek, is Ludlow, a place of about one thousand five hundred people, occupying pretty nearly the site of the extinct village of "Hygeia." One mile further down the river is Bromley, which had a population of one hundred and twenty-one in 1870. East Newport is in the location indicated by its name. It was laid out in 1867 by A. S. Berry, who, the year before, had laid off Bellevue, just beyond this place. Neither is yet large. The latter had a population of three hundred and eighty-one in 1870. Dayton, a mile further up the river, was originally Jamestown, platted in 1847 by James T: Berry, and Brooklyn immediately above, the creation of Walker and Winston in 1849. The two were united as Dayton by an act of the Kentucky legislature in 1868. It has a population of about one thousand. Those of its citizen's who did business in Cincinnati reach it by horse railroads from the city through Newport. In the preparation of this chapter we have derived much aid from Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell's interesting publication of 1870, on the Suburbs of Cincinnati. 416 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. CHAPTER XLIV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN CLEVES SHORT was born in Lexington, Kentucky, in March, 1792, being the son of Peyton and Mary Short, the latter being the daughter of John Cleves Symmes, the grantee of the famous Symmes purchase, which embraced a large tract of land lying between the Little and Great Miami rivers, and including the present site of Cincinnati. He was educated and graduated at Princeton college, New Jersey. Most of his early life was spent with his grandfather, Judge Symmes, near the present villages of North Bend and Cleves, Hamilton county, Ohio. Having a predilection for the study of law he entered the office of Judge Burnet in Cincinnati, and in that city successfully engaged in the practice of his profession after he was admitted to the bar. During the War of 1812 he accompanied General Harrison (who afterwards became President of the United States) as aid-de-camp one of his northwestern campaigns, and on his return to Cincinnati was elected judge of the common pleas court. During the time of his law practice and judgeship he resided in Cincinnati near the ,corner of Fourteenth and Main streets, in a house surrounded by a large yard and garden. Although he did not take a particular part in politics, he was greatly interested in all enterprises that affected the well-being of his fellow citizens, and in recognition of.this and of his thorough qualifications, he was elected a member of the legislature of Ohio. In 1817 he erected. a dwelling house on the site of the present homestead of his descendants, on the banks of the Ohio about twelve miles west of Cincinnati, into which he moved on the seventeenth of November of that year, and lived there forty-seven years. This place was known as "Short Hill." The greatest portion of his time was occupied in attending to his adjacent farms, in building numerous additions to his house, and in literary pursuits he loved so well. Previous to his being elected judge he married Miss Betsey Bassett Harrison, daughter of President Harrison, by whom he had one daughter who died in infancy. In 1846 he experienced the loss of his wife, and in 1849 married Miss Mary Ann Mitchel, who survived him about seven years. He died at his residence above mentioned on the third of March, 1864, after a long period of suffering from disease of the heart. He left two sons by his second marriage—J0hn C. and Charles W.—but lost one son who died very young. A memorial chapel to his memory and that of his second wife has recently been erected on his estate, and on the twenty-ninth of December, 1877, it was consecrated to the use of the Protestant Episcopal church. Of his two sons, John C. died on the third of May, 1880, Charles W. was married, first of February, 1872, to Miss Mary W. Dudley, of Lexington, Kentucky. She is the daughter of W. A. Dudley, a prominent citizen of that town, and a granddaughter of Dr. B. W. Dudley, an eminent surgeon, well known throughout that State. HON. STANLEY MATTHEWS, justice of the Supreme court of the United States, is a native Cincinnatian, born July 21, 1824, son of Thomas J. and Isabella (Brown) Matthews. His father was a native of Leesburgh, Virginia ; his mother a daughter of Colonel William Brown, a well-known pioneer of the Miami country. She was a second wife, and Stanley was the first-born of this marriage. While he was yet an infant, the elder Matthews received an appointment as professor of mathematics in the Transylvania University, at Lexington, Kentucky, and removed thither, where he was also engaged as a civil engineer in some of the early railway enterprises of that State. In 1832 he was chosen a professor in ale Woodward high school, and returned to Cincinnati. Young Matthews, although now but in his ninth year, became a pupil in the school, and remained an assiduous student there until 1839, when he matriculated as a junior in Kenyon college, from which he was graduated, after a single year's study, in August, 1840, when only seventeen years old. He began a course of law study in Cincinnati soon after, but in 1842 went to Spring Hill, Maury county, Tennessee, where he resided in the family school of the Rev. John Hudson, a Presbyterian clergyman, which was known as the Union seminary, in whose management and instruction he assisted. Here he was united in marriage to Miss Mary, daughter of James Black, of the same county. While in this State he was admitted to practice at the bar, and opened an office at Columbia, on the Duck river. He also engaged in political and general editorial writing for a weekly newspaper in that place called the Tennessee Democrat, his opinions then being in accordance with those indicated by its title. He remained in Columbia but a short time, however, returning to his native city in 1844. He was there again the next year admitted to practice, and formed a partnership with Samuel B. Keys and Mr. Isaac C. Collins, he, although as yet scarcely of age, becoming the head of the firm of Matthews, Keys & Collins. He was soon, through the influence of Judge W. B. Caldwell, then on the bench, appointed assistant prosecuting attorney for a single term of court, which proved a somewhat important stepping stone in his early advancement. He had become thoroughly converted to the principles and policy of the anti-slavery agitation through the writings of Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, who was then conducting the Cincinnati Daily Herald, and when Dr. Bailey went to Washington to establish the National Era in 1846, Mr. Matthews succeeded to the editorial management of the Herald, remaining in charge until the winter of 1848-9. His journalistic career had naturally given him some influence and prominence in politics, and at the legislative session of that winter—the same at which G0vernor Salmon P. Chase was elected United States Senator—he was chosen clerk to the House of Representatives. In 1850 he returned to the practice of his profession in the Queen City, and the next year, while still less than thirty years old, was elected a judge of the court of common pleas. This position he resigned on the first of January, 1853, from inadequacy of salary, and joined his former preceptor HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 417 at the law in the formation of the firm of Worthington & Matthews, which partnership lasted about eight years. At the fall election of 1855 he was elected to the State senate, and served through his two-years term. In 1858 he was appointed by President Buchanan United States attorney for the southern district of Ohio, but resigned soon after the accession of President Lincoln. To the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion he had been a consistent Democrat, with anti-slavery convictions; but thereafter identified himself with the Republican party, in whose faith he has since steadily reposed. Soon after the great conflict began he tendered his services to the Government through Governor Dennison, and was by him appointed lieutenant colonel of the Twenty-third regiment Ohio volunteer infantry, the same notable command of which W. S. Rosecrans was colonel and Rutherford B. Hayes major. The regiment was then equipping and drilling at Camp Chase, but soon took the field in western Virginia. Lieutenant Colonel Matthews remained with it through the summer and fall campaign of 1861, and in October was promoted to a full colonelcy, and assigned to the Fifty-first Ohio infantry. With this he reported to General Buell at Louisville, and served under him and other commanders of the Army of the Cumberland until April, 1863, when, while absent in the field, he was elected by his fellow-citizens at home a judge of the supreme court of Cincinnati, and resigned his commission to accet0 this distinguished office. This he also resigned about a year thereafter, for the same cause which induced him to leave the bench of the common pleas. While in the Superior court, his colleagues were the eminent Judges Storer and Hoadly. Judge Matthews now remained a private practitioner, in large and lucrative business, until the summer of 1876, when he was nominated for Congress, but defeated at the fall election by a very small majority. This, it was confidently believed, had been obtained by fraud, and he served notice of contest upon his competitor, General Henry B. Banning. Greater thinm0urned in store for him, however, than success in a contest for a seat in the lower house of Congress. Upon the appointment of Senator John Sherman to the Secretaryship of the Treasury, in the cabinet of President Hayes, Judge Matthews was triumphantly elected to his seat in the United States Senate, General Garfield and other prominent gentlemen in the canvass withdrawing in his favor. Meanwhile, however, in February, 1877, Judge Matthews was called to make one of his most noteworthy public appearances, either professionally or politically, as counsel for President-elect Hayes, before the electoral commission, in session at Washing. ton, to determine the questions raised by the election of the preceding year and the meetings of the electoral college. His argument on this occasion was one of the most masterly submitted to the commission, and justly added to the fame of its author. At the expiration of his senatorial term, the Democrats having returned to power in the State Legislature and chosen the Hon. George H. Pendleton as his successor, he returned to private life, from which he was again summoned in the early part of 1881, by an appointment, first by President Hayes and then by President Garfield, to a place upon the Federal Supreme Bench. After some delay, caused mainly by the memorable dead lock in the United States Senate in the spring of that year, he was confirmed, and took his seat among his peers as a worthy representative of the first lawyers of the land. In his own State, it is needless to say, Justice Matthews has long shone as a luminary of the first magnitude at the bar, as well as in political and social life. For logical power, profound and varied learning, rare abilities of argument and persuasion, and high personal character, his has for more than a generation been clarum et venerabile nomen. A Presbyterian in his faith and denominational connection, he has upon occasions been eminently serviceable to the church and the country, as when, at the general assembly of 1864, in session at Newark, New Jerky, he wrote, presented, and secured the adoption of a committee report, with appended resolutions, which placed the Presbyterian church of the north squarely upon the platform of emancipation. The Queen City is justly proud of his character, his record, his name and fame. Justice Matthews has had ten children, of whom but five survive—William Mortimer, Jeanie, Eva, Grace, and Paul Matthews. COLONEL JOHN RIDDLE, of Cincinnati, was one of the most notable characters of the early day in the Miami purchase. He was of Scotch descent, but was a resident of New Jersey, whence he emigrated to this country in 579o, settling first in the little hamlet of Cincinnati. His earlier career in this place is noticed with some fullness in the annals of Cincinnati in this volume. He was five feet ten inches high, large and strong-boned, weighing two hundred and twenty-five pounds, and a man of herculean strength and great firmness of purpose, but withal of gentle disposition and rare kindness to the poor, as many persons still living can testify. He died at his homestead in the Mill Creek valley, near (the site of it now in) Cincinnati, on the old Hamilton road, at the age of eighty-seven, mourned by all who knew him. He left a brief memoir of the principal events of his life, which was printed in a pamphlet. It is now very scarce, and the following has been kindly copied for this volume by his grandson, Mr. John L. Riddle : MEMOIR OF COLONEL JOHN RIDDLE. In the month of April, 1778, I was called out, and entered the service of the United States at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, on a tour of six weeks ; also a campaign in the months of June and July the same year, when the British retired from Philadelphia, and passed through New Jersey to Sandy Hook. Was in a skirmish at the draw-bridge below Trenton, and at the battle of Monmouth, where there were six or seven hundred dead and wounded laid on the ground ; I was commanded by Colonel Frelinghuysen, afterward General Frelinghuysen, in the months of September and October. The same year I served another campaign at Elizabeth- 53 418 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. town, under Colonel Frelinghuysen and Captain William Logan. In the year 1782 I followed privateering under Captain Hiler (a brave and patriotic man), and sailed from New Brunswick, coasting around Sandy Hook and Long Island, as far as Cape May. The first vessel we captured was a sloop-of-war carrying two guns, having boarded her in the night and ransomed her for four hundred dollars. Same night boarded and took a sixteen-gun cutter, mounting ten eighteen-pounders and six six-pounders, having captured -her in the midst of the British fleet, then lying at Sandy Hook ; after running the prize past the guard-ship, up the bay towards Amboy, we ran her aground on a sandbar in the night. The next morning took off her fifty prisoners, and everything else we could, and then set fire to her magazine and blew her up. She was a double-decker, fitted out with provisions, ammunition, etc., for a cruise, with the intention of harassing and destroying our vessels. As we understood from the prisoners a hundred men were to have been put on board the day after we captured her ; thirty of us boarded her. On another night the captain and fourteen of us, who had volunteered our services, sailed up the Narrows in New York bay, in a whaleboat, and on our return boarded a schooner, which we ransomed for four hundred dollars, and returned to our gunboats in Solsbury river, without injury or the loss of a single life. We had two skirmishes on Long Island; during the contest one man fell backward in my arms, mortally wounded. In one of these affairs, in our attack and defence, we came across a store .of dry goods, etc., belonging to the British, the whole of which we carried away. On another occasion Captain Story, from Woodbridge, with a gun and whale boat, fell in with us in Solsbury river. Captains Hiler and Story, ascending the heights, observed four vessels at a distance, moored close to the Highlands, termed London traders—one of them, however, being an armed schooner, carrying eight guns, used as a guard-ship to protect the other three. There being a calm, and the tide being against them, we ran out on them, within a short distance of the British fleet. A severe cannonading commenced on both sides ; at last the schooner having struck we captured the other two without difficulty. The guard-ship by this time coming up, poured her shot on us like hail, one shot cutting off the mast of our whale-boat, just above our heads; but at last we succeeded in running the schooner on a sandbar, where we burnt her in view of the fleet ; the others were bilged and driven on the beach. Not long after the commander of the whale boat, myself and another man, in the night, took a craft laden with calves, poultry, eggs, butter, etc., going to the British fleet. A prize of this kind, at the present day, would be considered of small amount ; but at that time it was far otherwise to troops in a starving condition. After running out of Solsbury river, we attacked a large sloop and two schooners, one of them armed with two three-pounders. They gave us a warm reception. After a running fire of some time we came up with the schooner, and, when about to board her, Captain Hiler, damned the captain, said that if he put the match to another gun he should have no quarter. No sooner said, however, than the British captain seized the match from one of his men and directed a shot himself, which, owing to the rolling of the sea, did no execution. By force of our oars we soon were near enough to board, when Captain Hiler, springing aboard of the British vessel, aimed a blow at the head of the captain, who, springing backward, escaped, the sword merely passing down his breast. Captain Hiler immediately made another pass which, the other receiving on his arm, saved his life, and then cried for quarter, which was granted him. After taking the sloop and two schooners, we sailed round the Jersey shore, where, having discovered another sail out at sea, our Captain cried out, "Men, yonder is another sail ; we must have that." Springing to our oars as hard as we were able we came up with her, boarded her, and found her to be a prize that the British had taken at the capes, off the Delaware, and were sending her to New York. Three privateers coming up, which had been dispatched from the fleet in pursuit of us, we were obliged to cut and run, carrying with us the schooner last boarded, beaching the others (loaded with tar and turpentine), and running her into Sherk river. The next day we returned under British colors, and, coming alongside the fleet off Sandy Hook, dropped sail and ran into Solsbury. The same evening we passed through the narrow passage between Sandy Hook and the Highlands about sunset, when we spied a craft going across to the guard-ship, in pursuit of which our captain immediately sent the whale-boat. But perceiving a line of British soldiers marching down the beach, with the intention of waylaying us at the Narrows, we rowed to shore and landed fifteen men, who were to attack in the rear, the British having in the meantime crossed the beach on the side we lay with our boat. We were but thirty strong, including the fifteen we had landed; the enemy about seventy. While we were looking over the beach for them from our vessel, they came suddenly round a point within pistol-shot of us. The first thing we knew was a volley from a platoon, having come up in a solid column. Twelve of our men fired with muskets, and in such quick succession that the barrels began to burn our hands, the other three managed a four-pounder, which the captain ordered to be loaded with langrage, crying out ; "Boys, land, land ; we will have them .all !" When the four-pounder went off, accompanied with the fire of our musketry, we raised the yell. An opening by our four-pounder being made through their column the enemy broke and ran, and the fifteen men before landed happening to come up, charged and took the captain and nine of his men. In fact every day at Sandy Hook afforded a skirmish of some kind or other, either with small arms or cannon. At Toms river inlet we were twice nearly cast away ; once at Hogg island inlet. On two occasions we narrowly escaped being taken prisoners by two different frigates ; one the Fair American. Once in coming up from Sandy Hook to Amboy, with two gunboats and a whale-boat, Captain Hiler commanding, being in charge of a British gunboat, we ran in between an enemy's brig and a galley, that carried an HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 419 eighteen-pounder in her bow; the gunboat had struck, but, before we were able to board her, an eighteen-pound ball passed through one of our gunboats, which obliged us to make the best of our way to the Jersey shore ; and getting every thing out of the boat, under a continual fire of cannon and small arms (which lasted until 9 o'clock at night), we left her to the British, our ammunition being all spent. After peace I returned home and followed the trade of a blacksmith until the year 1790. In the spring of that year I sold out, and came, about the close of October, to what is now Cincinnati, but at the time pretty much in woods. Having cleared a four-acre lot situate about a mile from the river, in the year 1791, I was the first that raised a crop of wheat between the two Miamis. While attending church the settlers rested on their guns to be ready on the first alarm from the Indians. In the spring of 1791, while occupied with clearing the said lot I ran a narrow chance of losing my scalp. Joseph Cutter was taken in a clearing adjoining mine, and a Mr. VanCleve was killed at a corner of my lot. The Indians were constantly skulking around us, murdering the settlers or robbing the stables. From General St. Clair I received an ensign's commission; was afterwards promoted to a lieutenancy; next chosen captain of the company; then major, and commanded the militia at Cincinnati and Columbia, seven miles up the river, during the time of Wayne's campaign. Afterwards elected colonel, and had the honor to command the troops at Greenville during the treaty held with the Indians, General Harrison and General Cass being commissioners. Soon after the war I resigned my commission to General James Findlay. The time that elapsed from my appointment as ensign until elected a colonel, was between twenty and twenty-two years ; and during the whole of this period I never failed parading but one day, and that on account of sickness. THE CARY SISTERS. Robert Cary, the father of Alice and Phoebe Cary, came to the "Wilderness of Ohio," from New Hampshire, in 1803. He was then but fifteen years of age. The family of which he was a member, travelled in an emigrant wagon to Pittsfield, and thence on a flat-boat down the Ohio river to Fort Washington. After remaining there a few years a purchase of land was made, eight miles north of this "settlement," on the Hamilton road. In 1814 Robert Cary was married to Elizabeth Jessup, and a home was established upon a quarter section of the original purchase of the father, Christopher Cary. The farm afterwards became the "Clovernook" of Alice Cary's charming stories. But it was a home by actual possession only after long years of the closest economy and industry. Debt hung over the toiling parents like a dark cloud, and its influence was not unfelt by even the smaller children. In the year 1831 was born the youngest of nine children, of whom Alice was the fourth and Phoebe the sixth. Quoting from Alice's words, she once said: "The first fourteen years of my life it seemed as if there was actually nothing in existence but work. The whole family struggle was just for the right to live free from the curse of debt. My father worked early and late; my mother's work was never done." But even in such a plain, unpretentious place as the little unpainted story-and-a-half house was, in which so many years of the poets' lives were passed, there was something worthy of a tender love and remembrance. Again and again, in poetry and prose, the blessed old home of their girlhood comes into view. Phoebe's poem, " Our Homestead," is especially simple and beautiful in its description of the old brown dwelling and its surrounding apple and cherry trees, old-fashioned roses and sweet-briar. And nothing could go more directly to the heart than Alice's words on the same theme in that sweetest of descriptive poems, "An Order for a Picture." Out of all she had ever written, that was the poem she most loved. We give the poem entire : AN ORDER FOR A PICTURE. O good painter, tell me true, Has your hand the cunning to draw Shapes of things that you never saw? Ay? Well, here is an order for you. Woods and cornfields, a little brown,— The picture must not be over-bright, Yet all in the golden and gracious light Of a cloud, when the summer sun is down. Alway and alway, night and morn, Woods upon woods, with fields of corn Lying between them, not quite sere, And not in the full, thick, leafy bloom, When the wind can hardly find breathing-room Under their tassels,—cattle near, Biting shorter the short green grass, And a hedge of sumach and sassafras, With blue-birds twittering all around,— (Ah, good painter, you can't paint sound!) These, and the little house where I was born, Little and low, and black and old, With children, many as it can hold, All at the windows, open wide,— Heads and shoulders clear outside, And fair young faces all ablush: Perhaps you may have seen some day, Roses crowding the self-same way, Out of a wilding, wayside bush. Listen closer. When you have done With woods and cornfields and grazing herds, A lady, the loveliest ever the sun Looked down upon you must paint for me: Oh, if I only could make you see The clear blue eyes, the tender smile, The sovereign sweetness, the gentle grace, The woman's soul, and the angel's face That are beaming on me all the while, I need not speak these foolish words: Yet one word tells you all I would say,— She is my mother: you will agree That all the rest may be thrown away. Two little urchins at her knee You must paint, sir: one like me,— The other with a clearer brow, And the light of his adventurous eyes Flashing with boldest enterprise: At ten years old he went to sea,— God knoweth if he be living now,— He sailed in the good ship " Commodore,"— Nobody ever crossed her track To bring us news, and she never came back. 420 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Ah, 'tis twenty long years and more Since that old ship went out of the bay With my great-hearted brother on her deck, I watched him till he shrank to a speck. And his face was turned toward me all the way. Bright his hair was, a golden brown, The time we stood at our mother's knee: That beauteous head, if it did go down, Carried sunshine into the sea! Out in the fields one summer night We were together, half afraid Of the corn-leaves' rustling, and of the shade, Of the high hills, stretching so still and far,— Loitering till after the low little light Of the candle shone through the open door, And over the haystack's pointed top. All of a tremble and ready to drop, The first half-hour, the great yellow star, That we, with staring, ignorant eyes, Had often and often watched to see Propped and held in its place in the skies By the fork of a tall red-mulberry tree, Which close in the edge of our flax-field grew,— Dead at the top, just one branch full Of leaves, notched round, and lined with wool, From which it tenderly shook the dew Over our heads, when we came to play In its handbreadth of shadow, day after day, Afraid to go home, sir; for one of us bore A nest full of speckled and thin-shelled eggs,— The other, a bird, held fast by the legs, Not so big as a straw of wheat: The berries we gave her she would not eat, But cried and cried, till we held her bill, So slim and shining, to keep her still. At last we stood at our mother's knee. Do you think, Sir, if you try, You can paint the look of a lie? If you can, pray have the grace To put it solely in the face Of the urchin that is likest me: I think 'twas solely mine, indeed: But that's no matter,—paint it so; The eyes of our mother—(take good heed)— Looking not on the nest full of eggs, Nor the fluttering bird, held so fast by the legs, But straight through our faces down to our lies, And, oh, with such injured, reproachful surprise I felt my heart bleed where that glance went, as though A sharp blade struck through it. You, Sir, know That you on canvas are to repeat Things that are fairest, things most sweet,— Woods and cornfields and mulberry-tree, The mother,—the lads, with their bird, at her knee: But, oh, that look of reproachful woe! High as the heavens your name I'll shout, If you paint the picture, and leave that out. Although the life of a pioneer in "the Far West" was surrounded by privations of every kind, Robert Cary and his wife must have made excellent use of their scanty privileges. PhcebPhoebe describes her father in her memorial of her older sister: "He was a man of superior intelligence, of sound principles, and blameless life. He was fond of reading, especially romance and poetry, but early poverty and the hard exigencies of pioneer life had left him no time for acquiring anything more than the mere rudiments of a common school education, and the consciousness of his want of culture, and an invincible diffidence, born with him, gave him a shrinking, retiring manner, and a want of confidence in his own judgment, which was inherited to a large measure by his offspring. He was a tender, loving father, who sang his children to sleep with holy hymns, and habitually went to work repeating the grand old Hebrew poets, and the sweet and precious promises of the New Testament of our Lord." Ada Carnahan, the child of Rowena, his oldest daughter, thus speaks of him : "Of his children, Alice the most resembled him in person, and all the tender and close sympathy with nature, and with humanity, which in her fond expression had in him an existence as real, if voiceless." The wife of this man, the mother of the poet sisters, was by every one called beautiful. Among the many loving words his gifted daughters spoke of her are the following : "My mother was a woman of superior intellect and of good, well-ordered life. In my memory she stands apart from all others, wiser, purer, doing more and living better than any other woman. She was fond of history, politics, moral essays, biography, and works of religious controversy. Poetry she read, but cared little for fictitious literature." From such a parentage, what a wealth of intellectual and moral strength might their children receive. From their father they inherited the poetic temperament, the love of nature, their loving and pitying hearts, that reached out even to poor dumb creatures. From their mother they inherited their interest in public affairs, their passion for justice, their devotion to truth and duty as they saw it, their clear perceptions, and sturdy common sense. The year 1837 found the poets, aged respectively seventeen and thirteen, just beginning to put into broken measure the songs their full hearts could no longer conceal. During the preceding four years they had learned unwilling lessons in the school of sorrow; Rhoda, the sister next older and the beloved companion of Alice had died, the little household pet, Lucy, had followed a month later, and the weary mother soon after had been laid away to rest. Now a new hand was at the helm. An unsympathetic presence was in the home of their girlhood—work was the ultimatum of all human endeavor—study was a waste of time, and candle-light could not be squandered on writing when a single piece of knitting or needlework remained incomplete. But what opportunities for mental improvement there offered in the little old district school-house, a mile distant, or on the meagre bookshelves at home or in the neighborhood were as well improved as their leisure moments would permit. When candles were denied them, a saucer of lard with a rag wick served instead, and thus, "for ten long years, they studied and wrote, and published without pecuniary recompense." The Trumpet, a paper published by the Universalists, read by Robert Cary and his wife from its first issue to the close of their lives, was for many years the only paper Alice had any opportunity of seeing, and its Poet's Corner was the only source from which she could draw. With such meagre fare her genius was slow of growth. Before the age of fifteen we only find revisions of old poems found in her school-books, and here and there in her copy-books a page or two of original rhymes. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 421 Phoebe, at the age of fourteen, secretly sent a poem to a Boston newspaper, and while waiting in suspense its acceptance, was astonished to find it copied in a Cincinnati paper. For several years of their early lives as poets, the various publications of Cincinnati formed the principal medium through which they began to be known. The Ladies' Repository, of Boston, Graham's Magazine, and the National Era, of Washington, also received and published their productions. The first money received by Alice for her literary work was from the Era, after which she furnished that paper contributions regularly, for a small sum in payment. After a time responses began to come to that western home. Edgar Allan Poe named Alice's Pictures of Memory one of the most musically perfect lyrics in our language. Words of encouragement had come to the sisters from not a few men of letters, among them John. G. Whittier. In 1849 Horace Greeley visited them at their home. The same year Phoebe writes: "We have been very busy collecting and revising all our published poems. Rev. R. W. Griswold, quite a noted author, is going to publish them for us this summer." This little volume, entitled Poems of Alice and Phoebe Carey, was the first condensed result of their twelve years of study, privation, aspiration, labor, sorrow, and youth. In the late autumn of 1850, Alice set out alone to seek her fortune. A shy, sensitive young person would hardly be the one to brave the terrors of city life, and that city New York. But something besides ambition and fame drove her to undertake this perilous work in her own girlish strength. Naturally loving, tender, devoted to her friends, she did what any true feminine nature would have done—received and returned tenfold the love proffered her by one who was the centre of every picture of her future life. "A proud and prosperous family brought all their pride and power to bear on a son, to prevent his marrying a girl to them uneducated, rustic, and poor." "I waited for one who never came back," she said. But she was not weak enough to relinquish her life because of one sad experience. Under her feminine sympathy and tenderness lay a strong foundation of will, common sense, and love for justice and truth. She outlived the pain and humiliation, and could even look upon the circumstance with pity. She had many and flattering offers of marriage in after years, but would never again promise her hand. The following year the older sister was joined by Phoebe and their younger sister, Elmina. They at once rented a modest suite of rooms in an unfashionable neighborhood, and proceeded to maintain a home by their work. They papered the walls, painted the doors, and framed the pictures with their own hands, Limiting themselves to such necessities as their pens could pay for, they gradually improved their surroundings and added luxuries as their poems and prose productions became more and more in demand. With increasing fame and recompense, came the power to surround themselves with articles of elegance and beauty, for which in their early poverty they had so pined. The home on Twentieth street, on which they bestowed so much taste and in which they afterward passed their last days on earth, became theirs through long years of industry. Their writings were copied widely, and, alone or conjoined, grew into many volumes. The "Clovernook Papers" were translated into French, and the London Literary Gazette commended them in no doubtful terms. During twenty years Alice produced eleven volumes, and Phoebe, besides aiding in the editing of several books, the most important of which was "Hymns for all Christians," published two books; and at their death there remained uncollected poems enough to form two volumes for each name. Mary Clemmer, in her graceful and loving tribute to these sister singers, says: "I have never known any other woman so systematically and persistently industrious as Alice Cary. Hers was truly the genius of patience. No obstacle ever daunted it, no pain ever stilled it, no weariness ever overcame it, till the last weariness of death." In 1862 Elmina died, after which event the older sister seemed struggling hourly with disease. The year 1871 found the two remaining hard at work, but the following year looked out upon their graves. On Tuesday, February 7th, Alice wrote her last poem, of which the last line was— "The rainbow comes but with the cloud." As her strength left her, she asked her friends frequently to sing the hymns of her childhood, such as "Jesus, Lover of my Soul," and "Show pity, Lord; 0, Lord, forgive;" and she wished also the old tunes. February 13th a telegram swept through the country, saying: "Alice Cary died yesterday." The announcement called out a response from every journal in the land, and the biographical notices that followed everywhere spoke of her rather as a beloved friend than a talented author. The effort Phoebe made to be brave after Alice's death was almost pitiful to her friends. "She opened the windows to admit the sunlight, she filled her room with flowers, she refused to put on mourning, and tried to interest herself in general plans for the advancement of woman." But it was a vain attempt. The life so bound up in another's f0r a period of years, drooped when left alone. Phoebe Cary died July 31, 1871. Greenwood cemetery is honored with their last remains. Phoebe's poem of poems, from which came to her the fame of which her simple heart so little dreamed, is "Nearer Home." It has filled a page in nearly every book of sacred song printed since its composition. It has been the favorite in Sabbath-school melody, and in the services of the church of every denomination. Its measures have given voice to the sufferer as the last hour approached, and convicted the child of sin far away from the restraints of friends and home; and yet the writer claimed for it little intellectual worth. One sweetly solemn thought Comes to me o'er and o'er; I'm nearer home to-day Than I ever have been before; Nearer my Father's house, Where the many mansions be; 422 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Nearer the great white throne, Nearer the crystal sea. Nearer the bound of life, Where we lay our burdens down; Nearer leaving the cross, Nearer gaining the crown. But lying darkly between, Winding down through the night, Is the silent, unknown stream, That leads at last to the light. Closer and closer my steps Come to the dread abysm: Closer Death to my lips Presses the awful chrism. O, if my mortal feet Have almost gained the brink; If it be I am nearer home Even to-day than I think; Father, perfect my trust; Let my spirit feel in death That her feet are firmly set On the rock of a living faith. DR. REUBEN D. MUSSEY. The late Reuben Dimond Mussey, M. D. LL. D., long a prominent surgeon and medical practitioner in Cincinnati, was a native of Rockingham county, New Hampshire, born June 23, 1780, of French Huguenot stock. His ancestors settled at Ipswich, Massachusetts, early in the seventeenth century. John Mussey, his father, was also a physician of note, and survived until 1831, when he died at the advanced age of eighty-six. The elder Mussey removed to Amherst, New Hampshire, in 1791, and here his son, then eleven years of age, had his first opportunities of formal education, but only during part of the winter, and at a district school. Elementary Latin was taught him by his father, and at the age of fifteen he was enabled to enter the Aurean academy, an Amherst institution. Ambitious of yet higher education, he labored diligently on the farm during the warm season and taught school in the winter. In this way he secured means enough to carry him through Dartmouth college, which he entered in 1801, as a junior, and was graduated therefrom two years afterwards, with high honor. He began the study of medicine at once with Dr. Nathan Smith, the distinguished founder of the Medical school of New Hampshire, afterwards of New Haven, Connecticut. For financial reasons, however, he returned for a time to teaching, this time in the academy at Petersborough, but keeping up his medical reading, now with Dr. Howe, of Jaffrey, but returning presently to Dr. Smith In 1805 he received his degree of Bachelor of Medicine, as the practice then was in that part of the country, after due public examination. In September following he began practice in Essex county, Massachusetts, with a very hopeful prestige, and was shortly able to enjoy further advantages of instruction at the University of Pennsylvania. From this institution, after sitting at the feet of Rush, Wister, Barton, and other masters of medical science, he was graduated in 1809. Soon resuming practice, he occupied much of his leisure time in making experimental researches, in the hope of settling certain important and long disputed questions in physiology. For example, even before leaving the University school, he ascertained by the detection in human urine of highly colored substances, as madder, cochineal, and the like, solutions of which had been merely brought into contact with parts of the body, that the doctrine of cutaneous absorption was true. The experiments were performed upon his own person, and one of the baths in which he immersed himself for the purpose nearly cost him his life. Similar results were obtained by others, building upon his inquiries. The experiments are referred to in the Anatomy of Dr. Wister and kindred works, and went far to change the views of the physiologists—even so eminent a scientist as Dr. Rush—in regard to the possibility of absorption by the skin. Dr. Mussey's first settlement, after graduation, was at Salem, Massachusetts, where he practiced in partnership with the eminent Dr. Daniel Oliver, afterwards incumbent of the chair of medicine in the New Hampshire medical institution, and also lecturer on physiology in the Ohio Medical college. These gentlemen, in addition to their regular practice, gave the local public the benefit of their large acquirements in the annual courses of lectures on chemistry. Dr. Mussey's business grew rapidly upon his hands, especially in the practice of surgery, his services in the treatment of the eye, as well as of other portions of the human anatomy, being frequently called into requisition. In the fall of 1814 he was elected to the chair of theory and practice of physic in the Medical school at Dartmouth college. He assumed the duties of the post, which were presently interrupted by the uprising of legal questions, during which he occupied the time of an academic session with another notable series of chemical lectures, which was repeated, with additions, at Middlebury college, Vermont, in 1817. Upon the clearance of the legal difficulties, through the memorable aid of Daniel Webster, in his great argument before the supreme court of the United States, Dr. Mussey resumed teaching at Dartmouth, but this time as a professor of anatomy and surgery. This was a peculiarly laborious and responsible position, to whose duties he added a large professional practice, which had grown during his, as yet, short residence in the village. He went abroad in December, 1829, and spent ten months in travel, recreation, and the collection of facts and principles in his favorite science from the great hospitals and anatomical museums of London and Paris. He doubled, and sometimes trebled, his work upon his return to Dartmouth, in order to make good the time lost by his foreign tour. For four winters thereafter he also lectured upon anatomy and surgery in the medical school of Maine, at a time when the New Hampshire college was not in session. In 1836-7 he was lecturer on surgery in the college of physicians and surgeons, at Fairfield, New York, and in the fall of the next year he determined to accept a more distant, and in some respects a more hopeful, appointment, and add his great abilities to the staff of the medical college of Ohio. He came to Cincinnati in 1838, and for fourteen years was the highly successful HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 423 and popular lecturer on surgery in that institution, and also the chief medical attendant at the Commercial hospital, while he also maintained an extensive private practice. He was especially skilled in the grand operations of surgery, which he was frequently called to perform, and in which he won a high and wide reputation, patients coming at times long distances to receive his treatment. In 1850 he was made president of the American medical association, and discharged its duties with entire acceptance. Two years thereafter he was called upon to aid in founding a new institution, the Miami Medical college, and was its professor of surgery until 1857, when the two institutions were united. He, however, was now seventy-seven years old, and amply entitled to the retirement which he sought. For two years longer he continued to practice in Cincinnati, and then returned to the east, where he spent his last years in Boston, visiting the hospitals and manifesting to the last an active interest in the advancement of his beloved profession. He died in that city June 21, 1866, having completed, within two days, his eighty-sixth year. Dr. Mussey's is one of the great and venerable names in the history of medicine and that of the Ohio valley. Among the eulogies which have been passed upon his character and life, there is none, perhaps, more forcible or better put than the following from the Biographical Cyclopaedia and Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Men, published in 1879: To a most profound knowledge and skill in his profession, Dr. Mussey united the virtues and honorable qualities which reflect justice upon humanity. To his temperate living, and to the strict regularity of his habits, he seemed to be much indebted for the great length and the useful labors of his life. He took an active part in forming the Massachusetts Temperance society, but in his own 'course of life he did not restrict the meaning of temperance to the mere abstinence from the use of intoxicating drinks, and at this period he became distinguished as an advocate of total abstinence. In 1828 a severe fit of sickness caused him to change his views on diet, and he became a vegetarian, and remained so until his death. During the years dating from 1833 to 184o, he delivered a series of popular lectures on hygiene, including the effects of certain fashions in dress, peculiar habits of life, and varieties of food, etc., upon the human health. In 186o he published a valuable work, entitled Health, its Friends and its Foes, which gained a wide circulation. Dr. Mussey was a man of such strong individuality and originality of character and ideas that he was a leader among men. As a surgeon he was strictly conservative, religiously conscientious, and very thorough, as well in the treatment of his cases following operations as in the performance of them. In many of his surgical operations he was the pioneer, and the medical and scientific journals of Europe and America contain records of his valuable discoveries in surgical science. He was remarkable for large benevolence and generosity, not alone toward the poor among his patients, but to all institutions and enterprises of a benevolent and charitable nature. Untiring industry, perseverance, enthusiasm, fidelity to principle, and his views of duty in his professional, moral, and social life, were the controlling influences in his eventful and brilliant career. While laboring for the good of humanity in this world, he was not forgetful of the concerns of the next. He was an elder in the Presbyterian church, and was very strict and observant of his religious duties. He was universally beloved in the profession, as well as out of it. Dr. Mussey's first wife was Miss Mary Sewall, of Maine. He had no children by this marriage. After her death he was again married, his second wife being Miss Hetty, daughter of Dr. John Osgood, of Salem, Massachusetts. They had nine children, most of whom have risen to distinction, or occupy prominent positions in society. The roll is as follows: John, who died in 1872; Joseph Osgood, who died in 1856; William Heberden, an eminent surgeon of Cincinnati, who is the subject of further notice below; Francis Brown, another able physician, residing in Portsmouth, Ohio; Maria Lucretia, now Mrs. Lyman Mason, of Boston, Massachusetts; Catharine Stone, now Mrs. Shattuck Hartwell, of Littleton, Massachusetts; the Rev. Charles Frederick, D. D., a Presbyterian minister, of Blue Rapids, Kansas; Edward Augustus, died in 1831; and Reuben Dimond, a prominent lawyer in Washington city. DR. W. H. MUSSEY. William Heberden Mussey, M. D., M. A., third son of Reuben D. Mussey, above noticed, and Hetty Osgood Mussey, is a native of Hanover, New Hampshire, born September 3o, 1818. His middle name is that of an eminent Scotch physician. He received general training in the academies of New England ; in 1848 read medicine with his father, and graduated from the medical college of Ohio, and subsequently finished his professional education also in the superior schools of the French capital. He was for a short time previously in mercantile life, but found the occupation uncongenial. He began practice with his distinguished father, but was soon diverted from it by the oncoming of the great storm of rebellion. He foresaw the struggle clearly, and even before the outbreak, wrote to Governor Chase, then secretary of the treasury, urgently asking permission to convert the old and unused Maine hospital building at the east end, into an army hospital, in preparation for coming emergencies. Consent being obtained, the necessary funds were raised by private contribution, the hospital was fully organized and set in operation, and was soon one of the most efficient and useful volunteer hospitals ever turned over to the Government, and the pioneer institution of the kind. Dr. Mussey was also greatly influential in the formation of the munificent benefaction known as the Cincinnati branch of the United States sanitary commission, which was organized in the rooms occupied by his office at No. 70 West South street. The story of the work done by the commission and of the wonderful sanitary fair in its aid, is told in our military chapter, as also, to some extent, that of Dr. Mussey's further services to the Union cause. He offered his abilities as an uncommissioned surgeon gratuitously to the Government, to serve till the war ended, which was declined ; he was commissioned brigade surgeon, became medical director of a division in Buell's army, was in service in the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, and was finally promoted to be medical inspector, one of the very highest positions on the medical staff of the army. During service in this capacity, he inspected every Federal regiment on duty from Washington to Florida. It is said of him by competent authorities that, in the various military duties assigned to him, he was considered one of the most efficient medical officers in the service. During the year the Rebellion was crushed he received the appointment of professor of surgery in the Miami Medical college, which he still 424 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. holds. In 1863 he was appointed surgeon to the Cincinnati hospital ; in 1864, was elected vice-president of the American Medical association; has been surgeon of the St. John's hotel for invalids in 1855, surgeon general on the staff of the governor of Ohio in 1876, and the same year president of the Cincinnati society of natural history. He has written and published much on professional topics, and has made a permanent and invaluable contribution to the medical and scientific reading accessible to students in Cincinnati, by the foundation of the Mussey collection in the public library, upon the basis of a large number of rare volumes left by his father, to which he has made great additions. The collection already counts five thousand six hundred volumes and three thousand six hundred pamphlets ; he is constantly recruiting its goodly numbers. The Encyclopaedia and Portrait Gallery, from which we have already quoted, says of Dr. Mussey: He resembles his father in some of his most striking characteristics. Like him, he is severely honest. If, in his opinion, the condition of a patient is such as to render medical treatment unnecessary, or if, through the utter hopelessness of the case it seems to him that no hope of recovery can possibly be entertained, he promptly and plainly states the fact, and advises that further expense for medical aid shall not be incurred. He is also religiously careful and thorough in his operations, and distinguished for his sound judgment, fertility of resources, ingenuity of contrivance, and gentleness of manipulation. A man of method, he is always rather slow, but very sure, prepared for emergencies and mishaps. Frankness being one of his chief virtues, he is ever willing and anxious to acknowledge and atone for an injustice he may have unwittingly caused another. Politically, he attends strictly to the observance of his duties as a citizen. Socially, he is a Christian gentleman—charitable, genial, and hospitable ; and again, like his father, he possesses a large and benevolent heart, which dispenses substantial benefits to persons and purposes needing professional or pecuniary assistance. The Second Presbyterian church of Cincinnati, in which he is an elder, has counted him among its liberal supporters, and regarded him as one of its best members. He • • is generally acknowledged to rank among the highest of the profession in Cincinnati as a surgeon. On the twenty-fifth of May, 1857, Dr. Mussey was united in marriage with Miss Caroline W. Lindsley, of Washington city. They have one surviving son, William Lindsley (named from his maternal grandfather), a recent graduate of the Woodward high school, and about to matriculate in Yale college. MAJOR PETER ZINN. This well-known citizen of Hamilton county, in his day one of the most useful and reputable men of the Miami country, was of Pennsylvania German stock, born upon a farm now in part included in the lands of the State Agricultural college, near Columbus, Ohio, February 23, 1819. His father is said to have owned and driven the first mail-coach which ran out of that city. After some schooling and much work at the paternal home, he entered, in 1833, the office of the Western Hemisphere, one of the early newspapers of the State capital, to learn the printer's trade, and finished his apprenticeship in the Ohio Statesman office, which was afterwards established in Columbus. Mr. Samuel W. Ely, the veteran agricultural editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, who was a fellow-workman with him. upon the Hemisphere, said, in a communication to the Gazette after death : He was as faithful then, as a printer's devil, as he was throughout a long and busy life, in its manifold and weighty duties. . . . I knew Mr. Zinn twenty-five years ago as a strong advocate and helper in the cause of popular education, as encouraged by the Ohio school system. He was, in all respects, a steady, good citizen. . . I deem it worth while to add that in all my long acquaintance with him [forty-seven years] I never saw him angry nor heard him use a profane or improper expression. When about eighteen years old he set his face toward Cincinnati, to tempt the fates in the Queen City as a journeyman printer—little thinking, probably, how large a space he was destined to fill in its history and in that of. Hamilton county. He readily found work, and after two years at the case began, February 8, 1839, in company with Mr. William P. Clark, afterwards a physician in the south, the publication of the Daily News, or rather a new series of a journal of that name, which had been unsuccessful. The salutatory of Mr. Zinn in the opening issue is a wonderfully bright and racy production for a youth of not yet twenty years. Mr. Clark withdrew from the paper within thirty days, and Mr. Zinn at the end of four months, although his paper was still alive, and apparently prosperous. Its appearance and contents are every way creditable to the Cincinnati journalism of that day. He was afterwards reporter for the Daily Times, but presently determined to enter the legal profession, and began his studies in the office of that renowned advocate and judge, the Hon. Bellamy Storer, paying his way by alternating law study with type-setting in the Methodist Book Concern and afterwards clerical labor in the county court-house. He finished his preparation in the office of the Hon. William M. Corry—having taken ample time, five years, for thorough initiation into the mysteries of the law—and was admitted to the bar. Some account of his professional career may be found in the next volume, in our historical Sketch of the Bar of Cincinnati. He formed, with Charles H. Brough, brother of the governor, the law firm of Brough and Zinn, which John Brough, subsequently chief executive of the State, himself joined after a time. The partnership was a fortunate one, as were nearly all the connections and enterprises into which Mr. Zinn entered; and in 1848 he had accumulated enough means to enable him to spend six months abroad, during which he visited the British Isles and also France, improving faithfully his opportunities for observation of the Revolutionary movements then rife. He returned to practice in Cincinnati the next winter, and remained a lawyer, with an interval of about two years in the early part of the late war, until the engrossing cares of other business in which he had invested took him practically out of the profession. His most notable case—now celebrated in the English and American courts—affording him the most triumphant success of his life and one of the most remarkable victories known to the annals of the American bar, was that of the Covington & Lexington railroad vs. R. B. Bowler's heirs et al., in which Mr. Zinn appeared for the road. In the elaborate obituary notice given by