(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 450 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. born in 1808. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Smith, was born in the same county, but two years later than he who became her husband. They were married February 6, 1828, in the old country, but early determined to push their fortunes in the New World, to which they emigrated in 1834. They remained in the east a few years, then came to Cincinnati in 1840, where they have since continuously resided, the father. still pursuing actively the trade of a bricklayer and builder, which he took up upon arriving here nearly half a century ago. Three of their children were born in the old country and three here, but all are now in the grave except the subject of this sketch. He is the youngest of the family. His education was received in the public schools of Cincinnati, and was continued to the A grade of the first intermediate department, when the needs of the family, or his ambition to make an independent living, led him, at the age of thirteen, to abandon the schools and take an appointment as messenger in the court-rooms then occupied by their honors, Judges P. Mallon and C. Murdock. It is a fact of some interest that his business career began, nearly a quarter of a century since, in the same building where he is now doing the best and strongest work of his life. After about two years' service in the courts, he took a clerkship, though still very young, in the office of Colonel Oliver H. Geoffroy, then incumbent of the office of county treasurer. He remained with the Colonel during his entire administration and then made a venture in the banking business, at first as assistant teller in the First National bank of Cincinnati, upon its organization about 1863. His experience in the county treasury peculiarly fitted him for his duties here, and he was presently advanced to the post of receiving teller, one of the best and most important places in a banking institution. After some two years' service in this bank, he accompanied its cashier in the formation of a new bank, the Central National, in which also he took the position of receiving teller. He remained in this but one year, and then, in 1866, being as yet but twenty-one years old, he passed to the Third National bank, in which he obtained the yet higher office of assistant cashier. His duties here, as elsewhere, were so performed as to secure the approbation of his superiors, and to lead to a much longer connection than with either of the other banks he served. He was assistant cashier of the Third National for fourteen years, or until he assumed the duties of his office in February, 1880. He obtained this nomination at the great, unwieldly Republican convention of that year, which comprised nearly one thousand members, and after five ballots and a struggle of several hours against other candidates, most of them his superiors in age and duration of political service, the choice of the convention fell upon Mr. Ramp; and the nomination was triumphantly ratified at the polls in October by a majority of about three thousand seven hundred. He had well entitled himself to the position, not only by his fidelity, efficiency, and integrity in business, but by his services to the dominant party. He had taken an active interest in politics from the time he became a citizen, was an original member and is now a director of the famous Lincoln club, and for a time served as secretary of the city executive committee. In his new office his business qualifications have rendered eminent public service in the transaction of its important affairs. It keeps the files of all the courts of the city and county, except the probate and police courts, and otherwise transacts the people's business in important relations. No less than twenty-three clerks are employed in its multifarious work. Mr. Ramp was married June 18, 1868, to Miss Susie A., daughter of John T. Johnson, the well-known Cincinnati leaf tobacconist, and Ann Elizabeth Johnson. They have one child living—Ada Lillian, born November 9, 1870; and lost one in 1870—John Thomas, aged about eight months. SAMUEL BAILEY, JR., sheriff of Hamilton county, is of North of Ireland stock on both sides. His great-grandfather on the father's side was a Scotchman. His father, a native of County Tyrone, was Samuel Bailey, sr., and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Crossen, a native of County Derry, came over on the same ship, while yet unmarried, and their families not being with them. The young people, thus b0ldly facing the world alone, came to Cincinnati in 1832, and were married here the same year. Mr. Bailey had received a superior education at home, in the schools and by his private efforts, and he soon found employment as a teacher in the schools of the county. His special talent for figuring served him an excellent purpose no great while afterwards, when undertaking large contracts in his regular business. He was a practical stone-mason and bridge-builder, and, in association with Mr. Samuel Smiley, he became contractor for large amounts of stone-work and excavation in the city. Mr. Bailey, before he came to Cincinnati, sank one of the piers used at Erie, Pennsylvania. He lived the rest of his life in this city, a prosperous and successful citizen, and died here in 1865, in his sixtieth year. His wife had preceded him to the grave in 1853, while her family, for the most part, was still young. All of her numerous family, indeed, numbering twelve children, died in infancy, except the four who still survive— Daniel and Samuel, jr., both of Cincinnati, Kennedy B., of Cleveland, and Mary, now Mrs. John C. Skinner, also of Cleveland. Samuel was born in Cincinnati August 20, 1838, on New street, east of Broadway, only about four squares from his present office in the court-house. That whole part of the city might then have been well called "New," and there were many "magnificent distances" in which the y0ung Baileys and their companions might play. He was educated in the public schools of that day, and is a graduate of the Woodward high school, from which he passed in June, 1858. He then took a position, in February, 1859, as check clerk on the Little Miami railroad at four hundred dollars per year. Here he remained until 1861, when he was employed by the railroad company and the Cincinnati Transfer company, jointly, as HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 451 shipping clerk on the levee. He had in this duty to see to the handling of vast quantities of valuable property, especially cotton, which was then being moved from the south in great amounts, and at one time commanded a price of five hundred dollars per bale. He never, it is said, lost a bale of cotton for the railroad. His labors at this time were exceedingly onerous. On one day he loaded three steamers with full cargoes, of war .material, principally. For a week together, at times, he did not take off his clothes. In 1863 he acquired his first interest in the Transfer company, buying a small block of stock, and was shortly made assistant superintendent of the company at a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year. On the first of August, 1865, he was advanced to the superintendency of the company at two thousand dollars per annum—a position which he has since continuously held, most of the time at an advanced salary. He is now one of the principal owners of the Transfer company, carrying nearly one-half of its entire stock of one hundred thousand dollars. February 1, 1875, he was chosen superintendent of the Cincinnati Omnibus company, in which he is also a stockholder, but resigned this position on the first of January, 1881, upon assuming the duties of sheriff. Mr. Bailey entered politics through a channel somewhat unwonted for those who have achieved success in partizanship. He felt that he owed much to the public schools of the city, and was not altogether sorry when, in 1878, he was nominated for of the board of education and ,elected, although a Republican in a strong Democratic ward, and against a Democrat who was already on the board and had a party majority of nearly five hundred upon which to rely. At the expiration of his two-years' term, he was elected, under the new law providing for twelve members at large, a member for the longest term provided for—three years—receiving the highest number of votes of any man on the ticket of twelve. This post upon the board he is still holding, with nearly two years yet to serve. During the second year of his first term he was chosen a delegate to the union board of high schools, and was made a trustee of his alma mater, the Woodward school. He served in this capacity two years, and then declined a re-election, from the pressure of other duties. He is also chairman of the board of local trustees of the second district school, on Sycamore street, which he at tended in his boyhood. The same year of his second election to the school board (1880), he was a delegate, chosen from the county, to the Republican State convention, which nominated General Garfield to the Presidency. He was an alternate in that great assembly, but on the final day of nomination, after eleven days of stormy struggle, his principal happened to be ill, and Mr. Bailey had the supreme satisfaction of casting his only ballot in the convention for the nomination of the Mentor hero. In the course of the canvass the choice of the Republican party of Hamilton county, in convention assembled, fell upon Mr. Bailey as its candidate for sheriff. He had a strong and popular German as an opponent, but after an exceedingly arduous and active canvass, in which he bore full part, he shared in the magnificent success 0f the party at the fall election. He is now doing admirable and thorough-going duty in the position to which he was elected, and whose duties he assumed on the first of January, 1881. He was one of the founders of the Lincoln club, among the very first to sign the paper for the incorporation of that powerful organization, and is now one of its directors. Among Mr. Bailey's special tastes is that for fine horses, which he probably inherits from his father, who was in his day one of the most expert horse-buyers in the city. He has never, since he was six years old, been without the ownership of a horse, and now has three steeds for his own use. This taste also serves the Transfer Company, whose operations Mr. Bailey superintends, in the purchase and care of its large stable of horses and mules. He and his family are extremely fond of out--door exercise on horseback and in the carriage. Mr. Bailey is of Protestant Irish blood, and a member of the Third Presbyterian church of Cincinnati, Rev. Dr. J. P. Kumler, pastor. He was married October 8, 1866, at Catlettsburgh, Kentucky, to Miss Virginia M. Hanzsche, daughter of a Bavarian printer and extensive land-owner, but herself a native of Baltimore. They have five children--two girls and three boys—Virginia Margaret, Mary Emma, Charles Samuel, Fergus Miller and Dwight Kumler. They have also lost one boy, who died in infancy. E. O. ESHELBY, ESQ. Edwin Oscar Eshelby, comptroller of the city of Cincinnati, is of English stock on his father's side. His mother was born in Dublin, but her parents were also from England, though the family name, Drennan, seems to indicate Irish descent. The former, James Eshelby, was a native of Sunderland, in the North of England, born in 1807. The two came separately to America, sometime between 1836 and 1838, and met in Cincinnati, where they were married about the year 1839. Mr. Eshelby was at first a shoemaker, and finally went into the manufacture of vegetable wines. He was a Government official in the late war, and after closing that service settled at Stevenson, Alabama, where he engaged in his former business, and died there in December, 1870. Mrs. Eshelby died in Cincinnati the same month, only three weeks before her husband. They left two surviving out of a family of nine children—Edwin, the subject of this sketch, and an older sister, Isabella Frances, now Mrs. W. H. Hudson, of Walnut Hills, Cincinnati. Edwin O. Eshelby was born in this city on the twenty-eighth day of May, 1851, the youngest child of James and Margaret (Drennan) Eshelby. He received his elementary education in the public schools, and closed his formal training with the intermediate department. When the war of the Rebellion closed, and his father made his home and began business in the sunny South, young Eshelby, then but fourteen years old, could no longer brook the restraints of the schools, and was determined 452 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. to make an early beginning of active life. He was permitted to join his father at Stevenson, and in a year or two entered the telegraph office of the Nashville & Chattanooga railroad at that place, easily mastered the details of the business, soon became an expert telegrapher, and, within three months after his first efforts, was made night operator in the same office, at sixty dollars per month. He was subsequently, as he grew older, during about four years, otherwise in the employ of the railroad company as freight agent, express agent, telegrapher at various points, and for a time in the very responsible position of night train dispatcher at Nashville. He was then scarcely more than eighteen years of age. He presently returned to his old home, and operated in the Western Union offices here and in Chicago. While here he attended two full courses of lectures in the Cincinnati law school, and took his diploma of bachelor of law from that institution in the spring of 1875, and was then admitted as a full-fledged practitioner at the Hamilton county bar. He finds the knowledge and practice gained by his attendance upon the law school specially useful in his present responsible and difficult position. Nearly a year before his admission to the bar, June 1, 1874, Mr. Eshelby was united in marriage to Miss Fannie Jane, daughter of Mr. Jacob S. Lape, a well-known resident of Cincinnati. For some years he had been an active worker among the young men of the Republican party in the county, but had not put himself conspicuously at the front, particularly in the demand for public office by way of reward for services rendered. He was one of the early members of the Lincoln club, founded in February, 1879, and was elected one of the directors. He was, however, never a candidate for office at the hands of the party until the second meeting of the Republican city convention, in the spring of 1880. He had no thought then of receiving a nomination, being engaged in profitable business with his father-in-law, in the firm of Lape & Brother. At the urgent solicitation of his friends, however—the prospects of the party, for special reasons, being then rather doubtful, and the nomination of a new man on the ticket for this important office, then newly created by the legislature, being deemed desirable —he consented to stand in the canvass, and, with no effort on his part, he was triumphantly nominated on the second ballot against three trained politicians and strong candidates, who had carefully worked ur `heir respective canvasses. Only four days thereafter ne was triumphantly endorsed at the polls by the electors of the city, receiving, after his short but energetic campaign, a majority of four thousand and sixty-two against the highest majority of any of his fellow-partisans of the ticket of but one thousand six hundred and four, and against an opponent, Mr. Silas W. Hoffman, who was a veteran and popular politician, and had long been an incumbent of the office of city auditor, to which Mr. Eshelby's present position corresponds. Within ten days he took charge of the comptroller's office, whose affairs were then considerably in public discussion and were in the utmost confusion, and at once set about making necessary reforms. A complete system of checks and balances with other- departments of the city government was introduced, and a thorough-going, business-like system of book-keeping inaugurated, which has resulted in a reformation of the whole financial business of the city, so far as is related to this office. The importance of this fact may be inferred from the simple statement that about six million dollars, the property of the city of Cincinnati, passes through his office every year. The burdened tax-payers of the Queen City may well be congratulated upon the marked change in the administration of affairs in this department, than which there is none more important, or, indeed, as important, in the city government. Under what is known as the Worthington law, ordained by the legislature, the comptroller has the veto power upon all measures involving the expenditure of money from the municipal treasury; and it is fortunate that this power is now reposed in judicious and honest hands. Mr. Eshelby has two children—May Amanda, born May 14, 1875; and Isabella Sarah, whose natal day is April 23, 1877. The family reside in the city, at No. 69 Laurel street, in the west end. L. L SADLER. Lewis Lamont Sadler, president of the board of councilmen of the city of Cincinnati, is of Massachusetts stock. His father was Elijah Sadler; his mother's maiden name was Cordelia King. The elder Sadler removed to Butler county about 1832-3, and settled as a farmer in Oxford township, two and one-half miles northwest of the village of that name. Here he spent the rest of his days, and here he died in 1850. The mother long survived him, and died in Oxford in February, 1881. At the old home the subject of this memoir was ushered into the world August 1, 1843, the sixth son and seventh child of a family numbering in all nine offspring. His boyhood was passed upon the farm, assisting as he could in its toils, and attending for a few months a year the district schools of that neighborhood. At the age of fifteen he went to Richmond, Indiana, and began an apprenticeship at the printer's trade in the " Broadaxe " office. He had previously, when a small boy at home, obtained some type, constructed a composing-stick of sugar-tree wood, a "case" of a trunk-tray and some cigar-boxes, and a "rule" of a spoon-handle, and with these made a hopeful beginning in the "black art" of Faust and Gutenberg. His bent was decidedly toward the honorable profession of journalism, and he was going on prosperously as a learner, at the munificent salary of one dollar a week and board, when he was interrupted at once and forever by soreness and dimness of eyes, which forbade his proceeding further. He had been at the case less than a year, but could already do full journeyman's work. He returned, however, to the farm, where his widowed mother and an older brother were managing its concerns. Lewis assisted them for a time, and then, in 1860, when but seventeen years old, took a summer school in the very building where he had himself received his elementary education. He taught the young idea here for a school HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 453 year of two terms, when he accepted a similar engagement south of Oxford village, where he swayed the ferule until July, 1862, when he enlisted as a private soldier in company C, Ninety-third regiment of Ohio volunteer infantry, Colonel Charles Anderson commanding. The regiment rendezvoused at Dayton, and in the summer moved to the field. Upon the full organization of his company, Mr. Sadler was appointed fourth sergeant, and while in camp at Nashville, before the battle of Stone River, he was promoted to the post of first or orderly sergeant. In that action he was wounded in the shoulder on the first day, during the furious rebel onslaught which smashed the right of the Federal line, and was disabled for a time, part of which was spent in a hospital at Louisville. He rejoined his regiment at Murfreesboro, and participated in the marches and actions of the army of the Cumberland, passing unhurt through both days of the tremendous fighting at Chickamauga, during which but four men of his company got safely off the field besides himself. The command of the company often fell upon young Sadler, and he was recommended for a commission, which was issued, but withheld on account of the depletion of the regiment below the requisite number. He was again wounded in the battle of Mission Ridge, during the magnificent charge up the height, and was never able to resume active service. The last of his soldiering was with the invalid corps, most of the time as sergeant-major in a detachment stationed at Nashville, with which he served until the close of the war. He then returned to his mother's home, which was now in Oxford, and a few weeks thereafter, in August, 1865, came to Cincinnati to take a course in a business college, also assisting to keep the books of Messrs. Fort, Havens & Co. He soon, however, devoted himself to their book-keeping exclusively, and left the commercial school altogether. With this firm he remained as an employee. About four years after, Mr. Havens went out of the concern, and Mr. Sadler was admitted to the new firm of Fort, Sadler & Co., in which he continued to keep the books and manage the finances until about two years ago. The firm-name, and its constituent members, remain the same to this day, in business at the Cincinnati stockyards as commission dealers in live stock and grain. The house has branches in Pittsburgh and New York city, Mr. Sadler being for the last two years in sole charge of the present house at Cincinnati. In this business he has achieved eminent success. When he came to the city he had just enough money to pay his matriculation fee at the business college, and is now, after the lapse of less than sixteen years, possessed of a handsome fortune and an elegant home at No. 108 Everett street. In the spring of 1876 Mr. Sadler was chosen by the Republicans of the Fifteenth ward as a member of the city council, to which he has since been twice reelected. In his second year of service he was made chairman of the Finance committee, the most important one of the council. He was also twice elected vice-president of the board of councilmen. At the annual organization of that body in April, 1880, he was chosen by an exceedingly flattering vote to the presidency of that honorable body, and reelected the succeeding year to the same position, in which he is now serving with acceptance. Mr. Sadler was married June 28, 1871, to Miss Rebecca, daughter of Henry Beckman of Cincinnati. They have three children—Cordelia, Anna, Edna Lola, and Alvin Lewis Sadler. The oldest of these, a girl of only eight years, has already developed marked musical and elocutionary abilities, and is a favorite performer in the exhibitions given by the Odd Fellows and other organizations, as well as in the domestic circle and elsewhere. He is a member of Eagle lodge No. 100, of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of the Lincoln club, in which he is a stockholder, and of other sundry other societies. JAMES G. STOWE. This gentleman is descended from an old English family to which belonged Baron Stow, founder of the great Stow library (or library of the British museum), one of the greatest libraries of the world; also Sir John Stow, of Buckinghamshire, England, from whom Stow village, or parish of that shire, takes its name. John Stow came from England in 1635, with four sons, settling in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and founded the family of Stowe in America. He was the son of John Stow, the chronicler and historian of London, a justly famous man, whose valuable works are copiously quoted by English and American authors. From Samuel, a son of John, Mr. Stowe traces his descent, through James H. Stowe, cousin of Dr. Calvin Stowe, husband of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Mr. Stowe is a native of Providence, Rhode Island, born June 14, 1841, eldest son of James H. and Julia A. (Freebody) Stowe. His mother was also of an ancient English family of Newport, Rhode Island, in its earliest days, the descendants of which are scarcely found anywhere in the United States, and in Rhode Island away from Newport and Providence. Her parents were William and Sarah Freebody, of the Newport family. Mr. Stowe remained in his native place until mature years. His primary education was received in the public schools of that city, and he was afterward graduated from the Mowry institute, also of Providence, when about eighteen years of age. He then became a mechanic and draughtsman under the instruction of his father, who was a practical mechanic, and in 1861 he became secretary of the Burnside Rifle company, which had its title from Ambrose E. Burnside, since the distinguished general and Senator, but then a prominent resident of Bristol, Rhode Island, and inventor of the Burnside breech-loading rifle, which the company was engaged in manufacturing. Mr. Stowe was also engaged at this time (1861) as superintendent of the Burnside laboratory, a large establishment for the making of ammunition for the rifle. While thus employed he devised a machine for filling cartridges, so efficient and swift as to fill one thousand cartridges in one-fourth of a minute. It has since come into use in all the United States arsenals. One of 452 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO to make an early beginning of active life. He was permitted to join his father at Stevenson, and in a year or two entered the telegraph office of the Nashville & Chattanooga railroad at that place, easily mastered the details of the business, soon became an expert telegrapher, and, within three months after his first efforts, was made night operator in the same office, at sixty dollars per month. He was subsequently, as he grew older, during about four years, otherwise in the employ of the railroad company as freight agent, express agent, telegrapher at various points, and for a time in the very responsible position of night train despatcher at Nashville. He was then scarcely more than eighteen years of age. He presently returned to his old home, and operated in the Western Union offices here and in Chicago. While here he attended two full courses of lectures in the Cincinnati law school, and took his diploma of bachelor of law from that institution in the spring of 1875, and was then admitted as a full-fledged practitioner at the Hamilton county bar. He finds the knowledge and practice gained by his attendance upon the law school specially useful in his present responsible and difficult position. Nearly a year before his admission to the bar, June r, 1874, Mr. Eshelby was united in marriage to Miss Fannie Jane, daughter of Mr. Jacob S. Lape, a well-known resident of Cincinnati. For some years he had been an active worker among the young men of the Republican party in the county, but had not put himself conspicuously at the front, particularly in the demand for public office by way of reward for services rendered. He was one of the early members of the Lincoln club, founded in February, 1879, and was elected one of the directors. He was, however, never a candidate for office at the hands of the party until the second meeting of the Republican city convention, in the spring of 1880. He had no thought then of receiving a nomination, being engaged in profitable business with his father-in-law, in the firm of Lape & Brother. At the urgent solicitation of his friends, however—the prospects of the party, for special reasons, being then rather doubtful, and the nomination of a new man on the ticket for this important office, then newly created by the legislature, being deemed desirable —he consented to stand in the canvass, and, with no effort on his part, he was triumphantly nominated on the second ballot against three trained politicians and strong candidates, who had carefully worked ur their respective canvasses. Only four days thereafter ne was triumphantly endorsed at the polls by the electors of the city, receiving, after his short but energetic campaign, a majority of four thousand and sixty-two against the highest majority of any of his fellow-partisans of the ticket of but one thousand six hundred and four, and against an opponent, Mr. Silas W. Hoffman, who was a veteran and popular politician, and had long been an incumbent of the office of city auditor, to which Mr. Eshelby's present position corresponds. Within ten days he took charge of the comptroller's office, whose affairs were then considerably in public discussion and were in the utmost confusion, and at once set about making necessary reforms. A complete system of checks and balances with other- departments of the city government was introduced, and a thorough-going, business-like system of book-keeping inaugurated, which has resulted in a reformation of the whole financial business of the city, so far as is related to this office. The importance of this fact may be inferred from the simple statement that about six million dollars, the property of the city of Cincinnati, passes through his office every year. The burdened tax-payers of the Queen City may well be congratulated upon the marked change in the administration of affairs in this department, than which there is none more important, or, indeed, as important, in the city government. Under what is known as the Worthington law, ordained by the legislature, the comptroller has the veto power upon all measures involving the expenditure of money from the municipal treasury; and it is fortunate that this power is now reposed in judicious and honest hands. Mr. Eshelby has two children—May Amanda, born May 14, 1875; and Isabella Sarah, whose natal day is April 23, 1877. The family reside in the city, at. No. 69 Laurel street, in the west end. L. L SADLER. Lewis Lamont Sadler, president of the board of councilmen of the city of Cincinnati, is of Massachusetts stock. His father was Elijah Sadler; his mother's maiden name was Cordelia King. The elder Sadler removed to Butler county about 1832-3, and settled as a farmer in Oxford township, two and one-half miles northwest of the village of that name. Here he spent the rest of his days, and here he died in 1850. The mother long survived him, and died in Oxford in February, 1881. At the old home the subject of this memoir was ushered into the world August 1, 1843, the sixth son and seventh child of a family numbering in all nine offspring. His boyhood was passed upon the farm, assisting as he could in its toils, and attending for a few months a year the district schools of that neighborhood. At the age of fifteen he went to Richmond, Indiana, and began an apprenticeship at the printer's trade in the " Broadaxe " office. He had previously, when a small boy at home, obtained some type, constructed a composing-stick of sugar-tree wood, a "case" of a trunk-tray and some cigar-boxes, and a "rule" of a spoon-handle, and with these made a hopeful beginning in the "black art" of Faust and Gutenberg. His bent was decidedly toward the honorable profession of journalism, and he was going on prosperously as a learner, at the munificent salary of one dollar a week and board, when he was interrupted at once and forever by soreness and dimness of eyes, which forbade his proceeding further. He had been at the case less than a year, but could already do full journeyman's work. He returned, however, to the farm, where his widowed mother and an older brother were managing its concerns. Lewis assisted them for a time, and then, in 1860, when but seventeen years old, took a summer school in the very building where he had himself received his elementary education. He taught the young idea here for a school HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 453 year of two terms, when he accepted a similar engagement south of Oxford village, where he swayed the ferule until July, 1862, when he enlisted as a private soldier in company C, Ninety-third regiment of Ohio volunteer infantry, Colonel Charles Anderson commanding. The regiment rendezvoused at Dayton, and in the summer moved to the field. Upon the full organization of his company, Mr. Sadler was appointed fourth sergeant, and while in camp at Nashville, before the battle of Stone River, he was promoted to the post of first or orderly sergeant. In that action he was wounded in the shoulder on the first day, during the furious rebel onslaught which smashed the right of the Federal line, and was disabled for a time, part of which was spent in a hospital at Louisville. He rejoined his regiment at Murfreesboro, and participated in the marches and actions of the army of the Cumberland, passing unhurt through both days of the tremendous fighting at Chickamauga, during which but four men of his company got safely off the field besides himself. The command of the company often fell upon young Sadler, and he was recommended for a commission, which was issued, but withheld on account of the depletion of the regiment below the requisite number. He was again wounded in the battle of Mission Ridge, during the magnificent charge up the height, and was never able to resume active service. The last of his soldiering was with the invalid corps, most of the time as sergeant-major in a detachment stationed at. Nashville, with which he served until the close of the war. He then returned to his mother's home, which was now in Oxford, and a few weeks thereafter, in August, 1865, came to Cincinnati to take a course in a business college, also assisting to keep the books of Messrs. Fort, Havens & Co. He soon, however, devoted himself to their book-keeping exclusively, and left the commercial school altogether. With this firm he remained as an employee. About four years after, Mr. Havens went out of the concern, and Mr. Sadler was admitted to the new firm of Fort, Sadler & Co., in which he continued to keep the books and manage the finances until about two years ago. The firm-name, and its constituent members, remain the same to this day, in business at the Cincinnati stockyards as commission dealers in live stock and grain. The house has branches in Pittsburgh and New. York city, Mr. Sadler being for the last two years in sole charge of the present house at Cincinnati. In this business he has achieved eminent success. When he came to the city he had just enough money to pay his matriculation fee at the business college, and is now, after the lapse of less than sixteen years, possessed of a handsome fortune and an elegant home at No. 108 Everett street. In the spring of 1876 Mr. Sadler was chosen by the Republicans of the Fifteenth ward as a member of the city council, to which he has since been twice reelected. In his second year of service he was made chairman of the Finance committee, the most important one of the council. He was also twice elected vice-president of the board of councilmen. At the annual organization of that body in April, 1880, he was chosen by an exceedingly flattering vote to the presidency of that honorable body, and reelected the succeeding year to the same position, in which he is now serving with acceptance. Mr. Sadler was married June a8, 1871, to Miss Rebecca, daughter of Henry Beckman of Cincinnati. They have three children—Cordelia, Anna, Edna Lola, and Alvin Lewis Sadler. The oldest of these, a girl of only eight years, has already developed marked musical and elocutionary abilities, and is a favorite performer in the exhibitions given by the Odd Fellows and other organizations, as well as in the domestic circle and elsewhere. He is a member of Eagle lodge No. 100, of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of the Lincoln club, in which he is a stockholder, and of other sundry other societies. JAMES G. STOWE. This gentleman is descended from an old English family to which belonged Baron Stow, founder of the great Stow library (or library of the British museum), one of the greatest libraries of the world; also Sir John Stow, of Buckinghamshire, England, from whom Stow village, or parish of that shire, takes its name. John Stow came from England in 1635, with four sons, settling in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and founded the family of Stowe in America. He was the son of John Stow, the chronicler and historian of London, a justly famous man, whose valuable works are copiously quoted by English and American authors. From Samuel, a son of John, Mr. Stowe traces his descent, through James H. Stowe, cousin of Dr. Calvin Stowe, husband of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Mr. Stowe is a native of Providence, Rhode Island, born June 14, 1841, eldest son of James H. and Julia A. (Freebody) Stowe. His mother was also of an ancient English family of Newport, Rhode Island, in its earliest days, the descendants of which are scarcely found anywhere in the United States, and in Rhode Island away from Newport and Providence. Her parents were William and Sarah Freebody, of the Newport family. Mr. Stowe remained in his native place until mature years. His primary education was received in the public schools of that city, and he was afterward graduated from the Mowry institute, also of Providence, when about eighteen years of age. He then became a mechanic and draughtsman under the instruction of his father, who was a practical mechanic, and in 1861 he became secretary of the Burnside Rifle company, which had its title from Ambrose E. Burnside, since the distinguished general and Senator, but then a prominent resident of Bristol, Rhode Island, and inventor of the Burnside breech-loading rifle, which the company was engaged in manufacturing. Mr. Stowe was also engaged at this time (1861) as superintendent of the Burnside laboratory, a large establishment for the making of ammunition for the rifle. While thus employed he devised a machine for filling cartridges, so efficient and swift as to fill one thousand cartridges in one-fourth of a minute. It has since come into use in all the. United States arsenals. One of 454 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. the original machines at use in the Burnside laboratory was sold to the Fenians and landed on the coast of Ireland, where it was captured by the English Government, and is now in the British museum. During a part of this service he was appointed United States inspector of ammunition with rank, then an exceedingly important position. August 7, 1865, Mr. Stowe was elected treasurer of the Perkins Sheet-iron company, likewise of Providence, engaged in manufacturing sheet and bar iron, of which William Sprague, late United States Senator, was president. At this same time he was secretary of the American Snow-plow company, in the same city. Until the fall of 1867 he filled these positions, and then upon the change of the Burnside Rifle company to the Rhode Island Locomotive works, with General A. E. Burnside as president, Mr. Stowe was recalled to his former associations as secretary of the works, and relinquished his other positions, the new position requiring all his time. In 1870 he was one of a committee appointed by eastern manufacturers to visit the States of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Kansas, for the purpose of establishing manufactories. In January of the next year, as a consequence of this visit, and having on his hands a large machine shop which he had taken as an investment, he resigned his office in the locomotive works and removed the machinery of his shop to Bloomington, Illinois, in order to embark in independent business. Here the bonus of ten thousand dollars was given him by the citizens and a partner with suitable site and buildings. The same year he began the manufacture of a reaper of his own invention, and other agricultural implements, employing about fifty hands. His connection at Bloomington was somewhat unfortunate, and after sustaining large losses through his partnership, he withdrew from it, and accepted for a time the agency of the Superior Mower and Reaper company, with headquarters at Chicago. He presently withdrew from this, however, and in 1875 made a favorable engagement as manager of the Cincinnati branch office of C. Aultman & Co., of Canton, Ohio, manufacturers of reapers, mowers, engines, etc., the second largest manufactory of any kind in the State; the position which he now holds. During his residence in Cincinnati Mr. Stowe has taken an active interest in politics, on behalf of the Republican party, and at the April election of 1879 he was elected councilman for the First ward, and was elected to his second term in the same ward April 12, 1881. He has been chairman of the committees on steam-railroads and light, and was elected vice-president of the council at its reorganization in April, 1881. He has been one of the most active and influential members of the board. During most of his business life Mr. Stowe has had a taste for journalism and authorship which, notwithstanding his many and engrossing employments, he has found time to satisfy. In 1867 a very valuable book of his preparation was published by Henry Carey Baird, of Philadelphia, who paid the young author handsomely for the copyright. It is entitled "A Manual for the Sheet, Bar, and Plate Iron Roller," and is in use in all the rolling-mills throughout the country. Another work of his on guns and gunnery had a huge sale in this country and England. While at Bloomington he wrote much for the Pantagraph of that city, and for the Chicago Tribune and eastern papers. Since his removal to Cincinnati a specially useful book of "Hints to Farmers on the Reaper and Mower" has been published. Mr. Stowe at times appears as a lecturer, having pronounced before various bodies in this country addresses on Physiognomy and Odd-Fellowship. Industrial art in this country owes not a little to the inventive genius of Mr. Stowe. He has patented, first and last, no less than thirty machines and improvements, the principal of which are the cartridge machine and the reaper before mentioned. It is truly wonderful that he has been able to accomplish so much for his years in the various departments of human activity. J. B. CHICKERING, founder and proprietor of the Chickering Scientific and Classical Institute, was born August 10, 1827, in the town of New Ipswich, New Hampshire. His grandfather, Captain Abner Chickering, served in the Revolutionary war, and his father was a captain in the War of 1812. His father was the only brother of Joseph Chickering, the celebrated piano manufacturer. The subject of our sketch spent the first years of his life on a New England farm, where he was trained to habits of hardihood and economy. At the early age of eight years he lost his father. From the age of eight to the age of sixteen he worked on a farm earning his own livelihood and assisting in the support of his mother. He found time for study, and manifested great quickness of apprehension, with remarkable power of memory. When sixteen years old it was thought best that the boy should shift for himself, and, Yankee-like, he started out eagerly to try his fortune. The cash capital with which he began life on his own account, was but forty-two cents. Impressed with the excellent Yankee notion that education is the prime essential to success in any business or profession, young Chickering determined to go to school awhile, at all hazards. He made arrangements by which he could barter honest work for solid knowledge, and in 1843 entered Appleton institute, a most excellent classical and scientific school, located in his native town. For six years he worked and studied on a average of eighteen hours a day, and at the end of that time graduated at the head of his class. The continuity of his course at the academy was broken by the necessity of increasing his earnings, and he found winter employment in teaching district and high schools. His active habits and ready skill in imparting instruction made him very popular as a teacher. For two or three years after graduating Mr. Chickering continued a post-graduate course of study, giving most of his time to reading Latin authors; but circumstances prevented his completing a full collegiate course, as had been his long-cherished plan. Subsequently he found time to give three years to the study of the French and German languages, but he took a greater interest in and gained greater proficiency in mathematics HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 455 and natural sciences, for which he possessed a peculiar aptness. The cast of his mind is peculiarly practical and methodical. He readily seizes the general features of a subject, and is rarely mistaken in his judgment as to the relative value of studies to individuals, or as to the real breadth or capacity of others, whether they be teachers, learners, or neither. The term "shrewdness" well describes the character of his mind. Education has in every way sharpened and strengthened his faculties, but the executive genius by which he has won so good a reputation and accomplished so useful a work, is inborn, like his common sense and gay, good humor. The following is clipped from the Cincinnati Gazette of September 17, 1877: It is thirty-three years since the principal of the well-known Chickering institute first commenced his career as a teacher in the grammar schools of New England. Here he taught with marked success in grammar and high schools for eight years, when he was induced to come to Cincinnati on account of a generous offer made him by Miles Greenwood. This was in the autumn of 1852. After eighteen months spent as a private tutor, Mr. Chickering opened a private school in the beautiful village of Avondale. Inducements being offered for him to come to the city, he determined to do so, and in 1855 Chickering academy was opened in George-street-engine- house, with an attendance the first week of thirty-seven, and during the year increased to fifty-one. The second year the school record showed an attendance of seventy-six. Each successive year the attendance continued to increase until the year 1859, when it was determined to build for the better accommodation of the pupils. The site of the present building was purchased by Mr. Chickering, a two-story building was erected, and Chickering academy changed its name to the Chickering Classical and Scientific institute. The first year in the new building the school numbered one hundred and fifty-five. Within two years it was found necessary to add another story to the building for the better accommodation of the primary department for young boys. From that time to the present has been a series of years of most remarkable success in the school's history, the average attendance catalogued being two hundred and fifteen per annum. During all these years it has enjoyed the reputation of being not only one of the largest (probably the very largest) private schools for boys in the country, but is certainly one of the best managed and conducted in every respect. This school may well challenge comparison in the almost invariable success of its many graduates to pass the required examination of the colleges and scientific schools of this country and of Europe. Since 1864 the institute has presented the graduates of both classical and scientific departments with diplomas. No one is graduated unless he has an average standing of seventy-five per cent. during the middle and junior years, and of eighty per cent. in senior year. This rule is rigidly adhered to. This demands of students most earnest and faithful study and work in all departments, and hence the reason why those who enter colleges and scientific schools from this institute have always succeeded without being dropped from their college classes. At present the school has a most able corps of fourteen teachers, selected with special reference to their fitness to fill the places assigned them in the school. None but experienced teachers are ever employed. The liberality and discriminating judgment of Mr. Chickering have been the means of inducing several eminent educators to cast their lot for a longer or a shorter period of time in the institute. Among these may be named G. K. Bartholomew, principal of the young ladies' school bearing his name, Professor Henry P. Wright, of Yale college, Professor Tracy Peck, of Cornell university, Professor E. C. Coy, of Phillips' Andover academy, W. H. Venable, author of United States History and several other works. Mr. Venable has been associated with the institution for seventeen years and has contributed very largely to its present eminent success. Any sketch of the life of Mr. Chickering would be incomplete if it did not allude to his character as a citizen and a Christian worker. He is known in the city of Cincinnati as a most scrupulously honest and prompt man of business, and as such has the respect and confidence of the business men. His industry knows no rest. He never delegates even the details of his work to agents, but attends with the utmost care to every item of his own business. Mr. Chickering is a vigilant and indefatigable working church member. Perhaps no man living ever gave more faithful service to Sabbath-school interests than he has done. He is never absent from his post of duty, and his punctuality is proverbial. During thirty-three years he has never been once late at the opening exercises of his school, nor absent therefrom a single day. Blest with an unusual degree of health, his energy knows no rest. Although so exacting of his own time and energies, he is nevertheless generous toward those who do not attain his own standing of promptness and punctuality. On the fifteenth of July, 1857, Mr. Chickering was married to Sarah M. Brown, of Harvard, Massachusetts, Since then their pleasant home has been blessed with five children, the eldest a daughter, and four sons, all of whom are living. In closing our sketch it may not be uninteresting to state that the Chickering family is of the old English stock, and the lineage can be traced in an unbroken line to 1138. His mother, whose maiden name was Boutelle, was of French descent.* PROFESSOR GEORGE W. HARPER. Professor George W. Harper, for many years principal of the Woodward high school, in Cincinnati, was born in Franklin, Warren county, Ohio, August 21, 1832. He is son of the Rev. Daniel Harper and Sarah (Sims) Harper, both of old Quaker stock, residing originally near Philadelphia, but emigrating thence and settling in Warren county in 1825. They removed to Cincinnati in 1843, where the elder Harper engaged in the grocery and commission business, at first on Ninth street, and afterwards at No. 12 East Columbia (Second) street, where the business is still carried on under the firm name of Harper & Winall. George received the rudiments of education in the country schools of his native place, and was not introduced to the graded system until he was fifteen years * The above is a production first written by W. H. Venable for the Biographical Cyclopedia of Ohio. 456 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. old. From his eleventh to his fifteenth year, after, the removal to the city, he assisted his father in his business, and considers the practical training then received an invaluable part of his preparation for active life. He was then for two years a member of the Tenth district intermediate school, taught then, among others, by the lamented Aaron P. Rickoff and the Hon. Alexander Ferguson, the latter now an eminent lawyer and railway man. He then entered the old Central high school, the first of the grade in the city, and after two years more in that institution entered Woodward college, in which he took the usual collegiate course, giving especial attention to the mathematics, under the teaching of the late Dr. Joseph. Ray, then head of the school. Upon graduation (taking the valedictory honor) in 1853, he read a partial course in law; but, through the personal efforts and solicitation of Dr. Ray, he became a teacher instead of a lawyer. He seemed, indeed, to be born to the former vocation. While yet a. student he was placed in charge of a room from which two teachers had retired discomfited and discouraged, and managed it with great success to the end of the school year. Taking a certificate, of qualification in order to entitle him to pay for services rendered, and subsequently receiving, without the least solicitation on his part, an appointment as third assistant in the Woodward high school, he was easily induced to see that the path of duty and probable success lay for him in the pedagogic profession. He had rapid promotion, in a few years became first assistant in the school, and in 1866 principal, which position he has since retained, with distinguished honor and success. By 1869 his devoted service had abundantly earned him the leave of absence which was granted him by the board of education, and for about four months he enjoyed the advantages of a tour in Europe, during which he made special inquiry into the school systems of Great Britain and the continent, from Scotland to southern Italy, and as far eastward as Vienna. The observations then made have been of service to him since, not only in his regular work, but in the papers he has read and the discussions in which he has engaged in the teacher' institutes and associations he often attends. He is an active member of the. State Teachers' association. In 1873 the trustees of the McMicken fund resolved to try the experiment of organizing a university. The effort was entrusted to Mr. Harper, aided by his principal male. teachers. The hours, from 2 to 5 P. M. in the Woodward building were fixed, and Mr. Harper and five other teachers were selected to organize and run the school for one year, and if it proved, successful the trustees determined to enter upon a permanent organization. After examining one hundred and eighty-six applicants fifty-six were admitted and organized into classes in Latin, Greek, German, French, higher mathematics, physics, and chemistry. The experiment proved successful, and at the close of the year a permanent organization was effected, under the name of the Cincinnati university. Professor Harper has frequently delivered with much acceptance his scholarly course of lectures on geology, in the preparation of which he has been aided by his fine collection of fossils from the Silurian and other formations. He has made no less than five extended trips through the South, gathering for his cabinet of freshwater and land shells, of which he published a useful check-list some years ago. He is prominent member of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, one of its board of council, and one of the editors of its Journal. In 1855 he began a series of meteorological observations in this region, under the direction of the Smithsonian institution, which have been continued for twenty six years. These have supplied invaluable data (from the rain records) for the establishment of the sewerage system 0f this city and other important purposes, and in some cases heavy lawsuits against the city for damages have been decided by the aid of. these records. In 1865 Professor Harper was elected a trustee of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery; was elected president of the college in 1868, and again in 1875, and still holds that position. In this service he has been useful in many ways, but perhaps in none more so than in the capacity of peacemaker. So highly have his services been esteemed by the authorities 'of that institution that, some years ago, they surprised him by the presentation of a handsome gold watch and massive chain, bearing the inscription: "Presented to George W. Harper, March 20, 1873, by the Faculty of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery." In 1861 Professor Harper had conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of. Arts, by Denison university. Mr. Harper became a member of the Trinity Methodist Episcopal church in this city in 1847, at the age of fifteen, and was a most efficient and useful member until 186o, when he removed his membership to the Asbury church, where he has since been a most active worker. Two years after his admission to Trinity, he became a teacher in the Sabbath-school, and in 1869 he was elected superintendent of the school. Six years before this, when scarcely yet of age, he was made an official member, and has since served steadily in that relation. July 8, 1858, Mr. Harper was united in marriage to Miss Charity Ann, daughter of Frederick and Eveline (Dial) Durrell. She is also a native of Franklin, in Warren county, but was brought ,to this city when an infant. They have had two sons and three daughters born to them, of whom the sons and one daughter still survive. The oldest son, E. Ambler Harper, after graduating from the Woodward high school, entered the Cincinnati university, where he has just completed his third year. CAPTAIN C. A. SANTMYER. Charles Augustus Santrnyer, United States appraiser for the port of Cincinnati, had his nativity in Baltimore county, Maryland, upon a spot then about three miles HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 457 from the city, but now probably within its limits. His father, John M. Santmyer, was a native of Alsace, then a French province, and at the age of thirteen came with an uncle to this country, and settled in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania. He there grew to manhood, and during the last war with Great Britain was a marine in the service of the United States. He was with Decatur on the Constitution ("Old Ironsides") during the celebrated sea-fight with the Guerriere, of which, as well as of the Constitution itself, Captain Santmyer has a number of interesting relics. He also served in the land forces with the Pennsylvania contingent, was at the battle of Bladensburgh, just before the storming of Fort McHenry, and was wounded at the subsequent action of North Point, from which he suffered slight deformity through the rest of his life. After his discharge, which was compelled by this wound, he settled in Maryland, and was married to Miss Mary, daughter of John Elder, one of the eldest of the English Methodists in Maryland, and founder of the town of Eldersburgh, in Carroll county, of that State.. After his marriage, the elder Santmyer located for a short time at Antioch, Maryland, but finally settled in Baltimore county, where the subject of this sketch was born. He there began the manufacture of the old-fashoned beaver fur hats, which he continued for twenty-five or thirty years, when he retired from this business, and sometime afterwards became interested in the editorial and business management of the Catholic Mirror, a prom- inent organ of the church, published in Baltimore by John Murphy & Co. He removed his family into the city, and took a residence on Pine street. The remainder of his years was spent there and in religious journalism until his death, very suddenly, of chronic dysentery, in 1853, aged sixty-three. The mother died twenty years afterwards, in the same city, aged seventy-three. They left a family of seven children, five brothers and two sisters. The youngest son and child was Charles Augustus, born April 24, 1839, upon the old place in the suburbs. He began attendance at a private school, taught excellently by a Miss Locke, when about six years old, and was afterwards in the preparatory departments of Calvert and St. Mary's colleges, in the city, and finally at Mt. St. Mary's, Emmettsburgh, which he left before completing his course, in order to enter the regular army. This was during the Crimean war, some years before the war of the Rebellion. He had previously been a member of a military school at Govanstown, Maryland, though for but a short time; and the reading of Cooper's novels, with their stirring stories of Indian and border warfare, had aided to give him a decided military bent. He was then but eighteen years old, but was nevertheless accepted as a recruit, and assigned to the famous Washington battery (B), in the Fourth United States artillery, which made such a conspicuous figure in the Mexican war, and is noted in the service as the battery longest mounted in the regular army. In this war, by the way, Captain Santmyer had a brother, Joseph P., who was a captain in the Maryland regiment led by the dashing Colonel May, who fell in a charge at Resaca de la Palma. He was also in the late war, a captain in the Seventh Ohio cavalry. Young Santmyer was sent from Philadelphia, where he enlisted, to Fort Columbus, in New York Harbor, and then to join the Utah expedition, sent out under the late rebel General Albert Sydney Johnston. He endured safely all the miseries of this most toilsome march. After the peace, the battery was kept in the neighborhood of Salt Lake and on the plains, engaging in several severe Indian fights, the hardest of which was on the eleventh of August, 1860, in which a party of twenty-seven, of which Sergeant Santmyer was one, fought for several hours a band of the Goshen Utes, numbering about nine hundred, finally beat them off, and, after other battles with small forces of the Federal soldiers, they were compelled to surrender. The next spring the battery was ordered to sell or destroy large quantities of ammunition and other property which could not be removed (its means of transportation having been sold the fall before, by order of the notorious traitor Floyd, then Secretary of War, in order to cripple it as much as possible), and to move to " the States." A forced march was made across, the plains, without the weekly halt for " wash-days," then customary in the movements of troops there. Reaching steamer facilities at Fort Leavenworth, and then railroads, the battery was transported more rapidly to Washington, and was at once placed in position on Munson's Hill. Sergeant Santmyer, then the orderly sergeant and strongly recommended for a lieutenancy, remained with the command till his enlistment expired, July 7, 1862, when he returned to Baltimore, and organized and drilled battery B, of the Maryland volunteer artillery, which was mustered into the Federal service in September of the same year. He then joined the First Maryland cavalry as first lieutenant of company M, and was with it during Siegel's, Stahl's, and Sheridan's campaigns in the valley of the Shenandoah, then in the subsequent operations of the Army of the Potomac, including the battle of Gettysburg, in which he was wounded, as also at Snicker's Gap and at Berryville, but neither of the wounds put him out of the fight for more than a few weeks. He received no permanent harm from the casualties of war, except a serious rupture in the right side, caused by the fall of a -horse upon him at Snicker's Gap. He was adjutant of the regiment for some time, and in August, 1864, received his well-earned promotion to the captaincy of his old company. He accompanied the regiment thenceforth through all its arduous marches, innumerable skirmishes and pitched battles, until the close of the war, and for some months afterwards, when it was finally mustered out at Baltimore, December 13, 865. Soon after the war Captain Santmyer followed his brother Joseph, who had settled in Cincinnati, and after nearly a year's rest and medical treatment for relief from the consequences of his long and hard service, he obtained a place in the custom house, as storekeeper during the collectorship of General George W. Neff. He has since remained continuously in the custom service here, being steadily promoted from place to place, 458 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. until July 26, 1876, when he was appointed to the responsible and difficult office he now holds, by commission of President Grant. Much of his previous experience had gone far to qualify him for this post, and he has discharged its delicate and laborious duties during now more than five years, with entire acceptance. It may naturally be supposed that he takes a hearty interest in politics, and has done what he could, in many ways, to promote the success of the Republican party. He is a very active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and has been mainly influential in building up the ad-. mirable post of the Grand Army which is maintained at his home in Carthage. His affiliations in organized societies are exclusively with this organization, through which he has incidentally been enabled to do much good work in reforming old soldiers that were going to the bad. Captain Santmyer was married December 10, 1868, to Miss Helen M. Wright, granddaughter of the venerable Dr. Thomas Wright, of Ingleside, Sycamore township, where they were married, and daughter of Noah D. and Maria Louise Wright. Their children number four: Joseph, now eleven years of age; Jessie, a centennial child, now in her fifth year; Helen, nearly four years old; and Louise, born December 27, 1879. The family remained for some years at Ingleside, but in April, 1881, removed to the pleasant residence they now occupy on Front street, in Carthage. HON. GEORGE W. SKAATS. James, the grandfather of Mr. Skaats, was an immigrant from Holland, settling among the Knickerbockers on the Hudson river about the middle of the last century, coming with his father's family to America while still very young. He was a lieutenant in the Revolution, and served honorably until the close of the patriotic struggle. He survived until 1843, dying in that year at the age of eighty-eight, in Dearborn county, Indiana, and was buried with military honors. He had come with his family to that county in 1817. James, his son, was one of the party, and resided with his people in Dearborn county, where they engaged in the business of farming. James took a farm for himself on Tanner's creek, seven miles from Lawrenceburgh. In 1823 he removed to Cincinnati, and opened a grocery store on Central avenue, on the northeast corner of Longworth street. After two or three years in this location, he purchased another, an entire acre, at the foot of Fifth street, where he built a store building. The wharf subsequently built at this point, about three hundred feet in length, is still in the possession of the family, and is leased to the city. At that time a horse ferry was run from this, landing to the Kentucky shore. Here Mr. Skaats was quite out of the city, for the time being; but he had a large trade, especially with the Kentuckians, whose custom he was very favorably situated to attract. For the rest of his life, so long as he did any business, he remained litre, in the same trade. In 1860 he died, at his home in Cincinnati. He had been a soldier, serving faithfully in the War of 1812. George W. Skaats was one of a very large family of children, numbering twelve or thirteen, among whom he was the sixth child, born October Jo, 1816, in New York city, where his father was then living and engaged in the grocery trade. At the age of seven months he was taken with the family to Dearborn county, Indiana, and seven years thereafter to Cincinnati. Here he received his education in the city schools, and at the early age of nineteen started into business for himself, as a grocery-man, at the corner of Carr and Front streets, purchasing the stock and good-will of an Englishman named Williams. By this time young Skaats had saved the handsome sum of nine hundred dollars, which he had made in ferrying persons across the Ohio in his skiff, outside of school hours, having been thus quite independent of his father for clothing and personal expenses since the time he was twelve years old. After about three years in the grocery business, it was found too confining for one of his active habits, and he was advised by a physician to go into a more open-air employment, if he would save himself from consumption. He then went into brick-making, which was at that day a very extensive and profitable business at the West End, it being the transition period for Cincinnati from a wooden to a brick city. He had several brickyards, two of them in Barr's woods, which then covered most of that part of the place between Sixth and Eighth streets. He made a large share of the brick for the present court house, and all of that for the German Catholic church at the corner of Twelfth and Walnut, and the old Universalist church on Walnut street, between Third and Fourth streets, besides large quantities for private purposes. He remained in this business for about ten years, reaping rich rewards from it. During the high water of 1847, which invaded his dwelling on Carr street, near the river, he changed his vocation to that of a coal dealer, having his yard at the point where Fifth street crossed the Whitewater canal, locating afterwards in a large yard at the corner of Sixth and Freeman streets, where he dealt in coal for a number of years. Meanwhile, however, in 1851, he, in company with Messrs. George Coon and Fuller, built a distillery on the plank road, now Gest street, which became known from its location as the Plank Road distillery. He assisted in conducting this until the summer of 1856, when he sold out and invested very heavily in coal, much of which he bought at five and six cents a bushel, and sold it the next winter, in a time of scarcity, at fifty to sixty cents. From his succes in dealing in "black diamonds," he was known for a time as the " diamond king." He then bought the Hazard farm in Delhi township, on the hill back of the present site of South-side. It is now occupied by the Protectory for boys, owned and managed by the Catholic order of the Brotherhood of St. Francis. Mr. Skaats lived for more than eight years on this farm, continuing a coal business in the city with his brother-in-law, Mr. Charles E. Argevine, under the firm name of Skaats & Argevine. He then returned to Cincinnati, making his home on Fourth HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 459 street, above Park, and then at a new residence built by him at No. 96 Dayton street, where he died August 1, 1877, nearly sixty-one years of age. The father of Mr. Skaats was one of the most ardent Abolitionists of his day, a thorough sympathizer and coworker with Ezra Coffin, Mr. Harwood, and other leading anti-slavery men of the more pronounced type. The son was not in full sympathy with them, but was an old-line Whig, and became an active Republican upon the formation of that party, remaining with it till his death. He was elected a member of the city council in 1847, when but thirty-one years old, and served by successive reelections until his removal to the country, and again for about ten years after his return, his later service being in the board of aldermen, or upper house of the city government. It is not remembered that he was ever defeated as a candidate for the council. He also served for two terms in the Ohio house of representatives—being elected the first time in 1865, when a resident of Delhi township, and again just ten years afterwards, being a member of the assembly at the time of his death. He was considered a very consistent and useful member, though not much of an orator; and his judgment was greatly relied upon in committees and in the sessions of the house. He was connected with the orders of Odd Fellows and Free Masons, in the latter of which he had advanced to the Scottish Rite, by the ceremonies of which the final services at his grave were performed. He was also a member of the Universalist church from 1834 during the rest of his life, worshipping with the society on Plum street. Mr. Skaats was married in Cincinnati April 8, 1845, to Miss Zenecia L. Ludlum, first daughter of Likum and Fanny (Madison) Ludlum. She survived Mr. Skaats, and resides in the handsome suburban dwelling at Mount Washington, formerly owned by Captain Benneville Kline, passing her winters occasionally at the residence No. 572 West Eighth street, upon her extensive property in that quarter. They had seven children—four daughters and three sons, viz: John Newton, who died of scarlet fever, in Cincinnati, at the age of eight years. Clara Ellen, who also died of scarlet fever, nearly six years old. Margaret Emma, who died of the same scourge (the three children departing within twenty days of each other), about three years old. George William, residing with his mother. Fannie L., also at home. Luella May, married Mr. Charles F. Loudon, of Cincinnati, August 20, 1879, residing at No. 572 West Eighth street. James Madison, residing with his mother. DRAUSIN WULSIN, Esq. This gentleman, one of the most prominent attorneys and Republicans of the city of Cincinnati, is of French descent. His maternal grandfather, however, was of English blood. The family was from the south of France, and was first represented in America by his great-grandfather, who was born in Genoa, Italy, and came to this country some time in the last century. His son, the paternal grandfather of the subject of this notice, was born in New Orleans in 1780, and the paternal grandmother also there in 1788, when Louisiana was still under the dominion of the Spaniards. Mr. Wulsin's maternal grandfather was a native of Mississippi, born in 1750; but the grandmother also of New Orleans, in 1786. The elder Wulsin died in that city, leaving a somewhat numerous family, among whom was Drausin, the third son, father of the subject of this memoir, who was born in New Orleans August 6, 1814. He grew to manhood there, but was the first of the family to remove his residence from that city. He was previously united in marriage, however, on the twentieth of January, 1836, to Miss Josephine Young, born August II, 1818, daughter of an English father and French mother, whose maiden name was De Tassy. They remained in the Crescent City about fifteen years longer, and then pushed northward, landing with their young family in Cincinnati in 1851. His means enabled him to live here for some years without engaging in active business; but he subsequently invested a part of his property in the piano trade, and then engaged in pork-packing, ending his days, however, in comparative retirement, with some attention to the management of a farm which he had purchased in Kentucky, and upon which he had resided. He had meanwhile lived, with his family for a few months in each of the States of Iowa and Indiana. His life was closed in peace upon his country seat, in August, 1863. The mother is still living with her children, most of whom are unmarried, and still form one family. The surviving children number three brothers and as many sisters—Aline, Drausin, Lucien, Laura, Clarence and Lillie. Another brother, Eugene, was a member of the Fourth Ohio volunteer cavalry, and died a prisoner, one of the victims of the horrible pen at Andersonville. Two of the brothers who survive also served in the war of the Rebellion—Drausin in the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Ohio infantry, and Lucien in the same regiment with Eugene. All the family who are alive remain in Cincinnati. Drausin Wulsin was born in the French quarter of New Orleans, June 10, 1842. When the family removed to Cincinnati, nine years afterward, neither he nor any of the children, nor either of the parents, although one of them had an English father, was able to speak the English tongue. This made the education of the children, for the sake of which the father had been prompted to seek better opportunities in a northern city, somewhat difficult; but they soon overcame the obstacle, and received all the advantages the public schools of the city were then able to offer. Young Drausin went through the entire course of popular education, as then organized here, but stopped a little short of graduation at the Hughes high school, of which he was a member, in consequence of the removal of the family to Iowa. The elder Wulsin was an accomplished musician, par- 460 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ticularly in the use of the piano, clarionet and guitar; and he took pains to see that each of his children, boys and girls alike, was well instructed as a pianist, and they continue to this day to exercise their gifts in this particular. Mr. Lucien Wulsin was for some years president of the Cincinnati musical society, and is a member of the firm of Messrs. D. H. Baldwin & Co., of Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Louisville, among the most extensive dealers in pianos and organs in the northwest. Clarence, another of the brothers, is a clerk in the same house. Drausin Wulsin shares the talent of the family in this respect. After the return from Iowa he studied bookkeeping and became book-keeper for his father, and then for Messrs. Potter & Wilson, dealers in machinery, on East Second street, above Broadway. He began the study of the law in April, 1861, in the office of French & Cunningham, the former of whom was a highly educated man, and had been a Baptist minister. The same year Mr. Wulsin entered the Cincinnati law school, in which he took nearly the full course, but was again disappointed of graduation by the removal of the family to Kentucky. He returned the next year to Cincinnati, and was admitted to the Hamilton county bar. He began practice in October, 1862, opening an office at No. 97 1-2 West End street, in the office of Mills & Goshorn. In about two years the office was abandoned, and Mr. Wulsin took the field as a soldier in the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Ohio volunteer infantry, one of the hundred-day regiments called out in the summer of 1864. He served with his command at Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, and returned to practice at the expiration of his term. His office was again with Mills & Goshorn, and upon the dissolution of that firm he formed a partnership with the junior member, Major A. T. Goshorn, who has since been renowned as the director-general of the Centennial exhibition. At the expiration of a year, Mr. Goshorn withdrew from the profession and became a manufacturer, and Mr. Wulsin took as a partner Henry P. Belknap, jr., who is now an orange-planter in Florida. In 187o, Mr. Lewis E. Mills, the former partner of Major Goshorn, returned from a European tour, and the next year, the firm of Wulsin & Belknap having been dissolved, Messrs. Wulsin & Mills joined their professional fortunes in a new partnership. Mr. Mills afterwards returned to Europe, where he died, and Mr. Wulsin, in February, 1875, took as a partner James H. Perkins, jr., son of the well-known literary character of the same name, who is prominently mentioned in our chapter on literature in Cincinnati. The next year Mr. Perkins was made assistant city solicitor, which necessarily broke up the firm of Wulsin & Perkins. Mr. Wulsin's next and his present partner is William Worthington, esq., son of the renowned Cincinnati lawyer of the last generation, the Hon. Vachel Worthington, and worthy inheritor of his talent and integrity. The partnership has endured continuously since 1877, and has proved thoroughly congenial and efficient, winning a large practice and high position at the Cincinnati bar. Mr. Wulsin has found time for some official positions and duties. In 1869 he was elected to the city council from the old Sixteenth ward, and served two years. Six years thereafter he was chosen from the same ward to the board of education, in which body he served four years, during a part of which time he represented it upon the Union board of high schools. A Republican from the beginning of his political life (his father and grandfather, although Southerners and Southern-born, were both practical Abolitionists, and the latter, at his death, liberated every slave he owned) Mr. Wulsin has naturally been active in the advocacy of Republicanism. He was one of the original members and founders of the Lincoln club, and has assisted not a little in the growth of its membership and influence. In February, 1880, he was elected to the handsome position of president of the club, and his administration of its affairs was triumphantly endorsed by a reelection in the spring of 1881. He has no ambition for any higher office than this, nor for membership in any other social organization. Mr. Wulsin was married December 21, 1875, in Cincinnati, to Miss Julia, eldest surviving daughter of Col. Enoch T. Carson. They have no children, but maintain their own establishment in a pleasant residence on Eighth street, between Race and Elm. JAMES S. WHITE, of Madisonville, one of the leading lawyers of Cincinnati, was born in the town of Cumminsville on the fifth of May, 1816. He comes of the very earliest pioneer settlers of Hamilton county. His genealogical history dates back to the days of Edward White, of Somerset county, New Jersey, who figured in colonial and Revolutionary times, and was the father of four sons and one daughter—Captain Jacob White, and his brothers Amos, Ithamer and Edward, and Elizabeth White. At an early period the family removed to Washington county, Pennsylvania, where these sons grew to manhood before the Declaration of Independence was adopted and published, and there encountered the harassing life of frontiersmen, as well as participation in the sanguinary conflicts for American Independence. About the year 1788 Captain White came to Hamilton county, and was one of the small party that commenced the village of Columbia, being the earliest settlement in the Miami valley, made within the limits of Judge Symmes' purchase. He, after a preliminary examination of the surrounding country, returned to Pennsylvania, and brought a brother and sister on his return to Columbia. Being a bold, fearless adventurer, he left the settlement and on July 23, 1792, selected what is now section one in Springfield township (the location of which is where the Hamilton County Agricultural fair-ground is situated, now a short distance east of Carthage, and on his land), seven or eight miles in the wilderness, and built a blockhouse, locating it at what was then the third crossing of Mill creek, to which he removed his family and began an improvement. This place was known as White's station and was one of the centres of the Miami settlements. It consisted of the families of David Flinn, Andrew Goble, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 461 Andrew and Moses Pryor, and Lewis Winans, who followed the adventurer and built cabins on either side of the creek and contiguous to the block-house, part of which was enclosed with it by a rough log fence. This was soon after the commencement of the Indian war, during which time these pale faces were made the object of an attack by a strong party of Indians, who were repulsed and compelled to retreat. Captain White was a good, practical lawyer by study, experience and practice, in his own and others' cases, being, by reason of the newness of the country, under the necessity to undertake the causes by their solicitation, and also plead most of his own cases in court. He owned the centre wharf by a good and clear paper title—all the land north of the Ohio river from low water mark to Front street, and from the west side of Broadway to east side of Main street; but by being kind and indulgent allowed the city to obtain a title by prescription. He brought suit for the recovery thereof finally, but it was decided by a majority of one of the court against him. The decision is reported in 4 Peters' United States Reports. Captain White died in Gallatin county, Kentucky, on the twentieth of July, 1849, in the ninety-third year of his age. Amos White, his brother, and grandfather of J. S. White, moved to a farm between Glendale and Sharon-vine, where he raised a large family of eleven children: Edward, jr., John, Amos, jr., Joseph, Benjamin—father of J. S.—Jacob, Levi, Reuben, Sarah, Mary, and Jane. Most of these children lived to a ripe old age, Jane and Amos being about ninety years old at their death. Jacob, being the only surviving member of the family, now lives in the State of Illinois. Levi, a sketch of whose life is given elsewhere, was a minister of the Gospel in the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Amos White, the father, was an active man in the church himself, and his house being a stopping-place for the pioneer ministers who frequently made his place the end of their day's journey, it was not unusual to have a general in-gathering of the people for religious service when a preacher was known to come that way. He afterwards built "Salem," a brick church on his farm. His good wife, Miss Mary Wells, was formerly of Baltimore. Her parents were of the society of Friends or Quakers. She exhibited the simple neatness of the Quaker domestic life and manners. Amos White was the neatest and best agriculturist of the Miami valley. Of these children all lived tea good old age except Benjamin, who died at the age of twenty-four, when J. S., his only child, was but four or five months old. He had previously entered into the War of 1812 as a substitute for his brother Joseph. The company was raised at Cincinnati and was of Hull's army; but while in the service he endured a severe spell of typhoid fever, from which fell disease he never fully recovered. He was in the army about six months. In 1814 he was married to Miss Mary Smith, of Lau- rel Hills, Virginia, then living in Hamilton county, on Mill creek, with whom he lived only about eighteen months before his death. She was cousin of United States Senator Thaddeus Stevens, of Pennsylvania, her mother being one of the Stevens family. She was born March 25, 1793. She came with her parents from the State of Pennsylvania to Hamilton county, Ohio, when a child. Her husband's early death left her in loneliness and sorrow. She was afterwards married to Joseph Ludlow, a prominent man in the Methodist Episcopal church; but in 1862 he died, and she was again left bereaved. In 1816 she was converted at a camp-meeting held by Rev. Russell Bigelow, and continued for fifty-one years a faithful Christian, when she died in the seventy-fourth year of her age. She taught her son, J. S., the alphabet by directing his attention to the initial letters of chapters in the Bible. Mr. White, the subject of this sketch, began his active life without assistance from others, although he was slender and not strong. His stepfather, who was a builder, chose for him that occupation, a trade too irksome and heavy for one of his physical abilities. He learned the trade and in his early years worked at it quite vigorously. Several structures of Madisonville still stand to attest the good work of his early manhood, while he was in his minority. This labor was too severe for his strength, and being of studious habits and endowed with quick perceptions, he was earnestly advised by Dr. John Jewett, for whom he was then doing a• job at his trade, to change his occupation for that of a physician; and, after consideration, he availed himself of the opportunity, and read medicine for about one year with his friend, Dr. John Jewett, until his studies were interrupted by the death of his preceptor. He was then advised by Dr. Alexander Duncan to study law, but, feeling the need of a thorough literary education, he determined to enter college. For this purpose he had to resort again to his trade to earn a sufficient sum for his college expenses. His career through college illustrates the character of the man. Without advantages of previous preparation, he necessarily entered college unequally equipped for the race. Besides, he found it necessary to labor for his support during vacations. But his native determination and tenacity of purpose carried him to the wished-for goal. He completed his classical course at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, in 1841. Among his classmates and college friends were. Charles L. Talford, George E. Pugh, United States ex-senator; Henry Snow; John S. Williams, United States Senator for Kentucky; Rev. John G. Fee, the noted Abolitionist, also of Kentucky; Judge Joseph Cox, Judge Jacob Burnett, Judge Alexander Paddock, S. F. Covington, A. Brower, and others of the Cincinnati bar; General Durbin Ward, Colonel John Groesbeck, and E. Denison. He began the study of the law, but was compelled to labor at his trade to help him through. He studied law with Judge Joseph Cox and Henry Snow, of Cincinnati, who have been his life-long kind friends, and who, after some preliminary study, encouraged his early efforts by occasionally putting business in his hands, and in 1846 he was examined for admission to the bar by a committee consisting of Judge Alphonso Taft, Judge Charles Fox, A. N. Riddle, Henry Starr, and William Corry. He passed a creditable examination, and immediately entered upon the practice of his profession, 462 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. and has since become one of the most useful and valuable members of the Cincinnati bar. He is a very modest man, and is ever prone to rate himself lower than his brethren. But if perfect truth, courage and fidelity, joined with intelligence and industry, make a first-class lawyer, then is Mr. White such. His word is as good as his bond, and his courtesy is equal to his courage. Mr. White was not ambitious for office or place; he, never permitted himself to become a candidate therefor, although often solicited by his friends. Some of his clients have had many opportunities of weighing him in the balances, and he has never been found wanting, or as guarantor to his friends. His special forte is the settling of large estates, and his performance of this duty has won him an enviable reputation. His success is in great measure due, not merely to the courage and courtesy of which we have spoken, and to his well known integrity and intelligence, but to his careful foresight and painstaking preparation, which has no doubt cost him many fees he might have earned by undertaking cases in haste, but has earned him the well-deserved confidence of all who know him, so that with Mr. White once employed is twice employed. He is not a lawyer from whom as well as to whom clients run, but when a client has once learned his value he is sure to return to Mr. White at the first emergency. Thus he has secured a host of friends whose confidence is worth much to him in his profession. Mr. White was married in 1846 to Sarah A. Stewart, daughter of Benjamin and Hannah Stewart, early pioneers of the county. He is the father of six living children—two sons and four daughters. His son, Benjamin S. White, the oldest child, is a lawyer, with some inclinations to political preferments. The younger son, J. S. jr., is strictly business in his manner and habits. Mr. White has always taken an interest in horticulture and fruit growing. He is the owner of several tracts of land, some of which are planted with almost every fruit and flower that grows in this climate. His residence is beautifully situated on a plat of several acres of land in Madisonville, that in the blooming season of the year produces a luxuriance of flowers of unsurpassing beauty. He has been an active member of the Cincinnati Horticultural society and American Wine-grower's association for many years, and on account of the interest he has taken in this subject has won for himself the name of the granger lawyer. Mr. White is a man of less than medium height and weight, of light complexion, has a well-cut mouth, a deep, clear eye, and marked features generally; is quick to discern, fluent of speech, and possesses a lawyer's readiness with the tongue. He is amiable, peaceable, and benevolent; assists others in need and distress, and has endorsed for his friends often to his loss. He is hospitable and generous, and no one has ever experienced his society without pleasure. Mr. White is a man, and as such no doubt has faults, but no one is quicker than he to see and correct them. His naturally good constitution, invigorated by early labors, and not impaired by any excess, promises him a long life of continued usefulness. However ,this may prove, when the inexorable angel of death shall call him, Mr. White will leave a good name and a life filled with good works, and be followed to his grave by the tears of his children and with the sorrow of his professional brethren. S. F. COVINGTON was born in Rising Sun, Indiana, November 12, 1819. His father was a native of Somerset county, Maryland, and came west and settled in Rising Sun in 1816. He was married, January 7, 1819, to Mary Fulton, daughter of Colonel Samuel Fulton, who built the first log house in that section of the country in 1798, on the place where Rising Sun now stands. Colonel Fulton was a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and with his father had served in the war of the Revolution. Upon the restoration of peace they removed west, first stopping a couple of years at Newport, Kentucky, then locating where Rising Sun now is. The father, John Fulton, died in 1826. Colonel Fulton, after a residence there of fully fifty years, during which time he held many important positions under both the Territorial and State governments, died January 15, 1849, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. The subject of this sketch received his education, with the exception of a single year at Miami university, at the schools of his native village, which was famed for its good schools from its earliest history to the present time. At the age of twelve years he entered a country store, and for the next six years took as much time from that employment as his means would allow in attending school. Leaving college in the autumn of 1838, he engaged as clerk on a steamboat, where he continued, with intervals in shipping produce to the south by flatboats, until March, 1843, when, at the solicitation of his fellow-citizens, he established and took charge of a newspaper at Rising Sun called the Indiana Blade, the object being to procure a division of Dearborn county and the location of the county seat at Rising Sun. Efforts for the accomplishment of this object had been made at intervals for the thirty years preceding. The Blade divided the county, and, in 1844, Rising Sun was made a county seat. Soon after the establishment of the Blade, on the second of April; 1843, Mr. Covington was married to Miss Mary Hamilton, second daughter of Jonathan Hamilton, then a resident of Rising Sun, but whose family, originally from the same section of Pennsylvania as Colonel Fulton, were among the pioneers of Columbiana county, Ohio. Five children were born of this union. The eldest, George B., entered the Union army July 4, 1861, having then barely entered upon his seventeenth year. After serving as quartermaster-sergeant of the Seventeenth Indiana regiment, he was promoted by Governor Morton to the adjutantcy of the same regiment, and shared in its many engagements, commencing in Virginia and continuing through Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia. He was wounded in battle at Pump- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 463 kin Vine Church, Georgia, May z4, 1864, and died June 1, 1864. The second son, John I., graduated at Miami university in 1870, and has since devoted himself to insurance, being at this time superintendent of the Insurance Adjustment company of Cincinnati, an institution of great value to both insurers and insured. The eldest daughter, Harriet, graduated at the Cincinnati Young Ladies' seminary in 1868, and in 1874 was married to Rev. James H. Shields, now pastor of the Presbyterian church of South St. Louis, Missouri. The second daughter, Mary, graduated at Highland institute, Hillsborough, Ohio, in 1874, was married to Joseph Cox, jr., son of Judge Joseph Cox, in 1879, and died July 26, 1880. Florence, the youngest daughter, graduated at Highland institute in 1880, and remains with her parents. When the new county of Ohio was authorized in 1844 the sheriff appointed by the governor to attend to its organization was called from the State by business. He appointed Mr. Covington his deputy, so that he was the first person to act officially in that county. He was chosen auditor at the first election in the county without opposition. The county was small and there was but little for county officers to do, the fees and emoluments of no one of them being sufficient to devote the hours required by law in attending at the office. The occupants of the several offices had a pride in being the first officers of the new county, which was their only motive for accepting the places. This led to the appointment of Mr. Covington as a deputy, and at one time when he was auditor he acted as deputy clerk of the circuit court, deputy county recorder, deputy county treasurer, and deputy school commissioner, really attending to the duties of every county office except those of sheriff and coroner. In the spring of 1846 he was chosen a justice of the peace by an almost unanimous vote. He was well known as a Democrat of the most pronounced type, yet when he came before his fellow-citizens as a candidate he was supported strongly by the Whigs. Soon after being elected justice of the peace he was appointed postmaster at Rising Sun, and served in both capacities until the autumn of 1847, when, having been elected a member of the State legislature from the district composed of the counties of Ohio and Switzerland, and which was pretty evenly divided between the two parties, by a vote of more than two to one over his Whig competitor, he resigned the office of justice of the peace, because of the constitutional prohibition in relation to the same person holding two offices under the State constitution. One legislative term satisfied all his ambition in that direction, and he resolved never again to be a candidate for legislative honors. About this time he made a narrow escape from a considerable loss by being security on an official bond, and he resolved never to accept an office requiring an official bond or go as bondsman upon one, to which he has ever since adhered. He holds that if the electors select a dishonest or incompetent man they should be held responsible for his frauds and his errors, and not some innocent bondsman whose family may be forever pecuniarily ruined. While a member of the legislature he purchased the Courier newspaper at Madison, Indiana, and upon the adjournment of the legislature resigned his office of postmaste1 and removed to Madison and took charge of that paper. This was the year of the Presidential contest between General Cass and General Taylor. Madison was a strong Whig city, but very few of her merchants or leading men being Democrats. The Banner, a Whig paper, was published daily and weekly and had a good patronage. The Courier was a weekly paper and had but a limited patronage. The new editor took hold with a determination to make the Courier a success. He was uncompromising in his politics, yet he advocated the cause of the Democratic party in a way so as to avoid giving personal offense, and soon the business became prosperous. In due time a daily Courier was issued. It gave attention to the business interests of the city, took the telegraphic news, which the Banner did not, and with all its sins of Democracy soon grew into public favor. The Banner has long since ceased to be published. The Courier has enjoyed prosperity from the day of its first appearance, now thirty-two years ago. In 1848 Mr. Covington sold the Courier to Colonel M. C. Garber, recently deceased, and returned to Rising Sun and engaged in merchandising, which he continued but a short period. He again turned his attention to shipping produce south in flatboats and to insurance, engaging in the latter business in Cincinnati in 1851, and in which business he has ever since, with but slight interruptions, continued, having been associated with the management of companies in all these intervening years, and is at this time president of the Underwriters' association. He was one of the incorporators of the Globe Insurance company of this city, in March, 1865, and was its first secretary, having resigned the secretaryship of the Western Insurance company of this city to accept that position. He was chosen vice-president of the company in 1867, and president in January, 1874, which position he now holds. At the spring election in 1870, Mr. Covington was elected from the Seventeenth ward as a member of the first board of aldermen, was appointed chairman of the committee on the fire department, and thus became, ex-officio, a member of the board of fire commissioners. The next year he was chosen president of the board of aldermen, at the close of which he retired from the board. The legislature of Ohio at its session of 1875-76 enacted a law providing for a board of police commissioners to be appointed by the governor for the city of Cincinnati. Without solicitation on the part of Mr. Covington, or any previous knowledge of the wishes of the governor, R. B. Hayes, the appointment was tendered him by telegraph, and accepted. Mr. Covington was chosen president of the board at its first meeting, and served until the duties of the office became such a tax upon his time and so interfered with his business that he was compelled to resign. As a delegate from the Cincinnati chamber of commerce, he attended the convention held in February, 186,8, at which was organized the National board of trade. He was elected a vice-president of the Cincinnati 464 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. chamber of commerce in 1868, again in 1869, and again in 1870. In 1872 he was chosen president of the same body, and was reelected in 1873, thus serving two terms. He was elected a representative of the chamber to the National Board at Chicago in 1873, and was then elected a vice-president of the National Board, and was elected a representative annually and continued a vice-president of the National Board up to 1880, when the Cincinnati chamber of commerce withdrew its membership from the National Board of Trade. Mr. Covington was elected president of the Cincinnati board of trade in 1878. In 1879 the board of trade and the board of transportation were consolidated, and in 1881 he was elected president of the consolidated board, being the first instance in which any person had been elected a second time to the presidency of that organization. Mr. Covington has for many years taken an active part in all matters affecting the business interests and commercial prosperity of Cincinnati. His familiarity with transportation and insurance, his knowledge of boating and boatmen, and the, deep interest he has taken in the improvement of the navigation of our river, have made his services in that direction of great value to the transportation interests of our city. He was for a long time chairman of the committee of the chamber of commerce on the Louisville and Portland canal, and as such contributed largely to the early and successful completion of that important work, by going before the committee on commerce in Congress and presenting its claims to their consideration. He also represented the chamber before congressional committees in opposition to bridges across the Ohio river likely to obstruct its navigation. He was, during several years, chairman of the committee on river navigation in the board of trade, and by his reports upon that subject attracted public attention to the value of our river or public highways, and their importance to the manufacturing and commercial interests of the city or routes of transit, and thus secured congressional aid for their improvements. Mr. Covington's whole life has been passed so near the city, and so much of it within the city, that he may during the entire time be classed, with no great impropriety, as a citizen of Cincinnati. Commencing as far back as 1833, he was familiar with the city and acquainted with very many of its citizens. That acquaintance has been so kept alive by almost daily communication when a resident, and by frequent visits when not a resident, that but few persons now living here know more of the city and its inhabitants, during the past fifty years, than he does. He has seen it grow from a population of but little, if any more than thirty thousand, to its present great proportions, and watched its progress in all these years with a deep interest and just pride, feeling closely identified with it in all its material interests, and that its prosperity conduced to his own. CHARLES McDONALD STEELE. This gentleman, one of the best known business men and successful stock operators in the Queen City, is of Scotch descent, his father, Thomas Steele, a native of Edinburgh, emigrating to this country in 1815. Three years afterward, in Philadelphia, he was married to Miss Maria Phipps, a native of Pennsylvania. The couple removed to Cincinnati with their young family in 1841, where the father died of Asiatic cholera, July 21, 1849, the mother surviving him and remaining a widow for more than thirty years. She died of paralysis, January 21, 1880, and was buried beside her husband in the beautiful Spring Grove cemetery. Their son Charles was born in Philadelphia, April 24, 1841, six months before the removal to the valley of the Ohio, where, in Cincinnati and Hartwell, he has since continuously resided. After some training in the public schools, he entered the Western Methodist Book Concern as an employee, and while here met with an accident which has ever since partly deprived him of the use of his left hand. He soon after, in 1854, began active life again as a news agent on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, which humble position he filled satisfactorily, and with good financial results, for several years. During the last year of the war of the Rebellion he was agent for the Adams Express company at Murfreesborough, Tennessee. Some years afterwards, in 187o, he made a beginning of a career as a city contractor, taking the contract for constructing the Smith street, Clark street, and Mill street sewers during the next two years. In 1875 he was the builder of a part of McLean avenue, in the city. In the execution of his several contracts he was highly successful, realizing a profit in three years of about thirty thousand dollars. On the first of April, 1873, Mr. Steele purchased and subdivided a tract of land in the Mill Creek bottom, a venture which his friends confidently predicted would be a financial failure. Within the short space of a fortnight, however, he surprised them, and very likely himself, by selling his subdivision at a net profit of about eleven thousand dollars. Already, in 1872, he had removed his residence from Cincinnati to Hartwell, in which he bought and subdivided a tract equal to about one-fifth of the village plat. From this he has sold more than two hundred lots, and also twenty-five houses, there and elsewhere in the village. It may here be remarked that Mr. Steele has laid out as many as three subdivisions in the county, and has made a successful operation of each venture. He has, indeed, handled as much real estate to advantage as any operator of his years in the county. At Hartwell he naturally takes an active interest in every enterprise that promises its material, mental, or moral development. He was mainly instrumental in securing the incorporation of the village, after a hard and somewhat protracted struggle; was its first mayor, and was twice reelected to that office; projected and sustained nearly half the cost of the beautiful Methodist Episcopal church building at Hartwell, and subscribed liberally to other church enterprises; and has been a member of the Hartwell board of education for six years. He has been liberal with his means in HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 465 expenditures for all legitimate purposes, but is economical withal, husbanding and managing his large estate with care, and indulging in no expensive personal habits. After the death of his father, during the long survival of his mother, he was her sole support, and took especial pleasure in the performance of all filial duties. He still retains a large block of real estate property in Hartwell, which is one of the prettiest and most interesting suburbs of Cincinnati, in which city he has also a valuable estate, and there, at No. 235 West Fourth street, keeps his office. He is now serving as president of the Ross Road Machine company, at a salary of three thousand six hundred dollars per annum. In all his business enterprises and relations he exhibits indomitable energy and courage, and is considered a remarkably good business man. Prompt and exact himself. in the performance of his contracts, particularly in making payments (no note or other obligation of his has failed of punctual attention at maturity), he expects others to be so, and holds them firmly to their agreed stipulations. He is a man of strong affections, and a good hater withal, upon occasion; but is personally genial, thoroughly social and companionable. Rising from very humble beginnings, he has become one of the leading citizens and marked men of Cincinnati and its suburban towns. In the fall of 1861 Mr. Steele was married to Miss Mary E. Thompson, daughter of R. P. Thompson, esq., a well known resident of Cincinnati. She is a graduate of the Wesleyan Female college, in the city, and a lady of refinement and culture. They have five children—Thomas M., Stella V., Charles W., Robert T., and Alice M. Steele. Mr. Steele has but one brother living—the Rev. Thomas A. Steele, a minister of the Presbyterian faith. COLONEL C. B. HUNT was born in 1833, at Somerset, in the State of Vermont, and soon after, his parents, Manson and Johanna Hunt, moved to Pontiac, Michigan. In the common schools of the neighborhood the son received the first rudiments of a plain education. In the year 1847, when but fourteen years of age, he volunteered in the First Michigan regiment, company C, and went to Mexico. Here he was employed principally in escort and guard duty between Vera Cruz and Cordova, until the cessation of hostilities. For his services the "boy soldier" drew the pay of a private together with a warrant for one hundred and sixty acres of land. In 1850 Private Hunt came to Cincinnati; but there were attractions yet remaining in the Lake State, and returning in 1853 he was married at Royal Oak, to Miss Ann Eliza Durkee, with whom he lived happily twenty-seven years. The short service between Vera Cruz and Cordova was long enough to fix Mr. Hunt's inclinations, and in 1861 he was one of the first to respond to the call for troops, and with Captain Burdsall got up the Independent cavalry, which was also known as Burdsall's dragoons. Going into camp at Carthage, near Cincinnati, the men paid all expenses, perfected their organization, and in quick time rode away to Buchanan, Virginia, where General McClellan was in command. After the battle of Rich Mountain, in which he actively participated, Colonel Hunt was designated to scout duty, he having thirty men. He continued in this sort of service until the expiration of his  time, when he returned to Cincinnati and, in ten days, made up a cavalry company of a hundred men. These were for the three-years service, and went immediately to St. Louis, where they were made a part of what is known as "Merrill's Horse," or Second Missouri cavalry. While in this department of the west, Colonel Hunt served under Generals Fremont, Sherman and Steele; and having shown a peculiar aptness in scouting, was almost constantly in the saddle. In 1862 he was specially appointed to select his men, find the rebel Poindexter, and "bushwhack him out of the country." This duty was satisfactorily done, Poindexter being constantly harassed, thrashed unexpectedly and out-scouted and bushwhacked, till nothing remained of him. For seven months Colonel Hunt was in charge of the post at Glasgow, Missouri, after which he went through the Red River campaign, in which, as he says, he became experienced in the good, bad and indifferent features of the cavalry service. Colonel Hunt worked his way steadily from a private's place, a lieutenantcy, captaincy, majorship, to the position of lieutenant-colonel. He was mustered out in 1865 at Nashville, Tennessee, his last service being performed when the "ten thousand rebels" surrendered at Kingston, Georgia. In 1876 he was commissioned as colonel of the First regiment Ohio national guards, which command he has ever since held. In 1877 this regiment was called to Columbus and Newark, where the colonel was on duty for three weeks, while Governor Thomas L. Young was suppressing the railroad strikers. Governor Young and Colonel Hunt were highly commended for their courage and wisdom in so managing the military forces as to protect the property and thoroughly suppress the rioters. Colonel C. B. Hunt is now an unmarried man, his wife having died in 1880. He is the well-known proprietor of Hunt's hotel, on Vine street, and is a popular citizen, easy in address, affable with all who have any business with him, and enjoys a good reputation. The colonel is now forty-eight years of age, trim-built, of dark complexion, and modest in his bearing and conversation. LOUIS G. F. BOUSCAREN. Louis Gustave Frederick Bouscaren, consulting and principal engineer, and ex-superintendent of the Cincinnati Southern railroad, is of French descent, the eldest son of Gustave and Lise (Segond) Bouscaren, of the island of Guadaloupe, in the West Indies, where the Bouscarens have been prosperous sugar-planters for several generations. Here Louis was born on the twentieth of August, 184o, the third child and first son of a family of eight children, equally divided as to sex. His boyhood was spent on the ancestral plantation. When ar- 59 466 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. rived at suitable age he came under the competent instruction of his mother, who instructed him in the rudiments of learning until he was thirteen years old. The family had by this time removed (in 1850) from Guadaloupe to a farm in Kentucky owned by the elder Bouscaren, about half-way between Cincinnati and Lexington. Three years afterwards Louis was sent for a few months to St. Xavier's college, in this city, and then went to the land of " La Belle France," to receive further education, in response to the summons of Napoleon III, as a token of regard to the memory of a paternal uncle, General Henry Bouscaren, of the French army, who had been killed at the head of his division at the siege of Laghouat, in Africa. He entered the Lycee St. Louis, in Paris, one of the great government schools, and remained there six years, engaged in classical and general studies, and then successfully passed an examination for admission to the Central School of Arts and Manufactures, in the same city. He entered this institution in 1859, and at the end of three years was graduated with the diploma of mechanical engineer, the seventh in rank in a class of one hundred and thirty. He returned at once to America, coming on to Cincinnati, and, after a little delay, caused by his then imperfect knowledge of English, he obtained employment as draughtsman for Messrs. Hannaford & Anderson, the well-known architects, and afterwards became assistant engineer, under Chief Engineers T. D. Lovett and E. C. Rice, of the Ohio & Mississippi railroad, and while there, under Mr. Rice's direction, prepared the plans and specifications for the large iron bridge now in use by that road over the Great Miami river. His next engagement was with Lane & Bodley, engine-builders and manufacturers of machinery. Here his practical education and genius as a designer and engineer had a better field for exercise than with the architects, and he justly deems this an important step in his advancement. After two years with this house he engaged for a few months in the preliminary survey of the southern part of the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis railroad. He then went with Mr. Rice, with whom he had been associated previously, to Illinois, where he superintended the survey and location of the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute railroad, and as engineer built the western division, from Greenville to St. Louis. When the road was leased to the Pennsylvania company he went to St. Louis to survey and construct the St. Louis & Southeastern railroad, from that city to Evansville, Indiana, with a branch from McLeansborough to Shawneetown. He was during these operations again in his old position as assistant engineer to Mr. Rice, who was chief engineer of these roads. As such Mr. Bouscaren also took charge of the survey and construction of the railway from Cairo to Vincennes. Completing that he returned to Cincinnati, where he had an offer from Mr. T. D. Lovett, then consulting engineer of the Cincinnati Southern railroad, to make the necessary surveys and plans for the bridges of that great highway over the Ohio and Kentucky rivers. With the commencement of building operations upon this road, Mr. Bouscaren accepted the post of chief engineer in charge of construction, under Mr. Lovett's administration. When the latter gentleman resigned, in 1877, his place was offered by the trustees of the road to Mr. Bouscaren, whose work had in every way approved itself to them, and was by him accepted. He had, meanwhile, supervised the construction of the great bridges of the road, for which he was first taken into its employ, and they, with other fine structures on this line, are among the monuments of his genius and skill. Soon after his appointment, the duties of superintendent were added to his already onerous responsibilities, which he carried successfully until the road was completed, when they were properly transferred to another, who took the superintendency solely in charge. Mr. Bouscaren has since remained the consulting engineer of the trustees of the road, joining to his official duties the carrying of a general business in civil and mechanical engineering, especially railway building, at his office at 134 Vine street. He is also consulting engineer for the New Orleans & Northwestern railroad, now in course of construction. His large abilities and superior general and technical education have thus abundant opportunity for practical application in important fields of labor. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers; of the Institute of Civil Engineers of England, the oldest of the kind in existence; and of the French Societe des Engenieurs Civile. Apart from these professional associations, he has not cared to multiply his memberships, nor take active part in politics. HON. JOHN FEHRENBATCH. This gentleman, at present United States supervising inspector of steam vessels for the Seventh district, is of Gaelic stock, his parents both being French. John Fehrenbatch, his father, was a native of Bordeaux, and came to this country many years ago, locating in Rochester, New York, where he still resides. His mother, nee Marie Weaver, was also a native of France, and was married to Mr. Fehrenbatch in 1843. In the city of Rochester the subject of this sketch was born, June 29, 1844. After a single year in the public schools he entered a woollen factory at the early age of eight years, running one of the machines therein. He remained in this business, working full hours but attending night-schools, as he had opportunity every winter, until he was strong enough to undertake a more robust business, when he began his apprenticeship at blacksmithing, and served through his term. He then, at the age of seventeen, went to Peterborough, Canada, to learn the trade of machinist with Messrs. Mowry & Son. He served a full apprenticeship of three years with them, and then came to Cincinnati. These employments not only fitted him for the subsequent responsible duties laid upon him, but enabled him to find employment readily in a city where mechanical operations are so extensive. He took a temporary engagement as a journeyman machinist with Charles Winchell, who had a machine shop in the city and is still residing here; but as his main object in HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 467 returning to the States was to assist in the war for the Union, then in progress, and he had come to Cincinnati for the purpose of enlisting, he shortly entered the United States military railroad service. He was stationed at Nashville and kept actively engaged in building locomotives for the Federal railways. This service lasted until near the close of the war in March, 1865, when Mr. Fehrenbatch was honorably discharged and went North to Indianapolis, where he took employment with E. T. Sinker & Co. as a machinist. He here entered the Purdue business college, studying and practicing his lessons of evenings, until he had triumphantly completed his course. After a brief visit to the old home in Rochester he was recalled to Indianapolis by Messrs. Sinker & Co., and given employment as foreman of the governor department of their works. Here he remained until September, 1870, when at a convention held in Cleveland of the association representing the mechanical engineers of the United States and Canada, which was formed in 1859, he attended as a delegate of the Indianapolis branch, of which he had been president for the preceding two years. He was at this session elected president of the International association of North America, being then but twenty-six years old—a very handsome and undoubtedly well-merited honor. He resigned his foremanship in consequence of this election, removed to Cleveland, then and now the headquarters of the organization, and devoted himself to its interests. By virtue of his office he was editor of the Mechanical Engineer, a monthly periodical which was the organ of the association and devoted to topics relating to steam engineering. During his presidency he was called to visit nearly every city in the United States, in which he delivered lectures upon matters interesting to the profession, thus greatly enlarging his experience and fund of information and thought. He was constantly solicitous of the rights and privileges of mechanics and laboring men generally, and had frequent opportunity to render them special service. He was elected president of the Industrial Congress of the United States, which met in Cleveland in July, 1873, and was the largest body of representative workingmen that ever assembled on this continent ; delegates from more than five hundred thousand organized workingmen of all trades and vocations. In October, 1875, Mr. Fehrenbatch was elected to the house of representatives in the State legislature, from the Cleveland district, and served through the Sixty-second general assembly. He was chairman of the committee on commerce and manufactures, of that on public works, and of the select committee appointed to investigate the subject of contract convict labor, as carried on in the penal institutions of the State, and its effect on manufacturing interests in Ohio, upon free labor and the reformation of the convict. In due time, after a thorough and lengthy inquiry, he reported, on behalf of the committee, against the letting of convict labor out on contract. During his legislative career he also became the creator of the State Bureau Labor of Statistics, whereby the interests of the toilers have been greatly enhanced and information concerning them and their labors have been widened. By successive reelections for terms of two and four years, at Albany and Louisville, he had been retained at the head of the international body of Mechanical engineers but on the first or May, 1877, he resigned the presidency to accept the government position he now holds, by appointment of President Hayes, July 1st of that year. The headquarters of the supervising inspector had been at Pittsburgh; but the new appointee succeeded in having the office removed to Cincinnati, where it has since remained. The importance and responsibility of the post may be inferred from the fact that his district in cludes the Ohio river and all its tributaries above Carrollton, at the mouth of the Kentucky. The official records of the office demonstrate the fact that during the period of his incumbency, now nearly four years, there have been fewer accidents and less loss of life and steamboat property than during any corresponding period in the same region since steamboat navigation was introduced. During 1880 four million five hundred thousand persons were transported on steamers within his district, and not one of them was even injured by the casualties of navigation. Mr. Fehrenbatch has been actively engaged in politics ever since he became of age, and is well known throughout the State as a logical, eloquent and effective Republican speaker, especially to the workingmen. He was one of the founders of the famous Lincoln club, in this city, and is a prominent stockholder in it. He is president of the Cincinnati branch of the organization of mechanical engineers, an active member of Kilwinning Lodge, No. 356, of Free and Accepted. Masons, the Cincinnati Chapter No. 3 Royal Arch Masons, and the Cincinnati Commandery No. 2 of Knights Templars. He has advanced to the thirty-second degree in Masonry, of the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite—the last except a purely honorary degree. From very humble beginnings and the severest toils he has advanced to his present distinguished and highly useful position. Mr. Fehrenbatch was a wdower when married to his present wife January 8, 1879. She was Miss Mary Jane Kissick, of a Cincinnati family. He has three children by his successive marriages—two girls and one boy—who are living, and has buried three children. GEORGE K. DUCKWORTH. George King Duckworth, one of the best-known young business men of Cincinnati, and a prominent Democratic politician, was born at Lebanon, Warren county, Ohio, June 18, 1847, oldest child and only son of Jesse Corwin and Elizabeth (King) Duckworth. There was but one more child in the family, a daughter, Lizzie Jane now Mrs. J. F. Trader, of Xenia. The Duckworth stock is English, as also the King family, the first of whom to emigrate to this country was Isaac, grandfather of the subject of this sketch. He was a pioneer settler in Monroe, Butler county, where his daughter, Elizabeth, 468 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. was married to Jesse Duckworth. Mr. Duckworth's father, George, was an old resident of Lebanon, where a part, at least, of his family were born. His son Jesse, when grown to manhood, became a farmer and prominent dealer in stock, to which business, then a large one in the Miami country, he was specially adapted, and in which he accumulated a considerable fortune. He died comparatively young, at the age of thirty-seven; and the mother had died two years before, from exposure and cold, contracted after the birth of the second child. The father married again, and very fortunately, so far as the children, as well as he, were concerned. The name of the second wife was Mrs. Clementine (Van Note) Washington, her first husband having been the Rev. Oswald Washington, a Methodist clergyman, who died a few months after marriage, of cholera, in the dreadful year of 1849. He was a brother of the well-known Cincinnati builder and contractor, George W. Washington, who was killed in this city, in May, 1881, by falling from a coal elevator he was building. The new Mrs. Duckworth proved an excellent mother to her second husband's children, and brought them up with care. She is still living with her stepdaughter, Mrs. Trader, at Xenia. George K. Duckworth's early years were spent altogether in Lebanon. He entered the public schools of that place when about seven years old, and passed through all the grades, completing the course in the high school in 1860. He then entered the dry goods store of Messrs. Hardy & Budd, in Lebanon, as a clerk, and served about a year, and after some other clerical services he determined to push his fortunes in a larger field, and in 1862, at the age of fifteen, he came to the Queen City. Here he obtained a position in the great dry goods shop of Messrs. Shillito & Co., as a salesman, and then went rapidly through the grades of promotion, and at the end of about three and one-half years found himself superintendent of the entire establishment, at a salary widely removed from his humble beginnings in the store. He served in this capacity not far from three years. A few months before leaving it he invested some means received by inheritance from his father, in the business of redistilling and rectifying, with the firm of H. H. Hamilton & Co. Deciding in a short time to embark in trade for himself, he formed, with Mr. P. B. Spence, the firm of Duckworth & Spence, in the commission business, and dealing in flour, grain and hemp. His truly remarkable losses by fire had already begun, however. In 1870, the house of Hamilton & Co. was completely burned out; and the establishment of Duckworth, Kebler & Co. (composed of Mr. Duckworth and George P. Kebler), successors to Duckworth & Spence, in 1876, was subsequently a prey to the fire-fiend. The business had, before the dissolution of Duckworth & Spence, been substantially changed to the trade in wholesale liquors, in which the new firm was carrying a heavy stock, with light insurance. They resumed business at once, however, in new quarters, but merely to wind up the affairs of the firm. It was dissolved the same year of the fire (1877), when Mr. Duckworth devoted himself solely to the business of the old White Mills distillery, which he had bought some years before, and had run it on his own account. He has since confined himself solely to this business, which has grown upon his hands until now he has perhaps the finest distillery property in the country, with a yearly volume of transactions exceeded by very few other houses of the kind in the city. In July, 1876, he suffered another heavy loss, in the destruction of his entire works by fire, kindled by a stroke of lightning. Notwithstanding his defeated hopes, although still a young man, his means have very handsomely accumulated, and have been largely invested in city property. He has expended liberally, however, especially for the benefit of the Democratic party, which has commanded his allegiance from the beginning of his political life. He has long been an active worker in politics, and, when the board of city commissioners was constituted by the legislature, Mr. Duckworth was appointed, by Police Judge Wilson, as the single member for the five-years' term. He was offered the presidency of the board, by vote of a majority of the members, but declined the position. A high compliment was paid Mr. Duckworth during the last Presidential campaign, in the giving of his name to a large club of the young Democrats of the city, which was a new organization and made a conspicuous figure in the canvass of that year. Its organization has been retained; a beautiful club-house, of two rooms, on Seventh street, has been fitted up for it; its membership has been increased to more than seven hundred, and it promises to become a very powerful factor henceforth in the politics of southwestern Ohio. Mr. Duckworth was joined in marriage December 9, 1869, to Miss Lucy, daughter of Henry and Lucy L. (Porter) Bishop, and niece of ex-Governor Bishop. They have two children—Lillian Belle, born on the sixteenth day of June, 1872; and Willie Kehler, born on the seventeenth day of November, 1873. The family resides in an elegant mansion, at No. 256 Fourth street, near the Grand hotel. MORTON MONROE EATON, M. D., of No. 120 West Seventh street, Cincinnati, has been a resident of Ohio but four years, but has in that time established a fine reputation in the treatment of diseases peculiar to women. The doctor's reputation is not confined to Cincinnati, but extends all over the United States, and he has patients constantly from other distant cities and States sent him by other physicians, or by those he has treated. The doctor never advertises. This extended reputation is due to his success and to the popularity which his work on the Diseases of Women has given him. This large and very complete volume of about eight hundred pages, is fully illustrated with original drawings, and is issued from the press of Boericke & Tafle, New York. Mr. Eaton is a man in the prime of life, being but forty-one years of age. He was born in Pelham, Massachusetts, April 21, 1839. His father was a farmer, who HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 469 was called to occupy many positions of trust in the State of Massachusetts. Morton was educated at Amherst, and went to Illinois in 1855. In Chicago he studied medicine with the late Professor Daniel Brainard, formerly president of Rush Medical college. Dr. Eaton graduated from this college in 1861. He was appointed resident physician of the city hospital of Chicago, where he remained two years. He then removed to Peoria, Illinois, where he was made surgeon of that post in the time of the war of the Rebellion. At this time he passed his examination as a surgeon, with the rank of major, but did not enter the service on the field, on account of the death of his father just at this time. He, however, made five trips to different parts of the south for the sanitary commission, under the direction of Governor Yates, of Illinois, distributing sanitary stores and assisting the wounded and needy to get home or to suitable hospitals. Dr. Eaton commenced writing for medical journals while a student, and he was rewarded in 1867 by being made an honorary member of the International Congress of Paris, France. He is now president of the City Homoeopathic Medical society, of Cincinnati, a position he has held two years. In 1871 the doctor adopted the homoeopathic system of medicine. He was twice elected first vice-president of the State society of Illinois. He is now an honorary member of this society as well as the Indiana institute and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Michigan. He is, of course, a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy. In societies he always takes a leading part, enjoying them better than a party, as he says. Dr. Eaton has a pleasing, though dignified, address. He might, perhaps, have increased his popularity by greater sociability; but his studious habits have interfered with his engaging in the usual round of society life. In religion Dr. Eaton is a Congregationalist, having joined that church in his youth in Chicago. Dr. Eaton married, at the age of twenty-one, Miss Eliza Payne, of Galesburgh, Illinois, a graduate of Knox college. She died some four years since, and he is now married to Miss Sutherland, of Peoria, Illinois, one of the most charming of women. He expects during this summer (1881) to take his beautiful wife to Europe, and combine business with pleasure in attending the World's Homoeopathic convention, in London. Dr. Eaton's book is already used in England and Germany as a text-book in colleges, as well as in all the homoeopathic colleges in the United States. Dr. Eaton's health is not the best, but by care he is enabled to enjoy comparative ease. He has been prospered financially, and is, in this respect, in independent circumstances. On coming to Cincinnati he was an equal partner with Professor S. R. Beckwith, and when Professor Bartholow went to Philadelphia, Dr. Eaton took his office, where he still remains. He has an extensive interest with ex-Mayor Davis and others' in nine thousand two hundred acres of the Tennessee Valley Coal association, and is also a stockholder in the new Metropolitan bank, of Cincinnati. The doctor has been a hard student, as the thoughtful countenance and sprinkling of gray hair attest. He constantly writes for medical journals. In his department of medicine he has made several improvements in surgical instruments and has invented some useful new ones which bear his name. He says he has never been unkindly treated by his professional brethren of either school. This is doubtless due to the courtesy he has extended to them, as well as their appreciation of his ability and skill. The doctor's mother is still living and in good health. He has one own brother, F. L. Eaton, of F. L. Eaton & Company, Cincinnati. He has one sister living in Illinois, and one step-brother, Shelby M. Cullom, the present governor of Illinois. CAMPBELL JOHNSTON AND FAMILY. The subject of this sketch settled in Cincinnati about the year 1820. He was born in county Derry, Ireland, and, with his younger brother, James (who was for many years city treasurer of Cincinnati,) emigrated to this country during the War of 1812, their young hearts full of sympathy for the American flag. After some years spent in Pennsylvania and at St. Louis, trading, the two brothers entered into a wholesale grocery, dry goods, and hardware business on the west side of Main, a few doors below Second, and carried on a successful business until 1832, when he retired to a large farm near Mt. Carmel, in Clermont county, Ohio. The style of the firm was C. & J. Johnston. He died there in 1843. He was universally esteemed and respected. He never made any enemies, for, whether as merchant or farmer, he was absolutely fair and honest with all with whom he came in contact. In religious faith he was a staunch Presbyterian, and worshipped at the old frame building where now stands the imposing First Presbyterian Church edifice, on Fourth street, near Main, Dr. Joshua Wilson then being pastor. So zealous was he, that, upon his removal to Clermont county, with the assistance of his brother James, he organized a society and erected a substantial church building there, which to-day has a numerous and influential congregation. As a merchant he was full of enterprise and adventure, making many voyages in the keel-boat to New Orleans with produce, returning laden with sugar, molasses, etc., the only motive power being the pole, the paddle, and shore line. Months were consumed in a trip, attended with great labor as well as many dangers. As a farmer he was progressive, expending much in the introduction of fine breeds of horses and cattle. In politics he was an unflinching Democrat, a great admirer of Andrew Jackson, whom in personal appearance he much resembled. He married Miss Jerusha Sandford, of Bridgehampton, Long Island, New York, meeting het here while she was on a visit to relatives. She survived him, dying in 1854. She was a devoted wife, a kind mother, and lived the life of a true, noble, Christian woman. They sleep sweetly in beautiful Spring Grove. Five children were born of their marriage, all of whom are living—John, James S., and Nancy C. born at Cincinnati, and Hannah H. and Robert A. born at Mt. Carmel, Ohio. 470 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. John is a prominent member of the Cincinnati bar. He was educated at Miami university—served through the Mexican war—read law with General Thomas L Hamer and Judge Storer, and graduated at the Cincinnati Law school. He practiced several years at Batavia, Ohio; served one term as prosecuting attorney, and as State senator for Clermont and Brown counties, having been elected on the Democratic ticket. In 1864 he joined his brother Robert in the practice at Cincinnati. It was his form of indictment under the stringent liquor law enacted under the new constitution that stood the test of the supreme court. It forms part of the syllabus in the case of Miller vs. State (Third Ohio State Reports, page 475), Judge Thurman announcing the opinion of the court. He married Miss Lamira Gregg, of Moscow, Ohio, and now resides on Walnut Hills. James S. is an extensive farmer and stock and fruit grower in Bond county, Illinois. He married Miss Malvina Simkins, of Clermont county, Ohio. Nancy C. is the wife of our prominent and influential citizen, Thomas Sherlock, residing in the beautiful suburb of Clifton. She has been twice married, her first husband being the late General Panel Turpin, near Newtown, this county. Hannah H., unmarried, resides with her sister, Mrs. Sherlock. Robert A. resides at Avondale, near Cincinnati; was born in 1835, and educated at Hanover college, Indiana, where he graduated in 1854. He taught school .for a time while reading law, and in 1857 graduated at the Cincinnati Law school, and at once entered the practice there. From 1861 to 1863 he was a member of the city council. He served as a private soldier in the one hundred days' call, in the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Ohio National guard, Colonel S. S. Fisher, the regiment be ing stationed at Fort Spring Hill, on the Appomatox river, near City Point, Virginia. He was for six years mayor of Avondale, and, in 1876, after twenty years of successful practice, was elected upon the Democratic ticket a judge of the court of common pleas, which position he now holds, and is its presiding judge, the bench of the First Judicial district being composed of seven members. He married Miss Elizabeth T. Moore, near Batavia, Ohio. HENRY VARWIG, manufacturer of bungs and faucets, at Nos. 421 and 423 West Court street, and member of the board of aldermen from the Fifth district (Twentieth ward), is a native of Hanover, now a province of Prussia. His parents were Joseph Henry and Maria (Brenkmann) Varwig. Both families represented in this union had been agriculturists from time immemorial, and his father pursued the same vocation near the city of Osnabruck, in Hanover. In 1841 he brought his family, with a party of immigrating friends and relatives, to this country, and came to Cincinnati at once, where some acquaintances of theirs had preceded them. The elder Varwig went into the brick-making business at the corner of Linn and Findlay streets, now closely built up, but then open ground for a long distance each way. He did well in this branch of manufacture, but in about three years changed to the retail trade in groceries on Findlay street, between Linn and Baymiller, and carried on that business until' his death. He left a moderate property and two children, one a half-sister of Henry Varwig, the child of a second wife. Henry's mother died in the fatherland, about 1838, before the emigration of her husband, and his father was remarried after he settled in Cincinnati. His only son, the subject of this notice, was born November 30, 1835. He was in his sixth year when the family came to this city, soon entered the public' schools, and took nearly the full course therein, stopping when a member of Woodward college, after about two years' attendance. He then took a full course of book-keeping and business instruction in Bacon's commercial college. He was now in his eighteenth year, and secured a position at once as book-keeper in the clothing store of Bernhard Varwig, his uncle, on the corner of Court and Main streets. He remained at this post about three years, and then went into the retail grocery business by himself, on Findlay street. For a few years he followed this vocation, but when the mechanical bakery was started here, in 1857, proposing a "new departure" in the methods of his trade, he became a salesman in the establishment, but left it in a year or two, and, after a year's vacation, started a cracker bakery of his own on Court street, next door to the premises he now occupies, and in a building which he used as a part of his works during the war. At this period he carried on a very large contract business for the Government—perhaps the largest of the kind in the city—making hard bread for the army and navy. He was compelled by his heavy contracts and the energy and success with which he filled them, to enlarge his works until they had the capacity of consuming two hundred barrels of flour per day, or, to put it differently, of turning out nearly eight hundred boxes of "hard tack" in the same period. At one time he held and executed the largest contract of the kind ever given to a western house, amounting to about two hundred and seventy thousand dollars, which paid for three millions of pounds of, bread. At the same time his bakery turned out large quantities of crackers, of the different varieties, for the city trade, and to fill wholesale orders from many points more or less remote. This business proved very profitable, and left Mr. Varwig in excellent shape to invest in, other lines of enterprise. He sustained some heavy losses, at one time twenty-three thousand dollars by the failure of a banking house, but courageously went forward, and, a few years after the close of the war, converted his bakery into what seemed a more hopeful line of manufacturing, the same in which he is now engaged. He has not had, nor has he now, any partners, but has had the ability to manage the various lines of business in which he has been engaged, however extensive, by the energies of his own brain. He manufactures the Varwig self-ventilating beer faucet, a device of his invention, whose patent he solely controls, and of which he is the only manufacturer. It has proved HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 471 a very popular appliance, and makes its way far and wide. Mr. Varwig has agencies in Europe and in all parts of the United States, and his shipments are very large, aggregating an annual amount of about fifty thou- sand dollars. Ever since he became of age, Mr. Varwig has taken a hearty interest in American politics, and has been a vigorous worker in the canvasses, clubs, and at the polls, particularly among the electors of his own nationality. For about twenty-five years he trained with the Democratic party, but recently experienced a change of heart, and transferred his allegiance to Republicanism. In the spring of 1878 he was chosen to the board of aldermen from the Fourth district, and had very creditable assignments to committees of the board. Two years afterwards, having meanwhile removed his residence to his present home at No. 553 Court street, he was again placed in nomination and re-elected to the same board, but this time from the Fifth district. His name has often been mentioned in connection with important city and county offices, and he has several times been honored with very flattering votes or with nominations at the hands of the party conventions. He is now a member of the Lincoln club, and is also in connection with the Free and Accepted Masons, the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, - the Knights of Honor, and sundry other societies. Mr. Varwig has for his wife she who was Miss Emily S. Brenner, eldest daughter of John C. and Ida Antoinette (Aehle) Brenner. The date of the wedding was November 9, 1858. Their children number two sons and as many daughters—Ida, born November 12, 1859; Emma, born April 29, 1861; Rudolph, born November 12, 1863; and Harry, born April 25, 1866. CAPTAIN LEWIS VOIGHT. This gentleman, head of the firm of Lewis Voight & Son, dealers in paper-hangings and decorations, and manufacturers of window-shades, at No. 205 Central Avenue, is a native Cincinnatian, born January 7, 1837. His ancestors on both sides are German. His mother, nee Margaret Helmuth, came to the city in 1830, and was here married to Mr. Henry Voight, father of the subject of this notice. He died in r839, and Mrs. Voight remarried about two years afterwards, to Christopher Stager, also a resident of Cincinnati. Lewis was trained in the schools of the city, but left the day schools at the early age of thirteen, then beginning, in a measure, independent life as an errand-boy in the tailor-shop of Mr. N. Haddox, on Main street, and then as an employe in other establishments, coming by and by to the ticket office of the Little Miami railroad, during its occupancy by Mr. P. W. Strader, and to be collector of the Cincinnati Omnibus line and messenger in the office of Irwin & Foster, steamboat agents. While still a youth he attended the night schools for about two years. At the age of sixteen he began to learn the paper-hanging business with S. Holmes & Son, on Main street near Fifth, and was not yet twenty when his apprenticeship ended. For about two years longer he worked in the same business as a journeyman. April 28, 1858, he was joined in marriage with Miss Susanna M., eldest daughter of Michael and Mary (Gerlich) Friedel, of Cincinnati. Her mother was then widowed, the father having died of cholera during the terrible year of 1849. She is aiso a native of the Queen City. At the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion, Mr. Voight raised the larger part of a company for the Federal service, which was finally received into a Kentucky regiment—the Twenty-third infantry. He was elected captain by vote of the company, and duly commissioned by Governor Beriah Magoffin early in the summer of 1861. His regiment was assigned to the army of the Cumberland, and marched and fought during his period of service under Generals Buell and Rosecrans. He was made provost marshal at Murfreesborough, Tennessee, in the summer of 1862, was in the subsequent retreat of Buell to the Ohio and in the engagement of the advance guard with Bragg's army at Munfordsville, and the previous action at Woodford, Tennessee, in which his regiment was on the skirmish line. He was also with his command in the bloody battle of Perryville, and was afterwards, in the winter of 1862, provost marshal at Glasgow, Kentucky. Shortly after the struggle at Perryville, Captain Voight was subjected to a severe attack of rheumatism, which finally so disabled him that he was compelled to resign his commission, in January, 1863. Returning to his home, and measurably recovering from his ailments, he bought out a small business, only four doors above his present place, and re-entered his old trade of paper-hanging. By diligent industry and economy, his wife attending the store while he personally labored in the handicraft here and there about the city, they gradually increased their business, until now the firm of Voight & Son carries one of the largest, most varied, and otherwise superior stocks of paper-hangings and decorations in the State, and commands an extensive business in the ornamentation of the beautiful shops, offices, and homes of the Queen City. In 1866 Mr. Voight, the previous year having removed to his present more spacious quarters, embarked also in the manufacture of window-shades, which has become an important branch of the business. During the engrossing pursuits of his vocation, Mr. Voight has found time to do the city and State some service. In 1872 he was elected to the board of aldermen, the upper branch of the municipal legislature, from the Seventeenth ward. In this body he served six years, or three terms, and was then chosen a councilman from the same ward for two years. In the former body he was a member of the finance committee, the most important one of the board, in which he served three years, and during his second term was vice-president of the board. In the fall of 1878 he was chosen one of the Hamilton county delegation to the house of representatives in the State legislature, and was there again assigned to the important committee on finance, and otherwise faithfully served his constituents and the State. 472 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Captain Voight has for many years been a prominent Mason in the city; is a member of the historic Lafayette lodge No. 81, whose story is related elsewhere in this book, and has reached the highest degrees in the York Rite and the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, and is a member of the Cincinnati Commandery No. 3, Knights Templars. He took his thirty-second degree in Masonry in 1866, when not yet thirty years old. He has also gone through all the degrees and passed all the chairs in the lodge and encampment of Odd Fellowship, and was a representative for two terms to the Grand Encampment of the State. He is in full membership in the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Grand Army of the Republic, and the Cincinnati society of ex-army and navy officers. From the beginning of his political life he has been associated with the Republican party and is an active worker within the organization, being often a delegate to the various conventions of the party. He has from childhood been a member of the First English Evangelical Lutheran church in Cincinnati, to which most of his family belong. The children number four—Lewis William, twenty-three years old, in business with his father as junior partner, already a Knight Templar, and in other respects a prominent young citizen; Elmore, fifteen years of age, a student in Hughes high school; Florence Gertrude, now in her twelfth year; and Lewis, aged nine, named from his father. The family resides in a pleasant home at No. 153 Barr street, Cincinnati. CALVIN W. STARBUCK, son of John and Sophia (Whipple) Starbuck, was born in Cincinnati on the twentieth of April, 1822, and died November 15, 1870. His father, John Starbuck, was an old Nantucket whaler, who, after following the sea for many years, removed to Cincinnati and purchased a residence on the west side of Vine street, just above Front, where Calvin was born. Like almost all in the west at that early period in the history of the city, his parents were of limited means, though having enough, with industry and frugality, to maintain existence in that "golden mean" so favorable to habits of sobriety and thrift. Young Calvin received such education as his parents could afford, and while yet a boy was obliged to rely on himself. He commenced his career in a printing office as an apprentice, and after finishing his trade, having saved some money, he resolved on starting a newspaper. At the age of nineteen he founded the Cincinnati Evening Times. Being the fastest type-setter in the west, and desiring to economize his funds until his enterprise proved self-supporting, he for years set up a great portion of the paper himself, also assisting in its delivery to subscribers. From this humble beginning the Cincinnati Times grew until it had the largest circulation of any newspaper in the west. On January 1, 1845, Mr. Starbuck was married ,to Miss Nancy J. Webster, by whom he had twelve children, nine of whom survived him—three sons, Frank W., Daniel F. M. and Calvin W.; and six daughters, Clara B., Fanny W., Ella M., Jennie, Jessikate and Sallie W. He was a most kind husband and indulgent father. While a very assiduous and careful business man, his whole nature seemed to be devoted to the relief of the less fortunate of his fellow-beings. To his generosity and exertions is mainly due the success of the Relief Union, one of the most deserving of our charities. Besides his devotion to this institution, his private charities were numerous, no needy person being turned empty-handed away. He was "great in goodness," and that, too, not in the kind which is vapid, sentimental and pretentious, but which is Practical and efficient. His nature was a well-spring of benevolent sympathies. They did not need to be pumped by special, pressing appeals to give forth occasional and stinted supplies, but they were perennial and fresh, flowing forth in the spontaneity of their own nature, responding to the magnetism of every appeal of suffering, of sorrow, and making for themselves channels in every avenue of life along which the headwaters of his benevolence might flow. Mr. Starbuck also largely interested himself in the founding of the Home of the Friendless and in building up the Bethel institution. He was foremost in patriotic works when the republic was in peril. When the Government called for funds with doubt as to the liberality of the capitalists, Mr. Starbuck at once stepped forth with his cash as a matter of duty. When in 1864 the final effort was to be made for crushing the Rebellion, and when the governor of Ohio tendered the home guards for one hundred days' service, Mr. Starbuck went as a private, when his business demanded attention and when a substitute could easily have been secured. He proved an excellent soldier, serving until the expiration of his term of service and receiving an honorable discharge. To the families of those of his employes who enlisted he continued to pay their weekly salaries. Mr. Starbuck never made a public profession of religion, but he reverenced Christianity and sought to embody its spirit in his life. Owing, doubtless, to his early training, he did not value the forms of an outward profession, but esteemed the spirit more than the letter and the reality more than the symbols that represented it. The time may come when the name of Calvin W. Starbuck will fide away from the memories of the citizens of Cincinnati, but it will not be until the widows of this generation are dead; it will not be until the poor, beggarly urchin of to-day shall have told his children's children the kindness of this good man to his mother, to his brothers and sisters, and to himself; it will not be until there are no poor in Cincinnati that shall need the benefactions of a relief fund; it will not be until the existence of such an institution itself shall have been forgotten, and its transactions obliterated from the records of mankind. Till then the name of C. W. Starbuck will be remembered; till then his memory will be blessed, and the people of the community will speak it forth as one of the monuments of their noblest civilization, the example and inspiration of every worthy deed. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 473 He may not be remembered as a rich man, an editor or statesman, but far down in the distant future he shall be held in grateful and loving remembrance as a good man and the friend of the poor. SAMUEL SHERWOOD SMITH, son of Levi and Hannah (Holland) Smith, was born at Solon, Cortland county, New York, August 30, 1803, being one of a family of eleven brothers, named in the order of their seniority as follows, viz: Wright, Josiah, Silas, Oliver, Holland, Marcus, Martin, Solomon, Orrin and Samuel Sherwood, twins, and Lemuel, who all lived to the age of manhood, and were known as the "sixty-foot" Smiths. Most of the brothers were above the average height, Samuel being the shortest in stature, and was the most delicate in health, but outlived them all. His early educational advantages were meagre, owing to the primitive condition of his native State, no schools being established as yet. His father, while serving with the American army at Bunker Hill, was wounded by a British bullet, which was never removed and incapacitated him for manual labor. The work of the farm, which consisted of forty acres of bounty land in Cortland county, New York, devolved on the sons, and their early life was that of tillers of the soil. At the age of fifteen, the eldest brother, Wright, shipped on the frigate Constitution, at Boston, Massachusetts, serving for three and a half years, and participating in the numerous engagements of the war with Algiers. At the expiration of his term of service he had saved all his allowance for "grog," which furnished him with the means to engage in mercantile pursuits in Boston and subsequently in Albany, New York. From the last-named place, accompanied by his brother Samuel, he proceeded, in 1816, to move west. Their first objective point was Olean, on the headwaters of the Allegany river, which they reached after a laborious journey by wagon in the spring of 1817. Here they constructed a raft, on which was provided a habitation for their use and comfort during the prospective voyage to Cincinnati, where they arrived in due course of time. They secured accommodations for residence in a double frame building situated on the north side of Fourth street, just east of Plum, which property our subject afterwards purchased, and in 1844 erected thereon what was then considered a fine dwelling. In the construction of this building was first introduced in Cincinnati. the Dayton limestone which has since become so popular. At the age of fourteen, and soon after his arrival in Cincinnati, Samuel became interested in the doctrines of the New Church, as taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, and regularly attended the services which were held by the few believers at the residence of Rev. Adam Hurdus, on Sycamore street. The first public worship of the Swedenborgian Society of Cincinnati was held on the thirty-first of August, 1818, in Mr. Wing's schoolhouse, on Lodge street, Rev. Mr. Hurdus officiating. Mr. Smith has never swerved from his early religious convictions, and has ever been a consistent member of the First New Church society of Cincinnati, contributing to its support as well as to other denominations. From 1817 to 1822 he was employed by his brother Wright in his manufacturing business, and afterwards, for a time, entered the river trade, carrying produce generally to New Orleans by flat-boat. In 1827 he began business on his own account, the capital for which was obtained by discounting a note for three hundred dollars at three months, and endorsed by his brother Wright. In all his subsequent mercantile career he has never had occasion to need an endorser, having rigidly abstained from buying goods on credit or giving a note. With the proceeds of the above-mentioned note he purchased a canal-boat and horses, and engaged in the freight and passenger traffic between Cincinnati and Dayton, to which last-named point the canal had just been opened. In this undertaking he was quite successful and was soon enabled to pay off his only obligation, and to purchase a lot on the southeast corner of Main and Ninth. On this lot he built a two-story frame store and dwelling, in which he lived and carried on his business of general merchandising. The subject of this sketch was married August 17, 1826, to Margery McCormick, who died June 18, 2832, and by whom he had three children, all dead. He was married to Elizabeth Andress (who was of English birth) in Cincinnati November r 1, 1832, by whom he has had ten children, six of whom are living, viz: Samuel S., jr., Sarah Elizabeth, Edwin F., Virginia, Fanny, and Charles Stembridge. Mr. Smith was active in his sympathy for the Union cause during the Rebellion, and was represented by one son, who enlisted at the first call for troops, after the firing on Fort Sumter, and who served until incapacitated by physical disability. He was one of the original subscribers to the Spring Grove Cemetery association in 1844, and the Cincinnati Astronomical society in 1842, and is identified with early history of the Cincinnati Horticultural society and Young Men's Mercantile Library association. He was elected trustee to the city council April 3, 1843, and was assigned to many important committees during his term of service. He was for many years a director of the Washington Insurance company, and has served in that capacity in the Cincinnati Equitable Insurance company for about forty years, being elected president of the last-mentioned company on January 9, 1867, and has since been annually reelected to that position. WILLIAM BEAL DODSON was born in Baltimore, Maryland, January 31, 1787. He was the son of John Dodson, of Shrewsbury, England, who emigrated to America in 1771, and landed at Annapolis, Maryland, where he met and married Eleanor Howard March 2, 1778. The Howard family was one of the old and honored families of Maryland. They had seven children born to them, William being the third son. 60 474 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. General Wayne and his legion, by their recent victory over the Indians—secured by a treaty at Greenville that year—made it possible for emigrants to settle and cultivate the arts of peace in the then Northwest Territory. In that year commenced an emigration to Ohio from all parts of the old States, and Maryland sent her portion of citizens to the new El Dorado. "The West" was the word after the glorions peace, and John Dodson was among the first to determine that he would lay a new foundation in a free State, where his children might earn and enjoy their own fortune. Accordingly in the year 1795 he, with his wife. and family, started to make a new home in the then far west, travelling over the mountains in wagons. William was then a boy of eight years. In November, 1795, they landed in the village of Cincinnati, purchasing a farm a short distance out, in Springfield township. Here a log cabin was erected, and while building a guard of armed men was employed to protect them from the Indians, who were far from peaceable in those days, and it is told as an incident of that time that while attending church the men had to carry their guns for fear of an attack from the Indians. William remained for some years on the farm with his father, and then came to Cincinnati; where, as a carpenter, he was an efficient mechanic, and was active in all that pertained to the workingmen. He afterwards became a master-builder and did the carpenter work on the second court house built in Cincinnati. The first one huilt in the village was on the north part of the square between Fourth and Fifth streets, fronting on Main, but in 1814 this was burned down and the new court house was built farther out, as far up as two squares above Seventh on Wayne street, which, in early days, was the boundary of the in-lots of Cincinnati. The carpenter work of this court house Was all done by William Beal Dodson. He was also the builder of the noted Pearl Street house, a very grand hotel in its day, below Third on the east side of Walnut street. He was one of the most active workers of the Episcopal church in Cincinnati, when they held their services in the old Wing schoolhouse, corner Sixth and Vine streets. He served as vestryman for several years, and often as a lay-reader when a clergyman could not be found. He was a very earnest politician in his day, and, though never caring to hold any public office, was at one time county commissioner, and during his term of office many of the improvements of the city were made. Mr. Dodson was married December 7, 1825, to Deborah Starbuck, daughter of John Starbuck, of Nantucket, Massachusetts, to whom nine children were born. In 1850 Mr. Dodson bought a beautiful home on the hillside overlooking the city near Fairmount, which he improved and named "Cypress Villa," where he retired from the cares of active life. In 1861 he was elected president of the Cincinnati Pioneer association, and to the day of his death took an active interest in the society. Nearly eighty years of' his life were spent here. He watched a village grow up into a city, with its boundless influence. William Beal Dodson died January 26, 1875, aged eighty-eight years. WILLIAM HENRY COOK. William Henry 'Cook, A. M., M. D., was born in New York city, January, 1832. His father was abuilder; and soon after moved to Williamsburgh (East Brooklyn), where he was a leading contractor and prominent citizen greatly respected. The family moved to Canada in 1840, and returned in 1847. The son, an early and eager student, received a classic education, the removal in 1847 interrupting his college course. He chose medicine as his profession by the advice of L. N. Fowler, with whom he travelled several months; and graduated at Syracuse. After some practice in the country, he opened an office in New York city and attended the hospitals there for a year or more. In October, 1854, he took up his residence in Cincinnati. Independent in thought and of great energy, he adopted the PhysioMedical system of practice, believing it to be based on the immutable laws of nature. To him, numbers and mere human authority are nothing; for these, if in error, will be overthrown by the truth, and to find this truth in science is to him the only object worthy of an honest man. He is a tireless worker in his espoused cause, bringing to it a philosophical mind, thorough education, fine literary talents, and the enthusiasm of profound conviction. He has elevated this system to a very high scientific standard, and is its acknowledged head. Dignified and courteous, he never uses personalities toward opponents, but respects their motives while differing from their opinions and believing that some day all will see medical truth alike in Nafure. His opponents bear testimony to his uprightness, sincerity, and high scholarship. He was the mover in organizing the Physio-Medical institute in 1859, and has ever since been its dean and one of its professors, and for eleven years has held the chair of Theory and Practice. He is a superb teacher, and enjoys a wide experience and the culture obtained from one of the largest, private medical libraries in the city. His lectures draw students from Maine to Oregon, and he is professionally consulted from every State. He has been eminently successful in several lithotomy operations and other capital surgery. While making a business, he taught some private classes in botany and chemistry. In May, 1861, he saw the coming need for female nurses, organized a Florence Nightingale society of nearly one hundred prominent ladies, and instructed them in nursing and hospital duties. General McClellan warmly approved this work, which was the initiatory movement to the famous Sanitary commission of the war. In 1871 Lawrence university, Wisconsin, conferred on him an honorary Master of Arts. In 1872 and subsequently he conspicuously advocated a system of State medical laws, by which a very high standard of professional education would be enforced and corrupt colleges be overturned, yet the rights of the people and of individual conviction be secured. His articles were very widely copied. He is a rapid writer ; clear, elegant and forcible in style. Few men surpass him in literary taste and power, or in literary culture. Since January, 1855, he has edited the Cincinnati Medical Gazette and Recorder, and published the following text-books: Physio-Medical Surgery,