(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 475 octavo; Woman's Book of Health, duodecimo; Physio-Medical Dispensatory, large octavo; Spermatorrhea, duodecimo; Science and Practice of Medicine, large octavo, two volumes. Dr. Cook is a modest and retiring gentleman, carrying the impress of the refined and dignified scholar. He is greatly beloved by his patients, as well for his faithfulness, tenderness, and glowing cheerfulness, as for his high professional skill. He is an embodiment of professional courtesy and honor; and a city or a country, as well as the several medical societies to which he belongs, may be proud of such a gentleman and scholar. For more than thirty years he has been a consistent member of the Methodist church, in which he holds the highest official positions. M. C. W. SAMUEL EELLS was born in Westmoreland, Oneida county, New York, on the eighteenth of May, 1810. His father was Rev. James Eells, for many years pastor of the Presbyterian church in that town, and he was third in a family of seven children. The culture and habits of his home were eminently adapted to his peculiarities of mind and heart during the opening years of his life, and he was wont to refer to the influences that affected his childhood as having determined his whole career. This was more remarkable on account of his natural self-reliance and independence, and afforded proof in his boyhood of that union of an affectionate disposition with a vigorous intellect which was so pleasing in his mature years. He was admirably qualified to be a leader, in whatever circle he might be, winning by the kindness that always was prominent, exciting interest by his wit and genius, and swaying by the acknowledged force of his character and mind; so that, being chief among the young persons of his native village, he furnished occasion to not a few of the prophets who cast his horoscope, to predict a brilliant career for one who so often delighted and surprised them by his exhibitions of rare gifts. In August, 1827, he became a member of the freshman class in Hamilton college, but in a few months his health failed, and it was doubtful whether he could continue his studies; but after a year's interval, during which time he travelled much by sea and land, he resumed his college life, and was able to pursue it till he graduated in 1832. The discipline and education of this year, just at the period when they would have most influence, were probably of more importance as bearing on his future, than the contributions of any other single year of his life. He had tested and learned himself, than which there is no knowledge of more value to one who proposes to attempt an elevated career. He had studied men, and the lessons furnished him so early opened the way to success on many occasions of difficulty afterwards. He had come in contact with the rough world and encountered some of its severest tests of the human will and energy, and felt that he could face what might meet him hereafter without trembling, though no aid should be given him save that of the unseen Helper. The stripling who took his place in college the second time, was very unlike the boy who was there before, and he was soon able to make his mark among the unusual number of brilliant young men who were at that time in the institution. After preparation in the office, and under the instruction of Hon. Sampson Mason, of Springfield, Ohio, Mr. Eells commenced the practice of law in Cincinnati, in February, 1835, poor, unknown, without patron or friends. For several weeks he did not have a case, and his first opportunity to appear at court was assigned him by the judge in defence of a man without money or friends, who was indicted for larceny. By degrees, yet very slowly, he attracted the attention of some of the eminent men who at that time occupied the bar in Cincinnati, and in November of that year was invited by Salmon P. Chase to become his partner. This was more than his ambition could have anticipated, far more than he had dared to hope. Mr. Chase had been in successful practice for several years, and even then had given promise of the distinction he afterward attained; so that the young man to whom he was attracted, realized the necessity now imposed on him to task every power to do justice to his position, and to the duties which were at once thrust upon him. As an advocate he was likely to succeed, as he did, because of his fondness for forensic address, and the gifts which especially qualified him to affect those before whom he might so appear. But, as a counsellor, he needed much thorough study and the more established habit of discriminating thought, and he resolved in this respect to excel. His success may be best learned from the words of some of the distinguished men who knew him well, and are pleased to honor one who was their associate for but a short time. Chief Justice Chase said of him: To a most persuasive and prevailing eloquence, he joined the grace of high literary culture and the strength of profound legal knowledge, while in the walks of private companionship he was equally endeared by his tenderness and his manliness. If I were to rely wholly on my own recollection, the account would be brief indeed; but it would be all eulogy—a sun that scarcely rose above the horizon ere it hastened to its setting, but during its course all radiant with the light of mind, and its setting with new and softer glories from the world which needs no sun. Hon. W. S. Groesbeck wrote of him thus: Samuel Eells was an extraordinary young man, and if he had lived would to-day have been known and honored throughout the Nation. He had every quality to make himself distinguished. He rose here, at our bar, very rapidly, and had a reputation which has never been surpassed among us by any one so young. Young as he was, he made to the courts and juries some as able and eloquent arguments as I have ever heard. It was a great pleasure to hear him. He was logical and classical, and at times very grand and eloquent. There was nothing foolish about him, and he was equal to any situation in which he found himself. It is not often we meet such a man. Once known, he can never be forgotten. Mr. Eells remained in partnership with Mr. Chase for three years, during which time the business of the office increased, and he became so well known that it was evident he would be wise to assume an independent position. Advised by the firm and excellent friend whose kindness and established reputation had been of so much advantage to him, and also by others who desired his advance, he opened an office of his own in November, 476 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1837. His business multiplied beyond his strength, and was of a most desirable kind. His acquaintance soon became extended. His reputation passed beyond the limits of the city to which he had so lately come as a perfect stranger, and the path seemed open to the realization of the most glowing visions his ambition had ever pictured. He was flattered by frequent persuasions from his friends that he would enter political life, and high offices in the State were offered him, but he declined to be turned in the least from the profession he had chosen, with prophetic devotion replying that he did not expect to live more than a few years, and he was resolved to crowd those years with as much success as a lawyer as God would give him strength to attain. He lived less than six years in that profession, if we reckon those fragments when he was absent and when he was disabled, though still attempting to do something in his office. Yet it is believed that few young men in our country have reached more satisfactory rewards, and left more eminent and abiding proofs of success than Samuel Eells. CHRISTOPHER VON SEGGERN, ESQ. This gentleman, a well-known attorney and ex-councilman of the Queen City, is of German descent, a native of Delmenhorst, Oldenburg, where he was born March 26, 1827, the first son of Frederick and Catharine (Kramer) Von Seggern. October 18, 1829, his father left Bremen with his family for the promised land in the great western world. They landed at Baltimore on Christmas day, and thence journeyed westward, over the mountains to Wheeling, by wagon and on foot, the infant Von Seggern, the subject of this sketch, being carried a large part of the way on his father's back. From Wheeling they went to Cincinnati, where the father found work at his trade as a journeyman blacksmith at Holyoid's carriage-shop, on Sycamore street, where the old National theatre now stands, remaining under an employer until 1832, when he set up in business for himself. He was the first German blacksmith in the city to do so. At the early age of ten, young Christopher was brought into contact with the sterner realities of life by labor at driving a horse and cart. At twelve he began to learn the trade of his father, but in two years was transferred to the wagon-shop attached to the paternal establishment, where he remained at work six years. At the age of twenty, without any apprenticeship, he took up the trade of coopering, at piece-work for the firm of Gibson & Armstrong, at the old White mills, on Western avenue. About six months later the coopers at their shop were drowned out by back water from Mill creek, and he returned to his father, laboring for him until August 15, 1848. This is the date of the happy event of his marriage to Miss Louisa Wagner, of 'Cincinnati. The next day he entered the office of David T. Snelbaker, esq., then justice of the peace„ and afterwards mayor, as his clerk, at the munificent salary of three dollars a week, which his occasional fees as interpreter in the court us ually increased to about six dollars. In 1850 he was advanced to the post of deputy sheriff during the term in that office of the late •C. J. W. Smith. Two years later he was taken into the county recorder's office, and served here six years, at the same time with Messrs. Oehlmann, Lloyd, Schoonmaker, and Dr. Bean, who assisted him in devising the admirable system of reference to the titles of all the real estate in the county, which is known as the "General. Index." It is still used in the office with great satisfaction, and has been extensively copied elsewhere. His spare hours during his several clerkships and deputy's career had been employed in the study of the law, and in 1857 he was regularly admitted to the bar, in whose practice he has ever since been very extensively and profitably engaged, especially in commercial and record business. In 1851 Mr. Von Seggern was elected to the city council as a member from the Ninth ward of that day, and was again chosen to that body in 1852, 1855, 1858, 186o, 1863, and 1869. In 1861 he was made president of the council. In 1858 he became a member of the board of education, served two years, and was reelected in 1863, serving thence by successive reelections until 1869, in 1866 being chosen vice-president of the board. In 1869 he was once more chosen to the council and served his two-years' term, finally closing his service in that body in the spring of 1871. All these responsible posts Mr. Von Seggern filled with acceptance to his constituents and the community, reflecting honor upon him during twenty years of consecutive public service, and since. As a lawyer in full practice, he invariably bestows much careful research and thought upon the preparation of his cases, and always speaks to the point. He is a man of quick perceptions, generous impulses, and fine feelings, extremely jealous, withal, of his honor. These manly qualities have secured him the confidence of the citizens of Cincinnati, and have placed his success as a practitioner beyond a peradventure. His firmness of purpose and strength of will to do or to be may be fitly illustrated by the following incident : When about sixteen years of age he assisted in the organization of the old fire company No. 7, and, although at the time unable to write, having had but three months' schooling in English at the First District school on Franklin street, he was elected secretary of the company. Instead of declining on account of this defect, he resolved at once to be equal to the emergency by learning the art of writing in English, simultaneously with the assumption of his official duties in the company. This was the turning-point in his history, for the mental discipline and culture involved in this, his period of self-education, together with the real progress made in knowledge, enabled him to assume the duties of a clerkship and ultimately the practice of law. Mrs. Von Seggern is also still living, and in the enjoyment of excellent health. She has proved herself a helpmate indeed in all the walks of life, by cordially cooperating with and supporting her husband in his public and private enterprises. They have had twelve children, of whom six are living. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 477 CHAPTER L. PERSONAL NOTES. ISRAEL LUDLOW.—The following notice of the Ludlow family was received after the personal sketch of Colonel Israel Ludlow, in our chapter on Losantiville had passed through the press. It has been courteously prepared for this work by a gentleman who shares the Ludlow bloo d —the Rev. Ludlow D. Potter, D. D., president of the Glendale Female college: General Benjamin Ludlow (an officer in the Revolutionary war) resided at Long Hill, bordering the Passaic valley, three miles from New Providence. His residence was on the north side of the Passaic river, the boundary line between Morris and Essex (now Union) counties, and ours on the south side. So he was in Morris county and we in Essex. He was quite a noted character, and his family residence a marked feature in that region—the abode of more than ordinary refinement and culture in his day. He, his wife, and all his children, except two, were buried in the graveyard in New Providence. He and his wife imbibed the French infidelity so prevalent about the close of the Revolutionary war. On his deathbed he renounced his infidelity through the faithful labors of Rev. Dr. W. C. Brownlee, who subsequently wrote a sketch of him and his religious deathbed discussions, and it was published in a thick tract by the American Tract society, entitled "The General." Subsequently his widow passed through a similar experience, and the pastoral labors resulted in her conversion also. This formed the subject of a second tract, entitled "The General's Widow." The tracts, I think, were subsequently suppressed at the request of the family. General Ludlow had a large family, but most of them died with consumption after reaching maturity, or before. His eldest son, Cornelius, graduated at Princeton college in 1816. His youngest son, George, was long sheriff of Morris county, but subsequently became deranged, and, I believe, died in an asylum. His eldest daughter married Dr. John Craig, of Plainfield, New Jersey, and outlived all the rest, but died childless. They all renounced infidelity and died in the faith. None left children except Cornelius. Colonel Israel Ludlow, of Cincinnati, was a brother, or half brother of General Ludlow ; I think .a half-brother. The first wife of the late George C. Miller, of Cincinnati, was a daughter of Colonel Israel Ludlow, and Mrs. Whiteman and the late Mrs., Charlotte Jones, of Cumminsville, and their brother and sister, were Colonel Ludlow's grandchildren. The old LudloW mansion in New Jersey, which I visited a few years ago, has passed entirely out of the family. Indeed, the family is nearly extinct. Hon. T. M. McCarter, a distinguished lawyer and judge in New Jersey, a graduate of Princeton in 1842, is a grandson, I believe, of Cornelius Ludlow, mentioned above. Matthias Denman was still living at his old home, in Springfield, New Jersey, in August, 1853, when he gave his deposition in the suits of the city of Cincinnati against the First Presbyterian church and the county of Hamilton, for recovery of the square between Main and Walnut, Fourth and Fifth streets. In that deposition he states that he was first here in late December, 1788, and afterward revisited the place four times, for about one month in 1798, a month in 1801, about a fortnight in 1811, and ten days in 1821. He stated that when the Miami purchase was conceived, Judge Symmes was a resident of Morristown, New Jersey, and that his arrangement with Symmes for a share in the purchase was made in January, 1788. Colonel Ludlow was his agent on the ground for the transaction of all his legal business here until the transfer of his interest in the site of Cincinnati to Joel Williams. William Stark, M. D., of Eight street, was born February 1, 1836, in Gervitsch, Austria. In 1846 he went to Prussia, and became naturalized, graduating in the. Berlin university in 1858; entered the Prussian army just after a course of medicine was completed in this university and in that of Vienna. In 1860 he was made assistant surgeon, and in 1863 surgeon of the regiment ; in 1866 was promoted to assistant general of staff in the army of surgeons. This was also the year he came to Cincinnati and located on Ninth street, between Elm and Plum. He removed again to Ninth, near Walnut, and in 1876 to 51 West Seventh street, where he now is. In 1861 he was married to Caecelia Kaiser. His two sons, Segmar and Oscar Stark, leave shortly for Berlin and Paris to complete their course of medicine in the universities of those places. The doctor is physician of the Jewish hospital. John M. Scudder, M. D., physician, lecturer, author and editor, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, September 8, 1829. At an early age his father died, and he was thrown upon his own resources for sustenance and an education. He was educated at the Miami university, Ohio, and at the Eclectic Medical institute, of Cincinnati, and was appointed in the latter as one of its professors in the year 1856. In this college he filled the chairs of anatomy, obstetrics, and diseases of women of pathology and practice of -medicine. He is author of "A Practical Treatise of Diseases of Women," 1858; "Materia Medica and Therapeutics," 1860; "The Eclectic Practice of Medicine," 1864; "On the Use and Inhalation," 1865; "Domestic Medicine," 1866; "Diseases of Children," 1869; "Specific Medication," 1871; "On the Reproductive Organs and the Venereal," 1874; "Specific Diagnosis," 1874; and in addition to this large amount of work has edited and published the Eclectic Medical Journal since 1862. He owns the Eclectic Medical college of Cincinnati, and is its manager, as well as one of its lecturers, and is a member of most of the eclectic societies of the United States. He has accummulated a large fortune in the successful practice of his profession, and in the large sale of his books, which are considered generally as authorities on the subjects of which are treated. Frederick Forchheimer, M. D., was born in Cincinnati. He graduated from Woodward high school in 1870. In medicine he graduated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city. After this he spent several 478 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. years abroad, visiting the universities of Wurzburg, Strasburg, Prague and Vienna. Upon his return to the city he was appointed instructor in normal and pathological histology in the Medical College of Ohio. He held this position for three years, at the same time filling the chair of medical chemistry and medical .physics. After this he was appointed to the chair of physiology, which he still fills. He is, in addition, professor of clinical diseases of children and physician to the Good Samaritan hospital. Elkanah Williams, M. A., M. D., ophthalmologist, of Cincinnati, was born in Lawrence county, Indiana, December 19,1822. At ten years of age he went to Bedford academy, and in 1847 graduated in Asbury college, Greencastle, Indiana, after which he pursued a course of medicine in Bedford and Louisville, under leading physicians, and graduated in the Louisville university in 1850. He returned to Indiana and pursued his practice for two years, when, upon his wife dying, he returned to Louisville and attended a third course of lectures. In 5852 he came to Cincinnati, and in the fall of the same year crossed the Atlantic, mastered the French language, and attended a course of lectures in Paris on opthalmology; then went to London and studied under Bowman Critchett and Dixon of the London Royal Ophthalmic society—the uses of the opthalmoscope having been learned under the famous Desmarres, in Paris, it fell to Dr. Williams' lot to introduce it in Cincinnati. In 5854 he went to Vienna and studied under Beer Rosos, Jaeger, and Stellwag-von-Carion. Then he went to Prague ; then to Berlin, where he pursued the study of his adopted specialty several months in each of these places. In 1855 he returned to Cincinnati, and opened an office for the exclusive treatment of the ear and eye. In 5856 he was invited to conduct the eye clinics in the Miami Medical college, and he thus established the chair of ophthalmics in the county. For twelve years he was ophthalmologist of the Cincinnati hospital. During the war he was surgeon of the marine hospital. In 5862 he again visited Europe, and attended the ophthalmological congress in Paris, and in 1866 he made a third trip for a similar purpose. In 5872 he went to London on the same errand. He is a member of the ophthalmological colleges of the old and new world, and a prominent member of many medical societies in America. Dr. Williams has made ophthalmology a specalty during his life, and deservedly has made it a success. William De Courcy, M. D., of 428 Court street, was born in Campbell county, Kentucky, in the year 5849. His father was a physician of that county, while his grandfather and great-grandfather on his mother's side were pioneer settlers of that State. When the doctor was twenty years of age he graduated in the Ohio Medical college, his father having graduated there also. He received his preparatory education in the Walnut Hills academy, of Campbell county, Kentucky. In 1873 he married Miss Fannie McCarty, of Cincinnati. She graduated in Hughes' high school in 1868, taking the Shield medal at that time. The doctor has been a successful practicioner in his profession. Thaddeus A. Reamy, A. M., M. D., professor of obstetrics, clinical midwifery, and diseases of children, in the Medical College of Ohio, was born in Frederick county, Virginia. At the age of three years he moved with his parents to a farm in the vicinity of Zanesville, Ohio, where his mother, aged eighty, still resides in the same house into which they first moved, and where his father, Jacob A. Reamy, died in 1871, aged eighty. Dr. Reamy received his degree of A. M. from the Ohio Wesleyan university, of M. D. from Starling Medical college. From 1857 to 1860 he was professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. On its organization he was commissioned as surgeon, of the One Hundred and Twenty-second regiment Ohio volunteer infantry, remaining in' active service but a few months, when he resigned to take his seat in the general assembly of Ohio, being elected to that body from Muskingum county. In 1865 he was elected professor of puerperal diseases of women, and diseases of children, in Starling Medical college, which position he held until after his return from Europe in the spring of 1870. In March, 1871, he removed from Zanesville, Ohio, to Cincinnati, and was soon after elected professor of obstetrics and clinical midwifery, and diseases of children, in the Medical College of Ohio, which position he still holds. In 5872 he was appointed gynecologist to the Good Samaritan hospital, which position he still holds. He is a member of the American Medical association, the American Gynecological society, of which he is first vice-president; the Ohio State Medical society, of which he is ex-president; the Cincinnati Obstetrical society, of which he is ex-president; the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, of which he is now president. He is corresponding member of the Boston Gynecological society, and of many other medical associations. Although not strictly a specialist, Dr. Reamy's reputation is most widely known as an obstretician and gynecologist. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Was married in September, 1853, to Miss Sarah A. Chappelear. Their only child, who was the wife of Dr. G. S. Mitchell, Dr. Reamy's associate in business, is now dead. S. C. Ayers, M. D., 64 West Seventh street, is a native of Troy, Miami county, Ohio. His parents moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, soon after his birth, and that city was his home until he became a permanent resident of Cincinnati ten years ago. He received a high school education at home, and afterwards went to Miami university, Oxford, where he graduated in the class of 1861. He was among the first to volunteer in the first three months' service, and served his time out in West Virginia, in company B, Twentieth Ohio volunteer infantry, Captain 0. J. Dodd commanding. He attended lectures at the Medical College of Ohio in the winter of 5862-3, and in the following spring was appointed medical cadet. He served in this position one year, in the meantime attending lectures in the winter of 1863-4, and graduated in March, 5864. He immediately went to the Cumberland hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, where he served a year as acting assistant surgeon United States army, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 479 and then went before the army board for examination. He was commissioned assistant surgeon United States volunteers, and ordered to New Orleans, where he was soon put in charge of Barracks United States army general hospital. He was honorably mustered out of the service in February, 1866. He immediately devoted himself to diseases of the eye and ear, and in the autumn of that year became a student of Dr. E. Williams, of Cincinnati. After spending several months with him, hie returned to Fort Wayne to practice his specialty. In 1870 he went abroad and studied at the various eye and ear clinics, spending most of his time in London and Vienna. In the fall of 1871 he entered into partnership with Dr. E. Williams, which position he now fills. He has been a member of the staff of the Cincinnati hospital for the past ten years, and is an active member of the State and local medical societies. William Clendinin, M. D., was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 1, 1829. At the age of fifteen he was put in the drug store of Dr. John Gammil, of New Castle, Pennsylvania, and after four years he became a regular medical student under the doctor and attended his course of lectures in the Ohio Medical college, graduating with the degree of M. D. in 1851. He practiced his profession in connection with Dr. R. D. Mussey for one year, and afterwards with his son, Dr. William Mussey, five years. He held the position of demonstrator of anatomy in the Miami Medical college one year ; and after this college was combined with that of the Ohio Medical college held the position until 1849, when he went to Europe and took private lessons in anatomy and surgery, and also attended of Velpeare, Trousseau, Malgaigne and other eminent men of the Royal Medical college of Paris. He also attended lectures under a number of eminent men in the Royal College of Surgeons of London. After an eighteen months' stay abroad he returned home and gave his time and medical, advice in the army. He served at Camp Denison, Ohio, in the second battle of Bull Run, and afterwards took charge of Emery General hospital, in Washington. He became medical director of the Fourteenth army corps under Thomas, and afterwards assistant medical director of the Department of the Cumberland, and afterwards medical inspector of hospitals, which position he held until 1865. He was offered a consulate by Johnson to St. Petersburgh, but declined that offer and accepted a professorship of surgery and surgical anatomy in the Ohio Medical college, after returning to Cincinnati. He was also health officer of the city at this time. This 'was during the cholera epidemic in which the doctor's services were of material benefit in the sanitary affairs of the city, and the present sanitary system of our city is due to the bills he drafted, and which were afterwards enacted as law in the State legislature of Ohio. He is also author of health laws of the State now in force by act of the legislature. He was one of the originators of the health association. He has been since 1865 a professor in the Miami Medical college, and belongs to a number of medical societies. He is also a medical lecturer of some note, and in all has done much toward leaving the condition of society better for being in it. Dr. A. J. Howe was born in Paxton, Worcester county, Massachusetts, on the fourteenth day of April, 1826. He lived on a farm with his parents till he was old enough to attend Leicester academy. In that institution he fitted for college, and entered Harvard university at the age of twenty-three. He graduated. in 1853, and began at once to study medicine. He pursued his studies in the colleges and hospitals of New York and Philadelphia, and took a degree at the Worcester Medical institution. Within a year of that time he was made professor of anatomy in the Eclectic college of medicine, in Cincinnati. The circumstance led him to settle in the city, and seek a professional living. In 1860 he was elected professor of surgery in the Eclectic Medical institute, a position he has filled successfully every year since. He has written a work of fifteen hundred pages on the general practice of surgery, and in journal articles has recorded some original contributions to operative surgery. He has executed nearly all of what are denominated "great operations," and many of them several times. He is a ready writer, and contributes largely to each issue of the Eclectic Medical Journal, as well as occasionally to the pages of other periodicals. He has a taste for natural science; and for several consecutive years has been curator of comparative anatomy in the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In 1879 he became a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Joseph Watson, M. D., a native of the First ward, received his education in Wood high school and graduated in the Ohio Medical college in 1876, having studied under Dr. James T. Whittaker, at that time lecturer on materia medica in the college. Dr. Watson, after spending one year in the hospital located at 584 Eastern avenue, where, on account of his youthful appearance, he made but slow progress at first, but his continuity won for him success eventually, and he is now having a good practice, conforming his attention largely to sugery. His father, Joseph Watson, had charge of a squadron of five boats on the Mississippi during the war, and was next in command to Commodore Leroy Fish. Dr. Watson was married in ][881 to Miss Katie Hink, of Cincinnati. Charles M. Sparks, M. D., physician, having an office at 1333 Eastern avenue, was born at Delaware, Ohio, in 1835, but received his education at Sunbury, this State. He has spent some time in preparing himself thoroughly for the practice of his profession, having studied under an able preceptor—Dr. William Ford, of Johnstown, Ohio—seven years, and then took courses of lectures in both the Physio Medical and in the Eclectic College of Medicine of Cincinnati. He is also a student of all the schools—interesting himself in the allopathy and homoeopathy systems as well. He is a member of the Eclectic Medical association. He was married in August, 1862, to Miss Mary Gregg, of Delaware, Ohio, and came here in 1872. William N. Nelson, M. D., 486 Eastern avenue, Cincinnati, was born in Maysville, Kentucky, in 1850, where 480 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. he received his early education afterwards. He studied medicine under Dr. Lightfoot, of Flemingsburgh, his native State, and graduated in the fall of 187o in Jefferson Medical college, and came to Cincinnati in the yea1 1876. He has held the position of district physician in the First ward and is making some headway in securing a good practice. He was married in 1876 to a daughter of George B. Morris, of Flemingsburgh, Kentucky. His father, Isaac Nelson, now a retired merchant, was in that business in Maysville, Kentucky, from 1849 until 187o. He now resides in Cincinnati. C. L. Armstrong, M. D., of Cincinnati, is a native of Brookville, Indiana, and is a great-grandson of Captain John Armstrong of Revolutionary fame, who was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. His father was a lawyer of Brookville. His maternal great-grandfather, La Bloyteaux, was an early pioneer of Hamilton county, and a founder of Mt. Healthy. Dr. Armstrong was born in 1844, graduated in the Cincinnati College of Medicine in 1868, and has since that time practiced his profession in this city; he is at present police surgeon of Cincinnati, and is examining surgeon of some half-dozen of our leading insurance companies; he has also been district physician of the city. During the war he was one of the one hundred and fifty of the "Forlorn Hope" company who volunteered to carry ladders to mount the walls of Vicksburgh, and one of the twelve only who came out alive, but was seriously wounded by three different shots. He is a member of the Academy of Medicine and takes great interest in his profession. W. H. Taylor, M. D., president of the Cincinnati Medical society, vice-president of medical staff of Cincinnati hospital, and professor of obstetrics in Miami Medical college, was born in Cincinnati in 1836. His great-grandfather came to the city in 1813. His grandfather was a physician, and his father was a prominent man who was killed in the great fire in Cincinnati in 1843. The doctor graduated in the Ohio Medical college in 1858; became a resident physician in 186o; was made member of medical staff of hospital in i866; professor of materia medica at the same time vice-president of medical staff in the hospital in 1879; president Cincinnati Medical society in 1880. J. M. Shaller, M. D., of 535 Sycamore street, was born in Cincinnati May 19, 1856. He was educated in the public schools of Cincinnati and in the Military academy of Lexington, Kentucky, graduating there in 1876. He engaged in the prescription business, and afterwards graduated in the College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati. He studied medicine under Dr. A. J. Miles, and graduated in the College of Medicine and Surgery, of Cincinnati, in 1878, and in which he has filled an assistant's position in theory and practice. He had charge of the clinical department one year after graduation. William Owens, M. D., of Cincinnati, professor of materia medica and therapeutics in Pulte Medical college, of Cincinnati, was born in Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, April 24, 1823. He early gained a love for books and travelled extensively through the West Indies, Florida, and South America. He learned the cooper trade; attended Woodward college, going to school the half of each day and working at his trade the other half. In 1846 he entered a drug store, and in the following year he was made hospital steward of the First regiment Ohio volunteer infantry, in the Mexican war. While in the drug store he attended lectures during the day and at night served as night clerk, and graduated in 1849. He was immediately appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the Eclectic Medical college, and held that position for two years. The Western College of Homoeopathy, at Cleveland, Ohio, offered him the same office, which he accepted, and while filling it attended a full course of lectures on the homoeopathic materia medica and therapeutics. In 1859 he returned to Cincinnati. In 1855 he purchased an interest in the Water Cure, at Granville, Ohio, and afterwards at Yellow Springs, Ohio. These enterprises proved to be failures, financially, and he returned to Cincinnati in 1858. He served through the war, holding the positions of first lieutenant, captain, and assistant surgeon, finally taking charge of Branch No. 16, United States hospital, at Nashville, Tennessee. After the war he returned to Cincinnati and assisted in founding Pulte Medical college, in which he occupied the chair of anatomy for two years, and that of materia medica and therapeutics, which he still retains, and is also dean of the faculty. He held the office of examining surgeon for pensioners for four years. He is a member of medical societies and has written many articles for medical journals, and is an able defender of the school of homoeopathy. F. J. Fogel, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in Gallipolis in 1851, and came to this city with his parents in 1855. When fourteen years of age we find him in business for himself—running a periodical store in Indianapolis. He afterward studied medicine under Dr. Silvey, in Everton, Indiana, and while an undergraduate practiced his profession two years to enable him to complete his course in college, graduating in the Ohio Medical college in 1873. He has now practiced his prosession in this city nearly eight years. In 1876 he was appointed district physician of his ward, and has been reappointed every year since. His office is at No. 94 Clinton street. J. T. Knox, M. D., located at No. 82% East Third street, was born in Butler county, Ohio, October 1, 1846, and lived on his father's farm until he was fifteen years of age. After this time he attended college at Miami university, Oxford, for four years; was engaged in the drug trade for three years at Hamilton. He was married to a daughter of Dr. Henry Mallory, of Hamilton, November 2, 1870; graduated at Ohio Medical college in the class of 1874; immediately began the practice of medicine in Cincinnati, and has thus far been successful. Colonel A. E. Jones, M. D., was born in Greensborough, Green county, Pennsylvania, July 15, 1819, and is the son of Robert and Anna (Eberhardt) Jones. His early education was carefully nurtured under the guidance of his parents. At the age of fifteen he entered the dry goods store of his father, and also engaged with his father in the manufacture of window glass in the first factory built west of the Alleghany mountains. In 1837 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 481 we find him a student in the old Cincinnati college, and in 1838 at Washington college, Pennsylvania, and later a student in Philadelphia. In 1841 he began the practice of medicine in his native town, and ere long ranked among the best and most successful physicians of his place. In 1845 he married Miss Jane R. Metcalf, niece of Governor Thomas Metcalf, a former governor of Kentucky. He, in 1846, resided in Fulton. In 1848 he was president of the town council of Fulton. In 1852 he moved to Walnut Hills. He was for five years a member of the city council. At the breaking out of the late civil war he was selected to take charge of the military matters of Cincinnati, as acting brigadier general with the rank of colonel. In 1862 he was appointed military governor, performing the functions of that office during the Kirby Smith raid and until April, 1863, and in May, 1863, by request of President Lincoln, was made provost marshal of the First district of Ohio. At the close of the war he began the practice of medicine on Walnut Hills. In the intervals of 1865 and 1868 Dr. Jones devoted his entire time to the practice of his profession, acquiring a large and lucrative practice. Dr. Jones, amid the routine of public and private life, has been actively engaged in preparing a history of Cincinnati, which is to be published in two volumes. I. D. Jones, M. D., was born in Newtown, Hamilton county, Ohio, November 13, 1843, and is the son of Daniel Jones, a pioneer of Hamilton county. Our subject, in 1865, graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan university, of Delaware, Ohio, with the highest honors. He then returned to his native county and for several years was engaged in teaching school, being principal for two years of the California, Ohio, schools. He soon after began to attend lectures at Ohio Medical college, where he graduated in 1871. Dr. Jones was at one time resident physician of the Good Samaritan hospital. After graduating in medicine in 1871 he soon after came to Walnut Hills and began the practice of his chosen profession, where he met with good success. In 1876 he formed a partnership with his brother, John E. Jones, in the practice of medicine. Dr. John E. Jones was also born in Newtown, Hamilton county, Ohio, January 27, 1834, graduating from the Ohio Wesleyan university in 1858, and from the Ohio Medical college in 1863, when he entered the army as assistant surgeon, where he served until the close of the war, participating in a number of battles. At the close of the war he returned to Hamilton county, since which time he has been actively engaged in the practice of medicine. In 1876 the firm of Jones & Jones was formed, and to day is doing a large practice. Zoheth Freeman, M. D., born July 17, 1826, in Milton, Queens county, Nova Scotia, attended lectures at the Buffalo Medical college, Buffalo, New York, during its first session, and was its first matriculant. He graduated at the Eclectic Medical institute of Cincinnati, spring session of 1848; was professor of anatomy and operative surgery in the Eclectic Medical college in Rochester, New York, at its first session in 1848, also in 1849; demonstrated anatomy in the Eclectic Medical institute at Cincinnati during the winter and spring sessions of 1848-9; was professor of anatomy and demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical college of Memphis, Tennessee, during its first session in 1849, also in 185o, giving the first lectures on anatomy in that institute and assisting to establish that college, also practicing medicine and surgery in that city for two years. He returned to Cincinnati and was professor of anatomy and demonstrator of anatomy in the Eclectic Medical institute during the two sessions of 1851 and the spring session of 1852; was professor of surgery in the same institute from 1853 to 1855; was then elected professor of the principles and practice of medicine and pathology, and lectured during the session of 1855-6; was then reelected to the chair of professor of surgery, and occupied it until 1870. In 1871 was made professor of clinical. medicine and surgery, and still occupies that position. He has been in active practice of surgery and medicine in Cincinnati since 1851. The greatest number of students in attendance of lectures at the Eclectic Medical institute any 'one year, including spring and winter sessions, was four, hundred. He was married October 9, 1856, to Ellen Ricker, daughter of Hon. E. T. Ricker, Clermont county, Ohio.. She is distinguished as an artist in carving. His only son, Leonard Ricker Freeman, born December 16, 186o, is a student in the McMicken university, Cincinnati. He is a lover of natural history and has made nice collections of Indian relics, minerals, etc. Joseph Garretson, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in York county, Pennsylvania, February 27, 1808. When thirteen years of age his parents moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, where he engaged successfully with his father in the farming business. He began the study of medicine under the eminent medical professor, George McCook, uncle to the Generals McCook. He practiced his profession in New Richmond, Ohio, Richmond, Indiana, and other places, previous to coming here in 1865, and has been successful in his practice since that time in this city. Dr. Garretson possesses remarkable health and vigor of life for one of his age. For over forty years he has not eaten animal food, and for over fifty-five years he has not drank tea nor coffee. He gives himself a good shampooing every night before going to rest, with a dry Turkish towel, and always takes a warm bath in the morning, and has never had any ill health. His son,. Dr. George Garretson, is a practicing physician in Walnut Hills. George Edwin Jones, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in New York city in 1835, in which place he received his education. At the age of nineteen he began the study of medicine and graduated in the Ohio Medical college September 26, 1861. At this time he went to St. Louis, Missouri, and entered the naval service on the gunboat flotilla under Rear Admiral Foote, afterwards Rear Admiral C. H. Davis acting assistant surgeon. At the bombardment of Fort Charles a sad catastrophe occurred on his steamer, caused by a single shot of the enemy entering the steam drum, effecting an explosion. The doctor was badly scalded, and otherwise injured, necessitating his withdrawal from service. Afterward, by order 61 482 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. from medical department United States navy, at Washington, D. C., he was put on detached duty. In 1864 he resigned, and from that time to this has continued his practice (to a great extent gynecological) in this city. The doctor has been very kindly treated by his superior officers, who regard him as a man possessing more than ordinary patriotism during the war. Rear Admiral Foote, and Davis, as well as the authorities at Washington have shown, by their warm letters of friendship, the kindliest regard for him, and have expressed themselves respecting his worth in the profession, to the service, in the strongest terms. He was professor of anatomy in the dental school of Cincinnati several years after the war, and was also professor of microscopical anatomy for two years. He was married to Miss Ellen Yale Roots, daughter of Philanda Higley Roots, in the year 1866, and by this union is the father of three children. The doctor is the inventor of a topographical water map, an improvement in geographical maps for illustrating water depressions the same as mountain elevations. This is a device so ingenious and instructive as to make it worth anyone's while to visit him for the purpose of examining it. For the purpose of object teaching it excels any yet of the kind we have ever seen. Charles M. Lukins, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in Troy, Harrison county, Ohio, February 12, 1847. He was raised a farmer's boy, and inured to the hardships of an agricultural life. He began the study of medicine in 1876, and after attending the required number of lectures, graduated from the Pulte college, Cincinnati, in the spring of 1879, with the degree of M. D. He is demonstrator of anatomy in his alma mater, and is also assistant surgeon in the department of eye and ear of free clinics. His office is No. 278 Race street. The doctor has two brothers, also physicians. One is located at Cleveland, Ohio, the other at Troy, same State. D. W. Hartshorn, M. D., of Cincinnati, professor of surgery in Pulte Medical college, was born August 1, 1827, in Walpole, Norfolk county, Massachusetts. He received an academical education, then studied medicine, graduating with the degree of M. D., in Harvard college, in 1854. He practiced his profession in his native town until 1857, when he removed to Urbana, Ohio, and continued the same until the outbreak of the late unpleasantness, when he went to Washington, and after receiving an appointment from Lincoln, confirmed by the Senate, was placed under Fremont, at Paducah, Kentucky, as brigade surgeon. He was, after the battle of Fort Donelson, transferred by order, and became medical director under General C. F. Smith, and again transferred to the same position under General W. T. Sherman, where he remained in charge of hospitals and other work he had laid out, for one year. An intimacy of the strongest attachment had sprung up between the doctor and General Sherman, and from letters, of which the latter wrote, we judge that Dr. Hartshorn's abilities were adjudged to be of the highest order by the General. His social standing was marked as well. By special order of General Grant he was removed to Young's Point, Louisiana, to act in conjunction with C. H. Laub, surgeon, United States medical director. He was assigned to this place March 4, 1863. After the war he resumed practice, coming to Cincinnati, where he has been ever since. He has filled several positions in the Pulte Medical college, having been its treasurer, professor of anatomy, dean, and at present professor and lecturer on surgery. In 1858 ;he was married to Miss Mary A. Knight, of Maine. The doctor is enjoying a good practice, and is a man of recognized abilities, being a graduate of the regular school as well as that of homoeopathy. Theodore Martin Wittkamp, A. M., M. D., was born, in Cincinnati. After receiving a common school education, was sent to St. Xavier's college, where he received the degree of A. B. in 1872, whence he was sent to the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. In 1874, March l0th, entered as resident physician to the Cincinnati hospital; served one year. June, 1874, received the degree of A. M., at St. Xavier's college; 1875, received the degree of M. D. at Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery; 1876, appointed dispensary physician at Cincinnati College of Mediine and Surgery; the next year, assistant to chair of women's and children's diseases, same institute. This position he still holds. He is recording secretary to alumni of his alma mater. Dr. Robert Ballard Davy was born near Fairmount, Somerset county, Maryland, on the twenty-fifth of May, 1847. He received his education at the Washington academy, in Princess avenue, and came to Ohio in the fall of 1865. While visiting a friend at Felicity, Ohio, he undertook the study of medicine, and two years later obtained the degree of M. D. at the Jefferson Medical college of Philadelphia. Returning to Felicity, he practiced his profession successfully for five years, and then removed to Cincinnati. In 1875, after two and a half years' residence in Cincinnati, he went to Europe and spent a year in visiting the universities and hospitals of the old world. He at present occupies the chair of physiology and chinical diseases of the throat in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, and is a member of the Cincinnati Medical society, the Academy of Medicine, and the Ohio State Medical society. He is the author of a number of papers, having written quite extensively for the Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic, and other medical journals. Joseph Rausohoff, M. D., F. R. C. S. England, was born in Cincinnati on the twenty-sixth of May, 1853. His parents are Germans by birth. His father, Nathan Rausohoff, although a native of Westphalia, has resided in this country fifty-seven years. At the age of six Dr. Rausohoff entered the public schools of Cincinnati, and continued in them until he graduated with merit from Woodward high school in 1870. In the fall of this year he commenced his medical studies at the Medical College of Ohio, where, after three years of diligent work, he obtained a gold medal awarded to the author of the best thesis on a special theme, competition being open to all the alumni of the institution. After a rigid competitive examination, Dr. Rausohoff was elected interne of the Cincinnati hospital, where he practised from March, 1873, to March, 1874. Having now obtained his degree, and HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 483 exhausted the fountains of medical learning in his native city, he spent the next four years of his life at the universities and hospitals of Wurzburg, Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London, devoting especial attention to the study of diseases of the skin and surgery. In London the doctor was appointed Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, a title and honor obtained, we believe, by only one other member of the profession in the United States. Upon his return to the city of his birth, Dr. Rausohoff was chosen demonstrator of anatomy at the Medical College of Ohio, a position which he occupied until the death of Professor Laudon R. Long-worth, when he was appointed his successor to the chair of anatomy and clinical surgery. During the last two sessions of the Medical College of Ohio, the oldest institution of its kind in the west, the subject of this sketch has lectured upon his special branches both in the amphitheatre of the college and of the Good Samaritan hospital. The opportunities afforded by hospital and private practice have been grasped by the doctor, who, notwithstanding the paucity of his years, has achieved an enviable position among medical men. In March, 1877, Dr. Rausohoff married Minnie, eldest daughter of .Julius Freiberg, a lady as distinguished for her attainments as amiability. The birth of a son has added not a little to the happiness of the parents. James Taylor Irwin, D. D. S., was born in Buckskin township, Ross county, Ohio, in 1833. In his early youth he removed to Greenfield, Ross county. He was educated in the academy at South Salem, in the same county. He was an adventurous boy, and at one time took a pedestrian tour over the mountains and over the Eastern States with a couple of boy companions. At the age of seventeen he came to Cincinnati and entered the office of Drs. J. & J. Taylor. He spent five years in this office, and during these years took three courses in the Ohio Dental college, whence he was graduated. He was then for a short time a demonstrator at the college, and took an especial interest in mechanical dentistry, in which he became quite proficient. He then took a trip throughout the northwest of our country, and practiced about six months in Dubuque, Iowa. He came thence back to Cincinnati and went into partnership with Dr. James Taylor from 1857 to 1866. Since then he has carried on his business alone. He built himself a very handsome building exclusively for his business, on West Seventh street, where he still practices his profession. He has since added to it a winter residence for his family. He was married in July of 1860 to Miss Annie M. Underwood, of Cincinnati. He is a member of the Mississippi Valley Dental association, the Ohio College Dental association, and the American Dental society. Jonathan Taft, D. D. S., was born in September of 1820 in Russellville, Brown county, Ohio. At the age of two the family moved to Adams county, Ohio, where Dr. Taft acquired some knowledge of Latin, Greek and mathematics in an academy. He was afterward engaged in farm labor and school teaching. In 1841 he began the study of dentistry under Dr. George D. Teetor, of Ripley, Ohio, and after eighteen months began the practice, which he has kept up ever since. He practiced in Xenia for six years, during which time he did much to advance the then imperfect knowledge of this profession. He then entered the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, whence he was graduated in 1850. In 1854 he was appointed professor of operative dentistry in this college, and has probably taught longer in this capacity, without interruption, than any one living. During most of this time he has been dean of the faculty. He has been a member of the Ohio Dental College association since its organization in 1852, and for twenty years has been its secretary. In 1856 he became part proprietor of the Dental Register of the West, and in a few years became its sole proprietor. The paper is now called the Dental Register. In 1857 he removed to Cincinnati. In .1858-9 he wrote a treatise on "Operative Dentistry," which was received as a text-book in the colleges and has been translated into German and ^other languages. Dr. Taft is a member of all the principal dental societies, and his labors have been conspicuous in over fifty different societies. He has been presiding officer of the board of examiners in dentistry appointed by the State, ever since its organization. In 1875 he was appointed professor of the principles and practice of operative dentistry in the Dental college of the University of Michigan. Dr. Taft is an earnest and profound student, a public-spirited citizen, and a conscientious Christian. Dr. T. C. Bradford, M. D., was born in October, 1835, in Cincinnati. After acquring an education in the institutions of his own State, he pursued his studies in Jefferson college, in Philadelphia, and afterwards in the Bellevue Hospital college, in New York city, whence he was graduated in 1864. His advantages for a thorough medical education were thus the very best. In 1864 he returned to Cincinnati and began the practice of his profession. The death of several of the oldest physicians of both schools opened a road to success to a man of ability, and Dr. Bradford soon attained this success. Dr. Bradford is absorbed in the practice of his profession. He has a very fine medical and miscellaneous library. He is treasurer, a member of the faculty, and one of the incorporators of the Pulte Medical college. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian church. He was married in October, 1868, to M. A. McCroskey, of his native city. Samuel Wardle, D. D. S., was born in Leicester, England, in 1822, and came to America in 1832. After working on a farm for five years, he became an appren tice to a silversmith in Philadelphia. After two years and a half of this service, he ran away and determined to go to sea. After several trials he made, satisfactory arrangements with a whaler, the "William C. Nye." In this ship he made a voyage of twenty-two months, full of adventure. The ship doubled Cape Horn, went to the sea of Kamschatka, touching the famous island of Juan Fernandez on the way, and finally entered the harbor of San Francisco in 1843. Mr. Wardle returned with his ship to New London, Connecticut. Thence he 484 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. returned to Philadelphia and was employed in doing mechanical work for dentists, in which he became a very skilful workman, and met with very great success. He soon opened an office of his own. In 1853 he came to Cincinnati. On leaving Philadelphia he was presented with a large gold medal by fourteen of the most prominent dentists in the city, as "a token of appreciation of his skill in mechanical dentistry." He established a dental furnishing house, and manufactured artificial teeth; but, on account of the costliness of material, he fell back on his profession for a livelihood. In 1859 he received a diploma from the Cincinnati College of Dental Surgery, then the second dental college in the country. He manufactures all the teeth which he uses in his practice, and also those intended for peculiar and difficult cases taken in charge by other dentists. He has received the first premium on artificial teeth every year hi the Cincinnati industrial exposition, and the first premium in dentistry on the only occasion on which he entered the lists. He received first medals from Mechanics' institute, Cincinnati, and from the State board of agriculture; also, premiums from New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore; also, in 1851, a certificate and medal at the World's fair, in London, England. He is an active member of the Mississippi Valley Dental association, and an honorary of the Pennsylvania Association of Dental Surgeons. He was married to Miss Margaret A. Little in 1846. A. C. Can, of Cincinnati, a native of New York, came to Licking county, Ohio, with his parents when quite young, in the year 1843. In this county he received his education and performed manual labor on the farm until 1864, when he began to teach school and further do for himself. He took a thorough course of training in the legal profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1873, previous to which time, however, he engaged in mercantile pursuits about five years, but since the year 1873 has been practicing his profession, having his office in Temple Bar. From 1873 until 1875 he held a membership in the Cincinnati board of education; at present he is a member of the city council, having been elected to that office successively four times. Mr. Charles H. Stephens was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 2, 1841. He was graduated from the Hughes high school in 1858, and a few months after began the study of law with the firm of Lincoln, Smith & Warnock. He was admitted to the bar in 1863. In a few years he became a partner in the firm with which he had studied. He was elected to the board of education in 1872 and was a member for six years. He was also made a trustee of Thomas Hughes, the founder of the Hughes high school, in 1870, and he still holds that position. He is now a member of the firm of Lincoln, Stephens & Company, in the practice of law. Ira B. Maston, judge of the probate court, is a native of the city. He received his early education in Cincinnati; studied law here and in 1857 began the practice of his profession in the courts of this place. In 1872 he was elected judge of the probate court, which position he still holds. Judson Harmon was born in Newtown, Hamilton county, Ohio, February 3, 1846. His parental ancestors were among the first settlers of Springfield, Massachusetts, and northern Connecticut, and later of Jefferson county, New York. He graduated at Denison university, Granville, Ohio, June, 1866, and at the Cincinnati Law school, April, 1869. On June r, 1870, he married Olive Scobey, of Hamilton, Ohio, and has three children. In October, 1876, he was elected one of the judges of the courts of common pleas, which office he held until April, 1877, when his election was successfully contested before the senate of Ohio. In April, 1878, he was elected one of the judges of the superior court of Cincinnati for the full term of five years. Mr. W. M. Ampt, a lawyer by profession, was born in Trenton, Butler county, Ohio, February 1, 1840. Both his parents emigrated from Germany, one in 1832 and the other in 1837, the father coming from Hesse-Darmstadt, and the mother, whose maiden name was Rosa, from Bavaria. Mr. Ampt is descended from Abram Ampt, a Protestant minister ill the Rhine country from 1696 until 1727. The son of Abram was Abraham Francisca A mpt, who, in 1715, was a student at Heidelberg university. He also was a Protestant minister, and died at Dalsheim, near Worms, in 1735. The latter left two sons, Frederick and Abram,.the first of whom, the great-grandfather of W. M. Ampt, entered Heidelberg university in 1744 as a theological student. Both went to Holland and entered the Holland army, the former returning to Germany, while the latter remained in Holland, and became a professor of philosopy at Neuchatel, dying at the age of eighty-two years, leaving many descendants, of whom C. G. Ampt, major general, commanding the fortress at Nymwegen in 180, was his son. Frederick Ampt, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was for thirty years or more burgomeister at Flonheim. He had two sons, who, after studying jurisprudence for some time at Heidleberg, entered the government civil service, in which they served for many years. Their descendants have scattered to Germany, England, France, Algiers, and one, the father of W. M. Ampt, came to America nearly fifty years ago, and is now living near Dayton, as one of the German pioneers of Ohio. W. M. Ampt graduated at Oberlin college in 1863. He was chosen by vote of his class, numbering seventy-five, as the veledictorian, and during his college career was an active member of his literary society. In 1866 he graduated from the Albany Law school, and in the same year was admitted to the bar both in New York and Ohio, settling in Lima, Ohio, where he served as city solicitor. In 1864 and 1865 he was in the quartermasters' department of the United States as chief clerk, and in 1862 came to Cincinnati, during the Kirby Smith raid, with a company of college students, of which he was captain. In 1867 he located in Cincinnati, where, two years later, he was one of the Republican nominees for the legislature. In consequence of the "reform" movement of that year the whole ticket was defeated. In 1870 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Hamilton county, and two years later was endorsed for reelection HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 485 by the Republican nomination, but the Greeley move overwhelmed the ticket by six thousand majority. At the request of the Ohio State Republican committee, in 1876, Mr. Ampt went to Florida and took part in the contest before the Florida returning board. He was placed in charge of several counties, among others Hamilton county, in which he secured the rejection of two precincts, that had given Governor Tilden one hundred and sixty-three majority. In 1878 Mr. Ampt introduced the Grant resolution in the Ohio State convention, at Cincinnati, and gave the first impulse to the Grant boom that two years later so much excited the country. After a short trip to Europe in 1879, visiting Ireland, England, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Switzerland and France, he returned, continuing his advocacy. of Grant for the presidency, by a series of articles on the third term, for which General Grant afterwards expressed his thankful appreciation. Mr. Charles Evans was born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1843. He graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan university in the class of 1863. After the war he read law with Mr. Samuel Shellabarger, of Mansfield, Ohio. He graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866. After this he settled in Springfield, Ohio, where he practiced until 1872; thence he came to Cincinnati, where he has practiced ever since. He was elected county solicitor in the fall of 1880. Mr. Evans was appointed United States district attorney for the southern district of Ohio in March, 1878, and resigned in the fall of 1879. Mr. E. C. Williams was born May t0, 1842, in Cincinnati. His father, George W. Williams, was one of the oldest settlers in this part of the State. Mr. Williams was educated in the public schools of the city, and in 1861 was graduated from Woodward college. He enlisted in April, 1861. He was transferred to the gunboat flotilla, then a part of Fremont's army. This flotilla was soon transferred to the United States navy. In this Mr. Williams served throughout the war, being engaged in all the famous fights through which this flotilla passed, Vicksburgh, Fort Donelson, etc. At the close of the war he went to the Harvard Law school, whence he was graduated in 1867. He then returned to Cincinnati and was nominated for the State legislature, but defeated by a coalition between the Democrats and the German element. He entered into partnership with the well-known W. S. Scarborough. In 1877 Mr. Scarborough retired from business, and Mr. Williams formed a partnership with Mr. A. B. Champion, with whom he is still engaged. Mr. Williams is now a member of the city school-board. In 1851 he was elected librarian of the Young Men's Mercantile Library association. In 1860 he began the practice of law with Edward F. Noyes, late minister to France. At the outbreak of the war he entered the Thirty-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, of which his partner was colonel, and afterwards major. On May 1865, he was appointed surveyor of customs for Cincinnati by President Andrew Johnson, but was removed the following October on account of his not endorsing the President's policy. He then formed a partnership with several gentlemen and founded the Cincinnati Chronicle, an evening paper, of which he was the first business manager. This paper afterwards became the Cincinnati Times. In May of 1869 he was reappointed surveyor of customs by President Grant, and held this post until his death, which occurred January 13, 1881. On August J0, 1862, he was married to Miss Louisa Wright, who survives him with two sons. Mr. Reuben H. Stephenson, late surveyor of customs of the port of Cincinnati, was born at Lancaster, New Hampshire. Until his sixteenth year he was educated in the dirtrict schools and at a neighboring academy. From 1838 to 1842 he taught school and prepared for college. In the last-named year he entered Dartmouth college, at Hanover, New 'Hampshire, as a sophomore. He was graduated in 1845. He came in the same year to Cincinnati, and for three years taught in Vevay, Indiana, Newport, Kentucky, and in Louisiana. He returned to the city in 1848. At this time he entered into partnership with Mr. ,Otis C. Wright, opening a school called the Collegiate Institute. Mr. Wright left the city in 1849 on account of the cholera, and Mr. Stephenson carried on the school alone. Mr. Stephenson, with some other gentlemen, founded the Cincinnati Literary club, of which very many distinguished men have been members, such as R. B. Hayes, Salmon P. Chase, etc. Mr. Jesse L. Wartman, of the United States custom house, was born in Lewisburgh, Virginia, in 183o. He came to Cincinnati when four years old. His father having died,- he came to the city to live with his grandfather, Mr. Bohlen, who is well known among old Cincinnatians. Since he first came to Cincinnati, Mr. Wartman has resided for ten years in southern Indiana, and for two years in Keokuk, Iowa. In the last named place he was married to Miss S. W. Cossler. One son was the only fruit of this marriage, Harry L. Wartman. He died of consumption in his twenty-first year. Mr. Wartman has been engaged for the past nineteen years in the custom house in the city. Hon. Chaning Richards is a native Cincinnatian, having been born here on the twenty-first of February, 1838. His given name is the family designation of a maternal ancestor. His maternal grandmother was a sister of General Jonathan Dayton, one of the original proprietors of the Symmes or Miami Purchase. His uncle, Dr. Wolcott Richards, was the first of the family to reach the Queen City. He came in 1830, his brother, Chaning, father of the subject of this notice, following two years afterwards, and becoming a prominent merchant here. He died in Washington in 1879. Young Chaning was educated in the famous academy in Cincinnati conducted by Professor E. S. Brooks, and at Yale college, from which he was graduated with the class of 1858. He then took a course in the law school of his native city, going through in one year and receiving his diploma in 1859. At once he entered upon practice, but immediately upon the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion enlisted in the Guthrie Grays, or Sixth Ohio infantry, with which he served through the West Virginia cam- 486 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. paign, and subsequently, in the organization of new troops, served as aid-de-camp on the staff of General Wade, at Camp Denison. In January, 1862, he was commissioned first lieutenant in the Thirteenth Missouri, afterwards more fitly the Twenty-second Ohio infantry, and served with it through the campaign of Forts Henry and Donelson and at Shiloh, and remained nominally connected with it to the end of the war: He was much of the time, however, on staff and detached duty as ordnance officer with General Kimball at the siege of Vicksburgh and provost marshal (subsequently military mayor) and judge advocate at Memphis. In this city the close of the war found him on duty. He was mustered out of service with the grade of captain and resumed practice in that place, remaining until March, 1871; when he returned to Cincinnati and began business as a member of the firm of Stanton & Richards. In September following he was appointed assistant United States district attorney. In February, 1877, he was appointed district attorney by President Grant, having meanwhile served continuously as assistant, and reappointed by President Hayes in January, four years thereafter. His official career has amply justified those appointments. The business of no other court, probably, has been so closely kept up, and more faithfully and ably attended, than that of the southern district of Ohio. At the present moment cases are on trial which have been instituted only within the last half year, which is truly a phenomenal fact in the courts of this grade. Charles Jacob, jr., late mayor of. Cincinnati is a native of Glan-Munchweiler, in the Pfalz, Bavaria, where he was born November 24, 1834. He came to this country in 1852, and shortly afterwards to Cincinnati. From very small beginnings he advanced to a large and profitable business, and is now head of the firm of Charles Jacobs, jr., & Company, pork and beef packers, corner of Second and Vine streets. He early engaged in politics, and acquired considerable influence, especially among his countrymen. He was elected by the Republicans mayor of the city in 1878, but was defeated as a candidate for reelection by a coalition of Democrats and disaffected Republicans. He was married in October, 1857, to Miss Catharine Wuest, by whom he had several children. Joseph Benson Foraker, a judge of the superior court of Cincinnati, born near Rainsborough, Highland county, Ohio, July 5, .1846, and was reared on a farm. When but sixteen years of age he enlisted as a private in cornpany A, Eighty-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, July 14, 1862. He served, until the close of the war, with the army of the Cumberland, and in the meanwhile rising by regular promotions to the rank of first lieutenant and brevet captain of the United States volunteers. After the close of the war he resumed his studies and graduated from Cornell university, at Ithaca, New York, in 1869, it being the first graduating class from that institution. He read law while at school in addition to his regular studies. August 16, 1869, he located in Cincinnati. Here he pacticed law until April, 1879, when he was elected judge of the superior court. He was married October 4, 187o, to Miss Julra Bundy, daughter of the Hon. H. S. Bundy, of Jackson county, Ohio. They have four children. Howard Douglass was born January 2 1, 1846, in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Ohio January 22, 1867. He was elected a member, of the board of education April, 1869, and was reelected April, 1871; he was also a member of the Union board of high schools in 1870. He was nominated for the State senate in 1879, but resigned. In April, 1881, he was elected a member at large of the board of education for three years. Rev. W. J. Halley, rector of the cathedral, Cincinnati, was born in Ireland November 14, 1837. He came to Cincinnati in the year 1853, and completed his collegiate course at St. Mary's seminary, of Cincinnati, after which he was ordained pastor and became assistant in that capacity until he succeeded the Right Rev. C. B. Borges. He has been connected in the work since the seventh of July, 1860, having been in the cathedral since that time. Rev. Edward Cooper, D. D., district superintendent of the missionary and Sabbath-school department of the Presbyterian board of publication for the synods of Columbus, Cincinnati, Kentucky, Indiana south, and Tennessee. He was born near Troy, Rensselaer county, New York, and graduated at Union college. Devoting a few years to teaching, he was eminently successful as principal of the academy at Aurora, and afterwards at Waterloo. He then accepted the invitation of the New York State Teachers' association to edit the Teachers' Advocate, a weekly paper, -devoted to the interests of the profession. After two years he gave up this position to take the District School journal, the organ of the State superintendents of common schools, and became one of the proprietors and editors of the Syracuse Daily journal. Disposing of these interests, he purchased one-half of the Troy Daily Post, with which his editorial labors closed after two years. He returned to educational pursuts, and was president of the Odd Fellows Female college, at Paris, Tennessee, an institution that acquired eminence under his administration. At the commencement of the war he was president of the Female institute and pastor of the church at Brownsville, Tennessee, which positions he relinquished to become identified with the interests of the north. For three years he was principal of the academy and pastor of the church at Munroe, Butler county, when he was appointed, without solicitation, chaplain to the Eighth Ohio volunteer cavalry, and served until the close of the war. He then took charge of the academy and became pastor of the church at Bloomingburgh, Fayette county, and after three years accepted a call to the Presbyterian church of Atchison, Kansas, where his labors were eminently successful for nearly nine years. He was then invited to organize and superintend the important operations of the board of publication in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, which position he has since held. The contributions to the misssonary fund of the board of publication are economically applied to its systematic and efficient work, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 487 by personal family visitation and gratuitous distribution of its fine Christian literature in sparsely settled regions where there are limited opportunities for religious instruction. The missionaries of the board organize Sabbath-schools and lay the foundation for churches among the destitute, and when in the bounds of congregations greatly assist pastors by the distribution of sound doctrinal and evangelical literature. Every paper, tract, or volume continues the influence of the missionary after he has gone, and thus neighborhoods are brought under the power of religious truth. This work in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, under the supervison of Dr. Cooper, is accomplishing much good and has strong claims upon the benevolence of the large and intelligent denomination as one of its most efficient agencies of its growth and usefulness. Rev. Gottlieb Brandstettner, pastor of the First German Evangelical Protestant church of Green township, was born in Rhein Baiern, Bavaria, in 1830. He belongs to a family of ministers. Gottlieb came alone to America and took a course in theology, completing his studies in 1856, after which he engaged in the ministerial work at Peppertown, near Evansville, Indiana, and at other places. He came here May r, 1876, and has since taken charge of the congregation and Sabbath-school, acting as its superintendent. He also gives instruction, three days in each week, to the children of his congregation who are taking a course preparatory to confirmation. The church building, a fine brick structure, was erected in the year 1871, in which service and Sabbath-school have been held ever since. A graveyard of some four acres lies just back of the building. He was married July 24, 1857, to Miss Katharine Wittkarnper, of Cincinnati, and is the father of five children, four sons and one daughter. One son, Henry, born in 1859, died in 1880, a most promising young man. He possessed a natural genius for drawing, taking up the art and completing the course almost without the aid of instruction; he, however, spent one year in Cooper institute, New York. He was engraver for Stillman & Co., Front and Vine streets, Cincinnati, Ohio, and has left some beautiful sketchings of which "A scene on the Ohio," "Church-yard Scene," "Lick Run Church', show a master hand in the work. He was also of great assistance to his father in his church work; being a musician, and of great service in Sabbath-school work. As the pride of his father's family he was greatly missed from that circle. Rev. Brandstettner is exercising a great influence for good among his people, and of which the membership of his church feel proud. M. S. Turrill, principal of the Twenty-sixth Cincinnati district schools, was born near Pleasant Ridge in this (Hamilton) county February 8, 1831. His father, Heman B. Turrill, was a native of New Milford, Connecticut, emigrating from there in August, 1818. His mother was a daughter of James Wood, of Chatham, New Jersey, •whose family was among the early pioneers of Pleasant Ridge. Mr. Turill's youth was spent at the district school, and on his father's farm; but at the age of fifteen, he attended Farmers' college, graduating from there in 1851. Select- ing teaching as a profession, his chief preparation was made at Summer institute, and by employment in district schools a portion of time during his college years. In December after graduation, he.taught first in the "Roll" district, west of Cumminsville, and after three years' service there, was elected superintendent of the Cumminsville graded school in January, 1854. With the exception of two years as assistant in the Thirteenth Cincinnati district in 1857 and 1858, and another year as a partner with his father-in-law, Caleb Lingo, esq., in the sash and blind business in 1866, he has been continuously in charge of the Cumminsville schools, which, in 1873, when the village was annexed to Cincinnati, was renamed the "Twenty-sixth district." From 1867 to 1872 he was early elected corporation clerk of Cumminsville, and in 1868 was appointed by Judge E. F. Noyes as one of the Hamilton county board of examiners of teachers, serving in that position three- years with A. B. Johnson, of Avondale, and John Hancock, superintendent of the Cincinnati public schools. In addition to his school work, he is a contributor to educational periodicals and literary magazines, and has frequently made reports of the State Teachers' associations of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky for various newspapers. - During the past three years he has been one of the executive committee of the Ohio teachers' association, acting as secretary. As an educator and disciplinarian, his talents are unquestionable; and many of his former pupils are filling honorable positions in professional and public life. As a geologist, he has a deservedly extended reputation, and has collected a valuable cabinet of minerals and fossils of Ohio and other States. Associated with him as educators in the Cumminsville schools, have been the following : Isaac H. Turrell, Charles E. Jones, Henry Doerner, Louis Kolb, Frederick Conrad, Edward S. Peaslee, William Henke, Frank W. Bryant, Mary H. Smith, Electa R. Stanford, Ann J. Moore, Ann M. Wright, Sarah Cummins, Janette Thomson, Marina Buck, Belle Kingsbury, Leonora Heddrington, Martha Heddrington, Mattie Wright, Mary L. Lingo, Lydia G. Stanford, Belle Trask, Belle Murdock, Augusta Tozzer, Kate Smedley, Mary E. Dunaway, Mary Walker, Emily McMichael, Mary A. Hunnewell, Amanda Roller, Mary C. Lakeman, Emma Eastman, Alice Bates, Carrie S. -Hammitt, Emma De Serisy, Louise Kieffer, Rosa Kromenberg, Helen Matthes, Emilie Kusterer, Carrie L. Peters, Minnie G. Little, Emma Strong, Ametia Butler, Bertha Grabert, Emma Huene, Mary Hill, Hannah R. Hunter, Marion Henderson, Matilda L. Walke, Frieda Bischoff, Emma Von Wyck, Sallie Nunneker, Ella M. Stickney, Mary A. Bohlander, Daisie J. McElwee, Fannie Cist, Katie Girard, Belle C. Hicks, Mary E. Applegate, Emma Multner, Hattie E. Taylor, and Lida Hammitt. It may not be amiss also to state that Mr. Turrill is one of the charter members of Hoffner lodge, F. and A. M.; and has attained to the thirty-second degree in the Masonic order; he is also one of those who instituted the Presbyterian church of Cumminsville in 1855; and is an enthusiastic worker in the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific circle, now in the fourth year of its organization. 488 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. He was married in 1862, to Miss Mary L. Lingo, and has a pleasant family consisting of four daughter and a son, and resides in the Twenty-fifth ward of this city. Rev. R. J. Myer, president of St. Xavier college, Cincinnati, was born in St. Louis, November 8, 1841. He graduated in the St. Louis university in- 1858, but not satisfied with this attainment, he spent yet a number of years in quest of knowledge. He was at Boston and Georgetown three and four years respectively, also in Europe. He completed his theological course of study in Woodstock college, Maryland. After returning from Europe he filled the office of vice-president of the colleges in Chicago and here—each two years—and returned from the first-named place to take the presidency of the college so well and favorably known, August 18, 1879. The college is in a flourishing condition. G. F. Junkerman, superintendent of music in the public schools of Cincinnati, was born in Dielefeld, Prussia, December 8, 183o. He perfected his collegiate and musical education in Prussia and England, and when eighteen years of age came to Cincinnati, where he taught mathematics one year in Zion college, then in the graded schools of Cincinnati, and afterwards was principal of one of the schools. During the war he had charge of the schools at Mount Washington, and during the interval hours of rest and duty, became drill master of troops entering military service. Company A, of the Cincinnati regiment that was so fearfully decimated at the battle of Bull Run, was drilled for service by Mr. Junkerman. From 1831 until 1878 he was assistant superintendent of music in the public schools, and since 1878 up to the present time (1881) has filled the position of superintendent of that department of instruction, having under him six assistant superintendents. The method used by Mr. Junkerman is the "Movable Do" system, being considered preferable to that of the "Fixed Do " system. He has labored with an enthusiasm worthy of his calling to raise the standard of musical education to a higher plane of influence than that of the Teutonic kirmess, it being purely classical instead. He has written music, many songs, and exercises to meet the especial wants of the Cincinnati schools; he is also an author, his work comprising many of his own selections, as well as those of others, and is used in the high schools of the city. He was the first to establish the Home Parlor concerts, of a classical character, so greatly appreciated by the refined and educated of our midst. He was also the first vice-president of the first meeting of the Philoharmic Society of Cincinnati, which orchestra was formed about the year 1851. He has carefully prepared himself for the responsible position he now holds, and is meeting with a grand success in his work. Eliab Washburn Coy, principal of Hughes high school, was born in Maine in 1832. His father was a minister of the Baptist church, having spent twenty-five years of his life in that work. The subject of our sketch learned the shoemaker's trade, and with the earnings thus collected fitted himself for college in Lawrence academy, Groton, Massachusetts, and graduated in Brown university in 1854. He immediately came west and took charge of the Peoria high schools, and also edited the Illinois Schoolmaster at the same time. He also practiced law in that place about three years, but being called to the Illinois normal university, he went there in 187t and took charge of the high school, where he remained until 1873, when he came to Cincinnati and took the principalship of the Hughes high school. In 1863 he was married to Miss Gena Harrington, daughter of Rev. Moses Harrington, of the Baptist church. She is a graduate of Framingham normal school, Massachusetts. D. C. Orr, first assistant teacher in the Second intermediate schools of Cincinnati, was born in Miami county, Ohio, in 1822. He was raised on a farm, and until seventeen years of age attended no school- except a few weeks each winter season in an old-fashioned log cabin. He was accustomed to the hardships of pioneer life in clearing land of forest timber, of tilling the soil, of plowing the ground and plying the axe and grubbing hoe. He received in all about eighteen months schooling, a term of six months being granted him by his father, at one time, td finish up his course, probably did him the most good. With this flimsy preparation he began teaching, having been called to take charge of the school consisting of school-mates with whom he had always been associated; and here he taught several terms, receiving a dollar a day and boarding around. Not having an opportunity for attending school himself, he laid out a course of study in the natural sciences, mathematics, history and ancient languages, and for fifteen years of diligent study, and with increasing interest in his work, followed it out in full and in detail. He also mastered a course in medicine, graduating in the Starling Medical college, but his literary or collegiate work was attested in an examination before the Cincinnati board of education in 1866, John Hancock then being superintendent. He was examined for a position as teacher in the schools, and, as remarkable as it may seem, stood the crucial test, coming out with a perfect certificate, after having been examined in eighteen different branches of study. He practiced medicine some, but was not successful. His career was varied; taught in different places until 1866, since which time he has been in Cincinnati. During the war he took an active part in politics, and was offered a majorship by Governor Morton,. of Indiana, but refused it. He has written considerably, and was correspondent for the Cincinnati Gazette part of the time during the war. Mr. Orr is in every respect a self-made man, and is winning the success in life he deserves. Edward H. Pritchard was born in Cincinnati June 23, 1840; educated in the schools of the Queen City; went to the Thirteenth district until his twelfth year, when he obtained a situation in a shoe store; remained there nearly three years, then returned to the Thirteenth district. In 1855 he was admitted to Woodward high school, and graduated second in his class in 1859. He began to teach in November, 1869, in the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum school, under control of the board of education. In 1860 he was elected second assistant of the Second intermediate school. In 1864, after having HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 489 spent two years as first assistant of the Third district school, was elected principal of the Eighteenth district school, where he remained until January, 1870; then he was transferred to the new Twentieth district, which he organized. In June, 1870, he was elected principal of the Third intermediate school, which he also organized; and he has been in that position ever since. Charles H. Evans, principal of the Third district schools, was born in Sidney, Ohio, in 1838. His father, General Washington Evans, had charge of the militia under General Harrison at the battle of the Thames. In 1839 the family moved to Springfield, Ohio, where Charles H. received his education, graduating from the Wittenburg college in 1858. In 1861 he volunteered as a private soldier in the Forty-fourth Ohio volunteers, and fought through the war, being mustered out as major of his regiment, the Eighth Ohio cavalry. After the war he engaged in business until 1869, when he again went to teaching, having the principalship of the high schools in Springfield; and afterwards he was principal of the high school and superintendent of the Dayton schools. In 1874 he was called to Cincinnati, where he has been since in charge of the Third district. In 1874 he was married to Miss Grace Arnold, the only niece of Stonewall Jackson. He was again married to Miss Katie Armstrong, formerly a teacher in the schools of Cincinnati. C. J. O'Donnell, principal of the Fifth district school, was born in New York in 1845.; graduated in the Ford-ham college, of that city, in 1865, and after completing a course in the law, practiced that profession for a short time; then came to Cincinnati, where he taught for a time as an assistant teacher, and was then elected principal of the schools, as mentioned above. J. H. Laycock, principal of the Eighth district school, was born in Clermont county, September 3, 1850; was reared a farmer's boy, but received an academical education, and afterwards partly completed a classical course of instruction in the Ohio university at Delaware, this State, teaching during intervals. He was principal of the Moscow (Ohio) schools, for three years, in which he became recognized as a successful teacher and disciplinarian. He had charge of other schools as principal, and has always been actively engaged in institute work, having been for thirteen years past identified as one of the leaders of his native county in work of that kind. He was called to Cincinnati in 1869 as assistant teacher in the Ninth district school. In 1868 he secured a life certificate under an examination of the State examiners of Ohio schools. He was principal of the Tenth district school, but in 1874 took the principalship of the Eighth district schools, where he is at present. H. H. Raschig, principal of the Tenth district school, was born in Cincinnati, March 18, 1841. Mr. Raschig was educated in the public schools of Cincinnati, and taught in them the greater part of his life. Entering the Tenth district school in 1846, the year of its organization, he passed through its different grades, and entered the Woodward high school in 1853. He graduated in 1857, and in 1858 began teaching in the Ninth district school, since which time he has been connected with the public schools. His experience as a teacher ranges through all the grades of the school system. August H. Bode was born in Peine, a city of the former kingdom of Hanover, July 3, 1844. 1-44. After careful preparation he entered the renowned polytechnical school at Hanover in the year 1860; diligently pursued the study of mathematics, natural science, and engineering for four years, and graduated from that school in 1864. In the same year he went to Berlin to hear lectures at the university, and at the Royal Polytechnic academy. The death of his father occurring at this time compelled him to abandon his cherished scheme of preparing himself for teacher of mathematics and kindred sciences at higher institutions of learning, and to enter at once into practical life by accepting, in 1865, a position as draughtsman in a Berlin machine foundry. His desire to become acquainted with America led him, in 1866, to take a position offered him as engineer of an ocean steamer plying between Hamburgh and New York, and after repeated trips across the ocean and inland visits, he determined to make this land of the free his home. He settled at once in Cincinnati, and returned to his first love, teaching, though not to teach the higher branches, but the veriest rudiments of knowledge to the six-year-olds in the Thirteenth district school, where he was appointed assistant teacher towards the end of the year 1867. In 1869 he was promoted to the position of first German assistant teacher of the Second district school, and in 1872 was transferred as first assistant teacher to the Second intermediate school, and finally returned to his starting point in Cincinnati by being elected principal of the Thirteenth district school, which position he still occupies. Mr. Bode is an indefatigable worker in school and out of school. The German readers in use in the Cincinnati schools were partly compiled, partly revised by him. He has published several series of writing books, and a "History of Methods of Elementary Reading." He received the degree of bachelor of laws from the Cincinnati college, and has been admitted to the bar. Peter J. Fox, principal of the Seventh district school, is a native of Ireland; received his education in Dublin, and came to America in 1845; taught as assistant teacher until 1875, when he was elected to the principalship of these schools. F. G. Wolf, first German assistant in the Seventh district school, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1831, and after receiving a liberal education emigrated to the United States in 1854, where he taught in the States of New York, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, coming to Cincinnati in 1878. Joseph Grever was born September 14, 1849, in Damme, Oldenburg. He was educated at the commercial college in Sohne, and trained for his profession at the teachers' seminary in Vechta, which he attended for two years, from 1867 till 1869. His singular efficiency as an educator was at once recognized by an appointment as teacher in the Moehere Buergerschule in Damme. Here he taught one year, when the breaking out of the Franco- 62 490 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Prussian war took him from his peaceful pursuits and transferred him to the theatre of war. He participated in all the battles in which the army of the Red Prince engaged from Metz to Mars la Tour. Was decorated for his valor and promoted to the rank of ensign. After peace was concluded, he followed the invitation of relatives who had long been settled in Cincinnati, to make this city his future home, and he arrived here in November, 1871. He was appointed in 1872 as assistant teacher in the Tenth district; promoted to the position of first German assistant teacher in the Twenty-first district in 1873, and in 1876 transferred to the Thirteenth district, one of the largest German-English schools of the city, where a wide field for usefulness was opened to him, which he at this time still cultivates with great assiduity and pronounced success. Charles G. Roth, teacher in the Twenty-fourth district of Cincinnati, was born in Saxony in 1839. He received his education at Plauen. Came to Cincinnati in April, 1862, and began teaching in the Fifth district schools, and with an exception of two years spent as music teacher in the St. Paul's Episcopal church, Indianapolis, Indiana, has been in the schools of Cincinnati since his coming to this country. In 1877 he was changed from the Fifth to the Twenty-fourth district. Francis Ellis Wilson, first assistant teacher in the Twenty-second school district, Cincinnati, was born near New Palestine, Clermont county, Ohio,. September 4, 1843. Most of his education was obtained from his mother, she herself, being a finely educated woman, and possessed intellectuality to a very high degree. He went one year to college at Delaware, Ohio, and afterwards took charge of the schools in Salem and Mount Washington, this State. In 1864 he went into the hundred day service, and upon his return took charge of the schools in Riverside, also afterwards in Storrs, but in 1877 came to Walnut Hills, where he has been successfully engaged in the duties of the school-room ever since. His pupils rarely fail to bestow upon him some token of their appreciation every year. The Public School, of which he is editor and proprietor, is a home journal, meeting with a grand success. It is largely patronized by the teachers of city and country. Its visit to us is always welcome. - George W. Nye, principal of the Twenty-second school district is a native of New York State, where he was born in 1822. He came to Cincinnati in 1847, and in 1849 was elected to an assistant's position in the Tenth district, and afterward principal of those schools. He remained here in all six years, and then, in 1856, went to Iowa and assumed charge of the schools in Keokuk, but after a three years' stay returned to Cincinnati, and was elected principal of Walnut Hills schools, which were at that time independent; of the city, and where he has been for twenty-two years. In 1871 these schools were annexed to the city, and in 1872 the new building —one of the largest and most costly in Cincinnati—was erected. His wife, formerly Miss Emily C. Conklin, was, previous to marriage, a teacher in the Cincinnati schools. Martin Dell, first German assistant teacher in the Twentieth district school, is a native of Germany, where he received a liberal education, both literary and musical. When twenty years of age he emigrated to New York, in which city—also in Cleveland and Wheeling afterwards—he followed the profession of teaching, and in which calling he has been successful. He is also a music teacher and organist of marked ability. In 1879 he was married to Miss Pauline Schweiter, of Cincinnati, formerly an experienced teacher in the city schools. C. C. Long, principal of the Twentieth district school, Cincinnati, was born in Butler county in 1830. He came to Cincinnati when twelve years of age, and received an education in its public schools, perfecting his course afterwards in Asbury university, Greencastle, Indiana. He was principal for a time of the Talmud institute, this city, but after a short stay, left the school-room and went into business in New York city, where he remained five years. He engaged to become private secretary to Col: onel Guthrie, of the Sixth Ohio regiment, but he soon returned to the school-room—a position he is in every way fitted to hold. He was at first elected as first assistant teacher in the First intermediate schools, but in 1878 he was elected to the principalship of the Twentieth district, which position he still holds. George W. Burns, principal of the Eighteenth district school, Cincinnati, was born in Ashland county, Ohio, February 24, 1848, in which county he received his early education, preparing himself for college at the Savannah academy, where he taught as one of the faculty part of she time in lieu of his tuition. He also taught country schools, and by his own unaided exertions graduated in Bethany college, West Virginia, in the year 1873, taking the degree of A. B. He afterwards held a professorship in Farmers college at College Hill, filling the chair of mathematics, but after a three years' stay resigned. Since that time (1879) he has been principal of the Eighteenth district sch000l. He was married July 1, 1889, to Miss Ormsby, daughter of Professor George S. Ormsby, of that place, so well known to the teachers of the State. J. B. Schudemantle, principal of the Fourteenth district school, was born in Cincinnati October, 1842. Both of his parents came from Germany when young, and his father being poor, it became necessary for him to assist, during the vacation months, in his father's cooper shop. He graduated in the Woodward high school in 1861, and immediately became a teacher in the orphan asylum, but resigned before the year was up to accept a position as master's mate on the gun-boat Mound City. Fortunately he was delayed and the boat left for White river without him, and was there blown up, most of the crew perishing. In 1862 he became first assistant in what is now the Fourteenth school district (the school he also attended himself), and in 1870 was elected its principal, which position he now holds. In 1871 he was married to Miss Mary A. Hunter, formerly a teacher under him in the schools. Casper Grome, first German assistant in the Twenty-first district school, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1849. He attended Hamelburg college in his native HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 491 country, but graduated in Vincennes college, Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1867. He afterwards went to Oswego, Kansas, where he taught some time, but coming to Cincinnati in 1876, for his wife, Miss Martha Viola Striker (married at that time), he was induced to resign his position there and remain in the Paris of America—where he has since been in this school, in his, present position. He resides at No. 13 Fillmore street, Cincinnati. M. D. Kellar, M. D., of No. 644 Main street, Cincinnati, was born at Miamisburgh, Montgomery county, Ohio, January 7, 1843. He was three years in the army of the Cumberland, connected with the medical department at Nashville and Murfreesborough, Tennessee. He graduated at the Miami Medical college, Cincinnati, in 1868, and was in the Cincinnati hospitals since which time he has been in active practice in the city. G. W. Oyler, principal of the Twenty-first intermediate and district school, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, in 1828, and received his education in the public schools of Cincinnati, after which he taught school and went to Farmers college, completing its course in full. This was preparatory to a law course, which he completed in the Cincinnati Law school, graduating from that institution in 1854. He has been teaching since 1856—a small portion of the time in a private school, but by far the largest portion as principal of the Twenty-first district. His labors have been onerous, inasmuch as he has charge of five buildings in all—there being twenty-seven teachers. He has both district and intermediate grades. He was married in 1858 to Miss Carrie Prudens, formerly a teacher in the city schools. Carl L. Nippert, first German assistant in the Twelfth district school, son of Rev. Louis Nippert, formerly well known in Cincinnati, now president of a college in Frankfort-on-the-Main, was born in that town, Germany, in 1852. He received his education in the Polytechnic school, in Zurich, Switzerland, and in Carlsrhue, graduating in 1871. He came to America in 1876, in the interests of the Centennial commission from that country,, and from there to Cincinnati, where he has been teaching ever since, coming to the Twelfth district in 1877. His father was formerly a pioneer minister in the Methodist Episcopal church of this city, but was sent by the church to Europe in the interests of Methodism. Hugo Haenger, of the Twenty-first district school, Cincinnati, was born in New York city, in 1848. He received his education in the public schools of that city, and in Dayton, Ohio, and has been in charge of the A grade of the intermediate department of this school since 1874. Charles S. Mueller, of the Twenty-first district school, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, in 1842. He came with his sister to America in 1852, graduated in the old Polytechnic school of the city in 1864, since which time he has been teaching, now having charge of a building in Sedamsville, in the Twenty-first district. He was married to Miss Sophia Troescher, formerly of Germany. He has his residence-on Price's Hill. Alexander Torges, jr.—The hero of this sketch has passed through many storms, but as a good sailor, steered his life-boat, with steady hand, over reefs and rocks, and reached the harbor in which safely anchored it can brave the storms of life. He has seen many lands and in the battles of life has gained many a victory, and though young in years, can look proudly to the past and in the future. "I will" is the motto on his coat of arms, and what he willed he has with clear head and rare perseverance carried out. He has lived through scenes which make men of youths, and his career shows that life counts not by years, but by deeds. Alexander Torges, jr., was born September 2, 1845, in Holzminden, a pleasant little city on the Weser, in the duchy of Braunschweig, in Germany, where his father was in the employ of the government, and later settled in Magdeburg and Seesen. After Alexander Torges, jr., had received his preliminary education at Jacobson institute in Seesen he visited the commercial college at Magdeburg. November, 1860, the Torges family left for America, where young Alexander found employment directly on his arrival in New York, but not being to his taste he gave it up and followed a seafaring life, for which he had a decided inclination. He began his new life as cabin boy on the ship Edward, and gained a knowledge of the roughest side of sailor life, but his motto " I will" kept him up bravely; nothing could lessen his courage nor weaken his resolute determination. On the second trip of the Edward, while passing the Azores, they encountered a severe storm, and coming across a disabled ship, the sailors at the risk of life saved twenty-six brave men from the jaws of death. A few years later, the Edward on her return trip from China, was pursued on the coast of Borneo by dastardly Chinese pirates, but a favorable breeze carried the ship Edward beyond their reach. After a voyage of two hundred days, the Edward landed in Bremenhaven, whence young Torges visited the places in which he had spent his youth, and then entered his name as sailor on a ship bound for Naples. In February, 1867, the ship was wrecked, but the crew took to the boats and after much suffering landed in Plymouth, where Alexander Torges, jr., was taken sick in consequence of so many hardships passed through during the last trip. On his recovery he returned to New York and entered the service of a coast steamer, but after repeated entreaties from his parents, he at last gave up the seafaring life and left for Cincinnati, where his parents at that time resided. Here he was engaged as agent for the Germania Life Insurance company. In 1869 he chose the business of commission agent, and as such has extended his business over the entire Pacific coast, which occasions a deal of travel, he having crossed the continent fifty times. On one of his stage trips through California, the passengers were robbed by highwaymen. Through his presence of mind a large sum of money which he had with him was not found, but a valuable gold watch and chain were taken, which he, however, recovered later. After Mr. Torges had traveled by land and water over one-half the world, he tried a new field for his labor, and spent large sums of money on the Courier, a newspaper which was at the time, May, 1874, in a sinking condition, and which it was impossible to 492 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. save, but seeing that there was a field in Cincinnati for another German paper, he started, on the twenty-fifth of August, 1874, the Cincinnati Freie Presse, as a seven column four page evening paper, which was printed at another establishment. Despite the heavy opposition which met him on every side, he found it necessary after three months to enlarge and make a morning edition of his paper. One year later he edited his weekly paper, and later on started his penny evening paper, entitled the Tagfiche Abend Presse. With steady perseverance and an energy that never flagged, he has accomplished wonders in the space of seven short years. Bought a Hoe press, the largest of its kind ever built, erecting and occupying a building devoted entirely to the business of his newspapers. Having fought for the true and right principles at all times, and won many a battle for the Republican party, we find him at the age of thirty-five the proprietor of the largest German paper ever issued, and the only man in the United States who edits two ,German daily papers, and can call them his own. October 17, 1876, he married Miss L. Michaelis, a lady from New York city, from which marriage has sprung two children, a girl and boy. It seems the daring sailor has anchored his life-boat in safety, and we hope that love which is stronger than chains on anchors will keep it there. Michael Kneiss, German, assistant in the Third intermediate was born at Hayenfeld, Bavaria, July 6, 1830. He received his education in the Latin academy and gymnasium in Speyer and Munich, and came to this country February 19, 1861-. In 1862 he was appointed German teacher in the Sixth district, afterwards in the Seventeenth district, then the Twelfth district, coming to the Third intermediate September, 1871, where he has been ever since, and is known as one of our most competent and successful instructors. Henry H. Fick, superintendent of drawing, Cincinnati public schools, born in the free city of Lubeck, Germany, August 16, 1849, came to this country after completing the course of studies of a widely renowned school of his native city, in May, 1864. Occupied for a period of five years in clerking in New York city and Cincinnati, his special aim was to extend and deepen the knowledge of the English language. Carrying out the dictates of his inclination, he turned his attention to teaching, having been appointed third reader teacher of the newly built Twentieth district school, which position he exchanged shortly for a place in the newly organized drawing department. Under the supervision of Superintendent N. Forbriger he was in a short time promoted to the place of first assistant. The illness of Mr. Forbriger threw the responsibility of managing the department upon his shoulders, and upon the death of the same (November, 1878), Mr. Fick was, by resolution of the board of education designated acting superintendent. August, 1879, he was elected superintendent, which position he still holds. Besides being a member of many teachers' and pedagogical associations, Mr. Fick enjoys the membership of the Cincinnati Literary society and of the German Literary club. To the city of Cincinnati belongs the credit of having been first in this country to organize a system of instruction in drawing for all the grades of the common school, and to place drawing upon a footing equal to that of the other studies of the curriculum. H. Eckel, esq., was instrumental in effecting the passage of a resolution of the school board, authorizing a reorganization of the drawing department, September, x868. Previous to this time there had been isolated attempts at drawing in different schools. There were even several drawing teachers. But the reorganization provided for the uniformity of teaching, systematizing of subject matter, and by the election of Arthur Forbriger as superintendent gave the charge of the department to a responsible person. In the course of time one first assistant and three assistant teachers constituted the corps of drawing teachers. The success of drawing in the Cincinnati schools, attributable alike to the efficiency and conscientious work of those in charge and to the excellence of the system in use, has attracted the favorable notice of educators in all parts of the country and abroad. The reputation gained by the displays in the expositions at Vienna, Philadelphia and Paris, and sustained in our own annual industrial expositions, is not only national but world-wide. All the children, from the lowest grade to the highest, take part in the study unless physically disabled. The beneficial influence of the instruction is seen in the exactness, neatness, methodical arrangement and general appearance of the pupils' every-day work, in the intelligent appreciation of, and the love for, the beautiful in nature and art, and the value may be felt, as expressed in material dollars and cents, by increased aptitude and greater fitness for all mechanical work which presupposes a correct eye and a trained hand, guided by an intelligent and quick observation. O. Armleder, of the firm of 0. Armleder & Co., 324 and 326 Elm street, is a native of Cincinnati, in which city he received his education after leaving the public schools, completing his course in St. Xavier's college in 1877. He also completed a commercial course in the Queen City college, and became book-keeper for the Cincinnati Lager Beer Bottling company until in the year 1879, when he became the head of the firm himself. William S. Flinn, principal of the Ninth district school, born November 30, 1845, is a great-grandson of Captain James Flinn, who was burned at the stake in 1790, and son of Ambrose Flinn, who now resides in Columbia township. Captain Flinn and his family, consisting of wife and two sons—Thomas and William—came to Columbia with Major Stites, November 15, 1788, where they remained during 1788 and 1789. During the winter of 1788, while in search of some horses, Captain Flinn was captured by the Indians, but in a few days afterwards made his escape. In the fall of 1789 he went back to his own home in western Pennsylvania, and after attending to his affairs there embarked in a flat-boat at the mouth of the Great Kanawha river with John May, Charles Johnson, and Jacob Skyles, and the two Misses Fleming, for Cincinnati, which place he was destined never to see. On their way down they HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 493 were betrayed by two white men on shore, who feigning terror and destruction by the Indians induced the boat to land to take them in. The little crew, upon urgent solicitations of Captain Flinn and the Misses Fleming, but opposed by others, agreed to run near the shore to allow Captain Flinn to land, when, upon so doing, he was captured immediately by the decoy whites and the Indians, who soon made their appearance, fired into the boat, and killed or captured them all. Captain Flinn was taken by the Indians up to Sandusky, and there cruelly tortured to death by burning him at the stake. His last words were: "May God have mercy on my soul." His widow was left with four children, and did not know for some years after what became of her husband. She and her children—Jacob, born March 16, 1790; William, Thomas and Elizabeth, moved to Indian Hill about the year 1800, and, in 1838, having lived to a good ripe old age, she died. Thomas died when twenty years of age. Elizabeth married Jacob Parker, and reared a large family, and her youngest son, Jacob, has a large number of descendants in Indiana. William, her-eldest son, died in April, 1867, aged eighty-two years. One of his sons was Judge Jacob Flinn, of the common pleas court of Hamilton county. But two children of William Flinn are now alive—Isaac, aged sixty-six, and Ambrose aged sixty-one. Christian Rapp, principal of the Brown Street school, was born in Cincinnati the fourth of March, 185o. During his early years he worked in a rolling-mill and took private lessons at night, and in this way educated himself, with the exception of a short stay in Lebanon schools, Lebanon, Ohio. He had charge of a colony in the Twenty-first district school in 1872. In 1873 he was transferred to the Fourth district, where he remained until September, 1880, when he came here. He is the patentee of the reversible slate invented in 1876, and now generally used in the schools of the city and country. He is also patentee of a fire hydrant, now meeting with success. Theodore Meyder, German assistant of the Brown Street school, is a native of Germany; received his education in the gymnasium of Nuertinger, and taught three years in Germany; emigrated to America in 1860. In 1862-63 he was in the army, as leader of the regimental band of the Fifty-second regiment, Kentucky volunteers. He had charge of the high school in Piqua, Ohio, also in Hamilton City, Ohio. In 1878 he came to Cincinnati, where he has been since, as German assistant of this school. George F. Sands, principal of the Fourth intermediate schools, Cincinnati, is a native of Columbus, Ohio. He graduated in the Hughes high school, Cincinnati, in 1855, since which time he has been teaching in the city schools of Cincinnati, taking charge of these schools twenty years ago. R. P. McGregor, principal of the deaf mute school, was born in Lockland, Hamilton county, Ohio, April 26, 1849. Lost hearing by brain fever at the age of eight; went to the State institution for the deaf and dumb, at Columbus, to be educated, and graduated therefrom in r866; graduated from the National deaf mute college in 1872; taught for three years in the Maryland institution for the deaf and dumb at Frederick, Maryland; came to this city in the fall of 1875, when the day school for deaf mutes was opened and was placed in charge thereof. This school is the second of its kind established in the United States. There are only three others, viz: in Boston, Chicago and St. Louis, but the time is not far distant when every large city will have one of its own. John B. Heich, of Cincinnati, was born in England in 1835. He was educated in his native country and emigrated to America when fourteen years of age. He was appointed clerk of the board of directors of the Ohio Mechanics institute in 1856, and has held that position ever since. He was the originator of the school of design, founded in 1856, and sustains the relationship of principal to the institution at the present time, having in charge ten teachers this year. During the war he was secretary of the Cincinnati United States sanitary commission of this city, and from 1857 to 1860 he was secretary of the Cincinnati industrial exposition each year. He takes great interest in the Ohio Mechanics institute, and shares largely in the responsibility of its management. W. S. Jaques, of 130 West Sixth street, Cincinnati, is a graduate of mile of the oldest colleges of medicine in the city. He has an extensive practice that not only reaches the States and territories of this country, but the foreign countries also. The Cincinnati Commercial, Gazette, Enquirer, and Times, have each commended the doctor in the highest terms of his treatment of the various cutaneous, nervous and chronic diseases, and recommend him as an honorable and conscientious medical practitioner. He has been an energetic worker, and has succeeded in establishing a large patronage. Bernard Tauber, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in Austria in 1849; studied in the gymnasium at Teschen, and entered the university in 1866. He also perfected a course of study in the Virginia university, and also in the Bellevue hospital, New York. In 1871 he also graduated in the Cincinnati College of Medicine, after which he practiced his profession in Paducah, Kentucky, and was appointed examiner of army pensioners of the Government at that place. He returned to Europe and took up a specialty, studying the diseases of the throat and lungs, and attended courses in the various colleges of Vienna, Tubinger, London, Paris and Heidlebergh. In 1875 he came to Cincinnati and located as a specialist, paying his sole attention to the diseases of the nose, throat and larynx, and lectures on these branches. He fills the chair of hygiene in the Cincinnati College of Medicine; is an honorary member of the Tri-State Medical society; of the Ohio State Medical society ; of the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati; of the Southwestern Kentucky Medical society; and the only member from Ohio of the Laryngological association of New York. The doctor is yet but a young man, but he seems to have attained some eminence in his specialty. E. Bonaparte Reynolds, M. D., specialist, was born in 494 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1831 in the State of New York. In 1851 he 'graduated in Woorcester, Massachusetts, and afterwards practiced his profession in Albany and Rochester, New York. In 1854 he came to Cincinnati and located on Sycamore street, and has during these intervening years built up for himself a large paying practice. He was married, in 1854, to Miss Sarah Van Horsen, of New York. His father was a Revolutionary soldier, and his mother drew a pension on this account up to the year 1880, when she died. James Pursell Geppert, M. D., physician and surgeon, was born in Portsmouth, Ohio, on the fifth of December, 1850. His early education was received in the public schools, and later he attended the Gallia academy, from which he received a diploma. After graduating he was connected with his father, who was the leading merchant in his line, traveling principally. Afterwards he entered the printing and publishing business, and acquired a practical knowledge of the art preservative. He owned in whole or part a number of printing and publishing establishments which were attended with varying success. At different times there were published in these establishments two dailies, one weekly and four monthly publications. During 1873, while connected with the Cincinnati Medical Advance, he began the study of medicine, and in 1877 graduated from Pulte Medical college and the School of Opthalmology and Otology. After this he pursued a special course of study in science in the University of Cincinnati for two years. In 1877 he was appointed to the chair of chemisty and toxicology. In 1878 he delivered lectures on microscopy and histology. In 1879 he was appointed to fill the chair of sanitary science, upon which subject he is at present lecturer in the Pulte Medical college. The doctor is a member of the American Institute of homoeopathy, Western Academy of homoeopathy, chairman of the Bureau of Sanitary Science, and member of the publishing committee of the Homoeopathic Medical society of Ohio-; secretary (for the past three years) of the Cincinnati Homoeopathic Medical society, through whose efforts mainly this society was reorganized and sustained; vice-president of the Institute of Heredity, Ohio Mechanics Institute Department for the Promotion of Science, etc. He is also publisher and editor of the Cincinnati Medical Advance, having been associated with the journal since its first volume, or during the publication Of eleven volumes. Thomas F. Shay, of the law firm of Shay & Kary, Temple Bar, Cincinnati, is of Irish parentage, his father coming from Longford, Leinster, of that country, when about nineteen years of age, and died in Cincinnati about the year 1866. Thomas Shay completed his course of education in St. Xavier's college, after which he studied law under Charles H. Blackburn, and upon graduation entered into partnership and practiced his profession conjointly with his instructor. He remained with Mr. Blackburn seven years as a member of the firm, but was compelled to retire for short time on account of a severe case of sunstroke. Mr. Shay afterward started alone in Temple Bar, but has lately formed a partnership with Mr. Kary. In 1879 he was elected a member of the Cincinnati school board of education, which position he still holds. His practice has been largely of a criminal character, having had, in his time (and he is yet a young man), one hundred and eighteen cases of murder in the first degree to defend, beside a large list of cases of a less serious character. Mr. Shay is a hard worker, has a. fine law library, and a good practice. In 1879 he was married to Miss Josephine Costigan, of Somerset, Ohio, whose father and brothers were lawyers of that place. Lewis G. Bernard, general manager of the Cincinnati Mutual Life Insurance company, was a native of New York State, and having received his education in the normal school at Albany, he came to Cincinnati in 1864. For a while he kept books for Dixon, Clarke & Co. In 1874 he was elected clerk of the board of city improvements, and afterwards for the board of public works, organizing the first set of books used for the purpose. In 1877 he was elected county clerk, the only Democrat, we believe, ever elected to that office, either before or since. He is at present managing the Cincinnati Mutual Life Insurance company. A. E. Berkhardt, who was very well known in the fur trade, was born in 1835, in Herschberg, near Zenisbeucken, in the Palatinate of the Rhine. When he was ten years of age, his father died, leaving his mother with three children, one of whom, a daughter, was already in America. The rest of the family, consisting of the mother, a daughter, and the subject of the sketch, came to America and came immediately to Cincinnati. Mr. Berkhardt's education was begun in Germany and was continued until his fourteenth year, when his mother died. He then entered the manufactory of Mitchell, Rammelsburg & Co. at a salary of one dollar a week; afterwards he went to work for a hatter, Jacob Theis. He advanced step by step until he attained the highest post. He then went into partnership with F. B. Berkhardt and took charge of his principal's business. They moved into larger quarters at 113 West Fourth street, where they are now. They export vast quantities of hides and furs from foreign markets. Their business is very extensive. Mr. Berkhardt was married in 1871, to Miss Emma A. Erkenbrecher, and is now the father of four children, three sons and one daughter. Mr. Robert Mitchell, one of the most prominent business men of Cincinnati, was born in the north of Ireland in 181 1, and came to this country with his family in 1824. The family went to Indiana, then a part of the western wilderness. After enduring the hardships of pioneer life and by hard application acquiring an education almost without a teacher, Mr. Mitchell came to Cincinnati at the age of twenty, with no capital excepting his strong personal character and indomitable will. After trying various employments, Mr. Mitchell apprenticed himself to the business in which he is now engaged. He served his time and there commenced business on his own account which he carried on for five or six years. He then took advantage of the introduction of wood-working machinery and established a small factory. Mr. Frederick HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 495 Rammelsburg became his partner in this business in 1846, and this partnership continued until the death of Mr. Rammelsburg in 1863. After various reverses from fire, financial panics, etc., the business has reached its present condition. From five to six hundred men are employed. The works comprise four separate buildings, three, seven stories high, and one, six stories high. Besides these there is the salesroom, seven stories high. The establishment is probably the largest of the kind in America. From 1863 to 1867 Mr. Mitchell managed the business alone. Since that time then the employes have been allowed to take stock and share in the profits. Mr. Mitchell's two sons are engaged in the business with him. Mr. I. G. Isham came to Cincinnati in 1832, with his father, who is still living at the advanced age of eighty-two and is well known among the residents of the city. Mr. Isham, sr., was engaged in the wholesale dry goods business in the firm of A. W. Isham & Co. Mr. Isham, jr., started in business life in 1847. He was engaged in ship-chandlery and steamboat furnishing. He was also interested in the navigation of our western rivers. He continued in this business until 187o. He is now engaged in the manufacture of gas machines and is also a dealer in gas fixtures, gasoline, and other gravities of napthas. Mr. Charles C. Jacobs was born in the duchy of Oldenburgh, Germany, in 1826. He came with his family to Baltimore in 1838. They walked across the mountains to Wheeling, West Virginia, and came thence to Cincinnati by boat. In 1839 Mr. Jacobs was bound out as an apprentice in the cordage manufacture, in which business he is still engaged. He was a member of the old volunteer fire department for some fifteen years, being its captain for several years. He commenced business for himself in 1848. His manufactory is the largest and oldest of the kind in the city. He ships to all parts of the country. He has been a member of the board- of aldermen for nine years and has been their vice-president. He was married to Miss Maria T. Busker in 1851. They have had six children, two of whom, a son and a daughter, are now living. The son, Charles W., is in business with his father. Mr. Jacobs is a very active and enterprising citizen, and has done much to build up the city. Mr. John Van, one of Cincinnati's self-made men, was born in Montreal, Canada, of French parents. He went to Troy, New York, in 1838 and thence came to Cincinnati in 1842. At that time where the • Burnet House now stands was the country, where weary citizens went to take the air after their day's toil in the city. Mr. Van went into the business of steamboat furnishing on Columbia street in 1846. About this time he invented the steamboat stove. He has been quite an inventor, having taken out eighteen letters-patent, among which was one on the first wrought iron cooking-range in 1855. During the war he furnished the whole camp west and south, with his army range by contract with the Government. He now furnishes the regular army with the same range. He has been engaged for the past nineteen years in a very heavy business on East Fourth street, manufacturing ranges and culinary apparatus. He has branch houses in St. Louis and San Francisco, and his business extends all over the globe. Mr. Brent Arnold was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, in 1845. He was educated at the Kentucky university, Harrodsburgh, Kentucky. His college course was interrupted by the war, but was continued afterwards. At the close of his college course he came to Cincinnati and for two years engaged in mercantile pursuits. He then entered the railroad business in which he has been engaged ever since. He is now general agent of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington railway. He has been twice elected a member of the chamber of commerce and once director of the Young Men's Mercantile Library association. In the fall of 1880 he was elected a member of the city council from the Eighteenth ward, with a majority of five hundred. This ward usually gives a Republican majority of one hundred and fifty, and, as Mr. Arnold is a Democrat, his majority is the largest ever given in the ward. Allen & Company, wholesale druggists.—Prominent among the numerous houses engaged in the wholesale drug trade in Cincinnati stands the firm of Allen & Company, at 'the southwest corner of Fifth and Main. This house was established more than fifty years ago, and ranks as one of the oldest landmarks of the city. They occupy an extensive building four stories in height, besides a large warehouse in the rear. They carry a very heavy stock of everything in the general drug line, embracing drugs, medicines, paints, oils, window glass, dye stuffs, druggists' sundries, etc., everything being arranged in the most perfect and systematic manner, and making a very fine display. They have secured an extensive trade in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana principally, which is steadily increasing. Mr. Samuel N. Pike, builder of Pike's opera house, and one of the most prominent citizens of Cincinnati, was born in New York city in 1822. He was of Hebrew extraction. Until the age of sixteen he pursued his studies at Stamford, Connecticut. He then went to Florida and embarked in the grocery, dry goods and crockery business at St. Joseph. He also speculated in cotton. He there accumulated about ten thousand dollars, quite a fortune in those days. Being of a roaming disposition he soon went to Richmond, Virginia. There he engaged in the foreign wine and liquor business, which he carried on with great success. He then went to Baltimore, Maryland, where he engaged in the wholesale dry goods business, with but little success. Hence, after two years, he went to St. Louis, Missouri. As his fortune did not change, he determined to go to New York city. On his way he stopped at Cincinnati, and was so pleased with the city that he determined to locate his business here. This was in 1844. He opened a dry goods establishment on Third street, whence he removed to Pearl. The business did not prove successful, and, closing it, he purchased a grocery and rectifying establishment. In the memorable flood of 1847 nearly all his stock was stolen by river pirates. He kept his misfortune a profound secret, and, though almost ruined, soon built up a large business. He then turned his attention 496 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. to building. In 1853 he erected an elegant block on Fourth street, below Smith, still an ornament to the city. When. Jennie Lind visited this country he became such an ardent admirer of her songs that he determined to build an edifice in Cincinnati worthy of the best artists in the, world. The result of this was the first opera house, which, after a delay caused by the financial panic, was completed and opened February 22, 1859. It was the largest and most magnificent in the country. It was destroyed by fire in 1866. About this time Mr. Pike was obliged to divide his time between Cincinnati and New York. After a time he built the present magnificent block and also the finest opera house in New York city. He also engaged in a vast scheme of reclaiming the salt marshes of New Jersey. In 1867 he was nominated for mayor of Cincinnati, but refused on account of his spending so much time in New York. He died of apoplexy on December 17, 1872, leaving a property of nearly three millions. Mr. Pike was a self-made man, a man of wonderful energy and indomitable will; and withal a man of refinement, being an amateur musician and somewhat of a poet, he was a man full of public spirit and abounding in charity. He left a wife and three daughters. Joseph Jones.—This venerable pioneer, noted on page 68 of this volume as still living, has died since the statement was written and printed. On the morning of the twenty-fifth of April, 188i, at his residence in Cincinnati, .he departed this life, aged ninety-five years. His death elicited many expressions of interest and regret, including elaborate notices in the newspapers. Coffin.—Mrs. Elizabeth Coffin, widow of Levi Coffin, the eminent Abolitionist, and "president of the Underground railroad," who came to Cincinnati in 1847, died at her home in Avondale on Sunday, May 22, 1881. She is mentioned on page 97 of this volume as still living. C. R. Mabley & Co. commenced business in Cincinnati March 31, 1877. C. R. Mabley was born in England, and has had some thirty years experience in the clothing business. J. T. Carew, the other partner, was born in Michigan and has had about sixteen years experience in the clothing business. They occupy one of the most magnificent buildings in the city at numbers 66, 68, 70, 72, 74 West Fifth street, Cincinnati. It is built of the finest stone and has a frontage of over one hundred feet; is four stories high, and the show windows (of which there are seven) are each fronted by a single sheet of French plate glass. Three years ago this block was divided into five stores, each tenanted by a merchant who thought he was doing a pretty large business; to-day the entire building, from basement to roof, is occupied by one concern, and that concern is Mabley's mammoth clothing house in its various branches. The Mosler, Bahmann & Co. safe, vault and "lock factory is a bee-hive of industry, and their safes are of unsurpassable security and superb finish, from the largest bank vault to the smallest office safe. Their name is a guarantee of what the trade wants it will get from their factory in a condition of superior excellence, since nothing but the best material is used and none but the ,best workmen employed. Theirs is a place in the business world that few reach. Many a bank, many a great establishment, as well as thousands of smaller ones use Mosier, Bahmann & Co's safes. Why? Because they have a first class reputation; they are the bete noir of burglars and the impenetrable bulwark against fire. We believe that the first burglar to conquer a safe, vault or lock of this firm is to be discovered. So fruitless have been the attempts of that gentry to get ahead of Mosler, Bahmann & Co. that the thing is regarded as an impossibility. As to fire, many of this firm's safes have passed through the hottest tests. With what result? A complete victory for the safes and vaults, the books, plate, papers, money or whatever may have been therein being in an excellent state of preservation. This is a superb record, one that has secured the fullest confidence of trade and the envy of rivals. Mosier, Bahmann & Co. began the manufacture of safes, bank vaults, locks etc., thirteen years ago. Their factory is immense, measuring nearly three hundred feet on Water street from No. 164 to 174, with part of their building running back to Front street, where they have a frontage nearly one-third as great. They employ three hundred hands. Many of their safes, vaults and and locks are sent abroad, particularly to Saxony and other German States. The officers of the company are: Henry Mosler, president; Frederick Bahmann, vice-president; Otto Bahmann, secretary; and Lewis Buse, treasurer, each of whom have a high standing among the business men in the city. Henry Brachmann was, born in Nordhusen, Prussia, in 1806. In 1830 he emigrated from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Ohio, and began the business of wholesale wine and liquor dealing in Cincinnati, which he continued for nearly fifty years. At the organization of the Little Miami railroad company he was one of its directors, holding that position for six or seven years. In 1840 he was elected as a member of the city council, where he served about six years. In 1852 he was sent to the legislature by Cincinnati, being the only Whig elected in Hamilton county. In 1862 he was again chosen by the Republican party and served a term of four years. In the year 1876 he became president of the Cincinnati & Portsmouth railroad, and three years later purchased the road, preferring to give his whole attention to its management. His wife, Rosalia Brachmann was born in 1804. They have six children. Duhme & Company, the famous jewelry firm, have their extensive ware-rooms and work-shops at the southwest corner of Walnut and Fourth streets, in a splendid seven-story structure, built of iron, stone, and brick, and as nearly fire-proof as such a building can be made. The house was established in 1838, and has risen from humble beginnings to its present great magnitude. Herman Duhme and R. H. Galbreath have for many vears been the members of the firm. Its displays of jewelry, clocks, watches, plate goods, etc., and the curious processes carried on in the building, are truly wonderful. About two hundred workmen in the various departments are employed. Samuel R. Smith, of the firm .of Lane & Bodley, was HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 497 born in Old Hadley, Massachusetts, about the year 1831. When fifteen years of age he went to Chicopee Falls, of that State, and learned the machinist trade, which he has followed during the intervening years since that time. In 1855 he went to Canaan, New Hampshire, where he was married to Miss Ellen L. Miner. During the world's fair in New York, soon after his marriage, he met Mr. Bodley, who made him an offer to come to Cincinnati which he accepted. The firm of Lane & Bodley are manufacturing a saw-mill patented by Mr. Smith some twenty years ago. He is a successful machinist, being the patentee of several things which are in extensive use at the present time. 0. L. Parmenter, of Cincinnati, established his paper-works at No. 189 Third street, this city, a few years since, and is now the manufacturer and sole proprietor of the Queen City egg case, now so extensively used instead of straw, barrels, etc., as formerly. He also manufactures cigar, tag, and paper cigar-cases, articles of great use and of which he is the sole manufacturer. His trade is a lively one and is building up rapidly. Michael Ryan, of the well-known firm of Ryan Brothers, pork-packers, was born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny, Ireland, on the sixth of October, 1845. He came to America with his parents in 1853, when not quite eight years of age, and arrived in Cincinnati early in the month of June of that year. Although being an Irishman by birth, which he looks upon as an honor, his education, training, and habits are American. Mr. Ryan attended school at St. Xavier's on Sycamore street, Cincinnati, until his fourteenth year, when he went to work and was admitted as a partner with his three other brothers, who were then extensively engaged in the butchering business. The four brothers -- Matthew, John, Richard, and Michael — have always maintained this partnership formed thus early in life, and have been very successful and prosperous in business. They are now one of the largest pork-packing firms in Cincinnati. Michael Ryan has always been a Democrat in politics, but has never been an office-seeker. In 1878, however, his friends forced him to run for alderman in the First aldermanic district, and he was elected by a very large majority. He has filled that office ably and well, and is quite popular in that board, so much so that his friends urged him for the chairmanship at the last organization of the board. He received the entire support of his party, but of course could not be elected, the board being largely Republican in politics. Mr. Ryan has filled many positions of honor and trust, and has never been known to betray the confidence which has been placed in him. He was chairman of the city convention that nominated William Means for mayor of Cincinnati. Mr. Ryan was married in 1876 to Miss Maggie McCabe, and has two children. Still in early manhood, a life full of promise is before him. Charles C. Campbell, of Cincinnati, was born in Brownsville, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, and came to Cincinnati from Steubenville, Ohio, December 11, 1849. He received a common school education, principally in Cincinnati, and learned the trade of machinist in the Little Miami railroad shops at Columbus, Ohio, which occupation he followed for a number of years. Being a man of remarkable energy and perseverance he has been engaged in various business enterprises. He represented the Third ward in the board of education two years, during the famous Bible controversy. Was elected to the board of alderman April, 1878, for a term of four years. He has been urged a number of times to become a candidate for various public offices—as county commissioner and State senator—but has invariably refused. He has, however, always occupied a prominent place in local affairs on the Democratic ticket. D. J. Dalton, councilman of the Sixth ward, Cincinnati, was born in this city in the year 1843. After receiving a good public school education he was made inspector of provisions, which position he held four years. He was for a time connected with the Short Line railroad, and was elected councilman for this ward in 1881. In 1862 he was married to Miss Delia Carroll, of this city. Peter C. Bonte, vice-president of the decennial board of equalization, Cincinnati, was born in Dearborn county, Indiana, November 20, 1820. The ancestral line of this family is traceable to Demerest de la Bonte, an eminent Huguenot who was executed as a heretic in Paris in I550. When three years of age, Mr. Bonte's father removed to Cincinnati, where he conducted an establishment for the manufacturing of cordage. Mr. Bonte served an apprenticeship, and after thoroughly learning the business took charge of the establishment himself. He carried on the enterprise in Cincinnati and in Newport, Kentucky, it being conducted on an extensive scale. Mr. Bonte was twice elected to the city council. During the war with Mexico he was elected captain of the Jefferson Greys, a private company raised in the city, but the quota of Ohio being full their services were refused. In 1879 he was elected a member of the decennial board of equalization, and by that body made its vice-president. N. H. Shrader, member of the annual city board of equalization, is a native of Cincinnati, born December I 1, 1851. He received a common school education, but at the age of sixteen, on account of the limited means of his parents, was apprenticed to Walter Stewart, architect, 177 West Fourth street ; he was afterwards with H. Bevis, architect, 167. Central avenue, for three years. Was six years as book-keeper and manager for B. Damenhold & Co., plumbers. In 1878 he was elected to the city council from the Fourteenth ward by a large majority, and in the fall of 1880 was elected chief clerk of the decennial city board of equalization, and in the spring of 1881 was elected member of the annual city board of equalization for three years. Mr. Shrader has many friends who are anxious to make him a candidate for the State legislature in the coming election, which position he would fill ably and well. George W. Guysi was born in Cincinnati in 1833, and is descended from a French Huguenot family that fled from that country to Switzerland. Charles Frederick Guysi (formerly Guise) and Elizabeth Stadler Guise, his parents, came to America in 1818, and located in Cin- 498 - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. cinnati in 1825. In 1840 he helped to start the German Republicaner, a Whig paper, of which he was editor. George W. carried it in 1848. In 1849 he became a gauger, working first for W. R. Taylor, but in 1854 was elected gauger himself for three years. In 1862 he was the first United States gauger of the Second district of Ohio, under the internal revenue laws. Mr. Guysi corrected the McCullough tables and the Tralles hydrometer—full of errors—and the demonstrating of the same to the United States coast survey officials led to an appointment by Hon. S. P. Chase, Secretary of the 'Treasury, as a special agent of the treasury department. His duties required him to visit all the gaugers in the United States, and the distilleries. He also assisted a committee of eminent men of the National Academy of Science to revise the McCullough tables and prepare a new hydrometer. He also assisted the Hon. David A. Wells, special commissioner, to report a new internal revenue law, which passed in Congress in 1866. Mr. Guysi made the first raid on the contraband distillers of New York city, having twenty-nine seized on the ninth of March, 1866. He resigned in 1868, and embarked in business, which was not successful, and in 1875 was again appointed gauger at Cincinnati. Michael Zenner, coal dealer, of Columbia, was born in Germany in 1837, and came to this country in 1852 with his father, who settled his family first in Albany, New York, but afterwards removed to Chicago, then to Buffalo, and came to Cincinnati in 1865. He has been in the coal business ever since, having lived in California one or two years previous, where he carried on the same business. In April, 1880, he was elected to the city council, which position he still holds. In i868 he was married to Miss Catharine Ich, who came from Germany. James Richie, merchant, of Cincinnati, also Swiss consul for Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, was born December 15, 1829, in Switzerland, and received his early education in Zurich, his native town, afterwards completing his course in Woodward high school for English branches, and in European schools for the fuller course. He has been in the dry goods business, Nos. 65 and 67 Pearl street, for many years. He received his appointment as Swiss consul during Johnson's administration, and has held the position ever since. November 3, 1853, he was married to Miss Mary Moore, whose parents came from Montreal, Canada, when she was seventeen years of age, in 1841. Colonel I. F. Waring, of Madisonville, Columbia township, was born August 25, 1799, in Columbia. He received but a common school education, but has been a close student of natural philosophy and chemistry for over forty years. He has been a careful farmer, and has paid considerable attention to agriculture and horticulture, having been a member of those societies for many years. He has always prided himself in doing well whatever he attempts, and rarely fails to leave a favorable impress in the performance. In former times he commanded a company, as drill, officer, and his commanding appearance and thoroughness in military tactics, soon promoted him to the commander of a regiment. About the year 1868 he purchased for himself an amateur press, with necessary type, and began writing and printing, having since that tie printed books of his own editorship—Comments on the Bible, a small work of some pretentions, a poem of sixty pages, on the Bible, and also a book of miscellaneous poems. These works strongly mark the characteristic traits of the man. H. A. Rattermann, of Cincinnati, was born October 4, 1832, and came with his parants from the old country in 1846 to Cincinnati, where his father followed his trade, cabinet-making, and he worked in the brick-yards. The family were in poor circumstances, nevertheless Mr. Rattermann saved of his means, bought books, learned to read and to write English very well. He also studied painting, music and other branches. In 1850 his father died and he himself became a cabinet-maker, but in the winter of 1853-4 he was thrown out of employment on account of the strike of the cabinet-makers. He had saved a few dollars, which enabled him to take a thorough course in a business college. After completing his course he was employed as a book-keeper in his uncle's office at a small salary. Later he started a grocery, with which he soon became dissatisfied. Seeing the necessity for a fire insurance company among the Germans, he formed a plan and called a meeting of his friends to organize such a company (1857), whose secretary and business manager he has been for more than twenty years. He is devoted to literature and art, and under the nom de plume of "Hugo Reinmund," he has written a number of poems; he has also written several, romances, a history of the great American west (in German), also an historical sketch of Cincinnati. For many years he was the editor of the Deutschen Pionier. In politics he is a Democrat, and one of the best speakers of the party; in the noted Tilden campaign he stumped the State of Ohio. As has been stated, Mr. Rattermann is a lover of music and art. He was director of St. John's church choir for several years, and he was influential in the organization of the following singing societies: Sangerbund (1850), Mannerchor (1851) and Orpheus (1868). Daniel Z. Byington, assistant superintendent of the United Railroad Stock-yard company, Cincinnati, was born in the city December 12, 1834. His father, Zebulon Byington, was one of the well-to-do pioneer citizens of the place. He was city marshal, keeper of the jail, and for a long time kept a hotel on Main above Fifth street. Mr. Byington went to Brighton when young and learned the butcher's trade, but when seventeen years of age began work for the Western Stage company, and after a two years' stay, drove a "call wagon," disbursing moneys for the American Express company, where he remained three years. He afterwards held a position in the mail service on the river. He has been superintending at the stock-yards for over nine years. When he was young, Mr. Byington promised his mother that he would never use tobacco or whiskey in any form, and has never since that time smoked or chewed the weed nor drank ardent spirits of any kind. He married Miss Josephine Kelly in 1855, and since that time celebrated-his silver wedding. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO - 499 Robert H. West, of the firm Daniel Wunder & Co., was born in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1847. His father died when he was but twelve years of age, when he came to Cincinnati; and being in poor circumstances, had to make his own way, get his own education at odd hours and during leisure times, all of which he has succeeded in doing. He began working for Joseph A. Patterson, in whose family he also lived three years. His mother came to the city afterwards, and his work largely contributed towards supporting her and her family. His father was a steamboat captain, but lost his wealth in 1857. Mr. West was with Krohn, Feiss & Co., wholesale and retail cigar manufacturers, eight years, until 1868, when he married Miss Kate Wunder, daughter of Daniel Wunder, since which time he has been in the live stock business. Mr. Wunder going out in 1875, he, in company with Mr. Long, has had charge of the business since. Daniel Weber, of Cincinnati, was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1833. He removed with his parents to Cincinnati, in 1841, where he has since resided. He engaged in mechanical pursuits until the breaking out of the war, in 1861, when he entered as a private in the Thirty-ninth regiment Ohio volunteers, and served with that regiment until the close of the war, in 1865. He was successively promoted to lieutenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel and colonel of the regiment. He was elected sheriff of Hamilton county in 1868, and served one term; has since been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He is now a member of the well-known firm of Weber, Luper & Co., one of the leading firms in the city engaged in the live stock trade. Henry Behring, carpenter and builder, No. 12 Baker street, is a native of Hanover, Germany. When about fifteen years of age he emigrated to this country, coming directly to Cincinnati, where he embarked in business for himself. In 1865 he built a good, substantial house, No. 249 Dayton street, at that time on the edge of the city. In 1854 he was married to Miss Margaret Ortman, who is also a native of Germany. Mr. Behring is a member of the Cincinnati board of education, now serving out a second term in that office. H. J. Berens, wholesale and retail grocer, Cincinnati, was born near the river Weser, in Germany, in 1843. In 1850, when seven, years of age, he came to Cincinnati, where he has received his education and performed the part of a prominent citizen, having served first on the board of aldermen, and also as a member of the board of education for six years of his life. He was married in 1877 to Miss Mary Jane Malloy, of Cincinnati, a native of Ireland. His father was a teacher in Germany, also his eldest brother, who is engaged in that work in Hanover, of that country. W. Kleinoehle, receiving clerk of the county treasurer's office, also proprietor of an establishment corner of Twelfth and Walnut streets, was born in Freiburg, Baden, Germany, October 29, 1828, in which country he followed merchandising until about 1850, when he emigrated to America. He did business awhile in the cities of New Orleans, Shreveport, Louisiana, Louis ville, Kentucky, Evansville, Indiana, and came to Cincinnati in 1855, where he still lives. He was bookkeeper for ex-mayor Jacob nine years; was United States assistant assessor for five years; was with Wernert Goettneim & Co. four years; was cashier of the county treasurer's office for four years. Mr. Kleinoehle has for many years suffered severely with rheumatism, so much so that he is now more or less compelled to confine himself to the duties of his restaurant and saloon. Frederick Pfeister, assistant superintendent of the United Railroad Stock-yards company, was born in Cincinnati in April, 1846. He received his education in the Cincinnati public schools, graduating in Woodward in 1858. He was with Tyler, Davidson & Co., hardware merchants, Nos. 140 and 142 Main street, eight years, and afterwards superintendent of the yards at Brighton station, but left that to accept the assistant superintend: ency of the United Railroad Stock-yards company, having himself an interest in the company. The Twenty-fourth ward, in 1879, elected him by a large majority to a membership in the city council, he running ahead of his own party ticket. He has also held the presidency of two building associations. His father, Frederick Pfeister, came over from Rahrbach, Germany, in 1831. He kept a boot and shoe store on Main street, and was a prominent man, filling many positions of honor and trust in the city before he died, in 1873. Mr. Pfeister was married to Caroline Hagenbush. She was born in Billigheim, Germany, February 28, 1848, and was a daughter of Dr. John and Barbara Hagenbush, her great-or grand-uncles being Carl Joseph Boye, chief officer of customs, and Adolph Boye, chief justice under King Ludwig, and George Boye, general under Napoleon I. Mr. F. Thompson, of Cincinnati, was born June 7, 1822, in the city of Wheeling, Virginia, where he was educated. In 1835 he removed to Hebron, Licking county, Ohio, and in the service of Cully & Taylor, pork packers and grain dealers, he remained three years, receiving sixty dollars for the first year and board. From there he went to Taylor & Brother, Zanesville, Ohio, and remained there several years as their salesman. In April, 1843, he came to Cincinnati, to a dry goods establishment formerly known as the Bee Hive, where, after remaining several years, he entered the wholesale grocery house of Thomas H. Miner & Co., and was there several years, and afterwards formed a partnership with Mr. Fisher, senior member of the firm, and went into the pork-packing business, but withdrew from the firm in the year 1848. He next engaged with the firm of Bales, Whitcher & Co., wholesale dealers in hats, caps, furs, etc., and afterwards went into the business, with Mr. Whitcher as partner, under the name of M. F. Thompson & Co., and continued until the death of his partner, when he assumed all liabilities and paid to the administrators of the estate a profit of nearly twenty thousand dollars. He afterwards associated with S. Goodrich and Calvin Feeble, under the firm name of Thompson, Goodrich & Co., and continued the business some time. The city of Cincinnati has called him to the city council, in which membership he has filled the chairmanship of commit-