April 14, 1849 March 22, 1850 December 27, 1854 September 10, 1869 November 12, 1869 March 5, 1870 September 21, 1870 December 13, 1872 March 12, 1873 March 29, 1873 December 7, 1888  December 31, 1895 Total area, January 1, 1898

Square Miles. 2 ¼ ¾ 1 3 1/8 2 1/2 1¾ 5 1/8 1 1/8 2 3/8 1 1/4 11 35¼

Observe the monstrous organism stretch out its tentacles and embrace acre after acre ; village after village ; township' after township, not only appropriating, but absorbing them into its enormous selfhood ! It is a process so slow and covering so immense a territory as to go forward almost unobserved. Vast changes are wrought in this region and that which we do not discover until years after they have taken place. But suddenly, a new automobile ride, or a climb to some lofty tower reveals to our astonished gaze the new fringe of buildings all around the outside edge of the old city ! What makes it grow ? By what mysterious affinity does it attract these thousands of immigrants from all over the world ? Who gives it its direction? Is the whole stupendous process going on under the direction of a Divine Mind? Has it a real soul ; a true self ; an actual personality? CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 309 We think it has. We think it is something to be wondered at, revered and loved. NOTE.—Since the writing of the last chapter, two notable events have hap' pened. At the November election, Henry T. Hunt was elected Mayor and Miss Edith Campbell member-at-large of the Board of Education. BOOK II CHAPTER I. CIVIL WAR—CONTINUED. WENDELL PHILLIPS DRIVEN FROM THE STAGE OF PIKE'S OPERA HOUSE BY A PRO- SLAVERY MOB-ABRAHAM LINCOLN PASSES THROUGH THE CITY ON HIS WAY TO WASHINGTON AND HIS INAUGURATION-ENTHUSIASTIC RECEPTION GIVEN THE NEWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT-CINCINNATI'S PART IN THE CIVIL WAR AND THE MEN WHO ROSE TO DISTINCTION-MORGAN AND HIS RAIDERS. Cincinnati had seen slavery only in its mildest form across the, river in Kentucky. The citizens generally did not believe in slavery, but on the other hand abolitionism was not popular here. The general sentiment was that it would be unwise, socially and financially, to interfere with it. Wendell Phillips was driven from the platform of Pike's Opera House by a mob, because he was considered a dangerous fanatic and disturber of the peace. There were several riots against anti-slavery meetings, anti-slavery printing presses, anti-slavery orators, and these again probably meant little more than a desire to let existing conditions alone. On the other hand, William L. Yancey was allowed to deliver speeches disloyal to the Union, but he was considered harmless. But in all public acts the city was loyal. When Lincoln passed through Cincinnati on his way to Washington, February 12th, 1861, he received a royal welcome. A committee of Cincinnati citizens had met him in Indianapolis. As he entered the depot of the Indianapolis and Cincinnati railroad cannon boomed and the vast throng cheered. Mayor Bishop accompanied Mr. Lincoln as a procession formed before the station. Miles Greenwood, the grand marshal, Major-General Lytle and Brigadier-General Bates were there with their staffs. Then came the Steuben Artillery under Captain Annis, and the Cincinnati Battalion under Major Kennet. The First Battalion was composed of the Lafayette Guards, German Yagers, Rover Guards and the Cincinnati Zouaves. Captain Pendery had charge of a company of the Second Battalion. Colonel Jones had command of the Continental Battalion and Major Bosley of the Guthrie Greys. Mr. Lincoln was seated in an open carriage, drawn by six white horses, and a special guard from the Washington Dragoons, under Captain Pfau, accompanied him. In this carriage were also Mayor Bishop and the mayors of Covington and Newport. Along the line of march many houses were decorated. At several points on the way, children sang patriotic songs. Mr. Lincoln appeared on the balcony of the Burnet House and was welcomed by the mayor whose address he fol- - 313 - 314 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY lowed in a speech. Two thousand workingmen appeared in the evening at the hotel and one of their number made an address to Mr. Lincoln. Friday evening, April 12th, word came to Cincinnati that Fort Sumter had been attacked. The news was posted on bulletin boards. Few had really believed that threats of war would be carried out. Perhaps there were not many except army officers who realized the conditions beforehand. Whitelaw Reid, in "Ohio in the War," wrote : "The first note of war from the east threw Cincinnati into a spasm of alarm. Her great warehouses, her foundries and machine shops, her rich moneyed institutions, were all a tempting prize to the confederates, to whom Kentucky was believed to be drifting. Should Kentucky go, only the Ohio river would remain between the great city and the needy enemy and there were absolutely no provisions for defense. "The first alarm expended itself in the purchase of huge columbiads, with which it was probably intended that Walnut Hills should be fortified. There next sprang up a feverish spirit of active patriotism that soon led to complications. For the citizens, not being accustomed to draw nice distinctions or in a temper to permit anything whereby their danger might be increased, could see little difference between the neutral treason of Kentucky to the government and the more open treason of the seceded states. They accordingly insisted that shipments of produce, and especially shipments of arms, ammunition, or other articles contraband of war, to Kentucky should instantly cease. "The citizens of Louisville, taking alarm at this threatened blow at their Very existence, sent up a large delegation to protest against the stoppage of shipments from Ohio. They were received in the council chamber of the city hall, on the morning of April 23rd. The city mayor, Mr. Hatch, announced the object of their meeting, and called upon Mr. Rufus King to state the position of the city and state authorities. Mr. King dwelt upon the friendship of Ohio for Kentucky in the old strain, and. closed by reading a letter which the mayor had procured from Governor Dennison, of which the essential part was as follows: " 'My views of the subject suggested in your message are these : So long as any state remains in the Union, with professions of attachment to it, we cannot discriminate between that state and our own. In the contest we must be clearly in the right in every act, and I think it better that we should risk something than that we should, in the slightest degree, be chargeable with anything tending to create a rupture with any state which has not declared itself already out of the Union. To seize arms going to a state that has not actually seceded, could give a pretext for the assertion that we had inaugurated hostile conduct, and might be used to create a popular feeling in favor of secession where it would not exist, and end in border warfare, which all good citizens must deprecate. Until there is such circumstantial evidence as to create a moral certainty of an immediate intention to use arms against us, I would not be willing to order their Seizure; much less would I be willing to interfere with the transportation of provisions.' " 'Now,' said Mr. King, 'this is a text to which every citizen of Ohio must subscribe, coming as it does from the head of the state. I do not feel the least hesitation in saying that it expresses the feeling of the people of Ohio.' CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 315 "But the people did not subscribe to it. Even in the meeting Judge Bellamy Storer, though very guarded in his expressions, intimated, in the course of his stirring speech, the dissatisfaction with the attitude of Kentucky. 'This is no time,' he said, for soft words. We feel, as you have a right to feel, that you have a governor who cannot be depended upon in this crisis. But it is on the men of Kentucky that we rely.' All we want to know is whether you are for the Union, without reservation. Brethren of Kentucky, the men of the north have been your friends, and they still desire to be. But I will speak plainly. There have been idle taunts thrown out that they are cowardly and timid. The North submits ; the North obeys; but beware. There is a point which cannot be passed. While we rejoice in your friendship, while we glory in your bravery, we would have you understand that we are your equals as well as your friends.' "To all this the only response of the Kentuckians, through their spokesman, Judge Bullock, was that Kentucky wished to take no part in the unhappy struggle that she wished to be a mediator, and meant to retain friendly relations with all her sister states. But he was greatly gratified with Governor Dennison's letter. "The citizens Of Cincinnati were not. Four days later, when their indignation had come to take shape; they held a large meeting, whereat excited speeches were made and resolutions passed deprecating the letter, calling upon the governor to retract it, declaring that it was too late to draw nice distinctions between open rebellion and armed neutrality against the Union, and that armed neutrality was rebellion to the government. At the close an additional resolution was offered, which passed amid a whirlwind of applause : " 'Resolved, That any men, or set of men, in Cincinnati or elsewhere, who knowingly sell or ship one ounce of flour or pound of provisions, or any arms or articles which are contraband of war, to any person or any state which has not declared its firm determination to sustain the government in the present crisis, is a traitor and deserves the doom of a traitor.' "So clear and unshrinking was the first voice from the great conservative city of the southern bolder, whose prosperity was supposed to depend on the southern trade. They had reckoned -idly, it seemed, who had counted on hesitation here. From the first day that the war was opened, the people of Cincinnati were as vehement in their determination that it should be relentlessly prosecuted to victory, as the people of Boston. "They immediately began the organization of home guards, armed and drilled vigorously, took baths to serve the government when called upon, and devoted themselves .to the suppression: of any' contraband trade with the southern states. The steamboats were watched.; the railroad depots were searched ; and wherever a suspicious box or bale was discovered, it was ordered back to the ware houses. "After a time the general ,government undertook to prevent any shipments into Kentucky, save such as should be required by the normal demands of her. own population. A system of shipment-permits was established' under the supervision of the collector of the port, and passengers on the ferry boats into Covington were even searched' to see &they were carrying over pistols or other articles contraband of war ; but, in spite of all efforts, Kentucky long continued to be the convenient source and medium for supplies to the southwestern seceded states. Vol. I-21 316 - CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY "The day after the Cincinnati meeting denouncing his course relative to Kentucky, Governor Dennison, stimulated perhaps by this censure, but in accordance with a policy already formed, issued orders to the presidents of all railroads in Ohio to have everything passing over their roads in the direction of Virginia or any other seceded state, whether as ordinary freight or express matter, examined, and if contraband of war, immediately stopped or reported to him. The order may not have had legal sanction ; but in the excited state ,of the public mind it was accepted- by all concerned as ample authority. The next day similar instructions were sent to all express companies." From the first signs of war, flags were flung out over the whole city. When on Ail 15th came Mr. Lincoln's call for seventy-five thousand soldiers this city responded promptly. April 15th, the first Union meeting assembled at the Catholic Institute hall. Addresses. were made by Judge Storer, T. J. Gallagher, Judge Stano, E. F. Noyes, Judge Dickson, Judge Pruden and Dr. M. B. Wright. Rutherford B. Hayes offered resolutions, pledging loyalty to the government and these were adopted with enthusiasm and unanimity. April 17th there was held at the office of John D. Caldwell a meeting to organize Home Guards. From each ward a committee was selected. Mr. Caldwell was chosen president and Edward Crapsey secretary. Many of the best known citizens of Cincinnati were among the members. Next day arrangements were made for the organization of ten companies of eighty men etch, to be drilled for the protection of the city. This organization was in about a month superseded by troops under state authority. The existing militia companies came forward with offers of services. Among the earliest of these to offer their services to the governor of Ohio were the Guthrie Grays and the Rover Guards. The Zouave Guards, the Highland Guards, the Continental Guards, .the Lafayette Guards offered themselves. These became companies in the Second, Fifth, Sixth and One Hundred and Thirty-Seventh regiments of Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The chief of police of Cincinnati, Colonel Lewis Wilson, resigned his office and became commander of the Second Regiment. The first volunteer from Hamilton county was Thomas L. Young. Seeing the approaching struggle, he, twenty-five days before Sumter was fired on, offered himself to General Scott to assist in organizing volunteers. So numerous were volunteers in this city that the whole contingent of troops asked at the first call from Ohio, two regiments, could have been filled, and far more, from Cincinnati alone, The state answered the call within twenty-four hours. The Rover Guards, uniformed with bear-skin shako, scarlet coat and trousers faced and trimmed with buff, blue and gold, left this city on April 17th for Columbus, with the Zouave Guards and Lafayette Guards. The Guthrie Grays and the Continentals marched with them to the depot, amid cheers and wild enthusiasm. On the 18th these became companies A, D and E of the Second Regiment, under Colonel Wilson. The then major general, of militia, W. H. Lytle, speedily called his staff together at the Burnet House and recruited the Guthrie Grays to full numbers at CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 317 once. It became part of the Sixth Ohio Infantry. This regiment was mustered into service at Camp Harrison on the 18th. The Montgomery. Guards and the Sarsfield Guards, including many of the same individuals in both companies, became part of the Tenth Ohio Infantry. Two companies of Zouaves, consisting of young men of Cincinnati, were raised and organized, by Major Henry G. Kennett. Colonel A. E. Jones got together almost a complete regiment. Colonel Leonard A. Harris took command of a company which was sent forward to defend the city. of Washington. Colonel R. L. McCook raised a regiment of more than a thousand Germans, known as the Turner Regiment. General Lytle took this regiment to Camp Har- rison, where General Joshua H. Bates was placed in command over this and four other regiments. The Turner regiment became the Ninth Ohio, and at Mill Springs made the first charge with bayonets of the Civil war. W. H. Lytle now gave himself to the organization of an Irish regiment, which became the Tenth Ohio; of which he became the colonel. The Continentals, with part of the membership of the Zouave, Rover and Highland Guards, composed. to a considerable extent the Fifth Ohio. The city council voted for the equipment of troops two hundred thousand dollars. The list of the illustrious Union generals from Cincinnati is imposing. Among natives of the city were Major General Godfrey Weitzel, Brigadier Generals William H. Lytle and A. Sanders Piatt ; Brevet Brigadier Generals Israel Garrard, Charles E. Brown and Henry M. Cist. Residents of the city were Major Generals McClellan, Rosecrans ; Brevet Major Generals R. B. Hayes, August Willich, Henry B. Banning, Manning F. Force and Kenner Garrard; 'Brigadier Generals Robert L. McCook, Eliakim P. Scammon, Nathaniel McLean, Melancthon S. Wade and John P. Slough; Brevet. Brigadier Generals Andrew Hickenlooper, Benjamin C. Ludlow, William. H. Baldwin, Henry V. N. Boynton, Henry L. Burnet, Stephen J. McGroarty, Granville Moody, August Moor, Reuben D. Mussey, George W. Neff, Edward F. Noyes, Augustus C. Parry, Durbin Ward and Thomas L. Young. William Dennison; first governor of Ohio during the war, was a native of this city. John Brough, a war governor, practiced law and journalism for a time in Cincinnati.. Several of the more distinguished colonels of Ohio regiments were from Cincinnati, as Minor Milliken, John F. Patrick, Frederick C. Jones, William G. Jones and John T. Toland. Salmon P. Chase lived a long time here and was appointed secretary of the treasury from this city. The medical men of Cincinnati were conspicuously serviceable to the government during the war. Dr. George H. Shumard was appointed surgeon general of Ohio at the opening of the war. Dr. John A.. Murphy was a member of the state board of examiners. It has been declared that more than half the entire number of "United States Volunteer Surgeons" who entered the service independently of special commands, and whose addresses are given in "Ohio in the War," were Cincinnati men. 318 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Dr. W. H. Mussey was a member of the board of medical inspectors, standing next to the surgeon general and his assistant. Dr. William Clendenin became assistant medical director for the army of the Cumberland. Dr. Robert Fletcher gained reputation as medical purveyor at Nashville. Dr. James, Fourth Ohio Cavalry, became chief medical inspector of the cavalry of the whole army. Camp Harrison was speedily established near Cumminsville. The Guthrie Grays were the first regiment to camp there April loth. A large number of ladies of the East end engaged in gathering materials and making underwear for soldiers, in the parlors of the Gibson House. Ladies of the West end employed themselves in like work at a private house. The Cincinnati Aid society was organized to aid families of soldiers. The Daughters of Temperance also organized an aid' society. The first company to receive arms was the Storer Rifles ; their equipment was Sharp's rifles, owned by the men themselves. By the 19th of April one or two companies were drilling in each ward, the whole number being estimated at ten thousand. A committee of safety, consisting of Rufus King, Miles Greenwood, William Cameron, Joseph Torrence, J. C. Butler and Henry Handy, was appointed to forbid vessels passing the city from above with arms and supplies for the South. Another committee, consisting of Col. A. E. Jones, C. F. Wilstach and Frederick Meyer, was chosen to cooperate with the city authorities in preventing supplies being sent to the southerners. One man from each ward and nearby township formed another committee to cooperate with the city and military authorities in emergencies. April 18th a meeting of patriotic citizens of Cincinnati, Newport and Covington was held, and similar joint meetings followed from time to time. The uncertainty as to what Kentucky would do added to the alarm. The governor of Kentucky, Magoffin, declined to raise troops at the call of the president.. Governor Dennison of Ohio, declared "If Kentucky will not fill her quota, Ohio will fill it for her." The early Kentucky regiments were made up to a considerable degree of men from Cincinnati. Governor Dennison sent Thomas M. Key of Cincinnati to confer with the governor Of. Kentucky and learn what Cincinnati had to. fear. Magoffin told him Kentucky would do nothing to endanger Cincinnati. Sunday, April 21st, a conference of prominent citizens was held at the Burnet House. Among these were Rutherford B. Hayes; three republicans, a few Bell and Everett men, while the majority were democrats. They laid aside. their ,party feelings and discussed the matter of the protection of the city. They agreed that it was essential to find a trained military man to organize troops. They were reminded that one Captain George B. McClellan, president of the Ohio and Mississippi Railway Company, was living in Cincinnati. He was then about thirty-five years of age, had received military education, had won a reputation in the Mexican war and later in other parts of the service. He had resigned in 1857 as captain of artillery, and became chief engineer of the Illinois Central Railway. In 1858 he had been chosen vice-president of that road and in 1860 had been chosen president of the Ohio and Mississippi Railway. His headquarters were in Cincinnati. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 319 A committee of the Burnet House meeting sent a telegram to Washington saying.: "People of Cincinnati wish Captain McClellan to be appointed to organize forces and take command at Cincinnati." But before action had been taken at Washington, McClellan was commissioned as major general by the governor of Ohio and he was put in command of the troops of Ohio, thirteen regiments of Militia enlisted for three months. This appointment was approved April 30th by General Winfield Scott, commander-in-chief of the army. May 3rd the Military department of the Ohio, embracing Ohio, Indiana and Illinois was created and McClellan was given command. Very shortly afterward McClellan was made major general of the United States Army, Missouri, and parts of Western Pennsylvania and Virginia were added to his department. Out of; the Cincinnati Literary Club was formed the Burnet Rifles. This club had been organized in 1849 and was composed of many of the -most cultured men of the city. April 17th, .F861, Rutherford B. Hayes presided at a special meeting of the club; a committee of three was appointed to consider the form, ing of a military company; it reported favorably to such an organization; the report was accepted,, and thirty-three of the men present began at once to drill. The commander named was Robert W. Burnet, who was a graduate of West Point. John Pope was apointed drill master. Richman, a sergeant from Newport barracks, took Pope's Place a few days later and drilled the company thrice daily. A beautiful silk flag was presented this company by the ladies of the city. Fifty members of this Literary Club held commissions as officers during the war. These ranked from second lieutenant to major general. In the latter -part of :April, 1861, Camp Dennison was' established at Madisonville, seventeen miles- from the city limits of that day. This became the chief camp in this vicinity. W. S. Rosecrans, engaged at that period in business in Cincinnati, was put. in command of the camp. The camp consisted of wooden huts, flooring and bunks being allowed since the huts could not be struck and dried as in the case of tents. The men were as yet without arms, and marching drills .were at first their only military maneuvers. Both men and officers were set to work to learn the elements of war in schools established in the camp for this 'purpose: On the 20th of May, General Joshua H. Bates, arrived and being senior officer took command of the camp. His brigade included the Fifth, Sixth, Ninth and Tenth Ohio regiments. This camp was, at first ,the scene of much discomfort and sickness, whereupon the women of the city :ministered to the soldiers as nurses, the Sisters of Charity under the leadership of 'Sister Anthony taking a beneficent part therein. There was a camp in Hamilton county during the war called Camp Clay, at Pendleton.. The Camp Sohn, McLean was near Cincinnati; it' was named for Justice McLean, and the 75th Ohio Infantry, which was commanded by Colonel N. C. McLean, son of Justice McLean, was quartered there. Camp Colerain was ten miles north of Cincinnati. Camp Corwine was called for Major Richard M. Corwine. "The Cincinnati Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission" did an immense amount for the improvement of the sanitary conditions of the 320 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY soldiers, as did the various branches of this valuable organization in many cities. A volume of nearly six hundred pages giving the "History of the Great. Western Sanitary Fair" was published in Cincinnati in 1864, and contains an account of the Cincinnati branch and its workings. "Soon, after the surrender of Fort Sumter, the President and the Secretary of War were induced by certain gentlemen to issue an order authorizing them and their associates to cooperate with the government in' the relief of sick and Wounded soldiers, and to prosecute such inquiries of a sanitary character as might further the same end. Under this authority these partles organized the United States Sanitary Commission, and have since elected to that body a few others not originally acting with them. They also construed their powers as enabling them to create a class of associate members, several hundred in number, residing respectively in almost every loyal state and territory. The duties of these associates, and the extent to which they share the power committed to the, original members have never been precisely defined. "Appointments were made as early as May; 1861, of several such associate members, resident in Cincinnati; but no organization of a branch commission was, effected until the succeeding fall. "Through the instrumentality of Dr. W. H. Mussey, the use of the United States marine hospital, an unfurnished building originally intended for western boatmen, was procured from Secretary Chase, a board of ladies and gentlemen organized for its management, and the house furnished by: the donations of citizens and opened for the reception of sick and wounded soldiers in May, 1861. This. institution was carried on 'without cost to the government, all necessary services of surgeons and nurses, and all supplies, having been supplied gratuitously. until August, 1861, when ,the success of the enterprise induced the government to adopt it and it was taken charge of by the medical director of the department. "The western secretary of the sanitary commission having given notice to the associate members resident in Cincinnati of their appointments, the Cincinnati branch was formally organized, at a meeting at the residence of Dr. W. H. Mussey, November 27, 1861. Robert W. Burnet was elected president, George Hoadley, vice-president; Charles R. Fosdick, corresponding secretary ; and Henry Pierce, treasurer. The body thus created was left almost wholly without instruction or specification of powers. It had no other charge than to do the best it could with what it could get. It was permitted to work out its own fate by the light of the patriotism and intelligence of its members. If any authority was claimed over it, or power to direct or limit its action, it was not known to the members for nearly two years from the date of its organization. "The steps actually taken, however, were from time to time communicated to ;the United States Sanitary Commission at Washington, and by them approved:" Delegates more than once attended the sessions of that body, and were allowed to participate in its action. The branch were requested to print, as one of the series (No. 44) of the publications of the commission, their report of their doings to date of March 1, 1862; and two thousand copies of the edition Were Sent to Washington for distribution from that point. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 321 "Previous to the organization of this branch, an address had been issued by the United States Sanitary Commission, to the loyal women of America, in which the name of Dr. Mussey was mentioned as a proper party to whom supplies might be sent.. ..A. small stock Chad been received by him, which was transferred to the Branch, and circulars were at once prepared and issued appealing for the means of such useful action as might seem open. A Central Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Society for Cincinnati and vicinity was organized, and the cooperation of more than forty societies of ladies in Hamilton county thus secured. This society, it is proper to add,. continued its beneficial connection with the Branch in vigorous- activity, furnishing large quantities of supplies of every description for nearly two years, and until the dispiriting effect of the change, hereafter to be noticed, in the relations of the Branch to the work of distribution, paralyzed its efforts, and resulted, finally, in a practical transfer of the labors of the ladies to other fields of no less patriotic service. "The camps and hospital's near Cincinnati were subjected to inspection, and all necessary relief was furnished. Concert of action was established with the Volunteer Ail Committee; aPPOinted at a public meeting of citizens in October, 1861, of whom Messrs. C. K Wilstach, E. C. Baldwin and M. E. Reeves were elected members of the branch. Their rooms, kindly furnished, free of expense, by the school board, became its office and depot, and' finally, in the spring of 1862, a complete transfer was made of all the stock in the hands of that committee to the Cincinnati branch, and the former body was merged in this. "Under the stimulus of constant appeals to the public, and by the wise use of the means received, the: confidence of the community having been gained, large quantities of hospital and camp supplies, and some money were received, and the members entered with zeal upon the duty of distribution. The force which the United States Sanitary Commission then had in the 'West consisted of the western secretary and a few inspectors, who were engaged in traveling from camp to camp,. without any, fixed headquarters. That body was not prepared and did not profess to undertake this duty. "A serious question soon presented itself to the mind of every active member .of the branch,—whether to prosecute the work of distribution mainly through paid agents, or by means of voluntary service. At times there have been differences of .opinion the subject, and some of the members have had occasion, with enlarged experience, to revise their views. The result of this experience is to confirm the judgment that the use of paid agents by such an organization, in such a crisis, is, except to a limited extent, inexpedient. It has been clearly proved that voluntary service can be had to a sufficient extent, and such service connects the army, and the people by a constantly renewing chain of gratuitous, valuable, and tender labors, which many who can not serve in the field esteem it a privilege to be permitted to perform in the sick room and the hospital. "The members of this branch felt at liberty to pledge publicly, in their appeals for contributions, that the work of distribution should be done under their personal supervision, subject of course to the control of the proper medical officers of the army ; and, until late in the autumn of 1862, they faithfully kept this pledge, and were able to as they all believe, a maximum of benefit 322 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY with a minimum of complaint. Fault finding never. ceases while the seasons change; but the finding of fault with the gratuitous services of men well known in a community has no power to injure. "While their labors were prosecuted under this plan, nearly every member of the branch was brought into personal contact with the work of distribution. They were present on the battle field of Shiloh. They were first at Perryville and Fort Donelson, at which point they inaugurated the system of hospital steamers. They called to their aid successfully the services of the most eminent surgeons and physicians, and the first citizens of Cincinnati. They gained the confidence of the legislature of Ohio, which made them an appropriation of three thousand dollars, and of the city council of Cincinnati, who paid them, in like manner, the sum of two thousand dollars, and of the secretary of war and quartermaster-general, who placed at their control, at government expense, a steamer, which for months navigated the western waters in the transportation of supplies and of the sick and Wounded. They fitted out, in whole or part, thirty-two such steamers, some running under their own management, others under that of the governor of Ohio, the mayor of Cincinnati, the United States sanitary commission and the war department. "The relief at Fort Donelson by this branch constituted a marked, and, at the time, novel instance of their mode of management, which may properly receive more specific mention here, as it elicited high praise from the western secretary and the compliment of a vote of encouragement from. the United States sanitary commission. In this case a handsome sum was at once raised by subscription among the citizens, and the steamer. Allen Collier was chartered, loaded with hospital supplies and medicines, placed under the charge of five members of the branch, with ten volunteer surgeons and thirty-six nurses, and dispatched to the Cumberland river. At Louisville' the western secretary accepted an invitation to join the party. It was also found practicable to accommodate on board one delegate from. the Columbus, and another from the Indianapolis branch commission, with a further stock of supplies from the latter. The steamer reached Donelson in advance of any other relief agency. Great destitution was found 'to exist; on the field no chloroform at all and but little morphia; and on the floating hospital Fanny Bullitt, occupied by three hundred wounded, only two ounces of cerate, no meat for soup, no wood for cooking, and the only bread, hard bread,—not a spoon or a candlestick: The suffering was corresponding. Happily the Collier bore an ample stock, and, with other parties on a like errand, who soon arrived, the surgeon's task was speedily made lighter and his patients gained in comfort. The Collier returned, after a short delay, bringing a load of wounded to occupy hospitals at Cincinnati, which this branch had meanwhile, under the authority of General Halleck, and with the aid of that efficient and able officer Dr. John Moore, then post surgeon at Cincinnati, pro, cured and furnished. "This vans but the beginning of very arduous and extensive services personally and gratuitously rendered by members of this branch. They travelled thousands of miles on .hospital steamers on their errands of mercy, and spent weeks and months in laborious service on battle fields and in camps and hospitals. They aided the government in the establishment of eight hospitals in Cincinnati CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 323 and Covington, and suggested and assisted the work of preparing Camp Dennison, seventeen miles distant, as a general hospital, for the reception of thousands of patients. They bought furniture, became responsible for rent and the pay of nurses, provided material for the supply table,. hired physicians, and in numberless ways secured that full and careful attention to the care and comfort of the soldier, which, from. inexperience, want of means, or the fear of responsibility, would otherwise, during the first and second years of the war, have been wanting. "During the period to which allusion has 'been. made, the United States sanitary commission had few resources, and those mostly employed in proper service at the east, where the members principally reside. This branch was called on to aid that body, and, to the extent of its means, responded. At one time (early in 1862) it was supposed impossible to sustain that organization,, except by a monthly contribution from each of the several branches, continued for six months; and this branch was assessed to pay to that end the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars per month for the time specified, which call was met by an advance of the entire sum required, viz : two thousand, three hundred and seventy five dollars. This sum, small as it now seems, in comparison with the enormous contributions of a later date; was then considered no mean subsidy by either of the parties to it. "In May, 1862, the Soldiers' Home of the branch was established, an institu- don which, since its opening, has entertained, with a degree of comfort scarcely surpassed by the best hotels of the city, over eighty thousand soldiers, furnishing them three hundred and seventy-two thousand meals. It has recently been furnished with one hundred new iron bedsteads, at a cost of five hundred dollars. The establishment and maintenance of the home the members of the Cincinnati. branch look upon as one of their most valuable works, second in iniportance only to the relief furnished by the 'sanitary steamers' dispatched promptly to the battle fields, with surgeons, nurses, and stores, and with beds to bring away the wounded and the sick, and they may, perhaps, be permitted, with some pride, to point to these two important systems of relief inaugurated by them. The necessity for the last mentioned method of relief has nearly passed away ; we hope it may soon pass away entirely, never to return. The home still stands in our midst, offering food and rest to the hungry and way-worn soldier, and reminding us of the kind hearts and loyal hands whose patriotic contributions and patient toil, supplementing the aid furnished by the government through the quarter-master and commissary departments 'of the army, have enabled them to establish it To this aid of a generous and benign government, dispensed with kindness and alacrity by the officers who have been at the heads of these departments in this city, this institution is indebted, in great measure, for its existence and usefulness. "May we not hope this aid will be continued, and that so long as the necessity for a soldiers' home exists, it may be able to send forth its invitation, open at all hours, free to all soldiers ; and that the efficient superintendent, G. W. D. Andrews, Esq., who, under the supervision of a committee of the branch, has managed its affairs from its birth, may, when the necessity for it shall cease, be there to bid God speed to its last guest? 324 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY "The importance of perpetuating the names of all soldiers whose lives had been or might be sacrificed in the defense of our government, being an anxious concern of many of the members of our commission, and regarded by them as of so much importance, they early resolved that so far as they could control this matter, not only should this be done, "but that their last resting place should be in our beautiful city of the dead, Spring Grove Cemetery. An early interview was had with the trustees, who promptly responded to the wishes of the commission, and gratuitously donated for that purpose a conspicuous lot, near the charming lake, of a circular shape, and in size sufficient to contain three hundred bodies. In addition thereto, this generous association have ‘interred, free of expense for interment, all the soldiers buried there. This lot having become occupied, the commission arranged for another of similar size and shape, near by, for the sum of fifteen hundred dollars. The subject of the payment of the same having' been presented to the legislature of Ohio, the members unanimously ,agreed that, as a large proportion of those who were to occupy this ground as their last home were the sons of Ohio, it was the proper duty of the state to contribute thereto.. In accordance therewith, an appropriation of three thousand dollars was made for the purpose, subject to the approval of his Excellency, Governor Tod. A third circle, of the same size and shape, adjacent to the others, was, therefore, secured at the same price. The propriety of this expenditure was approved of by the governor, after a careful examination' of the ground and its value: Two of these lots have been filled, and the third is in readiness for occupancy, should it become necessary. A record is carefully made, on the books of the cemetery, of the name, age, company and regiment of each soldier interred there, that relatives, friends and strangers may know, in all time to come,. that we, for whom their lives were given, were not unmindful of the sacrifice they had made, and that we properly appreciate the obligations we are under to them for their efforts in aiding to secure to us and future generations the blessings of a redeemed and regenerated country. "In view of the work Of this branch, from the commencement, we can not but express our heart-felt gratitude to that kind Providence which has so signally blessed its efforts, and made the commission instrumental in the distribution of the large amount of donations which have been poured into their hands by full and free hearts, for the benefit of sufferers who are bravely defending our country and homes. "It will be seen that one and a half per cent on the cash receipts, from the commencement, will cover all expenses for clerk hire, labor, freight, drayage, and other incidental matters ; and this comparative small expense is, in great measure, ,owing to the extreme liberality, which should here be gratefully acknowledged, of the free use of the telegraph wires, and the free carriage of hundreds of tons of stores by the several express companies, railroads and steamboats. "With all this liberality, our supplies would long since have been exhausted by the constantly increasing requirements of our soldiers had not the sagacity and enterprise of a number of energetic and patriotic gentlemen suggested the idea of, and inaugurated the Great Western Sanitary Fair of this city, the wonderful result of which. realized (to the commission) over a quarter of a million dollars, CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 325 which will enable us to relieve the wants of the sick and wounded soldiers for some time to come. "The following statement shows fully the receipts and disbursements of money from the treasury to August 11, 1864. A detailed account of the variety of stores and supplies which has passed through the store room of the branch would cover many pages. The value can not be accurately estimated, but the donations alone exceed one Million of dollars.

RECEIPTS.
From the state of Ohio (part of $3,000 appropriated)   City of Cincinnati, donation Citizens of Cincinnati, donations Citizens of other parts of Ohio Sale of unconsumed rations at Soldiers' Home  Sanitary fair (per committee) Citizens of California, through the United States Sanitary Commission Interest and premium on securities	$1,000.00 2,000.00 38,265.73 14,423.43 2,175.52 235,406.62 15,000.00 5,655.00 $313,92630
DISBURSEMENTS.
For purchase of medicines  For three sets of hospital, car trucks Expenses at rooms (for salaries of clerks, porters, laborers, freights on receipts and shipments, etc.)   Ladies' Central Soldiers' Aid Society  Charter of hospital steamboats  Disbursements on account of Soldiers' Home  Supplies for distribution to, hospitals, camps, etc  Remittance to United States Sanitary Commission  Balance on hand, eighty five-twenty bonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80,000.00 Thirty-eight one-year certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,184.45 Cash in bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,720.70	$1,412.37 3,108.00 16,402.18 3,104.65 13,272.31 5,502.49 146.215.40 2,003.75 $122,905.15 $313,926.30"

The Great Western Sanitary Fair arose in emulation of a similar fair held in Chicago. After interviews between members of the Sanitary Commission and the National Union Association and several public meetings, plans were made for the holding of the fair. Whitelaw Reid wrote: "Presently the whole city was alive with the enthusiasm a common generous effort. Those who best know the usually staid and undemonstrative Queen City unite in the testimony that she was never before so stirred through all the strata of her society, never before so warm and glowing, for any cause or on any occasion. Churches, citizens' associations, business men, mechanics, took hold of the work. Committees were 326 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY appointed, embracing the leading men and the best workers in every walk of life throughout the city ; meetings of ladies were held; circulars were distributed; public appeals filled the newspapers. The fair was opened December 21st, with a speech by its president General Rosecrans, who for the time was not in active army service. Five halls and structures were used. Two of these, in the Fifth and Sixth street market places, were specially constructed for the needs of the fair. The Palace Garden, Greenwood and Mozart Halls were utilized during the existence of the fair. The earnings, of this fair were larger than those of any similar fair, except the ones at Pittsburg and St. Louis. Whitelaw Reid wrote of the Cincinnati branch of .the United States Sanitary Commission : "The largest and most noted organization for the relief of soldiers was, of course, the 'Cincinnati branch of the United States Sanitary Commission.' " This body, throughout its history, pursued a policy little calculated to advance its own fame—admirably adapted to advance the interests of the soldiers for whom it labored. It had but one salaried officer, and it gave him but a meager support for the devotion of his whole time. It spent no large funds in preserving statistics and multiplying reports of its good works. It entered into no elaborate scientific investigations concerning the best sanitary conditions for large armies. It left no bulky volumes of tracts, discussions, statistics, eulogies, and defences—indeed it scarcely left a report that might satisfactorily exhibit the barest outline of its work. But it collected and used great sums of money and supplies for the soldiers. First of any considerable bodies in the United States, it sent relief to battle fields on a scale commensurate with the wants of the wounded. It was the first to equip. hospital boats, and it led in the faithful patient work among the armies, particularly in the west, throughout the war. Its guardianship of the funds committed to its care .was held a sacred trust or the relief of needy soldiers. The incidental expenses were kept down to the lowest possible figure, and were all defrayed out of the interest of moneys in its hands before they were needed in the field—so that every dollar that was committed to it went, at some time or other, directly to a soldier in some needed form. In short, it was business skill and Christian integrity in charge of the people's contributions for their men in the ranks. "The Cincinnati branch of the Sanitary Commission continued to devote its moneys sacredly to the precise purpose for which they were contributed. At the close of the war many thousand dollars were in the treasury. These it kept invested in United States bonds, using the interest and drawing on the principal from time to time, as it was needed for the relief of destitute soldiers, and specially for their transportation to their homes, in cases where other provision was not made for them. Three years after the close of the war, it still had a remnant of the sacred sum and was still charging itself as carefully as ever with its disbursement." The accounts of this organization are in the keeping of the Historical Society of Ohio and reveal throughout conscientious disposition of all moneys in its charge. The war had been closed for a year before all Ohio troops had been mustered out. Numerous• appeals. to the commission were made for aid after that date. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 327 The commission contributed ten thousand four hundred and fifty dollars to the help of the two hundred and nine orphans of soldiers in the orphan asylum. Contributions were also sent to the Soldiers' Home at Columbus and to that at Dayton. Other funds were sent to sufferers in the south. It was not until 1880 that the last moneys in the treasury of this organization were expended. The Cincinnati branch of the United States Christian Commission operated along similar lines and accomplished a vast amount of good. It utilized funds to the extent of $117,600 and handled stores worth $292,000. The churches and the religious people of the city in general manifested active patriotism. A number of clergymen were among the first volunteers. The Rev. Granville Moody became a brigadier general. In June, 1861, the Evangelical Ministers' Association passed vigorous resolutions pledging their support to the government. Archbishop Purcell raised the national flag over the cathedral of St. Peter's in Cincinnati and over the Catholic churches generally in his diocese. There were in Cincinnati during the war and in the immediately succeeding period numerous organizations for the relief of soldiers and their families. The National Soldiers' Historical Association had for its president T. Buchanan Read. Dr. William Sherwood was president of the National Union Association. Judge Bellamy Storer was president of the committee for the Cincinnati testimonial to soldiers families. James Edward Murdoch, a distinguished actor living in Cincinnati at that time, gave a large Portion of four years to the welfare of the soldiers. When the war opened he was at the height of his fame. April 21, 1861, he closed a very successful engagement; declaring' he would not again appear as an actor until the war was over. Fallowing upon this vow he gave the next four years to reading without remuneration to sick and wounded soldiers and for the United States Sanitary Commission. He visited all the cities of the North and gave readings to raise funds for the cause of patriotism. October 31, 1864, he read Buchanan Read's poem "Sheridan's Ride," and from that day it became widely popular. Murdoch was elected a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States as a recognition of his services. Early in 1862, the name of John Morgan and his Kentucky cavalry was becoming one of terror' in both Kentucky and in southern Ohio. Morgan first carried off the artillery of the Lexington company of the Kentucky state guard. Then followed raids by a few cavalrymen within the Union picket lines on Green river. There were sudden dashes, such as that when Bacon creek bridge was burned. There were captures of supply trains and droves of army cattle. Later, Morgan's men broke through the Union lines at Nashville. Night attacks were made. Whole squads of guards were seized within sight of Union camps. Gallatin was seized. Telegraph operators were forced to give out news passing over 'wires in regard to Union armies. There were raids upon the rear of Mitchell's forces after he entered northern Alabama. Cotton was burned' in spite of guards. Citizens. who had declared for the Union were plundered, Morgan was a native of Alabama but had lived from childhood in Kentucky, on the plantation of his father near Lexington. He had been a first lieutenant in the Mexican war. Having married, he became a manufacturer. Having 328 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY been the boon companion of the young men in and around Lexington, these had followed him to the war. His clientage was made up of expert horsemen, daring and independent men, connected by family with a large number of the people of the Blue Grass country. In Ohio the business of raising its quota of three-year men was slowly going forward. News of both defeats and victories had become familiar. Kentucky was chiefly in the care of her home guards. Volunteers for the Union army were being gathered under the oversight of a state military board. Then came the terrifying news that Morgan and his men were in Kentucky. Word came July 11, 1862, that Morgan had taken the garrison at Tompkinsville and had paroled his prisoners. He advanced at once to Glasgow. He sent out a summons to Kentuckians to rise in behalf of the Confederacy. Communication between Louisville and Nashville was cut off. On Saturday it was said Morgan was moving upon Lexington. General Boyle, then commanding in Kentucky, telegraphed Mayor Hatch of Cincinnati to send militia to aid in protecting that city. July 13th, a public meeting was held in Cincinnati and several thousand people gathered in the Fifth street market place. The dispatches of General Boyle were read and addresses were made by Mayor Hatch, Judge Saffin and others. One of General Boyle's messages declared that Morgan had twenty-eight hundred men, while another stated that with fifteen hundred men he had burned Perryville and was marching on Danville. Boyle declared he required the forces he had to defend Louisville and he called upon Cincinnati to protect Lexington. A committee was appointed, consisting of Mayor Hatch, George E. Pugh, Joshua Bates, Thomas J. Gallagher, Miles Greenwood, J. W. Hartwell, Peter Gibson and J. B. Stallo to act for the defence of the city, Almost at the same time news arrived that Governor Tod had sent a thousand stand of arms and ordered the convalescent soldiers from Camps Chase and Dennison to come to the rescue. Two hundred men of the Fifty-second Ohio soon arrived. The excitement was great and crowds were upon the streets throughout the night.. At nine o'clock in the morning a large meeting was held in the Fifth street market place, where addresses were made by Ex-Senator Pugh, Thomas J. 'Gallagher and Benjamin Eggleston. It was stated that a battalion of police would be started for Lexington that evening. The organization of volunteer companies began. Charles, F. Wilstach and Eli C. Baldwin were commissioned to procure food supplies for these troops. The city council held a session,. appropriated five thousand dollars, and resolved to be responsible for necessary expenses, of the committees appointed by the public meeting. On the afternoon of that day, eleven hundred men, from the Eighty-fifth and Eighty-sixth Ohio, arrived and passed on for Lexington. The city's police force, under Colonel Dudley, and an artillery company with one gun, under. Captain William Glass, of the fire department, started for Lexington by special train. Covington was at the same time witnessing similar scenes. The fact that a brother of John Morgan was stopping at a hotel. in this city caused some excitement. He produced a pass from General .Boyle and he was only detained. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 329 The next day the people grew quieter, as no further word came as to Morgan. Permission was given from Washington to bring into use certain cannon cast by Miles Greenwood for the government, and for these Governor Morton of Indiana supplied ammunition. The authorities at Columbus refused to furnish it without requisition from an officer of the United States. For several days there were announcements that Morgan was at hand. This alarm was succeeded by a respite, as he did not appear. A request for artillery was sent to the secretary of war, who replied that Morgan was retreating. This was followed by word. from Kentucky that Morgan was coming. Governor Tod invited Governor Dennison to visit Cincinnati to consult with the committee of safety. He did, so, and then went to Frankfort to inspect the Ohio troops that had been sent there. As a large part of the police force was in Lexington, the disorderly elements of Cincinnati began rioting. The Irish and the negroes resumed their quarrels and several houses were burned. A. meeting of leading citizens was called at the Merchants Exchange; and arrangements were made to organize a special force of a thousand citizens to keep the peace while the police were in Lexington. After that, there was little, disturbance. Morgan meanwhile was not idle. He had left Knoxville, Tennessee, on the morning of July fourth. He attacked the garrison at Tompkinsville on the morning of the ninth. At one o'clock next morning he had captured Glasgow. On the eleventh .he was in Lebanon. Sunday, the thirteenth, the day of the great excitement in Cincinnati, he took Harrodsburg. Giving out the impression that he was going toward Frankfort he started toward Lexington. He burned bridges, that troops 'sent after him might be delayed. On Monday morning he had reached within fifteen miles of Frankfort. At dusk he was at Versailles. He had marched from three to four hundred miles in eight days. Going from Versailles to Midway, between Frankfort and Lexington, he seized the telegraph and learned the plans of Union officers at Frankfort, Lexington, Louisville and Cincinnati. He sent out false dispatches to Lexington that Morgan was at the time driving in the picket line at Frankfort. Hastening to Georgetown, within a few miles of Lexington and Frankfort, he halted a few days to rest his horses. He seems to have aimed at confusing his enemies rather than making an, attack on Lexington, which was strongly protected. He now made a dash on Cynthiana, which was garrisoned by about five hundred men, :counting the ;Cincinnati firemen under Captain Glass. He routed the garrison, captured their single gun, and took four hundred and twenty prisoners, besides stores, arms and several hundred horses. He set off at once for Paris, where he was met by a delegation of citizens authorized to surrender to him. Learning that troops of double his strength from Lexington were coming against him under General, Green Clay Smith, Morgan left Paris next morning, without having molested it. He marched through Winchester, Richmond, Crab Orchard and Somerset. He had three hundred more men at the end of this campaign than at its beginning. He had captured and paroled about twelve hundred men, as many as his own force. He had destroyed government arms and. stores in seventeen towns. 330 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY While Morgan was thus engaged the minds of Cincinnatians continued in a state of agitation. A large popular meeting had been held in the market place on Court street. Here an appeal was made by Hugh J.. Jewett, who had been the democratic candidate for governor; he delivered a strong appeal for speedy enlistments, to aid Kentucky and to forestall Morgan from recruiting in that state. Like sentiments were uttered by other speakers. As .certain parties had questioned the loyalty of the city council, it proceeded to take the oath of allegiance in a body. Council was asked by the chamber of commerce to make an appropriation for bounties to volunteers. Mayor Hatch and others requested that Colonel Burbank be appointed military governor of the city and this was done. There was much agitation in favor of bounties that might increase "the number of volunteers. Newspapers urged the governor not to wait for authority in this matter but to offer twenty-five dollars as bounty for. each recruit. More than five thousand dollars was subscribed by private citizens for this purpose. Two regiments, called the Cincinnati Reserves, were formed to serve in emergencies. As Morgan made no further advances at that time, the apprehensions of the people of Cincinnati grew quiet. Yet the raid of Morgan through Kentucky was but a precursor of other serious happenings. July and August of 1862 were months of depression for the nation and Cincinnati shared this gloom. McClellan was recalled. Pope had fallen back under the defenses at Washington. Bragg had arrived at Chattanooga. Word came that Kirby Smith had broken camp at Knoxville with twelve thousand men and thirty or forty pieces of artillery and had struck out for the center of Kentucky.. Smith went through Big Creek and Roger's Gap without hindrance. He went by the Union forces at Cumberland Gap. He marched into Kentucky, within fifteen miles of Richmond and less than fifty miles from Lexington before he met any noticeable opposition. There he charged a Kentucky regiment of cavalry under Colonel Metcalf and drove it before him. These fleeing troopers carried to Richmond and Lexington the first authentic messages of the advance of the Confederates. Raw recruits from Indiana and Ohio, sent shortly before into Kentucky, were now hurried to Richmond. On August 29th Smith flung his advance column against this line and broke it into pieces. General Manson, commander of the Union forces, had not had time to drill his men, yet he strove to form an- other line and stop the flight, but Smith again charged and the retreat was renewed. Almost within the borders of the town another stand was made, upon which there was 'hard fighting. But the raw soldiers had no chance before the disciplined men who attacked them. The rout became, complete. Smith's cavalry captured whole regiments, which were at once paroled. Fugitives thronged into Lexington with the tale of their defeat. General H. G. Wright, commander of the Department of the Ohio, hastened to the scene and quickly recognized that with the troops, left him .it would be impossible, to hold Lexington. He at once evacuated the place and hastened to Louisville. Railroads hurried their 'stock toward the Cincinnati "end. Union men fled. The large numbers of Confederate sympathizers who had concealed their sentiments thus far, openly took the Southern side. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 331 September 1st,, Kirby Smith entered Lexington and was welcomed enthusiastically. September 4th, Morgan joined Smith, Lexington received the Confederates with ringing of bells and every sign of joy. It was late on Saturday night, August 30th, when news came to Cincinnati of the rout at Richmond.. Excitement was great, though the full consequence was not apprehended. It was assumed that there were soldiers enough to repel an invasion if experienced officers were provided. The Sanitary Commission hurried its stores to the battle field. the authorities of the state prepared to send relief to the wounded. Newspapers voiced the popular feeling as to mismanagement of the battle and criticisms of Buell. On Monday afternoon it became known that there was no adequate force between Smith and Cincinnati to protect, this city, and that Smith was in Lexington. It seemed as if the dreaded calamity was almost at hand and that Cincinnati would fall into the lands. of. the Confederates. The panic was indescribable. The city council met at once and pledged the city to pay such expenses as the military authorities might incur. Council authorized the mayor to suspend all business and to summon every man in the city, alien or citizen, to aid in the defense. Council assured General Wright of its confidence and asked him to call for men and money. At that time there was in Cincinnati the man for the emergency, in the person of Lewis Wallace. He was a young officer of volunteers. He had been among the first from Indiana to enlist at the opening of the war. He had risen rapidly. He was a man of energy, .resources and bold plans. Having led a raw regiment from his state into the field, and having been in charge of the troops around Lexington for a brief time he had been relieved by General Nelson and had come to Cincinnati. The Commander of the department first called him to Lexington to consult with him, and then, when he himself was .hurrying toward Louisville, he sent Wallace back to Cincinnati to take command and defend the city and its environs across the river. At nine o'clock in the evening, General Wallace arrived and was met at the Burnet House by the mayors: of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport. After consultation with the mayors' and with the few army officers in the three towns, a proclamation of martial law was sent at two o'clock A. M. to the newspapers. Citizens read in their, morning papers the order which played a great part in the saving of Cincinnati : PROCLAMATION. "The undersigned, by order of Major General Wright, assumes command of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport. "It is but fair to inform the citizens that an active, daring and powerful enemy threatens them with every consequence of war; yet the cities must be defended, and their inhabitants must assist in preparations. Patriotism., duty; honor, self-preservation, call them to the labor, and it must be performed equally by all citizens. Vol. I-22 332 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY "First. All business must be suspended. At nine o'clock today every business house must be closed. "Second. Under the direction of the mayor, the citizens must, within an hour after the suspension of business (ten o'clock, A. M.) assemble in convenient public places ready for orders. As soon as possible they will then be assigned to their work. This labor ought to be that of love, and the undersigned trusts and believes it will be so. Anyhow, it must be clone. The willing shall be properly credited, the unwilling promptly visited. The principle adopted is, citizens for the labor, soldiers f Or the battle. "Third. The ferry-boats will cease plying the river after four o'clock A. M. until further orders. "Martial law is hereby proclaimed in the three cities ; but until they can be relieved by the military, the injunctions of this proclamation will be executed by the police. LEWIS WALLACE, Major General Commanding." New spirit entered into the people. A newspaper the next day said : "From the appearance of our streets, a stranger would imagine that some popular holiday was being celebrated. Indeed, were the millenium suddenly inaugurated, the populace could hardly seem better pleased." The order was universally obeyed. All business houses were closed. Even street cars stopped running. Teachers closed their schools and reported for duty. Buchanan Read, who was a volunteer aide under General Wallace, said the people rose to swell the ranks and crowded into the trenches with alacrity. Working companies had been ordered to report to Colonel J. V. Guthrie, and citizen soldiers to Major Malcolm McDowell. Every ward had public meetings. Numbers of military organizations were formed. By noon of that day thousands of citizens were drilling. Back of Newport and Covington, breast works, rifle pits and redoubts had been traced, guns mounted and pickets thrown out. Hammers and saws were busy toward evening and when the night had ended a pontoon bridge reached from Cincinnati to Covington and wagons carrying lumber and materials for barracks and fortifications were going across. Howe, the historian, states that on the morning after the city was put under martial law he found the streets full of armed police in army blue who forced all to report to the headquarters of their respective districts for enrollment. There was a sentinel at every corner and no one could walk the streets without a pass. Governor Tod hastened to Cincinnati for consultation. From this city he telegraphed to his adjutant general to send all available troops at once. "Do not wait," he said `.`to have them mustered or paid—that can be done here—they should be armed and furnished ammunition." He telegraphed to his quartermaster : "Send five thousand stand of arms for the militia of the city, with fifty rounds of .ammunition. Send also forty rounds for fifteen hundred guns (sixty-nine calibre). He said to the people of this region, through press and military committees : "Our southern border is threatened with invasion. I have therefore to recommend that all the loyal men of Your counties at once form themselves CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 333 into military companies and regiments to beat back the enemy at any and all points he may attempt to invade our state. Gather up all the arms in the county, and furnish yourselves with ammunition for the same. The service will be of but few days' duration. The soil of Ohio must not be invaded by the enemies of our glorious government." The governor wired Secretary Stanton that the force moving against Cincinnati would be successfully met. He directed the commander at Camp Dennison to protect the track of the Little Miami railroad as far up as Xenia. Response from the counties was prompt. Prebel and Butler counties wired offers of large numbers of men. Warren, Greene, Franklin and others sent in their offers in rapid succession. Late in the afternoon the governor sent out a general answer : "CINCINNATI, September 2, 1862. In response to several communications tendering companies and squads of men for the protection of Cincinnati, I announce that all such bodies of men who are armed will be received. They will repair at once to Cincinnati and report to General Lew Wallace, who wilt complete their further organization. None, but armed men will be received, and such only until the .fifth instant. Railroad companies will pass all such bodies of men at the expense of the state. It is not desired that any troops residing in any of the river counties leave their counties. All such are requested to organize and remain for the protection of their own counties. DAVID TOD, Governor." Before daylight of the third of September there began to pour in from the rural regions the advance stream of that picturesque and remarkable body of men known as the "Squirrel Hunters." From morning until night these men tramped into the city. They came from every part of the state ; and they carried every kind of arms. Some came in homespun, with powder horn and buckskin pouch. Some had uniform and some were without it. Some were on foot and some on horses. Many carried the deadly long rifle. The scene reminded onlookers of what they had read and heard of the "Minute Men" of the Revolution, One writer said, "It seemed as if the whole state of Ohio were peopled only with hunters and that the spirit of Daniel Boone stood upon the hills beckoning them into Kentucky." The "Squirrel Hunters" were taken to the Fifth street market-house where arrangements were made to supply them with food at public expense. Halls and warehouses were turned into barracks. From these the Hunters were sent to the front. September 5th, the governor sent out word that no further volunteers would be required. Governor Tod announced to General Wright on the 4th that he had sent him twenty regiments and that twenty-one more were being formed. It is said that about fifteen thousand men had now gathered for the protection of the city. The governor now issued the following announcement : "COLUMBUS, September 5, 1862. "To the Press : The response to my proclamation asking volunteers for the protection of Cincinnati was most noble and generous. All may feel proud of the 334 - CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY gallantry of the people of Ohio. No more volunteers are required for the protection of Cincinnati. Those now there may be expected home in a few clays. I advise that the, military organizations throughout the state, formed within the past few days, be kept up, and that the members meet at least once a week for drill. Recruiting for the old regiments. is progressing quite satisfactorily, and with continued effort there is reason to believe that the requisite number may be obtained by the fifteenth instant. For the want of proper accommodations at this point, recruiting officers are directed to report their men at the camp nearest their locality, where they will remain until' provision can be made for their removal. Commanding officers of the several. camps will see that every facility is given necessary for the comfort of these .recruits. DAVID TOD, Governor." The work of those already enlisted went forward. Among other workers were many colored people, the black brigade, the first organization of colored people of the North actually employed for military purposes. When the war was opening colored citizens had held a meeting to organize a company of home guards for the defense of the city. The proposal of colored people to take part had been resented. But when Wallace issued his call upon citizens for labor and soldiers for battle, the colored people felt themselves included. Yet the authorities did not give them a chance to volunteer but the guard for this purpose forced them to work. A colored writer, Peter H. Clark, states that houses of colored people were searched and that "old and young, sick and well, were dragged out, and amidst shouts and jeers, marched like felons to the pen on Plum street, opposite the cathedral." The Gazette said : "Our colored fellow citizens should be treated civilly, and not exposed to any unnecessary tyranny, nor to the insults of poor whites. We say; poor whites for none but poor-spirited whites insult a race which they profess to regard as inferior. It would have been decent to have invited the colored inhabitants to turn out in defense of the city. Then there would have been an opportunity to compare their patriotism with that of those who were recently trying to drive them from the city. Since the services of men are required from our colored brethren; let them be treated like men." On September 4th, Judge W. M. Dickson was put in command of the colored men of Cincinnati laboring on the fortifications near Covington and Newport, and he treated them with the utmost kindness. They were allowed to visit their families to quiet their fears and to get ready for camp life. Provost-guard duty was taken from the police. Volunteers for the black brigade were called for. Recognizing that Judge Dickson and the acting commandant of the camp would treat them well, large numbers volunteered. Having formed in line, they were presented by Captain Lupton with a flag, inscribed "The Black Brigade of Cincinnati." Lupton addressed them saying, "Slavery will soon die. The slaveholders' rebellion, accursed of God and man, will' shortly-and miserably perish. There will then be, through all the coming ages, in very truth, a land of the free,—one country, one flag, one destiny." For three weeks, the black brigade worked on the fortifications at Covington and Newport. With the exception of three officers, all officers and men were colored. Judge Dickson saw to it that they were fairly and justly treated. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 335 These men were especially engaged between the Alexandria road and Licking river along the cemetery ridge and Three Mile creek in making military roads, digging rifle pits and trenches, felling trees and building forts and magazines. Judge Dickson reported, "There was no occasion for compulsion, and for discipline but a single instance. Some displayed a high order of intelligence, and a ready insight into the work they were doing, often making valuable suggestions. Upon one occasion, one of them suggested a change in the engineering of a military road ascending a steep hill. The value of the change was obvious when named, and ad pitted by the engineer, yet he ordered the road to be made as originally planned, and deprecated further suggestion. "They committed no trespass on private property. In one instance, upon changing the camp, a German asked me, if they could not remain longer, as they protected his grapes. They were not intimidated by any danger, though compelled to labor without arms for their protection." The courage of these men is shown by the fact they worked almost a mile in front of the soldiers in line of battle, and that where they had no protection except cavalry scouts. They worked the first week, as did the rest of the force, without pay. In the second week, they received, as did the white laborers, a dollar a day. The third week they received daily one dollar and a half. September 20th, they stood in line, before returning to their homes, while Marshall P. H. Jones thanked Colonel Dickson, Captain Lupton and others for their interest and kindness. 'rho brigade presented Colonel Dickson with a sword and promised their services if needed in the future. In an appropriate reply Colonel Dickson accepted the sword.' With banners and music, their commander marched them through Covington to the pontoon bridge to Cincinnati. Colonel Dickson made a farewell address to these men at Fifth and Broadway stating that they had "made miles of military roads, miles of rifle pits, felled hundreds of acres of the largest and loftiest forest trees, built magazines and forts. The hills across yonder river will be a perpetual monument of your labors. You have, in no spirit of bravado, in no defiance of established prejudice, but in submission to it, intimated to me your willingness to defend with your lives the fortifications your hands have built. Organized companies of men of your race have tendered their services to aid in the defense of the city. In obedience to the policy of the government, the authorities have denied you this privilege. In the department of labor permitted, you have, however, rendered a willing and cheerful service. Nor has your zeal been dampened by the cruel treatment received. The citizens of both sexes have encouraged you with their smiles and words of approbation; the soldiers have welcomed you as co-laborers in the same great, cause. But a portion of the police, ruffians in character, early learning that your services were accepted, and seeking to deprive you of the honor of voluntary labor, before opportunity was given you to proceed to the field, rudely seized you in the streets, in your places of business, in your homes, everywhere, hurried you into filthy pens, thence across the river to fortifications, not permitting you to make preparations for camp life. You have borne this with the accustomed patience of your race, and when, under more favorable auspices, you have received only the protection due to a common humanity, you have labored cheerfully and effectively. 336 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY "Go to your homes with the consciousness of having performed your duty,—of deserving, if you do not receive, the protection of the law, and bearing with you the gratitude and respect of all honorable men. You have learned to suffer and to wait ; but in your hours of adversity, remember that the same God who has numbered the hairs of our heads, who watches over even the fate of a sparrow, is the God of your race as well as mine. The sweat-blood which the nation is now shedding at every pore is an awful warning of how fearful a thing it is to oppress the humblest being. Until our country shall again need your services, I bid you farewell." To return to the situation while Cincinnati was under military law. Fortunately for Cincinnati, Kirby Smith, as is now known, had never been ordered to attack this city but only to make a demonstration against it. In any case, his delay of a few days had given time for the city to make ready its defenses. As the attack did not come, certain citizens grew restless under military restrictions. The closing of schools, drug stores and bakeries had been a blunder. The stopping of business now seemed a burden. General Wallace authorized the mayor to issue an order relaxing to a degree the conditions. "First. The banks and bankers of this city will be permitted to open their offices from one to two P. M. "Second. Bakers are allowed to pursue their business. "Third. Physicians are allowed to attend their patients. "Fourth. Employes of newspapers are allowed to pursue their business. "Fifth. Funerals are permitted, but only mourners are allowed to leave the city.  "Sixth. All coffee-houses and places where intoxicating liquors are sold, are to be closed and kept. closed. "Seventh. Eating and drinking houses are to close and keep closed. "Eighth. All places of amusement are to close and keep closed. "Ninth. All drug stores and apothecaries are permitted to keep open and do their ordinary business. GEORGE HATCH, Mayor of Cincinnati." September 6th, General Wallace was relieved of the command of Cincinnati and was sent across the Ohio to take charge of the defenses. On this date another order appeared, allowing lawful business to be resumed, except liquor selling, until 4 P. M. each day. This order was as follows : "HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE OHIO, "CINCINNATI, September 6, 1862. "General Order No. II. "The resumption of all lawful business in the city of Cincinnati, except the sale of liquor, is hereby authorized until the hour of four o'clock P. M. daily. "All druggists, manufacturers of breadstuffs, provision dealers, railroad, ex- press and .transfer companies, persons connected with the public press, and all CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 337 persons doing busineSs for the government, will be allowed to pursue their vocations without interruption. "By command of Major General Wright. N. H. MCLEAN, Assistant Adjutant General and Chief of Staff." Details of white citizens were at work. Three thousand each day handled the spade. There were judges, lawyers, clerks, merchants and day laborers, artists and artisans. The trenches across the river were manned nightly. Some scouting went on. Wallace was active. On the evening of September 9th there came another alarm. A rocket rose from a signal tower in the city. Word spread that. Kirby Smith was advancing and that the troops. were to muster on the landing at Sunrise. On the morning of the loth Governor Tod announced to the people of northern Ohio that General Wright had sent him a telegram at two o'clock that morning, and he ordered that all armed men that could be raised be sent immediately to Cincinnati. At six o'clock that morning the militia began crossing the river. Crowds of armed citizens were at the public landing. Steamboats, some of, which had been changed into gunboats, were being piled with hay for bulwarks.. Wagons and troops were passing over the pontoon bridge. The sun was hot; roads were dusty, and water was lacking on the march. The regiment halted on the top of the Kentucky hills. Officers galloped ahead, and in a few minutes returned and ordered the men into line. The colonel shouted, `,`You are going into battle. The enemy are advancing. You will receive sixty rounds of cartridges. Do your duty, men. Do your. duty." They went forward to the line of earthworks, with Fort Mitchel on the right and rifle pits hundreds of yards to the left. Armed citizens and a few raw recruits in uniform were in the forts and pits. About a mile Away was a forest, and in it was supposed to be the thousands of foes. The Men 'passed hours in waiting for an attack. At, night the camp fires were put out, and the men slept on hay, with loaded guns by their sides. Guards and pickets were doubled. At four o'clock in the morning reveille sounded. From that hour they lay behind defenses. There were regiments. reaching to right. and left, some in rifle pits and far beyond the artillery in Fort Mitchel. There was from, time to time picket firing in front. This continued throughout the day. A few men were wounded and some were killed. An occasional skirmisher could be seen near the forest. A storm came up and the soldiers were forced. to take refuge under tents made of blankets and brushwood. The rain soaked the men and destroyed a large portion of their cartridges. As the storm was passing, there was heard to the right a furious firing. Officers summoned the men to arms as the enemy was coming. This was, however, a false alarm. The expected attack was never made. General Wallace slowly drove the pickets of the Confederates back. On the 11th it was plain to those in command that the peril was past. It was discovered on the. 12th that the foe had 338 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY retreated. The Squirrel Hunters began their march back on the 1i33thThere had arrived by this time thousands of regular soldiers and the militia were not required for further service. As the Squirrel Hunters came back to the city they were received by vast crowds, with cheers and enthusiasm. Monday, September 15th, General Wallace sent out a farewell proclamation and complimented the citizens. Wallace at that time was much censured, but time has made plain the obligation the, city owes him for his prompt action. For eight days the Confederates about twelve thousand in number, had remained before the city. General Heath was in immediate command of the enemy. Years later, Kirby Smith. declared that he could have entered Cincinnati readily at one time "but all hell could not have got him out again." Wallace's proclamation was as follows: "To the people of Cincinnati, Newport and Covington : "For the present, at least, the enemy has fallen back, and your cities are safe: It is the time for acknowledgments : I beg leave to make you mine. When I assumed command, there was nothing to defend you with, except a few half-finished works and some dismounted guns; yet I was confident. The energies of a great city are boboundlessthey have only to be aroused, united and directed. You were appealed to The answer will never be forgotten. "Paris may have seen something like it in her revolutionary days, btbuthe cities of America never did. Be proud that you have given them an example so splendid. The most commercial of people, you submitted to a total Suspension of business, and without a murmur adopted my principle citizens for labor, 'soldiers for battle.’ "In coming time, strangers, viewing the works on the hills of Newport and Covington will ask, `Who built these intrenchments?' You can answer, 'We built them,' If they ask, 'Who guarded them?' you can reply, 'We helped in thousands.' If they inquire the result, your answer will be, 'The enemy came and looked at them, and stole away in the night.' "You have won much honor. Keep your organizations ready to win more. Hereafter be always prepared to defend yourselves. LEWIS WALLACE, Major General Commanding For some time the work of fortification continued as a memeasuref prudence As Buell and Bragg were engaged in watching each other further south, th soldiers of the Confederacy who had been before Cincinnati were summoned to the aid of Bragg. This withdrawal of troops to a distant point dispelled further fears as to CiCincinnatintil the summer of the next year. Of the whole number of the Squirrel Hunters, 15,766, there were 504 from Hamilton county. A telegram of compliment to these men was sent to Secretary StStantonand the retreat of the Confederates was attributed to their appearance. The next year the legislature authorized the governor to prepare proper dischar es for these men. "The Squirrel Hunters' Discharge" was issued by the state and approved by the governor. CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY - 339 Governor Tod in his letter accompanying each discharge advised. that it would be well to keep the old gun in order, the powder horn and bullet pouch supplied and a few days' rations cooked for future contingencies. In the summer of 1863, John Morgan, with about two thousand soldiers, crossed Ohio from west to east. General Burnside was at the time. at Cincinnati trying to gather men to serve in Eastern Tennessee. General Rosecrans was at Stone rivet, July 8, 1863. Morgan entered Ohio at Brandenburg. 'He gave out the impression that he was about to enter Indiana and burn Indianapolis. In fact he hastened in the direction of Cincinnati. He marched twenty-one hours in each-twenty-four. He made from fifty to sixty miles daily. Morgan burned bridges and cut wires and made it impossible to follow his movements accurately. In Indiana, martial law was proclaimed, as he crossed into that state. In Ohio it was at first thought that the soldiers who were chasing Morgan would force him back across the Ohio before he reached this state. On July 12th it was plain that Morgan would enter Ohio and it was believed he aimed to enter Cincinnati. Martial law was proclaimed by General Burnside. Business was suspended by the mayor. He ordered the citizens to gather in their wards for defense: Navigation was stopped.. Governor Tod summoned the militia of the southern counties, ordered such as were near Cincinnati to report to General Burnside, and others to report to Camps Dennison, Chase and Marietta. July 13th at one o'clock, Morgan entered Ohio at Harrison. Morgan tried to mislead Burnside to think he was aiming at Hamilton, but in fact he was striving to get past Cincinnati. General Cox, under orders from Burnside, divided the city and county into military districts. These preparations were designed to force Morgan to do just what he wanted to do, go around,. Cincinnati instead of through it. Burnside wished to avoid a battle in the suburbs as this would entail destruction of property and needless suffering. As Morgan wished to avoid the place where his men would be overwhelmed, the plans of both generals succeeded. At one o'clock in the morning a report came that Morgan had crossed the Colerain pike at Bevis at nightfall, and bras going towards .New Burlington or Springdale. Less than an, hour afterward a message came from Jones' station that the enemy had .gone into camp between Venice and New Burlington. Word arrived at two o'clock that a detachment of. Morgan's men was coming towards Glendale and aimed to destroy a bridge over the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton. railroad. Another message a? the same time declared Morgan's main force was making eastward but might change direction and make for Cincinnati through Walnut Hills or Mount Auburn. Morgan indeed was trying to get past Cincinnati. He passed through Glendale and over the main roads to the Little Miami railroad, passing over this the next morning. In sight of Camp Dennison they .halted to feed their horses. They speedily started again and at four o'clock the next morning they reached Williamsburg, twenty-eight miles east of Cincinnati. They had travelled ninety miles in thirty-five hours. Morgan was now a day's march beyond Cincinnati and danger to the city had passed. In Hamilton county little property was destroyed except the burn- 340 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY ing of a bridge over the Little Miami at New Burlington. Morgan changed his horses at the homes of farmers. His soldiers did some pillaging, carrying off bolts of calico, in one case a bird cage with three canaries, in another a chafing dish, while one man slung seven pairs of 'skates around his neck. Hobson led the pursuit, and more than fifty thousand militia were on his trail. Having aroused so much excitement, Morgan aimed now to escape. At Buffington Island, in the Ohio river, Morgan was overtaken and a large part of his following was taken. The leader with twelve hundred men got away temporarily. Above Buffington three hundred of his men crossed the river. On the 26th, Morgan was taken hear Salineville in Columbiana county. He and some of his officers were shut up in the Ohio penitentiary, but escaped by night, November 27th. Morgan took a train on the Little Miami road for Cincinnati. Before the train reached this city he jumped off and escaped across the river. Morgan's men who were taken at Buffington were shipped down the river to Cincinnati. The private soldiers were sent to Indianapolis, and the severity officers were landed at Main street and put in the city prison. In the fight at Buffington. Island, Major Daniel McCook was killed. His body was brought to Cincinnati and buried with military honors. There was considerable excitement in Cincinnati in 1864 over the trial by court martial of a young relative of Jefferson Davis, Lieut. S. B. Davis, who had been arrested as a spy. This young man, who was about twenty-four years of age, intelligent and handsome, had been sent by the president of the Confederacy into Ohio on a secret errand. He had been on the staff of General Winder in charge of the prison at Andersonville, and had become known to Union prisoners there. He had passed in citizens clothes and with his hair dyed and bearing a British passport, from Richmond, Virginia, to Baltimore and from there to Columbus, Ohio. Thence he had gone by railway to Detroit and from there to Windsor, Canada. Spending several weeks in Canada, he returned to Detroit and then to Columbus. Taking the railway from Columbus, intending to go to Baltimore, he was recognized at Newark, Ohio, by two Union privates who had been prisoners at Andersonville. When addressed he at first denied his identity, but finally admitted it. The provost marshal at Newark took him in charge and placed him in the Newark jail. Such search as was made of his person revealed nothing to convict him ; but when left alone he took from the ling of his coat dispatches and drawings .on white silk and burned them in the stove. After a time young Davis was brought to Cincinnati and placed in the prison known as McLean Barracks. The court martial which was to try him as a spy met in an old building opposite the National Theater on Sycamore street. Major Lewis H. Bond acted as judge advocate. Davis asserted that he was not a spy but acknowledged that he had carried dispatches He did not explain his conduct in regard to the documents he had burned nor did he make clear just what his errand in the north was. He claimed that. he could get proof from the president and the secretary of state of the confederacy that his mission had been to carry dispatches and that he had not been sent out as a spy. The court martial would not wait for the reception of the testimony CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 341 offered and held that such testimony, if received and proved true, could not alter the facts which were admitted. The young prisoner made an address to the judges, all of whom were veterans of the Union army. He said : "I fear nothing on this earth. I do not fear to die. I am young and would like to live, but I deem him unworthy who should ask pity of his foemen. Some of you have wounds and scars. I can show them, too. You are serving your country as you best may. I have done the same'. I can look to God with a clear conscience ; and whenever the chief magistrate of this nation shall say 'Go' whether upon the scaffold or by the bullets of your soldiery, I will show you how to die." As the members of the court martial were retiring for their decision, young Davis shook hands with each one, stating that he did not expect to meet them again in . this world. The sentence was that he was guilty of being a spy and he was sentenced to be hanged. The court announced the date of his execution and he was sent to Johnson's Island to wait the day. This trial and the courage of the words Davis had uttered interested many in his fate. Prominent citizens, especially W. T. McClintick, president of the Cincinnati & Marietta Railroad Company, appealed to: President Lincoln to suspend the sentence. The senator from Delaware, Saulsbury, compared the speech of Davis to that of Robert Emmet and made a plea on behalf of Davis. The commandant on Johnson's Island received a message from President Lincoln the night before the day set for Davis' execution ordering suspension of the execution and the removal of the prisoner to Fort Warren. He was kept in Fort Warren until the end of the war and was then released. In 1863, there was a clash between the civil and military authorities that seemed for a time to promise serious results. Instructions had been sent out by the war department, based on the decision of the United States Supreme court, that officers of the army should pay no attention to the writs of habeas corpus issued by any courts except those of the United States. A writ was issued by the probate judge of Hamilton county to the commanding officer at Kemper Barrack in Cincinnati, ordering him to bring before the court a prisoner who was held as a deserter from the army. This officer, according to his instructions- from the war department, wrote that the man was held under the authority of the United States as a deserter and that the prisoner could not be delivered to the officers of the state court. This officer accompanied his letter by a copy of his instructions and the order of Major-General Burnside. The probate judge had already held in similar cases that such answers were not adequate and he was now notified by counsel that if he followed these other decisions he had made the Matter would be taken to the higher courts. He was advised that on this account there need be no collision between the military authorities and himself. The judge then sent out an attachment against the officer and Major-General Burnside was made a party to the record. The major-general filed a reply like that of his officer. The judge ordered the sheriff to arrest the officer and bring him before the court. At the officer's quarters the sheriff was told that the military, authorities would' not permit him to make the arrest. The sheriff returned to the judge with this reply, and he was ordered to enforce the writ at all risks. 342 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The sheriff wisely consulted Major-General Cox, then in command at Cincinnati, asking him what he would do if he should raise a posse comitatus to enforce the writ. General Cox told him that the writ could only be enforced by battle with the United States troops. 'He warned him that this would be war against the federal government. He advised that the sheriff notify the judge that he could not execute the writ without levying war against the United States. That was the end of the affair. As a curious sequel of the "Squirrel Hunters" experiences, it became known in August, 1911, that the discharges issued by Governor Tod to these men had been mislaid and so have been but recently received by such members of that famous company as are still living. On March 4, 1863, were signed by Governor David Tod, the famous war executive of Ohio, the honorable discharges of the members of the famous "Squirrel Hunters" and of the First Regiment, an affiliated troop. Put aside at the time, evidently by a clerk in the war department, the discharges were never received by the men who so valiantly upheld the honor of the Union by their timely defense of the city of Cincinnati. at the time of the threatened raid by Kirby Smith. Recently the papers were discovered in the state department, and arrangements were made at once to forward them to the surviving members or to their families. The first of these discharges to reach Cincinnati has been received by John Riley of 742 Purcell avenue, Price Hill.: Along with the papers sent out were checks for all members, for $13 each, in payment for the salaries allowed during :their services. A copy of the discharge signed by Governor Tod is as follows : "THE STATE OF OHIO,   "EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, "Columbus, March 4, 1863.  "To John Riley, First Corp., Esq., of Hamilton County, O.: "The legislature of our state has this day passed the following resolution: "Resolved, by the senate and house of representatives of the state of Ohio, That the governor be and he is hereby authorized and directed to appropriate out of his contingent fund a sufficient sum to pay for printing and lithographing discharges. for the patriotic men of the state, who responded to the call of the governor, and went to our southern border to repel the invaders and who will be known in history as the 'Squirrel Hunters.'  "And in obedience thereto I do most cheerfully herewith enclose a certificate of. your service. But for the gallant services of yourself and the other Members of the corps of patriotic 'Squirrel Hunters,' rendered in September last, Ohio, our dear state would have been invaded by a band of pirates determined to overthrow the best government on earth, our wives and children would have been violated and murdered and our homes plundered and sacked. Your children and children's children will be proud to know that you were one of this glorious band. Preserve the certificate of service and discharge herewith enclosed to you as evidence of this gallantry. The rebellion is not yet crushed out CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 343 and therefore; the discharge may not be final ; keep the old gun, then, in good order ; see that the powder horn and bullet pouch are supplied, and caution your patriotic mothers or wives to be at all times prepared to furnish you a few days' cooked rations, so that if your services are called for (which may God in his infinite goodness forbid.) you may again prove yourselves 'minute men and again protect our loved homes. "Invoking God's choicest blessing upon yourself and all who are dear to you. "I am very: truly” yours, DAVID TOD, Governor." April 22, .1911, the survivors of the Ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry gathered in Cincinnati to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of their enlistment. The Enquirer said : "Eleven hundred and fifty-five of Cincinnati's sturdy ions, most of them natives of Germany who had previously seen military service in the fatherland, were mustered into service April 22, 1861, in response to President Lincoln's call for seventy-five thousand volunteers. Saturday night, just a half century after they began service under the stars and stripes, the survivors of this regi- ment, the Ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, gathered to celebrate that event at Memorial Hall. The are now but ninety survivors. "Among the leaders of the volunteers were August Willich, Gustav Tafel, Robert L. McCook and Judge J. B. Stallo. The staff officers chosen after the regiment was mustered into service were Robert L. McCook, colonel ; Karl. Sondershoff, lieutenant-Colonel ; Frank Link, major ; Charles Krause, surgeon ; Rudolph Wirth, assistant surgeon ; August Willich, adjutant; Joseph Graeff, . quartermaster. "This regiment saw three years' heavy service, and during that time 481 of its members were killed, died of sickness and accidents or were permanently disabled. June 7, 1864, 674 men were mustered out, and since that time 584 have died.. The present officers of the survivors' association are : President, Frank E. Kaiser ; vice-president, George F. Feid ; corresponding secretary, Fred Wendel ; financial secretary and. treasurer, Joseph Pische ; librarian, Gerhard Ferber ; color sergeant, Peter Miller." Memorial Day, 1911, fifty years after, was naturally of special significance. The Times-Star account will convey its pathos, to, the reader : "A living panorama of the Then and the Now marched through the streets of Cincinnati Tuesday to the music of bands. He then was fifty years ago. The Now is to-day. The former day was represented by torn battle-flags, and the present by the bent and white-haired veterans who carried them. "The Memorial. Day parade had a special meaning this year. It was fifty years ago that Sumter was fired upon. A young man who Was twenty years of age then is seventy to-day. A man horn on that eventful' day is a half century old to-day. These thoughts came vividly to mind Tuesday when the memory of those who wore the blue and perished on the battlefield, or who have been laid under the sod since the dove of peace was substituted for, the screaming eagle marched through the streets to remind the republic of its obligations. There were younger veterans present, too, younger men who have fought in other wars of more recent memory. There were children from the public schools, youths who have learned 344 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY their lessons of patriotism from the deeds of their elders, and whose minds are still fresh, and less given to forgetfulness than those' who were older. There were the citizen-soldiers of to-day marching with those who had borne the brunt of battle. "Each year the line of veterans grows a little thinner, a little whiter. It will not be long before the Memorial parade will not be a parade of survivors, but a parade of their descendants. There will be additional mounds of green in the cemeteries before another year has passed over those who have gone to battle for their country ; yet those who marched on Tuesday will be as jealously looked after as those whom they themselves honored." "And yet," said the circular calling the Sixth together again fifty years later, "they were a hard lot to kill, and it required an extra quantity of lead to do it. In the battle of Stone River, Comrade Davis, of Company B, was shot through the lungs by a 58-caliber minnie ball, which went clear through his body and killed another man. How about Davis ? We buried him a month ago, aged seventy-four years, and when the death angel took him he was on his feet." "MINGLE OUR TEARS." The call for the reunion read : "Come and mingle our tears, when, in respect- 1 ful silence, our battered and torn battle-flags are tenderly unfurled and our thoughts go way back to the times when so many of our brave comrades shed their blood and gave up their lives under those flags." The officers of the Sixth Regiment association are : George W. Cormany, president ; W. A. Clark, secretary ; Charles B. Russell, treasurer ; B. P. Critchell, Thomas Burnett, and A. B. Clement, reunion committee. CHAPTER II CINCINNATI AND THE CENSUS. ADDRESS READ BEFORE THE LITERARY CLUB OF 'CINCINNATI—"UNCLE SAM" TAKES STOCK THROUGH THE CENSUS — SCHOOLS — HEALTH DEPARTMENT — STREET RAILWAY FARES—STREET PAVING—STREET CROSSINGS— PARKS— CONSERVATION—LIGHTING. BY RALPH R. CALDWELL, OF CINCINNATI. This addres on "Cincinnati and the Census," written by Mr. Caldwell, was read before the Literary Club of Cincinnati, Saturday evening, January 14, 1911 ; and was also read by him before the City Club of Cincinnati, on Saturday, January 21st. The facts and argument therein set forth are considered of such force and far-reaching importance for the welfare of Cincinnati, and so deserving to be read and considered by the electorate of Cincinnati, that members of the two organizations named have individually constituted themselves a committee to publish the address and give it the widest possible circulation, with the consent of the author. With the approaching of each new year, custom has ordained that each of us should spend a few hours in reflection over the happenings of the year, over the many things undone which we ought to have done, and more particularly over things we have done we havewe ought not to have done. This is the personal stock-taking period. When we look over the inventory we remember Mark Twain's remark, "Man is the only animals that blushes—or needs to." Uncle Sam, through greater experience, has arranged that his periods of penitence shall come at longer intervals. He takes stock, through the census, but once in ten years, and judging from the complacency with which the members of his household, namely the cities, receive and forget the lessons shown by the national ledger, we conclude that their consciences are even more elastic or callous than our own. It is because the census just completed presents a special lesson to Cincinnati that I direct your attention to some of its most significant features. Its revelations, if taken to heart, will do for our city that which years of shouting about Cincinnati's honor and glory have not accomplished. In the race of the American cities Cincinnati has been a laggard, due to the fact that it has run the race handicapped and out of condition. The census returns so far received for the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, and Missouri Show a startling desertion of the farm for the city. This movement is' conspicuous in Ohio. Thirty-eight' counties out of eighty-eight show an actual lass in population. These invariably are the rural communities. - 345 - 346 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Counties containing cities have compensated for the loss in farming localities. Cities of Ohio have all gained, but while Youngstown was growing 76.2 per cent., Canton 63.7 per cent, Cleveland 46.9 per cent, Columbus 44.6 per cent, Dayton 36.6 per cent., and Toledo 27.8 per cent., Cincinnati brought up the rear With but 11.5 per cent. gain. Its showing with reference to cities in other states is equally deplorable. At the time of writing this paper the census bureau had published the returns of forty-four cities of the country having a population of 100,000 or more. Of all this list, Cincinnati's rate of growth during the last ten years is fourth from the last. Baltimore (9.7 per cent.), Louisville (9.4 per cent.), and Albany, N. Y., (6.5 per cent.), made a worse showing than our city. Baltimore's position is to be explained by the great fire it experienced but recently. Nor can we take comfort in the statement that Cincinnati's showing is due to the fact that its neighboring cities and villages, really part of it, have grown at its expense. Including all of Hamilton county, Newport, and Covington as one community, the result -is equally distressing, showing a gain of but

	1900	1910	Per Cent Increase
Hamilton county Covington Newport	409,479 42,938 28,301	460,732 53,270 30,309	12.5 24.0 7.1
Total	480,718	544,311	13.2

During the same interval, Cuyahoga county, in which. is located Cleveland and its suburbs, has grown 45 per cent.

	1900	1910	Per Cent Increase
Cuyahoga county	439,320	637,425	45

The publication of the foregoing facts comes with great reluctance, in view of the certainty, that they shall be received in certain sources with the charge of "knocking our fair. city," hurting business, etc. An individual suffering from consumption would hardly seek means of recovery by keeping the situation secret from his doctor. Consumption is classed. as a wasting disease. In view of the 1 courthouse janitorship revelations we can safely, say that Cincinnati is suffering from a wasting disease, from a consumption which is exhausting its resources, and daily leaves it weaker and weaker, less able to take its part in the great struggle of the cities. If Cincinnati is to recover, it is time that it tells its troubles, without reservation, to a doctor. In this instance the only doctor that can do good is the voting public. A writer in one of the great periodicals in reviewing the census returns had the following to say about Cincinnati : "There can be little doubt that the declining importance of the water route on which Cincinnati is situated is one explanation of the failure of that city to keep pace in, growth with Cleveland. It .may not be without significance either, that' Cincinnati is one of the worst boss-ridden cities of the country, offering a marked contrast in that respect to Cleveland, which has much better municipal government and gives evidence of considerable political independence. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 347 "Live cities, like Chicago and Cleveland, are fighting political corruption vigorously, arid prospering in no inconsiderable degree by reason of the determination of their citizens to have honest and progressive government." The statement that "The administration of our cities is the most conspicuous failure in tile governmental institutions of America," because of its frequent use has become a platitude. The curse of party politics and party regularity has collected heavy toll from our municipalities. They have prospered and expanded not because. of, but in spite of, their methods of administration. In a recent German paper the following appeared : "The place of mayor of Magdeburg is vacant. The salary is 21,000 marks ($5,250) a year;. including the rental of a dwelling in the city hall. Besides his salary the incumbent will receive 4,000 marks ($1,000) for his official expenses. Candidates should apply before September 1st." "Can anyone imagine an American city advertising for a mayor ?" Private corporations seek only the most skilled specialists for their presidents, and they retain them so long as- they make good. Our cities choose as their mayors totally inexperienced men, selected for party reward or expediency, and then, because of party necessity, remove them before experience in office can bring any degree of efficiency. In choosing city officials, the Germans place their confidence in specialists. We Americans each election are concerned in giving a vote of confidence to birds, the eagle. or: the, rooster. A study of various activities of our city, contrasted with those of other municipalities of our country, shows that the law of the survival of the fittest applies to cities as well as to men ; that after making necessary allowances for advantages accruing to cities because of fortunate location on trade routes or at trade centers, -those cities prosper most which are wisely administered ; that while inefficiency, incompetency, waste, and dishonesty in the management of private corporations and. individuals produces bankruptcy, the same causes with cities produces _stagnation. In testing our rule, New York, Chicago, Denver, and San Francisco, because of their exceptional trade locations, cannot fairly be used as a basis of comparison. New York, Chicago, and San Francisco are so located that under any conditions of administration they would be bound to grow. Denver, being the converging point of the transcontinental railroads and the center of supply for the whole Rocky Mountain 'country, is subject to the same comment. Omitting these cities, in seeking to apply our rule to the test, we will all admit that of the large cities of the country, those reported to have the worst conditions of misadministration are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis. The recent census returns indicate that a municipal growth during the last ten years of 39 per cent. for cities having a population between 100,000 and 500,000, represents the average; from 40 per cent. to 45 per cent. is nothing unusual: Over 45 per cent. represents exceptional development, while any rate less than 20 per cent. represents comparative stagnation. During the decade, Ohio cities of over 25,00o inhabitants averaged 36.2 per cent. growth. In proof of our contention, we find that Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis have returns just under the 20 per cent. margin, and our own city brings up the rear of this group with 11.5 Vol. I-23 348 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY per cent. It is significant that the three cities near the 20 per cent. level have experienced lapses toward reform, while in Cincinnati, with its 11.5 per cent rate, no such condition exists. Contrasted with these cities are those in which municipal honesty, efficiency, and beauty have paid great dividends in increased population. Los Angeles, famous for its efficient and advanced methods of government, has had the astonishing growth of 211.5 per cent. Cleveland, which ten years ago was about the same size as Cincinnati, has had the great benefit, during that period, of a successful fight against corruption and for efficiency. Cleveland has grown 46.9 per cent., or four times as much as Cincinnati. For many years Mayor Pingree fought to make Detroit free from the domination of franchise grabbers and inefficient partisan politics. He planted ideals which still survive and which have made Detroit a beautiful and good city in which to live. This attracted manufacturers in the automobile industry when the latter was, in its infancy. Detroit has reaped the benefits and shows a growth of 63 per cent., almost six times that of Cincinnati. Toledo, with Golden Rule Jones, and later Brand Whitlock, to fight its battles for better conditions, shows a growth of 27.8 per cent. Kansas City, which has won its long fight for emancipation from franchise company government, and which for years has been building a wonderful system of boulevards and parks, shows a gain of 51.7 per cent. Des Moines, which has made itself a model, shows a growth of 39 per cent. Galveston, almost extinguished by a great catastrophe, found it necessary as first step in its rebuilding, to turn out the politicians from its government. A new form of municipal government, a model for excellence which is rapidly being copied throughout the United States, was the result, and with this splendid equipment, little Galveston has performed the astonishing feat of regaining all that it lost through the flood. Surely such examples as these go far to prove that good government and public honesty pay and are the best assets a city can possess. Let us now turn to an analysis of some of those governmental activities of our city which have the closest relationship to the people—those which promote the health, beauty, and education of the community, which facilitate business by cheap and efficient transportation, and let us see if results show the causes of Cincinnati's stagnation. Our city is nearer the center of population of the United States than any other great city of the country. It is the natural gateway to the great South, which in recent years has shown astonishing development. It has cheap coal and the advantage of cheap river transportation. Its favorable position is second only to those of New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Pittsburgh: The declining river trade is more than compensated for by natural advantages of location. In making our analysis we should keep in mind that Cincinnati is rich in opportunity, that we may fully appreciate to what extent she has taken advantage of the same. SCHOOLS. In a government "by the people" we should expect in different communities an efficiency in self-government, varying directly in proportion to the intelligence CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 349 of the various communities. In a self-governing locality the fruits of ignorance are misgovernment. That this relationship exists and is fully appreciated by the political harpies .of our city, is shown by the activities at such places as the "Silver Moon" and Healy's lodging house around election time. These plague spots of misery and ignorance are invaluable assets each election in the hands of those political ward leaders whose interests are always opposed to an honest, intelligent, and efficient government of our city. The general ignorance of a community is no less an asset of the evil politician than is the more concentrated ignorance of a little lolocalityuch as the "Silver Moon." If our theory be correct, we would expect that those cities which have shown the greatest civic intelligence and aroused public conscience would be those in which educational facilities are the most advanced. Educational conditions in Cincinnati as they existed up to a few years ago go. far to vindicate the foregoing conclusions. In 1906 a new era dawned in school matters in Cincinnati. A few strong men, not animated by political party purposes and not elected under our evil system of ward representation, were placed upon our school board. Since then, thanks to their efforts, a tremendous 'revolution for the better has happened in our school management. It is far 'too early to appreciate the significance of this grand work in educational uplift of the community, but if these efforts are not throttled by the pernicious, large, ward school board, which has been forced upon us by the politicians interested in maintaining the future voters in a state of ignorance, by the time of the next census we may expect a corresponding improvement in the civic conscience of our city. For a generation before 1906 our school system was systematically starved. I cannot better describe this scandalous condition of affairs than by quoting from the annual report of the president of our school board for 1908-09. "It seemed to be a matter of pride that Cincinnati's public school education was carried on for less money than anywhere else. In 1870 Cincinnati's tax levy for public schools, including the suburbs which are now part of the city school district—Walnut Hills, Cumminsville, and Clifton—was thirty per cent. above the average tax levy for all of the cities of the state. "The average tax by boards of education for Cincinnati and its environments above noted in 1870 was 8.5 mills, while the average for the entire state was 6.42 mills. In 1880, ten. years later, Cincinnati's tax levy fell to 4.25 mills. In 1890 Cincinnati's levy was 4.00 mills, and the state had still further advanced to 7.5o mills. In 1960 Cincinnati's levy was 4.3o mills, while the state maintained its record for increase, and its levy was 8.72. In 1905 our tax levy was 3.83 mills, while the average for the state was 9.18, and Cincinnati's levy, therefore, was only 41 per cent. of the average of all the cities of the state." The tax rate in 1904-05 for the Cincinnati School District was the lowest in the state. Thus we see from 1880 to 1906 a rapid deterioration and starvation in our schools. During the same period, as our schools declined and Cincinnati fell back step by step in standing among the cities, the Cox political organization grew more powerful. In 1870 Cincinnati was the eighth city in size in the country. To-day it is the thirteenth, with Newark, N. J., threatening to pass us. inside of two years. - 349 -