500 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY four months from the date of its organization, received almost the entire membership of the Original and Regular First Baptist Church, which ceased to exist as an independent church. By the close of the first year the young church was much strengthened in numbers and otherwise, and was enabled to erect for itself house of worship. This was located on the south side of Sixth street, just east of Walnut. In dimensions, it was 40 feet front, by 75 feet deep, costing about $12;000. It was incorporated by special act of the Legislature of Ohio, February 6, 1832, under the name of the Sixth Street Baptist Church, of Cincinnati. During the first year the membership of the Bethel Church was absorbed by the Sixth. The Bethel was organized about 1829, and their place of worship was at the north-east corner of Ninth and Elm streets, Rev. John Boyd, a former pastor of the Enon Church occupying the pulpit. With the addition of the Bethel, we find the Sixth—now the Ninth—formed from four (4) different sources : the Enon, Sycamore, the First (Original and Regular), and the Bethel. Coming, as they did, from churches between which there had existed prejudices and jealousies, the strength of Dr. Lynd was shown in his ability to unite, in one harmonious body, members showing that brotherly love which characterized the church in those early days. The Sunday school, under the superintendency of T. J. Hawks, was established in May, 1831. The room was not very attractive, being in the basement of the church and almost wholly below the surface of the ground. On Monday evenings, in this room, were held the prayer-meetings, and on Wednesday evenings, the weekly lectures. The first baptism took place in the Ohio river, at the foot of Vine street, March 8, 1831, the candidate being Mrs. Smallwood. Additions to the church, by baptism and letter, were such that in the report to the association, in September, 1833, they showed a membership of 199. The place of worship on Sixth street was now found to be inadequate to the increasing congregation. Opportunity presenting itself, the property was sold to a Presbyterian church, and the present lot on Ninth street, then quite removed from the central part of the city, acquired in 1836. Preparations were at once begun for the erection of a house of worship. Some inconvenience was suffered on account of having parted with the Sixth street home until the new house was ready for occupancy. Services were held on Sunday afternoon, by invitation of Dr. Peabody, the pastor, in the Unitarian church, then on the southwest corner of Fourth and Race streets, while the Sunday school held its sessions in the College building, on Walnut street, where the Mercantile Library Building now stands. The new building, costing about $30,000, compared favorably with the edifices of other denominations. It was ready for occupancy in the spring of 1837, and by reason of the change in. location, the name was changed to the "Ninth Street' Baptist Church." In 1840 occurred the great revival, which left an impression felt by the church and this city to this day. As a result of this revival some two hundred were baptized. At one communion service between one hundred and one hundred and twenty were received. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 501 As a direct result of this work, four ministers were given to the cause of Christ, and the greater part of those who were converted during those few months remained steadfast in the faith. After this season of blessing, there came a period of depression, during which the church suffered. Dissensions arose among its members, financial matters were subject of great concern, and other causes contributed to bring about the alienation, indifference and discontent, which, for a season, dominated the church. Such was the state of affairs that Dr. Lynd felt called upon to use drastic measures to bring the members to 'a realization of the impending crisis. Peace and harmony having been restored, the work was taken up anew and continued without interruption until September, 1845, when Dr. Lynd, having received and accepted a call to the Second Baptist Church, of St. Louis, resigned his pastorate. During part of Dr. Lynd's pastorate the church had, in addition to a large home school, two flourishing missions—one on George street, west of Plum, and one at or near the elbow of the canal. After the resignation of Dr. Lynd the church was without a pastor for nearly a year. In September, 1846, a call was extended to Rev. E. L. Magoon, of Richmond, Va. The church during the year before the advent of the minister, liquidated a debt of $2,500 and repaired the house of worship. The short pastorate of Dr. Magoon was marked by greater interest of the church in work of benevolence, contributions to the foreign missions being larger than at any previous year.' Early in 1849 Dr. Magoon resigned, in order to perfect the arrangements for a new church in some favorable locality, but the project failed for lack of funds, and he accepted a call to the Oliver Street Church, of New York City. In July, 1849, Rev. E. G. Robinson, received a call which was accepted. He came from the Walnut Street Baptist Church, of this city, which had been constituted in 1847. During the next month the members of the Walnut Street Church, some thirty (30) in number, followed the pastor, making the fourth congregation absorbed by the Ninth Street Church. It was during the pastorate of Dr. Robinson that Joseph Emery began his labor as a City Missionary, which he continued until called home. The use of the basement was granted in June, 1851, to Ary Vandalen, to address such Hollanders as might be induced to gather there, and in October following, the church voted a sum not exceeding $300 toward the support of James ,De Rooy, as a missionary to this people. The mission was established on Webster street. Information was received December 19, 1852, that Rev. E. G. Robinson had been elected senior professor in the Theological Seminary, at Rochester, N. Y.; his acceptance being urged by many of the leading men in the denomination. He relinquished the charge of the church in April, 1853, assuming at once his duties at the Seminary. The church at this particular time was engaged in aggressive work. Besides the support rendered Bro. Emery and the missionary among the Hollanders, assistance was rendered the High Street Baptist Church, and a mission maintained on Cutter street. 502 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY It was during this summer—1853—that a Sunday school was established on Mt. Auburn, under the superintendency of Geo. F. Davis, with H. Thane Miller as leader of the singing. Out of this grew the Mt. Auburn Baptist Church, which was established in 1856 by nineteen members dismissed from the Ninth Street Church. On December 14, 1853, a unanimous call was extended Rev. Wm. F. Hansell, of Philadelphia. He began his ministry among us the following February. It was a harvest season for the church. In February, 1855, through the instrumentality of H. Thane Miller, a Young Peoples' Meeting was established. Services were held on Friday evenings. Subsequently the regular weekly meeting of the church was combined with this, and the Friday night gathering has been an institution ever since. In the summer of 1855, Philip W. Bickel was engaged as a missionary to work among the Germans. Subsequently, the converts were dismissed and recognized as an independent church, with Rev. Bickel as their pastor. Pastor Hansell resigned July 30, 1858. In December, 1859, an invitation was extended to E. T.. Robinson, and the following March he began his work. Coming as he did, immediately upon the termination of his studies at Rochester, he was ordained May 15, 1860. During his pastorate the country was engaged in the great struggle of the Civil War. The strain proving too great, he broke down under it, and on the 21st of July, 1862, passed away. In April, 1864, Rev. Wayland Hoyt, of Pittsfield, Mass., was called to this field. He began his ministry with us in the September following. In 1865 the church for the first time engaged the assistance of an evangelist, inviting Rev. A. B. Earle, of Massachusetts, resulting in a large accession to the membership. Work was commenced in the remodeling of the church in the spring of 1867. The cost was some $90,000. Before the work was completed the pastor received a call to the Strong Place Church, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and closed his labor with us in October, 1867. In January, 1868, Rev. Frank M. Ellis, of Bloomington, Ill., having accepted a call, commenced his work. His pastorate was a short one, ending November 13th of the same year, he having accepted a call to the Second Baptist Church, of this city. Dr. Reuben Jeffery, then of the North Baptist Church, of Chicago, Ill., came to us as our pastor in February, 1869. He found the church burdened with a heavy . debt, resulting from the building enterprise. During all the time these burdens were being borne, the church never allowed its offering for the extension of the Kingdom, at -home or aboard, to fail. Dr. Jeffery resigned the pastorate July 13, 1873, and removed to Brooklyn, N.Y. During a period of eighteen months the church was without a pastor, but the pulpit was supplied with great satisfaction by Rev. G. O. King. During this period what remained of the church debt was entirely removed and the church edifice renovated. In January, 1875, a call was extended Rev. Samuel W. Duncan, of Cleveland, 0., and accepted. He entered upon his duties in March, and served this church CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 503 eight years, resigning in 1883 to accept a call to the Second Baptist Church, of Rochester, N. Y. During his pastorate the church celebrated, in 1880, its semi-centennial. Dr. Duncan preached an historical discourse, which was listened to with great interest and satisfaction. This discourse was published in pamphlet form and contained facts of great value. Much that is stated in this paper was gathered from that source. Dr. Duncan's preaching was sound, earnest, forcible and of the highest order. In the interval—some two years—between the pastorate of Dr. Duncan and his successor, the pulpit was supplied mostly by professors from the Theological Seminary, at Louisville, Ky. During the summer of 1884, Johnston Myers, a student at the Rochester Theological Seminary, ministered to the church as a supply. His services were so satisfactory that the church decided to call him to the pastorate. He came to us in May, 1885, at the close of his term in Rochester. His success was remarkable and continued so during a period of ten years, when the church membership, as reported to the association, was nearly 1600. Through his efforts the work at the stations was inaugurated and established in chapels owned by the church, which continue to be important factors in the general system. To relieve the pastor of much of the burden, necessarily great, in carrying on a work of this magnitude, the church decided to secure the services of an assistant. Rev. W. D. Holt was selected for the office and his acceptance was re ceived in January, 1891. Mrs. I. B. Byl and her daughter, Mamie, served for a time as our Mission: aries, and much of the success at the stations is due to their untiring efforts. In 1895 Dr. Myers received a call from the Immanuel Church, of Chicago, Ill.., and severed his pastoral relations with us in the summer of that year. Without long delay, after the resignation of Dr. Myers, Rev. Warren G. Partridge, of Scranton, Penn., was called. He soon entered the work and continued for the space of eight years, to June, 1903, when he was called to the Fourth Avenue Baptist Church, of Pittsburgh, Penn., which pastorate he still serves. Our attention had been called t6 Rev. John F. Herget of St. Louis, who, we were assured, was well adapted to carry on the work here according to our plans and method's. On our invitation, .he visited us in December, 1903. A call was made and accepted, and he took charge, as pastor, of the prayer-meeting Friday evening, ,February 19, 1904. He is still with us, the work is prospering, the pastor and people are in harmony, and there appears no good reason why the church should not gain strength year by year in its various enterprises. In 1880 we celebrated our semi-centennial, at which time we had increased from a little church of 19 members to one of 455. In 1905, at the time of our seventy-fifth anniversary, we numbered 1,221. Our present membership is 1604. Special mention may not be out of order in naming a few of the many who have rendered long and special services during the 8o years of the church's history : Deacon John Bevan donated the lot on which the church now stands. He served as Deacon from 1833 to 1856 and was one of the loyal members of Ninth 504 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY street. Deacons Crawford, Goldsmith and Sheppard were strong in doctrine, clear in judgment, safe in counsel, and considerate of the weakness of others. Gardner Phipps and Geo. F. Davis, Sr., men of means, who encouraged the church in times of financial depression with counsel as well as by material support. John B. Trevor, as a trustee, guided us through many gloomy periods. Geo. E. Stevens and Geo. B. Nicholas, as clerks, trustees and deacons, rendered service of much value. Victor Williams, our chorister for 5o years, was beloved by every one who served in the choir. Sarah R. Steer, known and claimed by the Baptists of the city as belonging to the denomination at large. H. Thane Miller and Edward J. Wilson, whose singing is remembered by the older generation. Deacons Davenport, McIntyre, Sage and A. J. Davis, those stalwart Baptists, whose presence and words were inspiring. Joseph Emery, who served so faithfully and well as city missionary. And last, but not least, Miss Charlotte Ewing, whose privilege it has been to listen to the teachings of our twelve different pastors, and who is still able to attend services in the church she loves so well. SUNDAY SCHOOL. So far as we know, it is as natural for a Baptist Church to maintain a Sunday school as to make provision for a pastor. Unfortunately, there seems to have been some laxity in the matter of records in the earlier days of our church, and the same might be said as to later years. We find very little data as to the period between 1830 and 1840, but from references we know that the church and school were organized the same year, namely, 1830 or 1831. It was known, of course, as the Sixth Street Baptist Sunday School, and met at the southeast corner of Sixth and Vine streets, in the Wing schoolhouse, the site now being occupied by the Hulbert Block. After the erection of the church on Sixth street, south side, east of Walnut, the basement was used for Sunday school purposes. This property was sold in 1836 to a Presbyterian congregation and temporary quarters were found in the Talbot school rooms, on Walnut street, and afterwards in the Race street schoolhouse. The basement of the new church on Ninth street was so far completed in the fall or winter that the school, in two sections—the one of the Talbot rooms, and the other of the Race street house—met at the latter place on Christmas day and marched to the new home on Ninth street to hear the inaugural address of James Cooper, the superintendent, and from New Year's Day, 1837, until the present time we have the "Ninth Street Baptist Sunday School." Very little change was made in the arrangement of the room until 1867, when the church was remodeled. Even then there was but little attention to the basement so far as convenience for the school was concerned. The basement on Sixth street was but little better than a cellar. There was no carpet on the floor, and plain, but strong, benches served for seats. The school prospered. A mission was established on George street, which, we have every reason to believe, was not without good results. It has been stated by more than one that the great revival of 1840 had its origin in the Sunday school. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 505 We must bear in mind that seventy years ago the Ninth Street Church was on the outskirts of the city. The streets were for the most part unpaved, the houses were not in solid blocks as at the present time, the lighting was not by electricity, neither by gas, yet here in this room, in wet weather and fair, the teachers determined to hold, on Thursday evening of each week, a meeting for prayer, counsel and such matters of business as might be for the good of the school. These meetings were continued for some time, when, at one of them, the interest seemed intensified. 'On the ,following Monday evening at prayer-meeting the room was filled. The pastor was surprised and exclaimed "Some one has been praying; it is not 1." From an old minute book of the Sunday school we find the following: January 26, 1840—Weather frosty. Great revival in church and school; no teaching; an inquiry meeting held. During the time of the revival the records were very brief, being confined to "revival continues," and giving the number of baptisms for each Sunday. In 1855, in connection with the school, there was a Bible Class for young men, some sixteen or more, only one of the number being a professing Christian. At this time the regular evening meetings of the church were the prayer-meeting on Monday and the lecture on Wednesday. It was found to be inconvenient for the young men. to attend the Monday evening meetings, as they were attending school and could not be released from their studies, so it was decided to hold an extra meeting on Friday for the young people. This continued for sometime without any apparent result and the pastor was about to pronounce the benediction at the close of the Friday evening services, when one of the young men expressed his desire to become a .Christian and asked that prayers might be offered in his behalf. A revival followed, many were added to the membership of the church, and Friday evening has since been the time for the regular prayer-meeting of the church. During the pastorate of Dr. Hoyt, when the Rev. A. B. Earle conducted a season of revival services, quite .a number of the members of the Sunday school were led to Christ and became prominent in the church history. Again in 1869, in the beginning of Dr. Jeffery's ministry, nearly seventy-five from the Sunday school were brought into full fellowship with the church. The first mission of the school was located on George street, manned principally by the first converts of 1831, I832 and 1833. It is gratifying to read that they soon had a school of 250, and some of the valuable additions to the church were from this field. The Second Presbyterian Church offered a higher rent in 1837 than our people felt able to pay,. the place was relinquished to them, and the result was the establishment of. the Seventh Street Congregational Church. A mission was started in 1834 at or near the elbow of the canal, in which considerable interest was shown for a time, but was finally abandoned for some reason which must have been satisfactory at that time. The German Mission school was established in 1855 or 1856. Its first meetings were in the engine house on Webster street, with an annex on Mary street for the infant class ; then in the German Baptist meeting house on Walnut street, and the school was finally handed over to the German Baptist Church. Great activity was shown in the winter of 1852-1853 and the summer following. The letter to the association says : "Our Sabbath schools are well at- 506 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY tended. Many of the teachers attend two, and some three, schools every 'Sabbath," so that in those days, as in the present, it must have been somewhat difficult to secure a sufficient force to successfully carry on the work. It was during this summer that a school was begun under the trees on Mt. Auburn, by Isaac Rusolden. Thane Miller, R. A. Holden, Geo. F. Davis and some others, which afterwards became the Mt. Auburn Baptist Church. In 1867 another mission was started at Central avenue and Wade street, in which our members were largely represented, but after two years it was abandoned. In 1871 a second attempt was made among the German children on Race street, above Twelfth. After two years here the school was taken to the German Baptist Church, on Walnut street,. and in 1873-1874 was moved to this the Ninth Street Church. In this building, then, there were two schools—Ninth street and the Ninth Street Mission. In 1875 the two were united and the hour of meeting changed to 2 :3o o'clock in the afternoon. In October, 1880, it was again changed to 9 :30 o'clock in the morning. For four years, beginning with 1852, there was a mission on Cutter street. In 1854 regular preaching services were commenced in March and continued until August, when they were discontinued and the Sunday school closed for want of a suitable place in which to meet. The Harrison, or, as it was sometimes called, the Sixth Street Mission, on what is now Pioneer street, was successful during the paStorate of Dr. Duncan. It was continued some five years or more, but had to be abandoned for the same cause as befell the mission on Cutter street. In those days it was customary to .maintain" a "library," and in the letter to the association in 1846 mention is made of 600 volumes which are replenished as needed, an appropriation of $1oo annually being voted for that purpose. Mention is also made of work being done in the eastern part of the city helpers volunteering from the various Baptist churches. This is supposed to refer to the High Street Church interest. We read in a. letter to the association under date of 1853, of $332 being applied by the church to Sunday school work. Coming down to later dates, there have been various degrees of efficiency in Sunday school work. At no time has the interest lagged. The object has been more for decisive results than to show large attendance. On rare occasions the number has exceeded 1,000, but there has been the satisfaction of seeing the average maintained. During the pastorate of Dr. Myers, special attention was given to entertainments, embodying mental, moral and spiritual improvement of those under our care. The "Children's Hour," on Friday afternoons, drew from the day schools a large attendance. Various features, such as sewing societies, gymnastics, cooking classes and the like have kept the children interested and afforded opportunities for winning them to the higher life. For the past twenty-five or thirty years various plans have been tried for the betterment of the school. Many have been rejected, parts of some adopted. The separation of the school into departments haS been a problem that gave the superintendents much thought and consideration. We think it has been solved, but not p. erfected. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 507 For a number of years the session has been held in the morning, from 9:00 to 10 :00. Some forty-five minutes are allowed for the study 'of the lesson and supplemental work. THE STATIONS. In 1888 Rev. Johnston Myers, Pastor Ninth St. Baptist Church, became impressed with .the idea advanced by an intimate friend of another denomination, whose zeal in church work was hardly second to his own that there were many people in certain sections of the city to whom the Gospel must be carried if they received it at all. Children residing at some distance from any church were allowed to run the streets on the Sabbath, while the parents seldom, if ever, saw the inside of a church. The subject was canvassed at some length, and then, one evening after the Friday night service, the deacons gathered on the lawn of one of their number, and there on Mt. Auburn, with the great city spread out before them, plans for the establishment of the stations were formulated. So confident were they that the object was one of necessity that there was not an opposing voice. So within a few days there had been arrangements' made for opening a mission or branch of the church on Gilbert avenue, and it was designated as Station A. It was a success from the start. Soon it was found that the quarters were too small, and a vacant saloon, corner of Gilbert avenue and Effluent Pipe street was secured, where services were. held until the building was demolished to give way to the present structure known as Morton's. The Pendleton homestead on Liberty street was next secured and services held in it for the space of a year or more, until the new chapel on Hunt street was ready for dedication. One week after Station A was opened there was held a meeting in Hopkins' Hall, southwest corner Fourth and Elm streets, and; after some discussion, the second branch or station known as B, was launched. Work continued at this point for one year and a half, when it was thought advisable to remove to another location. A good field was found in the East End, and the Odd Fellows' Hall on Martin street afforded a meeting place for the Sunday school and Tuesday evening service until the present chapel on East Third street, opposite Collard, was erected. Noting the success of the two stations, our people became enthusiastic in the establishment of others. Vine street hill appealed to the committee as a desirable location for a third station. As in the case of the other two, the neighborhood was canvassed, rooms inspected, people interviewed, but nothing found to meet our. requirements. A small room was finally secured which was so cramped that two sessions were necessary to accommodate the attendance on Sunday afternoons. First the infant, and then the intermediate and adult Bible classes would occupy the room, the session continuing for two or more hours. From Martin street on the East to Orchard (now Steiner) street in Sedamsville on the West, is a long distance. Calls from the latter section were frequent. Workers in other demoninations urged our taking hold of the work in that locality. Offers of help came from many people. A committee was sent to investigate. The same trouble confronted them—no suitable room. It was found, however, that a tin shop was about to be vacated, and this was rented tempo- Vol. I-33 508 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY rarily. This was on the main street. The room was crowded both at the Sunday and week-day services. Larger quarters must be had or the work would suffer in consequence. A friend. of Ninth street—a good Methodist brother—came forward and offered two lots on Orchard street if we would erect a chapel. Up to this time we had been holding services in rented rooms, and, while we had hoped to have quarters of our own, the cost was something that gave the committee much thought and consideration. Our generous friend now came to our help and offered $500 toward the chapel. Much encouraged, there was, through the efforts of„ the committee, enough money subscribed to justify us in starting on the new building. Suitable plans having been accepted, the work progressed rapidly. The building was finished, handsomely carpeted and equipped with necessary furniture, but there still remained a small deficit in the cost of construction. On the evening of the dedication, however, the pastor deferred the services until a sufficient sum had been pledged to entirely wipe out the debt. A new home of .worship, entirely our own and free from debt, caused much rejoicing among the members who were giving their time and energies to this branch of the work. The East End, northern section and extreme. west being well supplied, our attention was turned to that portion near the railroad and Milcreek. A carpenter shop on Eighth street,' west of the present viaduct, offered attractions—or the reverse—sufficient to induce the station committee to rent the same for a season until better quarters could be secured. At this location the workers remained until the present chapel near the Price Hill incline was erected. Being the fifth in order, the chapel was .designated as "E." Five stations had now been established. There was a section of the city, however, the Brighton district, untouched. A mission was being conducted and supported by a member of another church of our denomination who was anxious to turn the work, into tile hands of Ninth street. Meetings were being held in a building on the Benckenstein property on Harrison avenue, just west of Spring Grove avenue. Some hesitation was shown. as to the advisability of taking this additional work on our hands. A large corps of officers and teachers was found necessary to equip the five stations in operation, and an additional force would require sacrifice on the part of some who were already giving much of their time to other branches ,of our work. The committee, however, carefully considered the situation. The result was that the mission was taken in charge by Ninth street and became known as Station F. In course ,of time the property changed hands, the building was demolished, necessitating our seeking other quarters. The German Methodist Church on Spring Grove avenue, north of Harrison, kindly allowed us to occupy their church Sunday afternoons and one evening each week,' so that temporarily, at least, Station F has comfortable quarters. Six stations are thus identified with the work of the Ninth street church and have become part of its membership and working force.. We assumed, however, some several years ago, at the request of the Cincinnati Baptist church Union, the work at the Dayton street church, and that particular enterprise was known; as, Dayton Street Mission. Changes took place in the control of the property, making it advisable to discontinue the work on that field and de- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 509 vote our energies to the stations already in successful operation. The Church Union has again secured control of the property, and it is now occupied as the Roumanian Baptist Church. Such in brief is the history of the stations as projected. Mention has been made of the erection of the chapel at Sedamsville, known as "D." The Chapel and the ground on which it is erected are the property of the Ninth Street Church, free and unincumbered from the date of its dedication. Two chapels—B and C—are on leased ground, but we are in hopes that before long the entire property will be Ninth street's in fee. Chapel ."A" since its erection has been fully paid for, and within the past year the last payment was made on the ground on which Station E stands, thus making three chapels owned in fee by the church. The varied experiences of each of these" stations would be a story in itself. The question has often been asked, Have they paid ? Unfortunately no complete records have been kept of the conversions at these chapels or through their instrumentality. One of the missionaries *as asked in reference to the working of Station B during the time (eighteen months) it was located at Fourth and Elm Streets. She reported forty-two accessions to the church through the agency of this particular station—twenty-five or twenty-six by baptism, ten or twelve by letters from other churches, and several by restoration. This, of course, was the record of but one station for a short period. Since then the results have been varied—sometimes the work has been prosperous, at others there have been depressions. That the stations have been productive of good in the neighborhood in which they are located is attested by those who are competent to judge. A policeman volunteered the information that Sedamsville was bettered since Ninth street had established a station there. The industrial schools have been the means of gathering the children on Saturday afternoons, imparting to them some useful knowldge, as well as instructing them spiritually. The benevolent societies have not neglected the needs of those in want, nor have the sick lacked for kind words and necessary attention. The expense of carrying on the work at these stations has been at the least calculations $2,000 per year, so that for the time they have been in existence there has been expended $45,000, not including the cost of chapels and ground. The money has come mostly froth voluntary contributions. We have had many friends interested in the success of the stations—the lawyer who suggested the idea and who gave liberally of his money ; the real estate holder who donated the ground for Station D and gave a large sum towards the erection of the chapel ; the good sister, a member of our own denomination, who made it possible to erect Chapel "C," now called Harwood Chapel in honor of her father ; the brother who turned over to us Station F fully equipped ; the trustee who gave much of his time to raising funds necessary for the weekly expenses ; our former pastor who worked out the plan and gave his time and money to the successful issue of the undertaking, and in whose honor Station E has been named "Myers' Chapel ;" the two missionaries—mother and daughter—who visited from home to home in the neighborhood of the different stations, and the faithful among Officers, teachers, and those who have given of their time and means. Not only has our chapel work been a successful issue in our own church, but it has been 510 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY an incentive to others to the extent that churches of different denominations have come to recognize Ninth street as a working church and have endeavored to increase the efficiency in their own fields of labor. The city of Cincinnati has now thirty one Baptist churches. On May 18th, 1817, the earliest Protestant Episcopal church in Cincinnati was organized. For this purpose a small group of people gathered in the house of Dr. Daniel Drake, on East Third street. The Rev. Philander Chase was the moving spirit of this little assembly, There were in the company but three communicants, the other persons, twenty-two in all, being non-communicants. The organization took the name of Christ church. The next meeting place of the little assembly was in a room of a cotton factory on Lodge street, between Fifth and Sixth streets. Later the congregation of the Episcopalians met in the old First Presbyterian church. From March 23d, 1818, they assembled in the Baptist building on West Sixth street, which later was purchased by the Episcopalians. The congregation increased during this period to nearly fifty families. The Rev. Samuel Johnston was the rector at this time. In 1818, the congregation bought, for thirty-five hundred dollars, lots for a cemetery and a site for a church. In 1819 an organ was purchased, which was in use until 1835 when a new church building was erected and a second organ was procured. At the beginning of 1819, there were but eight communicant members, but during that year twelve more were added. Bishop Chase made the first Episcopal visitation in October of this year, remaining two Sundays. April 4th, 1820 the first sale of pews was held, fifty out of fifty-five being disposed of, for eight hundred and ninety-one dollars. January 24th, 1820, the Female Benevolent Society of this church was organized. This church was formally incorporated, May 17th, 1821, under the name of the "Episcopal Society of Christ Church, Cincinnati." The Rev. Samuel Johnston remained as rector for ten years and three months, resigning in 1828. On account of division in the congregation, fifty-five members followed him and formed the St. Paul's parish, leaving but thirty-two members in Christ church. For a time after this serious loss of membership, the Christ Episcopal church was ministered to by a Methodist preacher, the Rev. Dr. Bishop ; at the end of his ministrations, the vestry extended to him a vote of thanks as well as financial compensation. It is a singular fact, in view of present day interest in union of churches, that in the beginnings of this city there appears to have been more of this spirit in reality than at present. The earliest supporters of the First Presbyterian church were nearly all, if not entirely all, the male citizens of Cincinnati. The first Episcopal congregation worshipped for a period in a Presbyterian and then in a Baptist church. Then Christ church was served, during a vacancy, by a Methodist minister. Yet in 1910, the General Convention of the Episcopal church, held in Cincinnati, revoked the Richmond Convention canon in regard to freer exchange of pulpits between Episcopalians and others. These facts suggest retrogression rather than advance in the spirit of unity among the churches. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 511 In May, 1828, the Rev. B. P. Aydelott, from Grace church, Philadelphia, became rector of Christ church. Two thousand, six hundred dollars, and a little more, were spent in improving the church building. An organist was employed at one dollar per Sabbath. A lot for a new church building was procured, in November 1833, on Fourth street, between Sycamore and Broadway. The price paid was nine thousand dollars. During the time consumed by the erection of this church, the congregation met in the Mechanics Institute hall. The new structure was modelled after Stepney church, London. The Rev. J. T. Brook, from Georgetown, District of Columbia, succeeded the Rev. Dr. Aydelott, resigned, in 1835.  The new church was completed in 1835, at a cost of fifty-five thousand dollars. During that year the diocesan convention assembled in this church. Two assistants for the rector were employed, the Rev. Thomas Howell and the Rev. Alfred Blake. The Rev. Mr. Brook continued as rector ,until August, 1847, when he became a professor at Gambier Theological Seminary. For two years, Bishop Mcllvaine acted as rector. The Rev. Mr. Blake occupied this position also for two years. Then a call was extended to the Rev. Dudley Tyng, who served about one year. The Rev. C. M. Butler D. D. of Washington City, came in 1854, and remained five years. The Rev. Kingston Goddard, D. D. was rector for three years and was followed by the Rev. John McCarty, who remained four years. The Rev. W. A. Snively served from 1867 to 1870. THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. Situated on the heights of Mt. Auburn, with a large breathing space on all sides, stands the Children's Hospital, a noble church institution which serves afflicted children without regard to religious divisions or racial distinctions. It is open to visitors and may be reached by Auburn avenue cars, alighting at Mason street. BETHANY HOME. The Mother House of the Sisterhood of the Transfiguration is at Glendale, where Bethany Home shelters and rears to Christian womanhood, a large number of girls. There are on an average seventy children of all ages in the home at a time. There is a beautiful little chapel with carved wood screen and devotional pictures attached. The Sisterhood also works in the mountains of North Carolina and has charge of St. Ann's Home, in the city, for aged women, and mothers' meetings at the Cathedral and St. Luke's. It is reached by C. H. & D. trains and Glendale traction cars. BETHANY HOME FOR BOYS. The city air and surroundings sadly handicapped the efforts of those in charge of Bethany Home for Boys. It was, therefore, removed to Glendale and placed under the care of the Sisterhood of the Transfiguration with excellent results for the spiritual, moral, mental and physical upbuilding of the boys who find a 512 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY home there. It is situated not far from Bethany Home and the boys march in cassock and cotta to daily services in the Bethany Home Chapel. THE CITY MISSION SOCIETY. Organized October 8, 1909, by the clergy and laity of the Cincinnati Convocation. Officers—President, Bishop Vincent; vice-president, Rev. F. L. Flinchbaugh; secretary, Rev. W. M. Gordon ; treasurer, Mr. Oscar C. Weil ; superintendent, Rev. Canon Chas. G. Reade. Office, Cathedral. House, 223 W. Seventh street; phones : Canal 1985 or 'North 3810-R. Holds services regularly, Sundays, Home for the Friendless West Court street, near Central, 3 p. m.; Widows' and Old. Men's Home, McMillan and Ashland avenue, Walnut Hills, 3 p. m.; City Hospital, Central avenue and Twelfth street, 4 p. m. Services and visitations at other times at these and other benevolent, charitable and reformatory institutions of the city. Visitors welcome at regular services. The St. Paul's parish, organized in 1828, erected its church on Fourth street, where the St. Paul building now stands. The St. Paul's church stood on that spot for fifty years. From 1819 to 1831, Philander Chase was the Episcopal Bishop of Ohio. Charles P. McIlvaine succeeded him in 1832, holding this position until 1873, the year of his death. Dr. Boyd Vincent is the present bishop of southern Ohio, Protestant Episcopal church. The Church of the Advent on Walnut Hills was organized in 1855. Other Episcopal churches are Trinity, Church of the Redemption, Church of the Atonement and Calvary in Clifton. The Episcopal church has never been strong in this region, as compared with other churches. The diocese of southern Ohio reports in 1910 fewer members than in 1909. The general convention of this church met in 1850 in Christ church from October 2d to October 16th. Referring to the files of the newspapers of that date it appears that twenty-five bishops gathered here, with representatives froth twenty-six dioceses. Of these, only seventeen dioceses had lay representatives. Among the names recorded at that convention is that of Bishop Chase, of Illinois, aged eighty-four years, the presiding bishop of the church; Bishop McIlvaine was the diocesan of the state of Ohio, it being then undivided. Among other bishops were Doane, Meade, Kemper, Otey, Whittingham, Potter, De Lancy, Polk and Elliott. The Rev. Dr. Wyatt of Baltimore, presided in the house of deputies; and the Rev. Dr. Howe of Philadelphia, was chosen secretary. The city of Cincinnati then had six Episcopal churches; now there are about thirty in the city and suburbs. The structure now known as St. Paul's Cathedral was in the builders' hands and its congregation was worshipping in a hall. Some of the questions which came up concerned the trials of bishops, assistant bishops, and their selection and the proposition to print a German prayer. book. In one of the speeches on this subject it was stated that Cincinnati had a population of 130,000 and that 40,000 of them were Germans. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 513 The amounts received during the three years preceding the convention of 1850 for domestic missions was $84,869 and for foreign missions $116,259. Then there was only one steam railroad leading from the city and thirty steamboats left the landing in a single day. In the whole United States there was only eight thousand miles of railroad in operation, and many of the deputies came by canal, stage coach or steamboat. As to hospitality, the bishops were generally entertained in private homes, the hospitable people of all shades of religious belief throwing open their residences.. The Burnet House had just been opened and was thronged with guests. No one could stay in the suburbs in these days, as the method of reaching them was by omnibus, and these buses stopped at six o'clock in the evening. One newspaper gravely suggested the establishment of hacks to provide for belated suburbanites. The Mercantile Library and other public organizations extended their hospitality to the visitors. A curious advertisement appears in the papers at this time. A steamer called the Cincinnati had been built and proposed to sail by way of the Ohio and Mississippi to the ocean, thence by the Straits of Magellan to San Francisco, expecting to make the voyage in one hundred days, for which they asked a fare of $300. The convention of 1910 met within sight of what used to be the Episcopal burying ground in Cincinnati, composing a large part of what is now Washington Park. It was purchased by the city for $35,000 in 186o. The Enquirer, in the autumn of 1910, commenting on the contrasts of sixty years ago, said : "The convention of sixty years ago met in a time when the elements that caused the Civil war were brewing, and newspapers of that day contain many references to events whose significance was not felt at the time. Hardly had the church convention opened than the first negro arrested under the fugitive slave law was taken in New York city. Texas had been admitted to the Union shortly before the previous triennial convention, and delegates from the southern states were seated in the assembly at Cincinnati. The African slave trade had its quietus administered to it while the convention debated over points of ritual, and at the same time free soilers made their first noticeable entrance into congress. "Senator Thomas H. Benton, the implacable foe of slavery, stopped at the newly built Burnet House October l0th on his way to Washington, and no doubt argued with the clergymen registered there, many of whom were advocates of slavery. The absence of any mention of the question that was rapidly drawing aline between north and south is noticeable, as well as the lack of any reference to the passing events which could not have failed to perplex the minds of the clergy and laity. Discussion without end about details of religious observance, such as the proper posture to be observed in the baptismal service and the bishop's right to administer the Lord's Supper consumed the hours of the visiting Episcopalians. "The same day that Senator Benton registered at the Burnet House the Whigs gained control of the state legislature. In a paper of the following day, Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe prints a short story on temperance, and a story by 514 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Dickens appears. On the closing day of the convention the Southern Press, of Washington, D. C. advocated 'dissolution of the Union and secession from our present federal compact,' followed by the comment of Cincinnati papers of the next day that 'Northern fanatics seek a dissolution of the Union to abolish slavery, but southern fanatics seek it also to perpetuate slavery. We say "Stick to the Union." ' "As the clergymen left the city mention of Jenny Lind's coming was printed in the same column with the notice of the proclamation of the governor of Georgia calling a convention to 'concert measures of resistance to the federal government because of the admission of California.' "The House of Refuge was opened the first week of the convention, Alphonso Taft, father of the President, making the dedicatory address. The Mechanics Fair was then being held in Mechanics Institute, called by the press 'one of the finest buildings in the city.' It was at Sixth and Vine streets and had been completed only a short time. The 1910 convention could almost witness the abandonment of the ,old institute and the occupancy of the new building on the canal. The ministers: of the former convention visited in a body the Observatory, then the largest in the middle west, at the invitation of Mr. Mitchell, and later inspected the Mercantile Library." The Protestant Episcopal general convention of 1910 met in Music Hall from October 6 to the 26th. There were present representatives from sixty-five dioceses, twenty-two missionary districts, and ten foreign missionary districts. The presiding bishop was the Most Reverend Daniel S. Tuttle, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of Missouri. The officers of the House of Bishops were, chairman of the house, Right Rev. William Lawrence, D. D., Bishop of Massachusetts ; secretary, Rev. Samuel Hart, D. D., Hartford, Conn.; assistant secretaries, Rev. George Francis Nelson, D. D., New York city ; Rev. Thomas J. Packard, Rockville, Maryland. Officers of the House of Deputies were, president, Rev. R. H. McKim, D. D., Washington, D. C.; secretary, Rev. Henry Anstice, D. D., New York ; assistant secretaries, Rev. Carroll M. Davis, St. Louis, Missouri ; Rev. William C. Prout, Herkimer, N. Y.; Rev. James G. Glass, Anniston, Ala.; treasurer of the convention, Mr. William W. Skiddy, 82 Wall street, New York city. Music Hall was chosen as headquarters of this convention, in accordance with a resolution passed at the previous convention in Richmond, Virginia, that other places than churches be utilized thereafter on account of the need for greater accommodations. The executive board, in charge of all local arrangements, consisted of Wm. Cooper Procter, general manager ; W. S. Rowe, W. Kesley Schoepf and Clifford B. Wright. Clifford B. Wright was also general treasurer of this board and the Rev. Charles G. Reade, general secretary. To the general public, one of the most interesting features of this convention was the appearance as preacher of the opening sermon of The Right Reverend John Wordsworth, D. D., LL. D., Lord Bishop of Salisbury, a nephew of the great poet William Wordsworth. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 515 The subject of Bishop Wordsworth's sermon was "Our Lord as a Reformer," and his text was from the gospel according to St. John, 2 :21, "He spake of the temple of His body." Among his more notable utterances were those that bore on the relations of the various churches to each other and Christian unity. Bishop Wordsworth said : "Yet Christ's idea of the unity of the church is not so distinctly revealed to us as, to be an absolute guide in breaking down these walls (dividing into sections the area which He intended should be free and open). As the Good Shepherd He lays stress on the 'one flock,' not on the 'one fold,' (the true reading undoubtedly is They shall be one flock, one shepherd.')—i. e., more on the relations of the sheep to Himself than on their relation to their immediate teachers and surroundings." One of the acts of the convention of popular interest was the vote against the elimination of the word "Protestant" from the official title of the Episcopal church on the title page of the Book of Common Prayer. The change was defeated by two votes, those of two prominent laymen and business men of Cincinnati, Wm. Cooper Procter and Kesley Schoepf. This is worthy of note here since it to some extent indicates that the Episcopal laymen of Cincinnati are in the Low Church party. There was general interest in the presence in the city and at the convention of J. Pierpont Morgan, the eminent financier, who rented and occupied with his servants and chef from New York, the palatial "Dalvay" belonging to the estate of the well-known business man and Presbyterian, the late Alexander McDonald, the house declared to be the costliest and best appointed in this region. There, Mr. Morgan entertained as his guests many of the eminent members of the convention. There appeared in the convention some disposition on the part of certain western deputies to revolt against what they claimed to be the domination of the Episcopal church by its eastern representatives. The westerners demanded larger representation on committees and their appeal had effect. A resolution that one committee member be from each of the eight missionary departments on each of the thirteen standing committees was carried by a majority of more than a hundred. The debate on canon 19, popularly known as the "open pulpit" canon, which had aroused much discussion since the convention of 1907, was ended by an interpretation sent in by the house of bishops. The construction put upon the canon by the bishops, and by which all the clergy must abide, is that it maintains strictly the position of the Episcopal church in restricting the ministry of the Word and Sacraments in Episcopal congregations to men who have received Episcopal ordination, while the bishop of a diocese may give permission to those who are not ministers of the church to make addresses in any of the churches on special occasions. Bishop Brent, of the Philippine Islands, in speaking of "The Church's Mission and Christian Unity," made an address that appealed to the people of the city in general more than almost any other discourse delivered during the convention. Bishop Brent's declaration of "Christian unity if not church unity," found the audience thoroughly in sympathy, and frequent applause greeted his 516 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY utterances, notably his statement, "Suppose I should see a way of helping the Vatican in the way I thought it ought to be aided, I would aid it. If I saw a school of the Presbyterians or Methodists that needed support and saw that the church needed help through its school I would help it. The day has come when competition between the churches must cease and cooperation must take its place. A man must stand in his own conscience a member of the entire Catholic church. The desire to proselyte is a wicked spirit and not of Christ. There are moments when we must battle for certain things and make a negation, but men thirst today for affirmation, and I wonder how any preacher can find time for negation. Christian unity and ecclesiastical unity are not synonymous, thank God. We can have a large amount of Christian unity before ecclesiastical unity comes." Bishop Graves, of China, sounded the same. note. "Every man who works in China in the cause of Christ looks upon his fellow workers as his brothers. The missionary field cannot wholly solve the problem of unity, but it can create an atmosphere of charity, in which the hope of unity lies." Bishop Brent, of the Philippine Islands, urged that the church lay aside its "pale or conventional Christianity and run the risk of losing its character by endeavoring to bring about the unity for which Jesus Christ prayed." He then advanced the idea of the federation of the Greek Catholics, the Roman Catholics and all Protestants. EPISCOPAL CHURCHES OF CINCINNATI. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. St. Paul's cathedral, Seventh and Plum streets, noted for the beautiful Lehmer Memorial Organ, is the resultant from the union of several down-town parishes whose communicants removed to the hills, St. James', St. John's and old St. Paul's being thus absorbed. In the adjoining cathedral house is the handsome Memorial Chapter Room to the memory of the Rev. Edwin F. Small, with some interesting old portraits. A day school for boys and girls,' a school of ecclesiastical embroidery and other notable features may be found there. The cathedral is reached direct by Seventh street and North Fairmount cars and is one block from Clifton-Elm, McMicken-Elm, Warsaw avenue, Elberon avenue and Colerain avenue cars. Services on Sunday 7 :30 a. m., 11 a. m., 7 :45 p. m. Daily celebration of the Holy Communion at 7:3o a. in. during convention and daily services at 9 a. in. and 5 p. m. Chapel open all day. Clergy : The Bishop ; Very Rev. Paul Matthews, clean ; Rev. Chas. G. Reade and the Rev. Jos. McD. McGrath, canons ; Rev. J. D. Herron, assistant. CHRIST CHURCH. The Episcopal Society of Christ Church, Cincinnati. As shown in Book I of the records of Christ church, the Reverend Philander Chase, former rector of Christ church, Hartford, Connecticut, preached and performed divine service, according to the Liturgy of the Protestant Episcopal CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 517 church, on May 18, 1817, in the town of Cincinnati. The following is copied from the records : "Immediately after service, he explained his views in coming into this state of Ohio, and the success which had attended his labors in collecting and organizing churches to the glory of God and the good of human souls. "Wherefore the following instrument of Parochial association was drawn up for signature, viz. : "We, whose names are hereunder written, deeply impressed with the truth and importance of the Christian religion, and anxiously desirous to promote its influence in the hearts and lives of ourselves, our families, and our neighbors, do hereby associate ourselves together and thus form a parish by the name, style and title of the Parish of Christ church in Cincinnati, Hamilton county, state of Ohio, in communion with the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States of America, whose liturgy, constitution and canons we do hereby. adopt. "Signed, Ethan Stone, Thos. Danby, Jacob Baymiller, Griffin Yeatman, William Ruffin, Wm. M. Worthington, William H. Harrison, Thos. Henderson, Wm. M. Alexander, Ar. St. Clair, Jr., Edw. Horrock, S. D. Baldwin, James Taylor, Geo. Williamson, Lumen Watson, Elijah Bemis, James Chambers, William Jones, Richard Fosdick, Joseph Walker, R. D. Richardson, Hugh Lloyd." The first wardens were Ethan Stone and Elijah Bemis. The first vestry : William H. Harrison, Wm. Ruffin, Richard Fosdick, James Taylor, Griffin Yeatman. The first delegate to the Diocesan convention was Ethan Stone. The Reverend Mr. Cooper officiated prior to the coming of the Reverend Samuel Johnston, the first rector. The first parish meeting was held March 23, 1818, at the Baptist meeting house. Rectors since that time : 1818-1827, Reverend Samuel Johnston ; 1828-1834, Reverend Benj. P. Aydelott ; 1835-1851, Reverend John T. Brooke ; 1852-1854, Reverend Dudley A. Tyng; 1855-1858, Reverend C. M. Butler ; 1859-1861, Reverend Kingston Goddard ; 1862-1866, Reverend John W. McCarty ; 1867-1869, Reverend Wm. A. Snively ; 1870-1876, Reverend Thos. S. Yocum ; 1877-1887, Reverend I. Newton Stanger ; 1888-1897, Reverend Robt. A. Gibson ; 1898-1900,. Reverend Alexis W. Stein ; 1900, Reverend Frank Howard Nelson. In July, 1833, the present church site was purchased at $90 per front foot and the building of the present edifice begun. The congregation had met hitherto on Sixth street. On October 30, 1835, the church was consecrated by Right Reverend Charles P. McIlvaine, and it was opened for Divine service on Sunday, March 22, 1835. Specially notable is the handsome and complete parish house, a gift of Mrs. Thos. J. Emery, most carefully thought out and arranged, doing a remarkable -work. The church on East Fourth street between Sycamore and Broadway, is passed by or is near most of the important street car lines from both sides of the Ohio. 518 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY . Clergy : Reverend Frank H. Nelson, D. D., rector ; Reverend W. H. Poole ; Reverend H. Boyd Edwards. CHURCH OF THE ADVENT. The Church of the Advent is on Kemper lane, south of McMillan street, Walnut Hills. Reached by cars of Gilbert avenue, South Norwood, Madison road, Oakley, cross town lines. Get off at Kemper lane and go to right. Hours of service : Sundays (except first Sunday in month), Holy Communion, 7 :30 a. m.; Sunday school, 9:45 a. m.; Morning Prayer and Sermon (Holy Communion and Sermon on first Sunday in month), 11 :00 a. m.; Choral Vesper Service and Address, 4:30 p. m. During convention, midweek celebration on Wednesdays at 7:30 a. m. The parish was organized July 26, 1855. The first rector was the Reverend Norman Badger. The following are the names of the succeeding rectors in the order of the rectorships : Reverend George C, Curry, 1859-1860; Reverend Wm. A. Smallwood, D. p., 1860-1865 ; Reverend Francis Lodbell, D. D., 1865-1869 ; Reverend Peter Tinsley, D. D., 1869-1901; Rector Emeritus, 1901-1908 ; Reverend Samuel Tyler, 1901. The following have served as assistant ministers in the parish : Reverend Messrs. D. W. Cox, Paul Matthews, Ernest M. Benedict, C. F. Brookins, William Worthington, Wm. Norman Guthrie, R. E. Bennett, Wm. S. Packer, Eugene F. Bigler, and Lester L. Riley, the present assistant, The original church building was erected in 1860. This was subsequently altered and enlarged in 1867, 1885, and 1907-1908. The original Sunday school building was erected in 1875. Ill 1.890 it was made into a parish house, which in turn was enlarged by a memorial addition in 1904. The beautiful collection of autotypes and prints on the walls of the parish house and the new chancel deserve attention. CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR. Church of Our Saviour, Hollister street, Mt. Auburn. Half square from Auburn avenue or Auburn-Zoo cars. About the distance of two squares from all the Vine street lines. Services Sundays at II a. m. CALVARY CHURCH, CLIFTON. Calvary church is on Clifton avenue, above Greendale, and is reached by Vine-Clifton line, or Clifton-Elm (if latter, transferring to Vine-Clifton at end of. Clifton-Elm line), and go to end of Vine-Clifton line, then walking one square to left beyond Clifton Public School building. The hour of Sunday service is II a. m. Calvary church was organized January 5, 1856, by residents of Clifton, then a. village, suburban to Cincinnati, and the residence of Right Reverend C. P. McIlvaine, D. D., the Bishop of Ohio. The present church edifice was built in 1867. - The rectors of the church have been : Reverend William F. Lloyd, 1856-1863 ; Reverend. Samuel Clements, 1863-1869; Reverend George D. E. Mortimer, D. D., 1870-1874; Reverend M. A. Johnson, D. D., 1875-1878; Reverend Edmund Rowland, D. D., 1878-1884; Reverend Douglas F. Forest, D. D., 1884-1891; Reverend Edwin F. Small, 1892-1901 ; Reverend Edward D. Thomas, 19021903 Reverend George Clarke Cox, 1903-1907 ; Reverend F. L. Flinchbaugh, 1908. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 519 The church is a beautiful one with a fine parish house. A handsome marble altar is one of the features. GRACE CHURCH, AVONDALE. Grace church, Avondale, is situated on Reading road near Gholson avenue, and is reached by Avondale or Winton place car lines. Hours of service : Holy Communion, 7 :30 a. m. Sunday school, 9 :45 a. m. Morning Prayer, 11 a. m. Saints' Days, 9 a. m. During convention, daily celebration, 7:30 a. m. Grace parish was organized in 1867. The Reverend Alfred F. Blake was the first rector. In 1869 the church was built and the first service held therein February 27, 1870. The parish house was built in 1880. In 1894, Mr. Blake resigned, closing a rectorship of twenty-seven years. The Reverend Dwight S. Marfield succeeded him and resigned in 1898. On Easter Day, 1899, the Reverend C. E. Hutchinson preached his first sermon and continued as rector till July, 1902, when he resigned. In January, 1903, the Reverend Richard L. McCready accepted the vestry's call. The rectory was purchased the same year. In January, 1904, the Reverend Robert L. Harris was called as associate rector and, in 1905, was made rector. Mr. Harris resigned October, 1906. The Reverend Wallace M. Gordon, the present rector, entered upon his work June 2, 1907. Mr. F. W. Pierce has been organist for thirty years and most faithful to his duties. ST. LUKE'S CHURCH AND PARISH HOUSE. St. Luke's is situated at the southwest corner of Findlay and Baymiller streets. John street car (out) passes church. Clark street car (out) and Colerain avenue car (in) pass in a square's distance. Other lines, Seventh street, North Fairmount, Westwood and Colerain avenue (out), pass two squares away. Hours of service : Regular, Sundays : 7 a. m. Holy Eucharist ; 9 a. m. Sunday school ; 10:30 a. m. Holy Eucharist and Sermon (except on first Sunday in month Morning Prayer and Sermon) ; 7 :45 p. m. Evensong and Sermon. Wednesdays : 7 :45 Evensong and Address. Thursdays (and Saint's Days during the week) : 7 a. m. Holy Eucharist. During convention : Sundays the same. Week days : 7 a. m. Morning Prayer ; 7 :30 a. m. Holy Eucharist. The name of the chapel in St. Luke's parish house, Ascension chapel, recalls the beginnings of the parish, for St. Luke's church grew out of Ascension mission, begun in the autumn of 1874. Services were conducted, for some time. by the Reverend Dr. Davidson of St. John's church and his assistant, the Reverend Daniel I. Edwards. After worshipping in the prayer house of a Moravian congregation, on Clinton and Baymiller streets, for about a year, the present church building on Findlay and Baymiller streets was secured. After the death of Reverend Dr. Davidson, the Reverend Dr. Dudley Rhodes, then assistant of the rector of St. Paul's church, took charge of the work till, in autumn, 1876, he was made the first rector of the Church of Our Saviour. He was succeeded 520 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY by the Reverend J. M. Stevens, and later by the Reverend Francis K. Brooke. the present Right Reverend Bishop of Oklahoma. From 1878 to 1883, the Reverend John Mills Kendrick, the present Right Reverend Bishop of New Mexico, was in charge of St. Luke's ; from 1883 to 1894 the Reverend Lewis Brown ; from 1894 to 1896, the Reverend Wm. H. Burbank ; from 1896 to 1904, the Reverend Paul Matthews, who then was made Dean of St. Paul's cathedral ; from 1904 to Easter, 1910, the Reverend Samuel G. Welles. On April 3, 1910, the present incumbent, the Reverend Ewald Haun, was called to the rectorship. GRACE CHURCH, COLLEGE. HILL. Grace church, College Hill, is reached by the College Hill-Main cars. Sunday service at II a. m. The parish was organized February 25, 1866, in the Chapel of Farmer's college, and the first rector was Reverend R. T. Ker foot, who was succeeded by the Reverend F. K. Brooke and the Reverend John H. Ely. The Reverend Geo. M. Clickner is the present rector. THE CHURCH OF THE EPIPHANY. The Church of the Epiphany is situated at Locust street and Stanton avenue, Walnut. Hills. Reached by cars of Zoo-Eden park or Vine-Norwood line. Stop at Stanton avenue and McMillan and walk down Stanton avenue one block. Norwood cars, get off Locust and walk two blocks west. Hours of service : 7:30 a. m., II a. m., 4 :30 p. M. Parish organized January 7, 1882. Church built April, 1884. The Reverend James D. Stanley, of Indianapolis, Christ church, was the first rector and did faithful work for six years. He was followed by the Reverend Carl E. Grammer, D. D., now rector of St. Stephen's church, Philadelphia. Dr. Grammer remained with the parish but three months and then resigned to become a member of the faculty of the Virginia Theological seminary. The Reverend Henry M. Ladd, now rector of Rutherford, New Jersey, was then rector for three years, doing faithful, earnest work. The present rector, Reverend Geo. N. Eastman, has been with the parish since December, 1891. Four years ago a fine parish building was erected, and the interior of the church itself greatly improved. Reverend Jas. Cosbey, Jr., is assistant. EMMANUEL CHURCH, EAST END. Emmanuel, East End, is on the. line of the East End or Delta avenue cars, and is 2349 Eastern avenue. Sunday services at 1I a. m. ReverendFrank E. Cooley, rector: GOOD SHEPHERD, NORWOOD. The Church of the Good Shepherd, Norwood, with parish house adjoining, is situated- at the corner of Ashland and Monroe avenues and may be reached by any Norwood car, alighting at Ashland, except South Norwood cars at Monroe. The present rector is the Reverend Francis H. Richey. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 521 ST. PHILIP'S CHURCH, NORTHSIDE. St. Philip's, Northside, is situated on Kirby avenue near Chase avenue and is reached by Colerain avenue car, getting off at Kirby avenue, or College Hill-Main car, transferring to Colerain at Knowlton's corner. St. Philip's church was organized July 12, 1871, by the congregation of the Mission of St. James the Less in Cumminsville. The congregation was served: for a time by Reverend George Mortimer, D. D., and Reverend M. A. Johnson, of Calvary church, Clifton, and by Reverend G. Bugbee. On January 1, 1878, Reverend John Ely became the first resident rector of the church, serving three years when Reverend T. J. Melish succeeded him in a faithful ministry of fifteen years. Since then the clergymen in charge have been Reverend C. S. Adams, 1897-1898; Reverend R. P. Eubanks, 1898-1899; Reverend Ralph P. Smith, 1899-1901; Reverend W. H. Mears, 1902-1904; Reverend G. M. Clickner, 1904-1907; .Reverend G. C. Dickenson, 1908-1909. Since March 14, 1909, the church has been in charge of Reverend F. L. Flinchbaugh of Calvary church, Clifton. ST. THOMAS, TERRACE PARK. St. Thomas parish, of Terrace park, was the result of a mission. at Montauk in 1871, under the Reverend Charles H. Kellogg. Organized as a parish April 19, 1876. First church building was the gift of Mr. T. R. Biggs. The new, beautiful stone church built in 1907, consecrated in January, 1909, was given by Mr. John F. Robinson as a memorial to his wife and daughter, both of ,whom died some years ago. Incumbents since the organization of the parish : The Reverend J. N. Rippey ; Reverend T. J. Melish ; Reverend S. H. Boyer ; Reverend H. VonGlehn; Reverend Geo. E. Edgar. The Associate mission under the Reverend Richard R. Graham with the Reverend J. Howard Melish, the Reverend Chas. Chapman, the Reverend Lawrence Idleman and R. B. B. Foote as assistants. The Reverend C. W. Spicer, Reverend John Haight, Reverend J. Benjamin Myers. The Reverend Francis H. Richey is in charge of the parish at the present time. CHURCH OF RESURRECTION, FERN BANK. This beautiful church embowered in trees is situated at Fern Bank, on the Ohio river, and is reached by the traction lines which leave Anderson's ferry on the Sedamsville city line. It is also on the Big Four and Baltimore & Ohio steam roads and not far from the remarkable government dam soon to be completed. Reverend Chas. J. French is the rector. CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY. The Church of the Nativity, Price Hill, was established as a mission under the administration of the Right Reverend Thomas A. Jagger. The first clergyman in charge was the Reverend John Mills Kendrick, the present Bishop of 522 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Arizona and New Mexico. The corner stone of the church was laid December 13, 1891. The first service was held November 6, 1892. The church was incorporated under the laws of Ohio and was organized as a parish, April 3, 1893. The parish house was opened November 11, 1909. The Reverend Francis C. Woodard is the present rector. The church is situated at the southeast corner of Hawthorne and Phillips avenues. HOLY TRINITY CHURCH. Holy Trinity, Madisonville, on line of Madisonville cars. Sunday services 4 p. m. Reverend Frank E. Cooley, rector. ST. JOHN'S. St. John's, Fairview Heights, on Warner street, on line of Cross Town cars. Sunday services, 7 :45 p. m. Reverend Francis A. Woodard in charge. CHRIST CHURCH, GLENDALE. This church reminds the visitor of the beautiful parish churches of England. It is built of stone, has a chapel, a parish house (The Olivia Procter Memorial), and a rectory, all of the same substantial material. It is on the summit of a bill and near the Glendale traction line at Corcoran's corner. The Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railway station is not far distant. The parish was founded in 1865 and has a fine record for missionary interest and beneficence. The rector, since 1894, was the Reverend Cleveland K. Benedict until 1911. This church has just called as its rector the Reverend Gilbert Prower Symons. ST. ANDREW'S MISSION. St. Andrew's mission is at the northeast corner of Eighth and Mound streets., and is reached by the following cars to Mound street : Sedamsville, Warsaw, Elberon—or Sixth street, Westwood, to Mound and walk north to Eighth street. This mission was started under the direction of the Reverend Geo. H. Edwards, D. D., Archdeacon of Cincinnati, June 10, 1894. It is an important factor for the general uplift of the colored population of Cincinnati. The mission is now in a very healthy condition, under the care of the Reverend Roger C. James. ST. MARK'S CHURCH, OAKLEY. St. Mark's, Oakley. Take Oakley cars to Gilmore avenue. Sunday service at 11 a. m. MISSION OF THE REDEEMER, HYDE PARK. The Mission of the Redeemer holds its services in the Methodist tabernacle, Erie avenue, between Michigan avenue and Edwards road. Reached by Madison road, Madisonville or C. M. & L. traction lines. Sunday service : 11 a. m. The first services were held on October 25, 1908, in the Hyde Park Town hall. The attendance was six, with a volunteer pianist for the music. During CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 523 the next two months the congregation rarely exceeded ten or twelve, but with the beginning of the new year they increased until they averaged about forty. Easter, 1909, saw the inauguration of a vested choir of twenty voices. The first communion was made on July 20, 1909, at which twenty-seven partook of the Sacrament. The work has steadily grown during the past year. About two-thirds of the total expenses, including the missionary's salary, are now being met by the mission, and within the next twelve months it is hoped to make the organization entirely self-supporting. The prospects for a church in the near future are exceedingly bright. Reverend Maxwell B. Long is in charge. ST. PETER'S MISSION, CARTHAGE. St. Peter's mission, Carthage. Take Millcreek Valley or Glendale cars. Sunday service 7 :30 p. m. Reverend Wm. Kleinschmidt in charge. HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, HARTWELL. Holy Trinity, Hartwell. Take Millcreek Valley cars to Central avenue, or Glendale cars to Sheehan avenue. Sunday service at II a. m. ASCENSION CHURCH, WYOMING. Ascension, Wyoming, Burns and Worthington avenues. Take Glendale cars or Millcreek Valley cars to Burns avenue. Sunday service at 11 a. m. ST. STEPHEN'S CHURCH. St. Stephens, Winton place, on line of Winton place cars. A beautiful little church near the famous Spring Grove cemetery. Sunday service 4 p. m. CATIIOLIC CHURCHES. The Catholic churches of the city are as follows : St. Peter's cathedral, Eighth and Plum streets ; Holy Trinity church, West Fifth street ; St. Francis Xavier's church, Sycamore street ; St. Thomas' church, Sycamore street ; St. Ann's church, New street, known as the "Colored Catholic church ;" St. Mary's church, Thirteenth and Clay streets ; St. Patrick's church, Third and Mill streets ; St. Paul's church, Spring and Abigail streets ; St. Edward's church, Clark street ; St. Anthony's church, Budd street ; St. Joseph's church, Linn and Laurel streets ; St. Henry's church, Flint street ; St. Ludwig's church, southwest corner Walnut and Eighth streets ; Church of the Blessed Sacrament, Wilder avenue ; St. Michael's church, St. Michael street, Twenty-first ward ; All Saints church, East Third street ; St. Philomena's church, East Pearl street ; Holy Angels' church, Torrence road ; St. Rosa of Lima church, Eastern avenue ; Church of the Holy Cross, Mt. Adams ; Church of the Immaculate Conception ; Church of the Holy Family, Price Hill ; St. Lawrence's church, Warsaw avenue, Price Hill ; Church of the Assumption, B. M. V. Gilbert avenue, Walnut Hills ; St. Francis de Sales' Vol. I-34 524 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY church, Madison and Woodburn avenues, East Walnut Hills ; St. Stanislaus' church, southwest corner Liberty and Cutter streets ; St. Augustine's church, Bank street ; Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Marshall avenue ; St. Patrick's church, Cumminsville ; St. Boniface's church, Blue Rock and Lakeman streets, Cumminsville ; St. Leo's church, North Fairmount ; St. Stephen's church, Columbia ; Church of the Atonement, West Third street ; Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Liberty and Vine. streets ; 'Church of St. John the Baptist, Green and Bremen streets ; St. George's church, Corryville ; St. Bonaventura's church, Fair. mount ; St. Clement's church; St: Bernard ; St. Andrew's church, Avondale ; Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Broadway, opposite Harrison street ; Church of St. Vincent de Paul, Sedamsville ; Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Sedamsville ; St. Elizabeth's church, Norwood ; St. Aloysius' church, Elmwood place; St. Charles Borromeo's church, Carthage; Church of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Reading; St. Peter and St. Paul's church, Reading ; St. James' church, Wyoming; Church of. the Assumption, Mt. Healthy ; St. Gabriel's church, Glendale ; St. Anthony's church, Madisonville ; Church of St. John the Evangelist, Deer Park ; Church of St.. John. the Baptist, Harrison ; St. Aloysius' church, Delhi ; St. Joseph's church, North Bend ; St. Agnes' church, .Bend Hill ; Church of Our Lady of Victories, Delhi township ; St. James' church, White Oak ; St. Aloysius' church, Bridgetown ; St. Bernard's church, Taylor Creek ; Church of St. John the Baptist, Dry Ridge ; Church of the Guardian Angel, Mt. Washington. The institutions are the Sisters of Charity ; the Sisters of Notre Dame ; Sisters' off the 'Good Shepherd ; Sisters of Mercy ; The Little Sisters of the Poor ; The Sisters of 'the Poor of St. Francis ; The Ladies of the Sacred Heart, Clifton ; The Passionist Fathers, -on Mt. Adams ; The' St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum ; The Sacred Heart Home for Working Girls ; The Boys' Home ; Mount St. Mary's of the West; St. Gregory's Preparatory Seminary; The St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum, Bend The Catholic schools are parochial schools connected with each parish ; the colleges and seminaries are Mt. St. Mary's Seminary of the West, Price Hill ; St. Gregory's Preparatory seminary, Cedar Point ; St. Xavier's college, Seventh and Sycamore ; St. Joseph's college, West Eighth street ; St. Francis gymnasium, Bremen street. There is St. Anthony's convent, Mt. Airy; Passionist monastery, Holy Cross Retreat, Mt. Adams ; Mother-House of the Sisters of Charity, Mt. St. Joseph, Delhi township; the Good Samaritan hospital, Sixth and Lock streets. "The United States Church Album Company," Cincinnati, 1896, published a souvenir album of the Catholic churches of Cincinnati and Hamilton county, inscribed' to Archbishop Elder in honor of his golden jubilee of his priesthood. We quote extensively from that work. "Christ church was the first Catholic church built in Cincinnati. ' It was erected in 1821. This church was erected upon the outskirts of the city proper, being located just 'north of the then corporation line, and now known as the northwest corner of Liberty and Vine streets, where the present St. Francis' church now stands. The congregation was organized by a Dominican friar, Edward Fenwick, in 1818. The ground surrounding the church was 'used as a cemetery. The reason for building the church outside the city proper was CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 525 because the city ordinances at that time forbid the erection of a Catholic building within the city limits. Father Fenwick was consecrated a bishop in 1822, went to Rome in 1824, returning with Father Friedrich Reese. "The history of early Catholicity in Cincinnati is replete with romantic interest. A hundred years ago the primeval forests covered the rounded slopes of the hills which formed the background of the future city. What prophecy could then have foretold, what imagination could then have pictured, what dreamer could have fancied Cincinnati as it is today with its magnificent Catholic churches and institutions, unsurpassed in beauty and numbers even by the older cities of Europe. The growth and prosperity of Catholicity in Cincinnati have been marvelous, and surely must be a matter of pride to all who have the welfare of the Mother Church at heart. "The recital of the labors of the Catholic pioneers will, therefore, we are confident, be most heartily welcomed, showing as it does when and by whom the seed that has grown to such wonderful proportions has been planted. We shall content ourselves with giving a succinct account of the earliest records of the church, thus rescuing from oblivion facts which in. due course of time will prove of incalculable value. "The first priest to visit this section of the country was Rev. Edward Fen-wick, a member of the Dominican Order. This was in the year 1814. Father Fenwick visited Ohio twice every year starting out from St. Rose, Kentucky, where already in 1.806 he had established a convent of the order. On one of these visits, his travels were rewarded by the discovery of seven Catholic families in this city. The most prominent of these sturdy Catholic pioneers was Mr. Michael Scott, who had emigrated to Cincinnati from Baltimore in 1805. As a proof of the piety and zeal which characterized this man, it is related that he on one occasion, at Easter, traveled from Cincinnati to Lexington, Ky., to hear-mass and receive the sacraments. The first mass ever offered up in this city was on an improvised altar in the house of Mr. Scott, who then resided on Walnut street, near Fourth, on the site now occupied by the American Book Company. After attending to the spiritual wants of the few resident faithful, the missionary was wont to go to Chillicothe, Lancaster and Somerset. "Father Fenwick in subsequent visits to Cincinnati, encouraged the Catholics to build a church. The meetings and also mass when he passed through the city, were held in a building then standing on Flat Iron Square, bounded on the north by Fourth, on the west by Ludlow and on the east by Lawrence street. There the Catholic pioneers met in a little room ten by twelve. As near as can be ascertained the Catholics at this time consisted of the following named persons : Michael Scott, John Sherlock, Patrick Reilly, James Gorman, J. M. Mahon, J. White, P. Walsh, P. Geoghegan, Edward Lynch, Robert Ward and their families. "The building of a church became then the next consideration. This was however, not an easy task, for. the pioneers were not blessed with an abundance of this world's goods. Under date of September the 8th, 1817, the subjoined call for a meeting of Catholics was issued. It appeared in the Western Spy, of Cincinnati, and in the Ohio Watchman, of Dayton, Ohio. 526 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY "A CATHOLIC CHURCH. "The Catholics of the town and the vicinity of Cincinnati and those of the county of Hamilton, are requested to attend a meeting to be held at the house of Michael Scott on Walnut street, a few doors below the Seminary, on October the 12th, for the laudable purpose of erecting and establishing a Catholic church in the vicinity of Cincinnati. They will likewise please take notice that great encouragement is already held out to them. 'Looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of the faith, who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set at the right hand of the throne of God.' Hebrews : Chapter XII :2. "The meeting was held at the appointed time, but no definite action as to the building of the church was taken till four years later. Nine men, seven women and four children were present at this meeting. A few weeks prior to this event, the number of Catholics had been increased by the arrival of four German families. They were Simon Oehler, Joseph Hechinger, J. Zoller and Christian Dannheimer. They arrived on the 24th of September. "On the 15th of May, 1818, the venerable Bishop Flaget, of Bardstown, Kentucky, to which diocese Cincinnati belonged, started on a mission tour from that city. He was accompanied by the Revs. M. Bertrand and Janvier and two young men going to Detroit named Godfroi and Knags. The entire journey was made on horseback. They first visited Frankfort, Georgetown and then Cincinnati. The bishop reached Cincinnati on the 19th of May and remained here two days, during which he encouraged the handful of Catholics to persevere and strive to build a church. He visited all the families, then resident, and baptized one child. He was astonished at the rapid improvement of the city, but he was saddened at the thought, that while he saw so many fine churches erected by the sects, the Catholics had not even a chapel wherein to worship God. "After having visited all, he proceeded on his journey to Detroit. After his departure the little band of Catholics seeing the necessity of a church building, but not having the means wherewith to purchase the necessary grounds and build a church structure, resolved to call upon outside aid. A committee consisting of Messrs. Michael Scott, John W. Mahon, John White and P. Walsh, was appointed to solicit subscriptions. Among themselves the Catholic pioneers could do but little, they were all, for the most part, poor, depending for sustenance upon their daily earnings. The doors of the homes of their non-Catholic "fellow citizens, as well as their purses, were closed for them; for bigotry and a bitter hatred against everything Catholic prevailed here at that time. To obtain, therefore, funds for the erection of a church was a very difficult matter. The following is a copy of an appeal sent out by the committee. It was addressed to John Carrere, Esq., a merchant of Baltimore, Maryland : "CINCINNATI, November 23, 1818. "Sir :—Permit us to address you on a subject which we deem important. We are authorized in behalf of ourselves and the Roman Catholics of this town, that, considering ourselves like the lost sheep of the house of Israel, forlorn and forsaken, destitute of the means of exercising the duties of our holy religion, CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 527 without guide, church or pastor, while we behold all other members of the community enjoying these benefits ; we are compelled, from the paucity of our numbers, and the consequent want of pecuniary resources, to call upon our brethren throughout the Union for their assistance towards the erection of a Catholic church. "For the speedy accomplishment of so desirable an object, we entertain a confident hope of your hearty cooperation. We therefore, respectfully, but earnestly solicit your aid and your influence. "Relying on your zeal and promptitude, we shall shortly expect to be favored with your reply directed to Mr. O. Reilly, of the firm of Perrys & Reilly, Brewers, Cincinnati, we are, sir, Respectfully, your obedient servants, MICHAEL SCOTT, President, JOHN M. MAHON, JOHN WHITE, P. WALSH, Secretary, Committee." "On the 21st of June, 1819, Bishop Flaget on his return trip from the north again visited the city. In his 'journal' he speaks of the condition and prospects of Catholicity in Cincinnati as follows : " 'It is a great misfortune that no Catholics come to settle in the neighborhood of this splendid city. At present there are no other Catholics in Cincinnati than laborers and clerks, and—such as are to be converted. Yet, I think nothing should be neglected to establish religion here : for the mercy of God is great, and when He pleases, He can multiply His children.' "Truly, God has multiplied His children in Cincinnati,, and good Bishop Flaget had the happiness, ere he went to his reward, to see his anticipations more than realized. Considering its humble beginnings, the progress of Catholicity in this city has, therefore, indeed been wonderful. The city where seventy-five years ago a mere handful of Catholics assembled, is now more than one-third Catholic in belief and practice. "The city's population by a census of 1818 was, according to the directory of 1819, nine thousand, one hundred and twenty, the excess of males being 753, divided as follows : Males of 21 and upward, 2,364; females, ditto, 1,632; males from 12 to 21, 840; females, 823; males under the age of 12, 1,549; females, ditto, 1,545 ; and people of color, 367. In the year 1819 the population was estimated at about 2,300. In the year 1813, from a census made by the town council, it amounted to about 4,000, and at the present time, 1819, says the directory, the city is supposed to contain more than 10,000 -an increase truly astonishing. "Of the character of the population the directory says : 'This mixed assemblage is composed of emigrants from almost every part of Christendom.' The greater part of the population are from the middle and northern states. We have, however, many foreigners among us, and it is not uncommon to hear three or four different languages spoken in the street at the same time. Being adventurers in pursuit of fortunes, a spirit of enterprise, and a restless ambition to acquire property, are prevailing characteristics. The citizens of Cincinnati are generally temperate, peace- 528 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY able and industrious. Gaming is a vice almost unknown in the city. Under the influence of a strict police, good order is maintained ; fighting or riot in the streets is very rare, and is uniformly punished with rigor. "In the meanwhile the little Catholic band labored strenuously to secure the church and the necessary building site. Some money had been obtained by subscription and through the aid of friends in other places. Plans for the church building were made by Mr. Scott, an architect and builder by profession. The timber for the building was taken from near Alexandria, Kentucky, and furnished by one Mr. William Reilly. To some of our readers it will no doubt appear curious, that the material for the church was taken from such a distance, when timber abounded in this section. No doubt bids for the building were asked for, and, as in our times, the lowest bidder received the contract. This is the only explanation that can be given, unless it be further that Mr. Reilly, being at the time a resident of Kentucky, was known to the Dominican Fathers, and by them recommended for the work. Mr. Reilly cut the timber on his land, hauled them to the Ohio river, rafted them to Cincinnati where he had them hauled a distance of nearly two miles, as he said, f rom the river. The building was put up north of the Northern Liberties, then the corporation line of the city. Having the timbers delivered, Mr. Reilly mortised the frame and worked on the building until he had the rafters placed in position ; he then left it to be finished by resident carpenters. Mr. Reilly attained the age of 96. He died at Alexandria in January, 1882. "In the year 1819, the corporation limits of the city had been extended as far north as Liberty street, west to Mill Creek and east to Deer Creek. When the pioneers, however, made known their desire to build a church, they met from the very outset with great obstacles. A city ordinance forbid the erection of a Catholic church within the city limits. Bigotry and hatred against everything Catholic then prevailed, and upon the whole sorely tested the faith of the pioneers. What were they to do now ? They all had their homes in the lower portion of the city. The law forbid the erection of a church in the city proper, and if they wished a church at all, they must erect it outside the corporation line. After a little, a piece of ground, consisting of lots Nos. i and 2, located on the northwest corner of Vine and Liberty streets, was purchased by the trustees of the congregation, which had but a short time ago been incorporated, according to the laws of the State, under the name of 'Christ Church.' Said trustees were the Messrs. Patrick Reilly, John Sherlock, Thomas Dugan, Edward Lynch and Michael Scott. The property mentioned was purchased from Mr. James Findlay. The price agreed on was fifteen hundred dollars. Lot No. 1 fronted on Vine street 81 feet and 8 inches ; lot No. 2, forty feet, running westward 120 feet, thence south 80 feet. On this spot, then 'Christ Church,' the First Catholic Church of Cincinnati, was erected in 1821. Upon the same identical spot now stands the beautiful church of St. Francis Assisi, in charge of the Franciscan Fathers.. The church was built of frame. Its dimensions were 55 feet in length by 30 feet in width. "On August 27th 1821, lot No. 3 adjoining lot No. 2, and like it fronting 40 feet on Vine street, running 120 feet west, was purchased by Mr. Michael Scott for the sum of $800. This lot was used for cemetery purposes. There were CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 529 placed to rest the first deceased of the faith. This spot is, therefore, a hallowed one, and the congregation of St. Francis may well feel proud of having erected their church upon this historical spot. In the vaults below the church, there yet repose a number of remains taken from the first Catholic cemetery ; and, as in the Holy Land, it has ever been the privilege of the Franciscan Order to guard the holy places, so here they guard the remains of our pioneer Catholics, and the spot first consecrated to God and His church. "Preceding the purchase of the above mentioned lot, viz : on the 19th day of June, 1821, the See of Cincinnati was erected by Papal Bull and the Rev. Father Edward Fenwick appointed first bishop of the new diocese. The Bull arrived in Kentucky on the 23d of October following. "On the 13th of January, 1822, Cincinnati's first bishop was consecrated at St. Rose, Kentucky, by the Most Rev. Ambrose Marechal, of Baltimore, who was assisted by the Rt. Rev. B. J. Flaget, of Bardstown, Kentucky, and the Dominican Fathers Hill and Wilson. Bishop David preached the sermon. "At the end of March 1822 Bishop Fenwick set out for his new See. He was accompanied by Revs. A. Ganihl, J. B. Hutchins, C. D. Bowlin, O. S. D., and Vincent Badin, deacon. The latter was shortly after his arrival in Cincinnati raised to the priesthood and was the first Catholic priest ordained in Ohio. He was a relative of the first priest ordained in America, Father Stephen Badin, whose remains are resting below the present St. Peter's cathedral. Of his arrival in the episcopal city of Cincinnati, Bishop Fenwick says : No provision was made for our reception. We were compelled to send to the market for the first meal we took in our episcopal town. Likewise there were no provisions made for the keeping of the party.' "The bishop then rented a small two story brick house on the junction of Ludlow and Lawrence streets. He was often so poor that he had not a dollar to send to the market and was frequently obliged to go into debt in order to meet the payment of rent. "Bishop Fenwick's arrival in the city was announced in the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, of March 30, 1822, thus : 'We congratulate the Roman Catholics of this city and environs, upon the arrival of the Right Rev. Dr. Fenwick, lately consecrated Bishop of Cincinnati and the state of Ohio. This circumstance not only interests Catholics, but all the friends of literature and useful knowledge, as we understand that his intention is ultimately to open a school, aided by the members of his order, long distinguished for their piety and learning.' "The greatest obstacle against progress in church matters, however, was the extreme poverty of the members forming the first congregation. The most were absolutely poor, so much so, that not only the head of the family but all the grown members thereof were compelled to earn their bread in the sweat of their brow. The influx of German Catholics then began and added to the number of the first congregation. "The bishop, and with him his clergy and people, who all resided in what is now the lower part of the city, saw the necessity of having their church located nearer. The distance to what is now Vine and Liberty streets, was great, and in inclement weather the tramp on Sundays, through cornfields and orchards, through 530 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY mud and water, was not at all pleasant. Vine street did not then glory in a granite street or sidewalks. Accordingly, the bishop set about to purchase a more suitable lot upon which to place his cathedral. Dr. Fenwick concluded to go to Europe and solicit aid. He was received with open arms by Pope Leo XII, who also supplied him generously with money and church utensils. Visits were also made in France and substantial aid was accorded the apostolic prelate. "While in Rome, Bishop Fenwick made the acquaintance of Rev. Frederic Rese, who had just completed his studies at the Propaganda. The young priest offered the bishop his services. They were accepted and Father Rese at once set out for America. He arrived here in the latter part of the year 1824. There were at that time at work in the city and other missions of the state, the Fathers S. H. Montgomery, Thomas S. Hynes, J. Aug. Hill, Thomas Martin, Vincent de Raymacher and N. D. Young. During this year the number of baptisms in Christ church reached 76. In the absence of the Bishop, Rev. Hill acted as administrator. He was an eloquent and powerful speaker, and the little church soon proved inadequate to the demands made upon it on Sundays. When Father Hill preached, numbers of Protestants attended; all standing room in the church. was taken up and even the window sills were utilized to accommodate the visitors. "Early in the year 1825, Bishop Fenwick returned to his episcopal city. On the 15th of February, he purchased from Elmore Williams and wife the remaining fifty feet of lot No. 73, fronting 49 and a half feet on Sycamore street and immediately adjoining the property previously bought, for the sum of $1,200. He then set about to prepare for the erection of a Cathedral. Mr. Michael Scott drew the plans therefor. On May the 18th of the same year, the corner stone for the old Sycamore street cathedral was laid. On December 17th, 1826, Bishop Fenwick had the happiness to consecrate the new edifice, and he himself records the fact that 22 converts were soon after added to the congregation. The new cathedral was of brick and dedicated under the. patronage of St. Peter. It stood on the ground upon which St. Xavier -Church of the Jesuits now stands, and remained the cathedral church until 1845, when the building was transferred to -the Jesuit Fathers and the cathedral congregation assembled in the new and present structure on Plum street. "On February 2d, 1829, Revs. Martin John Henni and M. Kundig were ordained priests by Bishop Fenwick. "On the 11th of May, 1829, Bishop Fenwick opened the seminary. It was dedicated to St. Francis Xavier and placed in charge of Rev. S. H. Montgomery, and began with ten pupils, four in theology and six in the preparatory class. "The next day the bishop, accompanied by Rev. James J. Mullon, set out to visit the Indian missions in Upper Michigan. On the 27th of October four Sisters of Charity arrived and established a school, also took charge of the orphans, of whom, there were six. "Upon his return from the Indian missions, having received 29,000 francs from the Society of the Propagation of the Faith, Bishop Fenwick purchased an additional piece of ground, next to the cathedral, for seminary purposes, also a lot opposite the church for a school. The cost of the first named piece of property was $4,000. The old church building had, after the completion of the CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 531 new cathedral, been transferred to the rear of the lot and fitted up as a residence for the bishop and priests. The German and English being the two chief languages among the faithful, services were rendered at 9 a. m. for the Germans, and at 11 a. m. for the English speaking members of the congregation. In October of that year Bishop Fenwick was present in Baltimore Upon the First National Council. "The seminary and Bishop's residence could not be made to serve their purpose any longer. A new and larger building was necessary. Accordingly, a new seminary was planned and preparations for its building made at once. This was known as the 'Athenaeum' building, on Sycamore street north of St. Xavier Church. .The venerable edifice was destroyed only a few years ago, to make way for the present handsome college building. "The tireless labors of Bishop Fenwick soon began to tell upon him. He died a martyr to his duty, on September 26, 1832, at Wooster, Ohio, whither he had gone on missionary work. He fell a victim to cholera, which was then fiercely raging. After the death of Cincinnati's pioneer bishop, Father Rese administered the diocese till October 6, 1833, when he became the first bishop of Detroit. "Bishop Fenwick's successor in the See of Cincinnati was Dr. John Baptist Purcell, president of Mt. St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Maryland, one of the most remarkable and illustrious men in the Catholic church history of America. Bishop Purcell was consecrated in the Baltimore Cathedral, October 13, 1833, by Archbishop Whitfield. He set out at once for Cincinnati, and by his indefatigable zeal and indomitable courage succeeded wonderfully in his work of spreading the gospel, building churches and schools and thus attracting by degrees a large Catholic population, which by its honest thrift and earnest enterprise, helped to make Cincinnati a great city. On July 19, 1850, Cincinnati was raised to the rank of an archdiocese and, Bishop Purcell created Archbishop. The church continued to grow rapidly. Owing to the brilliant talents of Archbishop Purcell and the condescending kindness and superior intelligence of the priests, the Catholics gained rapidly in the esteem of the people and soon commanded considerable influence. "On May 21, 1876, Archbishop Purcell celebrated the golden jubilee of his priesthood. From all parts of the world he received testimonials of esteem and affection; all recognized his marvelous work for religion; all admired him for his noble qualities of head and heart., The manifestation of the love the faithful bore him was touching in the extreme. But. the .day of sorrow was to come. The venerable prelate was to drink a chalice of bitterness, which- has never been so completely drained by any prelate of the church. Laden with grief as with years, he went down to the grave. We refer to the financial troubles of 1879, which are too well known to need any detailed mention. The broken-hearted Archbishop, after begging the Holy See for a coadjutor, retired from the scene of his long activity., in the 81st year of his life and the 47th of his episcopacy. At the Ursuline Convent, Brown county, Ohio, tender hands and sympathizing hearts cared for the grief, stricken Patriarch of the West, till on July 4th, 1883, death ended all his earthly joys and sorrows. The great work achieved by his self-sacrificing successor, Archbishop Elder, in restoring order out of chaos and 532 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY giving to religion a fresh and vigorous impetus, is at present, as all know, a familiar topic. "And thus the Mother church began, flourished and is prospering in Cincinnati and Hamilton county. "William Henry Elder, D. D., the next Archbishop of Cincinnati, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, March 22d, 1819. His great grandfather, William Elder, emigrated from England and was one of the first settlers of Maryland. So it is seen the subject of this sketch was an American of the Americans, whose forefathers fought for the religious freedom and progress of the colony which laid the foundation of Catholicity in America. "After thorough education in this country and abroad, having been ordained to the priesthood and having been consecrated, May 3, 1857, as Bishop of Mississippi and having served for many years in that capacity with great usefulness he was in January, 1880, made coadjutor with the right of succession to the Most Reverend Archbishop of Cincinnati. Three years later, in July, 1883, he succeeded to the See on the death of Archbishop Purcell. "Few men would have cared, to assume the enormous responsibilities that Bishop Elder was compelled to assume when he came to Cincinnati, but he was too brave to refuse the cross that was offered him. It was soon seen that the Holy See selected wisely in calling the heroic Bishop of Natchez to the archdiocese of Cincinnati, for a more disinterested, energetic and saintly prelate America has never known. The many noble deeds of Archbishop Elder will never be made fully manifest until that great day when all secrets shall be revealed and God will render to every one according to his works." He was loved by all during his life, and was mourned by all at his death, October 31st, 1904. "Archbishop Henry Moeller was born in Cincinnati December 11, 1849. He was consecrated Bishop of Columbus, Ohio, August 25, 1900, was promoted to the archiepiscopal See of Areopolis and made coadjutor to Archbishop Elder, with the right of succession, April 27, 1903. He had been for twenty years Chancellor of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, previous to his appointment to the See of Columbus. - "He was graduated with the highest honors at St. Xavier's college, and then studied in Rome for seven years. June 10, 1876, he was ordained to the priesthood by Mgr. Lenti, in the Church of St. John Lateran, the Cathedral church of Rome. Returning to Cincinnati, Archbishop Purcell gave him charge of St. Patrick's church, Bellefontaine, but a few months later, recognizing his scholarly attainments, made him one of the faculty of Mt. St. Mary's seminary. In 1879 he accepted the position of secretary to Bishop Chatard, but was recalled in July, 1880, by Archbishop Elder, who needed him himself for that office. He discharged for a number of years the exacting duties of secretary and chancellor of the Cincinnati diocese, in a most eminent and satisfactory manner to his superior, the clergy and the people. His ability is unquestioned, his honesty of purpose undoubted. All recognize his deep learning, his mature judgment and his practical knowledge of things generally." As archbishop he commands the love and respect of all classes in his diocese. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 533 "The site of the present St. Peter's Cathedral was purchased by Bishop Purcell in 1837, from Judge Burnet, for $24,000. The funds for this purchase he received from the Society of the Propagation of the Faith in France and Vienna. These two societies continued to assist him with funds for the building of churches in his diocese until the total amount so derived amounted to $96,000. On. the Feast of the Ascension of our Lord into Heaven, 1841, he laid the cornerstone of the present St. Peter's cathedral on Eighth and Plum streets. The new St. Peter's cathedral was consecrated on the first Sunday in November, 1845, by Archbishop Eccleston, of Baltimore. It was five years in the course of erection. It cost, when completed, with portico and tower, $120,000. Reuben R. Springer furnished the clock and the chimes which cost, it is said, about $15,000. Hiram Powers was the sculptor who made the angels for the altar. The cathedral contains a number of celebrated paintings. The 'St. Peter Liberated by an Angel,' by Murillo, was spoil of war taken by the French from Spain during the Peninsular campaigns. Cardinal Fesch, the uncle of the Emperor Napoleon, gave this picture to Bishop Fenwick." Mr. Springer, who was a member of St. Peter's, gave about $30,000 toward. this church. He gave $10,000 toward building the cathedral, $5,000 toward the spire and tower, $5,000 for the chimes and clock, $4,800 for the heating apparatus, $2,200 for four stained glass windows, $1,500 for the central altar, made in Italy, and $700 toward the bishop's residence, which cost $5,000. Mr. Springer gave $14,000 toward the Refuge of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd on Bank street. He presented the Girls' Protectory on Baum street, also under care of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, with $6,000. This eminent philanthropist also gave to the Sisters of Charity, for the Good Samaritan hospital, $5,000. Considerable amounts were also provided by him for the seminary at Mount St. Mary's, the orphan asylum at Cumminsville, and other Catholic institutions. In addition he was a very large contributor annually to all the Catholic institutions and charities of the city. The numerous and important charities of the Catholic church in Cincinnati are noticed at length under the chapter on Charities. Their work has been, and is, among the most important, extensive and valuable in this city and region. The Catholic educational institutions are treated at length in a chapter on "Education in Cincinnati." According to the statistics of the national census bureau, the membership of Catholic churches in Cincinnati is more than twice as great as that of the combined Protestant churches. The figures were gathered in 1906, and show 106,211 Catholics and 51,520 Protestants. The number of Protestant organizations reported is 193 and the Catholic bodies number 43. The report, as compared with the previous one of 1880, shows an increase of 75 per cent in the number of Protestants enrolled in churches and 68 per cent increase in Catholic membership for the sixteen years. Among Catholic educational institutions are Mt. St. Vincent's academy ; Notre Dame convent and academy ; Mount Notre Dame academy, Reading ; Notre Dame academy, Court and Mound streets ; Academy of the Sacred Heart, Clifton ; Academy of the Sisters of Mercy, Freeman avenue and Kenner street. 534 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Other charities are : St. Joseph's Infant asylum, Norwood; Home for the Aged ; Home for Destitute Colored Children, Carthage, Florence avenue ; Home for the Aged Poor, 'Clifton Heights ; St. Francis hospital ; St. Mary's hospital, Betts and Linn streets ; St. Aloysius Orphan asylum, Bond Hill ; The Sacred Heart Home for Working Girls, Broadway; Protectory for Boys, Mt. Alverno, Delhi township; St. Joseph's Home, Liberty and Logan streets. Convents : Convent of Notre Dame ; Our Lady's Summit, East Walnut Hills ; Convent of the Good Shepherd ; Our Lady of the Woods, Carthage; Convent of the Good Shepherd, Bank street ; Convent of the Good" Shepherd, Baum street; Convent of the. Sisters of Mercy, Fourth street, between John and Central avenue ; The New Novitiate of the Sisters of the Poor of St Francis, at Hartwell ; Convent of St. 'Clara, Third and Lytle streets ; The Ursuline convent, Brown county. During the latter part of September, 1911, the Roman Catholics held a National Eucharist congress in Cincinnati; which was one of the most important and impressive religious assemblies ever held in this country. As it was the largest ecclesiastical assembly the Catholics have held in this city, it is appropriate that a full account of it should be given in this volume. As the elaborate newspaper accounts from day to day give a full picture of all the proceedings and are of historical value and will prove of interest not only to present readers but to those of the future, we insert herein extensive quotations from the several daily journals of the city : The Commercial Tribune of September 27, 1911, said : "Catholics will celebrate a Eucharistic congress. Numbers of distinguished prelates will attend exercises to be held at St. Peter's cathedral. The fifth national eucharistic congress of the United States will open in this city tomorrow morning at St. Peter's cathedral for a four days' session. The congress will be the largest Catholic affair in point of attendance ever held in this city. "The national congress is second in importance only to the international conferences. The event here is made even more important by the fact that Bishop Camillus P. Maes of Covington, Kentucky, is lord protector of the American branch of the Eucharistic league. The Rev. Francis Varelmann of St. Elizabeth's church is director of the Cincinnati league. The purpose of the order is to stimulate greater devotion to the blessed sacrament, or the Eucharistic Lord, so that it may be universally recognized as the central dogma of the faith. "If the plans of Archbishop Moeller carry out, all the Catholic churches in the city will be decorated for the occasion. .Every Catholic church bell will ring for five minutes following the opening of the first session. "The congress will open with a procession and pontifical mass. The celebrant will be the 'Most Revs Henry Moeller, D. D., archbishop of Cincinnati. The Most Rev: John Ireland, D. D., archbishop of St. Paul, will deliver the sermon. His 'subject will 'be `-The Eucharist, the Complement of the Incarnation.' Following the mass at 11 o'clock the Rev. Joseph Selinger, S. T. D., of St. Louis, will read a paper, 'The Real Presence.' The Rev. A. P. Tornes of Detroit, will follow with. a discussion, the nature of which has not yet been made public. Recess will then be taken. The session will be resumed at 2:30 p. m., by the Rev. John Cavanaugh, C. D. C., of Fort Wayne, Indiana, who has chosen as his subject 'The Priest CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 535 and the Eucharist.' The Rev. J. H. Rhode of Rockford, Illinois, and the Rev. J. H. Guendling of Fort Wayne, Indiana, will bring the first day's session to a close with interesting talks. Between 7:30 and 8:30 has been designated as the holy hour. "The musical program for the first day is as follows : "Processional, `Ecce Sacerdos,' Elgar ; propers of mass, Votive Mass of the Blessed Sacrament ; ordinary of mass, Silas' Mass in 'C,' by picked choir of fifty boys and men ; motet at offertory, '0 Domine,' Palestrina ; Recessional Psalm CL., C. Frank. "It is expected fully one-third of the hierarchy of the country will 15e present. Several hundred dignitaries have already signified their intention to attend. "Cardinal Gibbons and Mgr. Falconio, who will be unable to attend the congress, have sent messages to be read. "The meeting will come to a close Sunday. The apostolic parade and benediction will be held in the afternoon in Norwood Heights, and it is expected to be the largest gathering of its kind in the city. An open air altar has been built. on the porch of the archbishop's home, from which the benediction will be celebrated. In the parade more than i,000 priests and knights will be in line. Archbishop Ireland will hold the place of honor. "The manner in which the different notables will form in line is as follows : Uniformed knights, seminarians," priests, orders, monsignors, bishops and archbishops. The largest delegation of visitors to the meeting will come from Hamilton, Ohio, which city will send about 1,500. "The following is the complete program and the various committees in charge of the affair : "Thursday, Sept. 28---9 a. m. : Procession and pontifical mass ; celebrant, Most Rev. Henry Moeller, D. D., archbishop of Cincinnati ; sermon, Most Rev. John Ireland, D. D., archbishop of St. Paul, subject, 'The Eucharist, the Complement of the Incarnation ;' 11 a. m. : session ; paper by Rev. Joseph Selinger, S. T. D., St. Louis, subject, 'The Real Presence ;' discussion, Rev. A. P. Tornes, Detroit ; 2 :30 p. m. : session ; paper by Rev. John Cavanaugh, C. S. C., Fort Wayne, subject, 'The Priest and the Eucharist ;' discussion, Rev. J. H. Rohde, Rockford; Rev. J. H. Guendling, Fort Wayne ; 7:30-8 :30 p. m.: Holy Hour, during which. a short exhortation or meditation on the Blessed Sacrament is recommended. "Friday, Sept. 29-9 a. m. Pontificial mass, celebrant, Rt. Rev. Henry J. Richter, D. D., bishop of Grand Rapids ; sermon, Rt. Rev. James J. Hartley, D. D., bishop of Columbus, subject, 'Why We Believe in the Eucharist ; 11 a. m. : session ; paper by Rt. Rev. Edward D. Kelly, D. D., auxiliary bishop of Detroit, subject, 'Belief in the Eucharist Prior to the Reformation ;' discussion, Rt. Rev. John J. Lawler, D. D., auxiliary bishop of St. Paul; 2 :30 p. m.: session; paper by Rt. Rev. Mgr. Joseph Rainer, Milwaukee, subject, Effects of Communion on Adults, Particularly Converts ;' discussion, Rev. Chrysostum, O. F. M., Cincinnati, and Rev. Joseph Meckel, Alton; paper by Rt. Rev. Mgr. William F.. McQuaid, Boston, subject 'Frequent Communion and the Means of Promoting It ;' discussion, Rev. F. A. Roell, Indianapolis, and Rev. Gilbert P. Jennings, Cleveland ; 7 :30-8:30 p. m. ; in all the city churches, holy hour. 536 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY "Music—processional and propers of mass, same as first day ; ordinary of mass, Schubert's mass in 'G' (Grone edition), choir ; motet at offertory, 'Ave Verum,' Mozart ; recessional, `Laudate,' Tye. "Saturday, Sept. 30, 9 a. m.—Pontificial mass ; celebrant, Rt. Rev. Denis O'Donaghue, D. D., bishop of Louisville, Sermon, Rt. Rev. Joseph Schrembs, D. D., bishop of Toledo ; subject, 'The Eucharist, the Center of Catholic Life.' At 1 a. m. session, paper by the Rev. Joseph Husslein, S. J. Milwaukee ; subject, `The Advantages of Early and Frequent Communion.' Discussion, the Rev. J. B. O'Connor, O. P., Newark ; the Rev. J. D. O'Neil, Chicago. Holy hour, 7:30 to 8:30 p. m. "Music : Processional, `Ecce Sacerdos,' Thielen. Propers of the mass, same as on previous days. Ordinary of mass (1) ‘ In Festis Duplicibus,’ sung by seminarians. Motet at offertory, ‘Ecce Panis,’ chant. Recessional, ‘Salve Regina,’ chant. "Sunday, Oct. 31, To :30 a. m.—Pontifical mass ; celebrant; Most Rev. John M. Farley, D. D., archbishop of New York. Sermon, Most Rev. James H. Blenk, D. D., archbishop of New Orleans ; subject, 'The Individual and Social Necessity of Eucharist Faith.' At 3 p. m., solemn procession of the blessed sacrament and benediction on the grounds of the archiepiscopal residence, at Norwood Heights. Sermon, the Rev. Robert B. Condon, D. D., La Crosse ; subject, 'Emmanuel or God With Us.' "Music : Processional, `Ecce Sacerdos,' Elgar. Propers of mass, same as on previous days. Ordinary of mass, Silas' mass in C, by men and boys' choir. Motet at offertory. Tanis Angelicus,' C. Franck, Recessional, 'Ave Maria,' C. Franck. Hymns to be sung by all in procession : 'To Jesus' Heart All Burning,' The Papal Hymn,' 'The Divine Praises After Benediction,' Holy God.' "Committees as follows have had charge of the various work : Reception—The Rev. W. D. Hickey of Dayton, the Rev. Eugene Butterman, 0. F. M., rector of St. Francis college ; the Rev. Louis Tieman, pastor St. Rose church. Printing—The Rev. Dr. John E. Schoenhoeft, pastor St. Lawrence church; the Rev. Boniface Russ, C. PP. S., of Carthagena, 0. Mass accommodations—The Rev. Joseph Grimelsman, S. J. rector St. Xavier college ; the Rev. Casimer Taylor, C. P., rector Holy Cross church. Finance—The Rev. M. Mulvihill, rector St. Peter's cathedral; the Rev. Bernard Moeller, chancellor of Cincinnati archdiocese ; the Rev. J. F. Brummer of Greenville, O. Press—The Rev. Bernard J. Ill, C. S. C., rector of St. Joseph college ; the Rev. Jdhn T. Gallagher of Dayton, O. The Rev. Francis Varelmann of St. Elizabeth church, Norwood, is chairman of the general committee. HIGH OFFICIALS ARE HERE. "The first of these have reached the city and will attend the reunion of the alumni of Mount St. Mary Seminary of the West, at Ellenora, O. Bishop M. C. Matz of Denver, arrived Tuesday morning and is the guest of the Franciscan Fathers, at 1615 Vine street. Bishop Francis Chatard of Indianapolis arrived yesterday and is the guest of Archbishop Moeller at the archiepiscopal residence at Norwood Heights. Bishop Peter Hurth of India arrived Monday. CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY - 537 "Of those already in, the majority are quartered at the Burnet house, which hostelry expects a large number today. "Those who arrived last night were the Revs. J. P. H. Berresheim, Louisville ; C. Treiber, Canton, O.; F. A. Goebel, Coshocton, O.; Joseph Merkley, Nashville, Tenn.; J. F. Delaney, Ed. Mungovan, George: Hortsman and J. F. Fitzgerald, Fort Wayne, Ind.; J. A. Costello, Indianapolis ; J. W. Courtney and L. E. Gaffney, Detroit ; T. J. Carroll, Wyandotte, Mich., and Gilbert P. Jennings, Cleveland. "In addition to the priests Miss Helen May Irwin, church editor of The Catholic Columbian Record of Fort Wayne, Ind., arrived and registered at the Burnet house. Miss Irwin will 'cover' the religious event for seven Catholic publications. "At the Palace hotel the Revs: M. J. Byrne of Lafayette, Ind., and E. J. Houlihan of Oxford, Ind., registered. "The Rev. M. S. Molloy of Springfield, O., registered at the Munro. "Archbishop John Ireland, one of the most noted of the Roman. Catholic hierarchy .in this country, is expected to arrive today. He has reserved rooms at the Havlin hotel. "The following have engaged rooms at the Burnet house and expect to arrive today : Bishop Maurice Fitz of Erie, Pa.; Monsignors Fay and Bradley of Cleveland, Monsignor Reilly of. Albany, N. Y.; Monsignor J. Boyle of Johnston, Pa., and the Revs. B. Bregal of Elwood, Ind.; J. J. Colligan .Wyoming, Pa.; Vincent Dwyer of Indianapolis, J. B. Feeley of Indianapolis, P.. J. Gleeson of Nashville ; j. H. Swendling of Peru, Ind.; J. Hefferman and T. J. Horan of Newark, N. J.; S. P. Jennings of Cleveland, O.; Andrew J. Johnson of East Columbus, O.; T. S. McGovern and T. J. Johnson of Lewisville, O.; J. R. Quinlan of Fort Wayne, Ind. ; F. A. Roell of Richmond, Ind. ; Thomas V.. Cobin of Chattanooga ; Charles Thiele of Fort Wayne, Ind. ; E. J. Wirnder of Cumberland, Md. ; Martin J. Stiffy of Harrisburg, Pa. ; J. F. Flannery of Davenport, Ia., and S. H. Huintman of New York. WHAT THE EUCHARIST IS AND OBJECT OF CINCINNATI CONGRESS "Eucharist is a term derived from the Greek word Eucharistia, which means Thanksgiving. In the Catholic church it designates the Sacrament of the Altar, the doctrine of which declares that Jesus Christ is actually present Under the appearances of bread and wine in the sacrament. The doctrine is popularly. known as that of the Transubstantiation. "The Eucharistic Congress is an association of prelates and priests of the' church, whose purpose it is to hold conferences for the dissemination of this doctrine and the encouragement of devotion toward it among the laity. Two features are prominent at every congress held—one is the most elaborate celebration of the Roman Catholic ritual possible ; the other, conferences of the members, at Which papers are submitted and discussions held. "There are two congresses, national and international. The one being held in Cincinnati is a national one. The international congress this year was held in Madrid, Spain, in June. 538 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY "The first Eucharistic Congress was held in Lille, France, in 1881, under the direction of Bishop Gaston de Segur. It has only been held in Rome once, in 1905, when the Pope himself celebrated the opening mass. The first international congress in an English-speaking country was in London, in 1909; the first one in North America, in Montreal, last year. "The first National Eucharistic Congress in the United States was held in St. Louis in 1901; the second, in New York, in 1905 ; the third, in Pittsburg, in 1907, and the fourth, in Notre Dame, Ind.,. in 1909. The one now in session is the fifth. "Bishop Maes, of Covington, has been the National President since the beginning. DIGNITARIES OF CHURCH ATTENDING EUCHARISTIC CONGRESS IN CINCINNATI. "Two Archbishops—John Ireland, of St. Paul, and James Blenk, of New Orleans—are present at the Eucharistic Congress. Two more are expected—John Farley, of New York, and John J. Glennon, of St. Louis. "Sixteen bishops are in Cincinnati—Bishop Camillus Maes, of Covington; Bishop R. Scannell, of Omaha ; Bishop Peter J. Hurth, of India ; Bishop M. C. Matz, of Denver ; Bishop Nicholas Gallagher, of Galveston ; Bishop John J. Hennessy, of Wichita, Kas.; Bishop Francis Chatard, of Indianapolis ; Bishop Chas. A. Molton, of Buffalo ; Bishop John P. Farrelly, of Cleveland ; Bishop James J. Hartley, of Columbus ; Bishop Kelley, of Savannah, Ga.; Bishop John Jansen, of Belleville, Ill.; Bishop John E. Fitzmaurice, of Erie, Pa.; Bishop Canevin, of Pittsburg; Bishop Joseph Schrembs, of Toledo, O.; Bishop A. H. Sherry, of Africa, and Bishop John J. Lawler, of St. Paul. "Nearly 1,000 priests are present." The Times-Star, Sept. 28, said : WAS CRISP AND TO THE POINT REV. JOHN CAVANAUGH, PRESIDENT NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY, GIVES VIEWS. "The Rev. John Cavanaugh, C. S. C., president of the Notre Dame university, in an interview yesterday afternoon, stated that R. H. Crane, the Chicago millionaire, who recently condemned the present college system as being immoral, was one of those narrow minded persons who was powerless as to the knowledge of educational achievement. The income of $100,000 a year was but a small part of success in life. " 'There are two kinds of fools I meet in my work,' said Father Cavanaugh, and if I were not a clergyman, I would use a strong adjective before the word "fool !" ' " 'There is one kind of fool who thinks that what was good enough for him is good enough for his son. He forgets that the opportunities opened to him will never be opened to his descendants. Not long ago an emigrant arrived at Castle Garden, but he soon found out that the Stars and Stripes had two meanings ; he looked up and saw the stars for other people and stripes for himself. The future belongs to people who will educate their children in the right way. "The other kind of fool (and the same adjective belongs there) is the man who wants his son to have a better chance than himself. He doesn't want CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 539 him to work so hard or so long. That man should have his son to work just as hard to give more profit to humanity and himself.' " PONTIFICAL HIGH MASS—BISHOP RICHTER OF GRAND RAPIDS, CELEBRANT AT CEREMONIAL. The Rt. Rev. Henry Joseph Richter, bishop of Grand Rapids, was the celebrant at pontifical high mass, with which the second day's session of the Fifth .Eucharistic Congress opened at St. Peter's cathedral, Friday morning. Archbishop Farley of New York, who arrived Thursday night, and Bishop Farrelly of Cleveland, also just arrived, were present among the prelates in the sanctuary. The Rt. Rev. James Hartley, bishop of Columbus, 0., preached on "Why We Believe in the Eucharist." His sermon was an exposition of the doctrine of the Real Presence both as a sacrifice and a sacrament. The paper read on the opening of the business session in the cathedral hall was by Bishop Edward D. Kelly, auxiliary bishop of Detroit. It dealt with belief in the Eucharist previous to the Reformation. The most interesting paper of the afternoon session is expected to be that of Rt. Revd Mgr. Rainer of Milwaukee, dealing with the effect of communion on adults, particularly converts. It will be discussed by the Rev. Chrysostom of Cincinnati and the Rev, Joseph Meckel of Alton. The Rt. Rev. Mgr. William McQuaid of Boston will address the convention on "Frequent Communion and Means of Promoting It," to be discussed by the Rev. F. A. Roell of Indianapolis and the Rev. Gilbert P. Jennings of Cleveland, O. SCHUBERT'S MASS—WAS FEATURE OF MUSICAL SERVICE FRIDAY MORNING. The feature of the musical programme at the Eucharistic convention Friday will be the singing at vespers of Mozart's "Ave Verum," one of the most famous compositions in the entire literature of choral music. For the morning 'service the processional was the same selection as was chosen for the first day of the congress. Schubert's mass was substituted for that by Silas with very good effect and was excellently rendered by the choir of men's and boys' voices under the direction of John Fehring, choirmaster of the cathedral. The fine calibre of the young voices, which add so much to the harmonious effect of the musical service, has been quite universally remarked, as has been the chanting of the seminarians of the various passages and responses. The Commercial-Tribune, Oct. 2d, said: Local Catholics have, during the greater part cif the past week, enjoyed a soul feast such as is not given to all of that creed, and consider themselves blessed by the providence that made the Queen city the meeting place of the fifth eucharistic congress. During the greater part of the meeting the-weather was ideal, but yesterday morning lowering clouds foretold a coming storm. The afternoon services were held at Archbishop Moeller's residence at Norwood Heights and just as a vast throng was filling every available street car that the traction company could press into service, the sun burst forth from behind a cloud in a glory that was a promise of blessings to come. Vol. I-35 540 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY As has been usual, despite the weather conditions of yesterday morning, St. Peter's cathedral was filled to its fullest capacity and thousands stood outside of the sacred edifice straining ears to hear the trembling tones of the organ, the voices of the choir and the chant of the prelates as they solemnized the mass. A subdued murmur could be heard emanating from this mass of persons from time to time. They were lost in devotion, oblivious to the falling rain, giving responses to the mass. The scene at the residence of Archbishop Moeller in Norwood Heights was one that will be remembered by Catholics who were present for all time. Catholics were not alone in the vast crowd, for persons of all creeds and denominations, many of them actuated by a desire to behold prelates of whom they heard for years, and churchmen who had traveled from other ends of the earth, were present. Uniformed knights were in evidence and bands vied with each other in swelling strains. Local pastors present were surrounded by members of their congregations and pointed out to them the men whose names will be remembered with reverence and go down to fame in the annals of the Catholic church. Children were there in profusion and the kindly priests and prelates stopped ever and anon to give them the blessings of the church. When word went around the grounds that Father Conden was about to deliver his sermon the mass of humanity surged toward the improvised pulpit and in a moment every inch of space in that part of the grounds was packed. SERVICE AT ST. PETER'S. Yesterday's elaborate services at St. Peter's cathedral, followed by the more impressive programme in the afternoon at the grounds of the archiepiscopal residence, Norwood Heights, closed the greatest of all national eucharistic congresses. It was a day that will never be forgotten in the history of Catholicism. Graced with four archbishops, numerous bishops, some coming from the remotest parts of the earth, and hundreds of priests and visitors from all over the country, the grand assembly disbanded and the participants left for their homes last night. For the past four days the great congress has been spending its time in arranging for the future affair of the Catholic church. There have been services going on at all times of the day, and Catholics in this city and surrounding country have had a feast in listening to discourses delivered by some of the most famous men in the Catholic church, among them Archbishops Ireland, Farley, Blenk and Moeller ; famous bishops as Hartley, Schrembs, MacSherry of South Africa and others, and many priests. The music of the congress is claimed. to have been the finest ever rendered at a religious occasion in the Queen city. At yesterday Morning's service at St. Peters' the big cathedral was crowded to capacity. The inclement weather seemed to have no effect on the crowds, members of which waited for hours in order to get a chance to procure a seat at the service.' The pontifical high mass was celebrated by Archbishop John M. Farley of New York city. The altar was surrounded by archbishops, bishops and priests. Dressed in the robes that pertained to their high rank, they made a most imposing scene. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 541 UNITARIANS. (By the Rev. George A. Thayer.) The Unitarians of Cincinnati first gathered in a house of worship of their own on Sunday, May 23d, 1830. For two years this little company of men and women had been debating the ways and means of establishing a church whose principles were dear to many of them from the associations of their birthplace in New England. On the date given above they dedicated a modest building upon the southwest corner of Fourth and Race streets, to the essential teachings which had been made famous over the land and to a certain degree across the ocean by William Henry Channing. As a considerable number of these worshippers had made their mark upon the community by superior culture, public spirit and moral quality, this simple beginning of the Unitarian church, though in the course of its history it was to have its shadows, started the tradition of freedom, character and courage in religion which its congregations have maintained. There was no lack of church accommodations for the moderate population of Cincinnati at that time, for ten years later there were some forty houses' of worship of all faiths, Jew, Protestant and Catholic, and presumptively a like proportion of one church to about a thousand people existed in 1830, the city population being 24,831. But the Unitarian faith has always been the Protestantism of Protestantism, the assertion of a daring and independence in theological opinion which did not characterize most of the creeds of Christendom, for while Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Methodist and the other leading denominations substantially agreed in their conceptions of the Triune personality of God, the Unitarian stood essentially alone in declaring the theological tradition of sixteen centuries of the Christian church as a departure from the deliverance of Jesus and his. apostles. Channing and his associates had challenged the rest of Protestant Christendom to a reexamination of the foundations of faith, and the men and. women who were moved by these appeals must needs set themselves apart from the popular churches. This intellectual independence was the inspiration of the leaders of the movement ; but with them stood a considerable number of persons who were drawn into the establishment of the new church by friendship for its founders or for one or another of the various causes which attract men and women into new religious undertakings, so that in course of time it happened that some of the persons whose names are conspicuous upon the books of the church treasurer for the first few years are found in other churches, having gone back to the creed which was more in accord with their convictions or with the traditions of their families. The first report that remains of any thought of establishing a Unitarian church in Cincinnati is in a letter of the Rev. John Pierpont of Boston in 1828, who partly at the instigation of some of the Boston Unitarians, who were eager to spread their faith, and partly at the invitation of Cincinnati men and women, came here in 1828 and under the inspiration of our attractive Spring seasons, so strikingly in contrast with the laggard New England winters, and of the de- 542 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY lightful social entertainment for which certain Cincinnati families of that day were noted in the letters of Eastern visitors, wrote home in fervid praise of the promising readiness of the field for the seed which he was sent to sow. There was occasional preaching in halls for the next year or two, whenever a preacher of the faith could be obtained, which was seldom; for as compared with the time and strength consumed in a journey now between the two cities, the Unitarian minister from Boston, where almost alone pulpit supplies could be found, must endure a three or four thousand miles' journey. On the l0th of May, 1829, Elisha Brigham paid Isaac Condin $3,700 for a house and lot for a Unitarian church upon the corner of Fourth and Race streets ; and nearly a year later, on the 21st of January, 1830, the "First Congregational Church of Cincinnati" received its legal incorporation, under the trusteeship of Elisha Brigham, Jesse Smith, Nathan Guilford, George Carlisle and William Greene. The name "First Congregational," so liable to be confused later with the title of certain Trinitarian churches, was probably suggested by the fact that a large proportion of so-called First Churches of the Massachusetts towns in the great schism of 1815, when the old time New England Congrtwotional Church divided into twp bodies, the one accepting the doctrine of tarticlesty and its associated articl,s of creed, the other becoming Unitarian, went with the new Unitarianism so that the name First Congregational might seem to imply the primitive Congregationalism. or Christian democracy. There are wood cuts extant of the church edifice, architecturally modelled upon the wooden meeting houses which adorn many villages all over the North, which in the year after the purchase of the land arose upon Fourth and Race streets at a cost of $6,812. On the morning of May 23d, 1830, the officesg was dedicated to the Offices of religion, the Rev. Bernard Whitman of the village of Waltham, Mass., conducting the services. The Rev. John Pierpont, pulpit orator and poet, contributed of his spirit in default of his bodily presence at the baptism of his ecclesiastical offspring by writing a dedication hymn, which is preserved in the Unitarian ministers' record book of Cincinnati in the somewhat primitive print of the typographical art of the Cincinnati of 25,000 inhabitants. Bernard Whitman, the preacher of the day, left behind or subsequently sent here a notable .figure of the city's life in the person of his son, Judge Henry Whitman. There came to Cincinnati about the time this church was being formed a re, markable English woman, Mrs. Frances Trollope, famous both for her own literary work and for the productions of the more distinguishedsons Anthonynd historians her sons.Anthony and Adolphus, who has left a not wholly flattering picture of the state of society in the town in her book "Domestic Manners in America." She had come here by the only comfortable approach, the Mississippi and Ohio rivers through New Orleans, a tedious and save for the interest of the streams themselves, a disagreeable journey, and had attempted a mercantile venture which proved calamitous. Possibly her disposition to observe impartially the character of this Western community was somewhat warped by these unhappy experiences, for though she speaks favorably enough of what nature had done for the beauty of the place she represents the social conditions CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 543 as insufferably dull, sordid and vulgar, and altogether wanting in any intellectual interest. But when she tells. of her summer residence in the northwestern part of the city near what has been known as the Mohawk bridge, and recounts that one of her household was one day lost in the woods which covered the hills all round the north and west of the town, she suggests what some of the early Unitarian visitors repeated with enthusiasm that the vale encircled with wooded hills of the primeval forest sloping towards the river, which had made the situation inviting as a place of settlement for the pioneers who first drifted hither from the sources of the Ohio, was still possessed of the graces which gave the city what now, amid the clouds of smoke and the decaying buildings which mostly occupy the lower terrace, seems a fantastic and grotesque title of the Queen of the West. It is easily conceivable that a new and rapidly growing town made up largely of fortune seekers, or of men and women whose talents were in their stout arms and untiring energy, was not of a high spiritual tone; and religion, the. first resource of those who have any aspirations for things of the soul, often assumed the character of the worship of frontiersmen, raw and barbaric in its ideas, and alternately noisy and gloomy and morose in its outward manifestations. As for the natural features, the few men and women of taste and refinement, of whom the Unitarians had their full share, occupied and made the most, of the inviting river views which are now covered by the St. Nicholas and the Burnet hotels, and the adjacent Third street region, fronting upon gardens which responded quickly to the cultivation of flowers and shrubbery ; and such people infused some leaven of cultivated manners and intellectual ambitions into their neighborhood. The ministers who supplied the Unitarian pulpit of that first decade from 1830 to 1840 were invariably graduates of Harvard bringing with them something of the atmosphere of the older culture of the Atlantic coast ; and those who gathered around such spiritual guides constituted a much needed softening and elevating influence upon their town's ambitions. Of the ministers who were settled here in the first ten years two, Edward B. Hall and Ephraim Peabody, afterwards filled with distinction the pastorates of two of the most influential New England Unitarian churches ; while William Henry Channing, a nephew of the famous divine, was especially beloved by the group of talented persons with whom he was most associated in this country and in England where he passed his later days. Among the laymen whose names appear upon the table beneath the window of the church of the Redeemer are those whose work survives in their activity in _education and literature, especially in what they did to establish a public school system. The first statute levying a tax upon all the counties of Ohio for the maintenance of public schools was framed and urged through the legislature by Nathan Guilford, who had for many years before agitated the duty of educating the child and edited the Educational Almanac, while William Greene, John P. Foote, Timothy Flint and James H. Perkins, as well as others in less prominent ways, figure in those early annals of the town as members of school boar& or agitators for improved popular instruction or authors of school books. 544 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY One of the first literary ventures of the town was the "Western Messenger," primarily an organ of Unitarian doctrine but with its pages largely occupied by essays, stories and poems contributed by Channing, Perkins; Wm. D. Gallagher and John C. Vaughan. Perkins and Gallagher edited the Cincinnati Mirror in 1835. Poetry is apt to be the avocation or diversion of men and women of literary talent, and from the beginnings of Unitarianism until the present there never was a time when the Unitarian church required original hymns or other metrical contributions to its solemn or festal services which did not produce one of its own number to fully meet the dignity of the occasion with graceful verse. So the first programmes of the church dedication and of the ordination of ministers, if they were wanting in names of local clergymen to perform the becoming ecclesiastical ceremonies made up in rich hymns composed by some member of the flock. Three or four names from this congregation are especially typical of the public spirit of those formative days of the church and town, Timothy Walker, the able and upright judge who died untimely at the age of 53, George Carlisle, William Goodman and Charles Stetson among the merchants. Many of the men and women who formed the early congregation have been commemorated by their descendants in beautiful windows and tablets in the Church of the Redeemer. It was not the purpose of those who undertook to choose the names which should be preserved as church founders to include any of the ministers, but one exception appears in the case of James Handasyd Perkins, who was in fact only incidentally the ordained .guide of the congregation, being by preference a teacher and worker among the poor, but called at two separate periods to preach and altogether acting as minister for more than two years. Mr. Perkins was an intimate friend of Mr. Chanting who was settled here in 1839, and when the latter resigned his ministry on account of certain conscientious scruples, the congregation appealed to Mr. Perkins, one of their members, to temporarily fill the gap. This he did for many months, and again when a newly settled successor, Mr. Cornelius Fenner, died after a five months' ministry, Mr. Perkins resumed the charge. Tlie congregation had reason to be exceedingly grateful and happy that a man of such sweetness of moral quality and of eminent talent for public address was available in its crises of history, for a constant source of weakening to the parish prosperity lay in the brief duration of its ministerial settlements for twenty years. The men who came here full :of promise stayed, the longest, but four years, and between their ministrations there would be many weeks when the church must either be closed or some layman read a sermon ; never a satisfactory state of things. Notwithstanding these vicissitudes the church kept together a band of respected and influential men and women until the approach of the civil, war whose atmosphere excited commotions in the theological as well as in the political world. Mr. Moncure D. Conway had a somewhat tempestuous period of ministry, from 1856 to '1862. The years of that ministry began a division into two societies, the majority of the congregation going apart into the Church of the Redeemer, which existed thirteen years in its place of worship on Sixth and Mound streets, under the ministries of Amory D. Mayo and Charles Noyes, eventually reuniting with the First Congregational church under the Rev. Charles W. Wendte. During that separation, in 1864 the first house of worship was CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 545 sold and replaced by a commercial block and the proceeds were expended in the erection at a cost of $36,000 of the church on the northeast corner of Eighth and Plum streets, which in turn was sold in 1889. Eleven ministers have been formally installed over the church, the tendency from 1850 being to give each incumbent a slightly longer term of service, which would indicate more stability in the purposes of the congregation. (The present minister, Dr. Thayer, has been with his people since 1882, and is one of the most esteemed pastors of the city.—Editor.) In May, 1900, a window was unveiled in memory of the founders and friends of the church in the period between 1830 and 1840. Miss Ellen P. Sampson, a daughter of William S. Sampson one of the first members of the church, whose family to the third generation is active in the church, undertook the larger part of the correspondence necessary for reaching the scattered descendants of the early members of the church. She signed companyract with the Tiffany company while yet the needed money was not entirely in hand, and she with others of her family gave generously to the purchase. The memorial has as its central figure Truth, the desire and object of reverence of all sober minds ; that truth which with its sword destroys error, which enlightens our darkness of mind with its torch, which opens the doors of life with its key, and which crowns its followers with a wreath of verdure and beauty. The ministers of the "first Congregational Church of Cincinnati" have been, Edward B. Hall, Sept., 1830-June 13, 1831 ; Ephraim Peabody, May 20, 1832-Feb. 1836; Benjamin Hunton, August 1837-May 381839- Maynry Channing, May 10, 1839-May 1841 ; James H. Perkins preached occasionally in the interval from Feb. 1844 ; Cornelius G. Fenner, June-November 1846; James H. Perkins, 1847-Dec. 1849; Abiel Abbot Livermore, May 26, 1850-July 6, 1856 ; Moncure D. Conway, Dec. 21, 1856-Nov. 1862 ; Charles G. Ames preached during 1863 ; church at Fourth and Race sold Feb. 1864 ; Thomas Vickers, Jan. 6, 1867-April 5, 1874; Charles W. Wendte, Jan. 19, 1876-April 16, 1882; George A. Thayer, Oct. 5, 1882. Ministers of the Church of the Redeemer, A. D. Mayo, Jan. 1863-1872; Charles Noyes, Jan. 5, 1873-June 1875. JUDAISM Judaism is treated in this book at length in a separate paper elaborately and carefully prepared by one of the leading Jews of the city. We may state here however a few general facts in regard to the growth of Judaism in this city. It is asserted that the first Jew who came to this city arrived in 1817. In 1835 there were here Jews in sufficient numbers to build a synagogue. In 1840 the Jews formed three per cent of the population. In 1859 there were three thousand, three hundred and fifty-six Hebrews in this community. A congregation of people of this faith existed here in 1822, but they were not yet strong enough to erect a synagogue, but they used for worship a small building of frame on Main, between Third and Fourth streets. A congregation of the Reformed Jews, the "Congregation of the Children of Israel, Reformed," was organized in 1830. They dedicated in 1869 the Mound Street Temple. 546 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In 1844, the congregation of Benai-Jeshurun, the Children of Jeshurun, Reformed, was organized. This is a very strong and rich congregation. Its temple is of Moorish architecture and is very handsome. Rabbi Wise, whose reputation extended over the whole nation, was for many years in charge and was also the President of the Hebrew Union College. The Jewish charities and educational institutions are numerous and important, and these are dealt with in detail under other chapter headings. CONGREGATIONALISM. The first Congregational church of this city was founded in 1840. We have already noted, under the _history of Presbyterianism, something in regard to the Vine Street Congregational church. This was at first a Presbyterian church. In 1831 it was founded by a colony from the First Presbyterian church, as the Sixth Presbyterian church, a name which it bore until 1846. The statement from that church's manual gives the reason for the exodus of the colony from the mother church : "The cause which originated this church movement was pulpit defense of American slavery, drawn from the Bible, and denunciation of those who agitated the subject of emancipation." A number of members of the First Presbyterian church, April 5th, 1831, applied to the Presbytery of Cincinnati to be organized as the Sixth Presbyterian church of Cincinnati. The request was granted and the organization was effected four days later. The original members were Amos Blanchard, Mary Blanchard, A. F. and Louisa Robinson, Rev. Franklin T. and Catherine Vail, Chancy P., and Lydia Barnes, William S. Merrell, Daniel Chute, Thomas L. Paine, Betsey H. Washburn, Lewis Bridgman, Harriet Treat, William Holyoke, Horace L. Barnum, Daniel K. Leavitt, Osmond Cogswell. The church at once took an advanced anti-slavery position. The students in Lane Seminary were at this time in growing sympathy with abolitionism, and many of these affiliated themselves with the Sixth church on this account. In 1838 this Congregation passed a resolution, stating: "Resolved, That no candidate applying for admission to the fellowship of this church will be received by the session who either holds slaves or openly avows his belief that the holding or using men as property is agreeable to God." This congregation also as its first act adopted a total abstinence pledge for all its people. This was as follows : "Resolved : That all persons admitted to this church adopt the principle of entire abstinence from the use of ardent spirits, except for medicine." The first place of worship of this church was in Wing's school house. Later this congregation used the Bazaar, the college building, the Universalist church on Walnut street, Burke's church (the old First Presbyterian), on Vine street, and the Mechanics Institute. In February 1836, this congregation bought for eight thousand dollars the church property of the Baptists on Sixth street. For twelve years they held services there. October 22, 1848, they took possession of the lecture room of the handsome building on Vine street, near Ninth. They occupied this church for many years, and but recently have sold it, with the expectation of rebuilding elsewhere. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 547 This Sixth Presbyterian church became in November, 1846, by a unanimous vote of the congregation, the Sixth Congregational church of Cincinnati ; and soon afterward this name was changed, by act of the legislature, to the Vine Street Congregational church. This congregation has had a marked and notable career, and has been one of the best known churches in the city. It organized the Western Free Missionary society, which merged with the American missionary association. It inaugurated the Reform Book and Tract society, now known as the Western Tract society. It has had marked periods of revival in 1834, 1838, .1840, 1842, 1853, 1858, 1863, 1870 and 1877. Its manual announces that "an untrammeled pulpit, and the application of the Gospel to every known sin, have been and still are fixed principles of action in the life of this church." It has exercised very rigid discipline among its members and has not hesitated to exclude from the communion such as have not conformed to its standards and ideals. The Rev. Herbert Bigelow is now the pastor, and he is well known, as a leader in social reforms. The congregation is just now, in view of rebuilding, without a church home but maintains a vigorous activity and will doubtless in due time be again under its own roof and continue its warfare for righteousness unabated. The First Orthodox Congregational church was organized in 1843 as the George Street Presbyterian church, with thirty-seven members from the Second Presbyterian church ; in 1847 it became the First Orthodox Congregational church. Later it assumed the name of the Seventh 'Street Congregational church. The corner stone of its building on Seventh street, between Plum street and Central avenue, was laid July 16, 1845, the sermon being preached by the noted Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher. There are now eight Congregational churches in the city. LUTHERAN CHURCHES. In 1814 the German Lutherans and German Presbyterians joined forces and formed a German Lutheran congregation, with the Rev. Joseph Zesline as pastor. Although they had no church building of their own they met every Sunday and had preaching in German and English. In addition to what the few Lutherans could do toward building a church, they were aided by people of other churches and they received their proportion of the funds for religious purposes derived, according to the original compact with the general government, from the sales of lands in the twenty-ninth section in every township of the Miami purchase. So they succeeded in erecting a church home. About 1825, the Rev. Jacob Crigler, from Pennsylvania, where he was then settled, passed through Cincinnati on his way to Kentucky. While in this city he was informed that there was here no English-speaking Lutheran church. When, in 1834, he changed his residence from Pennsylvania to the vicinity of Florence, Kentucky, he renewed his interest in the establishment of such a church in Cincinnati. Mr. Crigler was the presiding officer of the Missionary Society of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the West, which held its sessions in October, 548 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY 1841, in Indianapolis. In union with the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio, this body agreed to maintain for one year the Rev. Abraham Reck as the English Lutheran missionary in Cincinnati. The Rev. Mr. Reck accordingly came to this city in December, 1841, and at once began preaching in a room of an engine house at Vine and Canal streets. The Rev. John Krack, who had been a member of the United Brethren church, also preached occasionally for the Lutherans. The First English Lutheran Church of Cincinnati was .formally organized in the old College .building on Walnut street, on February 20, 1842, by the Rev. Abraja, Reck and the Rev. Jacob Crigler, the latter at last seeing fulfilled his desire of many years before. Mr. Reck was the pastor of this congregation until November, 1845. Among the first members of this church were Samuel Startzman, the first superintendent of the Sunday school, Hon. Henry Kessler, J. M. Straeffer, Michael Straeffer, Thomas Heckwelder, Isaac Greenwald, David Hawley, J. E. Jungeman, Mark Dorney, Thomas Walter, Adam Apply, William Walter, John Lilley, John Everding, John Meyers; George Meyers, Andrew Erkenbrecker, and others, with their families. Later, there came into the membership such well known men as John Everhard, Herman Schultz, Jacob Guelich, Henry Schaeffer, Thomas Bowers, George Fisher, Monroe Lowrie, Charles Whemer,Edward Lauton, Alonzo Adams. Mr. Reck was succeeded in the pastorate by the Rev. William H. Harrison, D. D., April 18, 1846. He continued in charge until his death by cholera in November, 1866. The Rev. Joel Swartz, a professor in Wittenburg College, Ohio, became the next pastor and remained one and a half years. The Rev. Dr. John B. Helwig, afterwards president of, Wittenberg College, was the fourth minister of this church and remained with the congregation four and a half years. The next minister, the Rev. Rufus W. Hufford, continued as pastor a year and a. half. The Rev. Ephraim Miller became the minister in March, 1875, and continued as such until, October, 1878. He was succeeded by the Rev. H. W. McKnight. There are now seven Lutheran and sixteen German Evangelical churches in this city. THE DISCIPLES. The Christian or Disciples church. The noted Alexander Campbell was not only the founder of the church of this name but was the leader in the establishment of this denomination in Cincinnati. He was born in Ireland in 1788, was educated at the University of Glasgow, and came to America as a licentiate of the Seceder Church of Scotland. His father, a minister of the same church, was already Settled in Western Pennsylvania and under him the young Campbell continued his studies and preached his first sermon, in July, 1815. He quickly became a popular preacher. His views and those of his father were considered novel, and father and son, with such as agreed with them, formed an isolated congregation called "The Christian Association," organized as "the Brush Run Church." The senior Campbell was its elder and Alexander was its licensed preacher. The main points of the teaching at this time were "Christian union can result from nothing short of the destruction of creeds and confessions of faith, inas- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 549 much as human creeds and confessions have destroyed Christian union ; nothing ought to be received into the faith and worship of the church, or be made a term of communion among Christians, that is not as old as the New Testament, nor ought anything to be admitted as of divine obligation in the church constitution of management, save what is enjoined by the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ and his apostles upon the New Testament. Church, either in express terms or by approved precedent." The Bible and nothing else was their con,- fession of faith or creed. Mr. Campbell's marriage in 1812 with the daughter of a Presbyterian turned his attention to an examination of the Scripture mode of baptism, which he concluded was that of immersion. Consequently he and his father, with the majority of the members of his church were immersed June 1.2, 1812, by a Baptist minister, Elder Loos, to whom he said, "I have set out to follow the apostles of Christ and their Master, and I will be baptized only into the primitive Christian faith." Next, the congregation, acting, as they believed, in accordance with the New. Testament, ordained him to the ministry. He organized several churches, which joined, though openly acknowledging their view of the Bible, the Baptist denomination. But in 1827 they were formally excluded from the Baptist communion. From that date the Disciples of Christ, or the Campbellites as popularly called, spread rapidly as an independent and earnest body of Christians. In 1823 Mr. Campbell extended his labors into Tennessee and Kentucky. In 1840 he founded Bethany College at Bethany, W. Va. Mr. Campbell was a famous debater ; indeed by his first public debate he may be said to have called public attention to the existence of his denomination. This was at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, in 1820, with the Rev. John Walker, a Presbyterian, on the subject of baptism. Again, he debated in 1823 at Washington, Ky., with the Rev. William McCalla, another Presbyterian. In 1828 he debated at Cincinnati with Robert Owen on the Truth of Christianity. In the same city in 1836 he debated with Archbishop Purcell on the Infallibility of the Church of Rome. In 1843 he had one of his most famous debates with the Rev. Dr. N. L. Rice at Lexington, Kentucky, on the distinctive points of his own communion. Mr. Campbell was gifted with a fine presence, great ease and skill of utterance. His private life was stainless and full of Christian grace. The Disciples of Christ, or Christians, often called Campbellites, wish to be known only by the names applied to the followers of Christ in the Scriptures. They reason that sectarian names are unscriptural and causes of division. In harmony with Acts 11 :26; 26 :28 ; I. Peter 4 :16, and Rev. 21:9, they as individuals and as a people call themselves simply "Disciples of Christ, or Christians," and their churches "Churches of Christ," or, using the adjective "Christian Churches." Under this title they plead for the union of all lovers of Christ. The Disciples have made rapid growth, and now number in this country alone more than a million and a half members. The churches they have in Cincinnati are strong and flourishing. They have also in this city a publishing house, which issues twenty-six different periodicals, with an aggregate circulation of 900,000 copies. Their principal publication, "The Christian Standard" is one of the leading religious papers of the country, both in circulation and in influence. 550 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY THE CHURCH OF ZION. The followers of Alexander Dowie, popularly known as "Doweites," have an organization here. The official title of this denomination is "The Holy Apostolic Catholic Church of Zion." They believe in the cure of disease by faith. NEW THOUGHT. The New Thought Temple in this city is at McMillan street and Peebles Corner. The pastor is the Rev. Harry T. Gaze, a brilliant and earnest man. Some of Mr. Gaze's ideas are as follows : "I daily aspire to a more perfect life. I am determined to unfold the ideal." "My ideals are constantly expanding." "I charge my mind with creative energy." "The body responds to my concentrated thought". "My moods are subject to my control." "My body is as new as the body of a child." "My life grows , stronger with the passing years." "My best days are before Tile." "In an exercise for rejuvenation choose one of the above affirmatives, or formulate your ideal in your own words. Then center the mind clearly upon it. Persistently. call the mind back to the chosen statement and hold it there until the mind is charged thoroughly with its influence. Choose a special time for this concentration." BIBLE SCHOOL. The "Bible School" is a flourishing little college of believers whose only text book is the Scriptures. They are a, very devout and earnest group and have gathered into' their company zealous persons who are engaged in studying the Bible and fitting themselves to teach it among their associates. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. "Christian Science." The Church of Christ, Scientist, has now two organizations in Cincinnati. About twenty-five years ago the people of this faith began in this city. They had at various times several organizations. About five years ago what is' now known as the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Cincinnati, was organized, inheriting the -charter and members of previous societies. Within recent years this society has grown rapidly. It met for some time in an edifice in Avondale that was purchased from another religious organization. The increase of its membership compelled it to build a large and handsome church, which is on Park avenue, Walnut Hills. This edifice was built at an expense of between $115,000 and $120,000. The congregation moved into it in March 1911. The Commercial-Tribune, April 22nd and 24th, said: Another link in the chain of Christian Science churches which have attracted attention by their simplicity and beauty will be added tomorrow morning when, the First Church of Christ, Scientist, holds initial services in its new edifice in Park avenue, near Francis lane, Walnut Hills. No special exercises will nark the opening of the structure. The only sign of the event will be the extra service at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, a duplication of the morning service. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 551 The structure into which the Christian Science congregation moves from Rockdale avenue and Reading road, where it has worshiped for half a dozen years, is the first to be built in the vicinity of Cincinnati expressly for the denomination. Designed by Architect S. S. Beeman of Chicago, like most of his other churches it shows a marked departure from conventional lines of ecclesiastical architecture. "The style is basically classical," said Architect Henry M. Hooper, the supervising architect, yesterday. "It is a very beautiful specimen of revived colonial architecture adapted to the auditorium type of church. "A noticeable feature of the building is the harmony of the interior tones. Buff prevails throughout the entire decoration. The organ is designed in open fret-work of buff, and the art-glass windows of the clere story give a fused yellow light that tones with the decorations. The panels of Rookwood on either side of the clere story, setting forth inscriptions from the Bible and Mrs. Eddy's writings, provide a new material for lettering in church structures, valuable chiefly because the tile harmonizes so much better with soft tones than the usual gilding or painting. The pews and consol are of mahogany, the carpet a French blue. "The auditorium has the typical aisles and clere story of cathedral architecture, pointing the vision to the beautiful scriptural motto surmounting the organ, `Preach the Gospel; Heal the Sick,' also in Rookwood. This is the first time that the pottery has made lettered tile for a church. Below the organ screens run across the entire platform, which is surrounded by a handsome balustrade. The pews radiate from the readers' platform, rising to the rear. They will seat about 900. "An unusual feature will be the situation of the Sunday school room, over the foyer and the entrances, a second story room in the front of the building. Windows will open into the auditorium, which can be slid out of sight. By sliding out the glass of the foyer, also, the seating capacity can be increased by 300. "The foyer is a dignified entrance hall, floored with Rookwood tile in mosaic and provided with drinking fountains and cloakrooms. At each side staircase halls lead to the Sunday school rooms and to retiring rooms in the basement. "The organ is said to be one of the finest in Cincinnati. It was designed by Edwin H. Lemare of London, who will give it a thorough testing before its acceptance in a recital during the next month. The organ was built by Skinner of Boston. "The exterior is colonial without the dome. Heavy columns front the structure, which is approached by two flights of steps, guarded on each side by a heavy metal lamp. The cost of the property has been about $115,000, of which $17,000 went into the lot." The other Christian Science congregation in the city, Second Church of Christ, Scientist, worships at 25 East Eighth avenue. The old edifice of First church on Rockdale avenue will be sold. The usual officers of the church will participate in the opening services tomorrow. A. J. Thorne, first reader ; Miss Mabel Nelson, second reader ; Mrs. Adolf Hahn, organist, and Mr. J. M. Pendry, soloist, or as he is called in his church, the precentor. 552 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY THE SALVATION ARMY. The Salvation Army established its work in Cincinnati soon after it began to spread in America, and its achievements in this city have been very memorable. Its early reception here was very much the same as in other places, and here as elsewhere as its methods bore good fruit it gained the esteem and support of all classes of people. The people of all the churches are among its backers, and the same can be said of hosts of those who are outside any church connections. The Army here has the usual barracks and homes and aids and equipment with which all lands are now so familiar. Its methods here are the same as elsewhere and are equally effective. It is the custom of the Army to ask for and receive opportunities to have their representatives speak in the various churches, present their work and in many cases they receive financial aid. While the Army is a distinct organization, separate from all churches, it is backed by the churches as if it were a great arm of interdenominationalism and doing work that is practically impossible for the churches themselves. The Army has achieved here many notable deeds. It, from time to time, has had its greatest leaders visit it. General Booth himself has been here, and when on his visits has spoken in the churches as well as elsewhere and has been received with high honors as among the foremost workers of the world for the benefit of humanity. The Salvation Army long ago passed out of the stage of misunderstanding, among well informed people. Rider Haggard, who for some years has made a special study of the work of the Salvation Army and the result of whose studies has been published in a remarkable book called "Regeneration," says that an intelligent and fair-minded inquirer into the actual facts about the Army "would discover that about five and forty years ago some impulse, wherever it may have come from, moved a dissenting minister, gifted with a mind of power and originality, and a body of great strength and endurance, gifted, also, with an able wife who shared his views, to try, if not to cure, at least to ameliorate the lot of the fallen or distressed millions that are one of the natural products of high civilization, by ministering to their creature wants and regenerating their spirits upon the plain and simple lines laid down in the New Testament. He would find, also, that this humble effort, at first quite unaided, has been so successful that the results seem to partake of the nature of the miraculous. "Thus he would learn that the religious organization founded by this man and his wife is now established and, in most instances, firmly rooted in fifty-six countries and colonies, where it preaches the Gospel in thirty-three separate languages ; that it has over 16,000 officers wholly employed in its service, and publishes 74 periodical's in 20 tongues, with a total circulation of nearly r,000,000 copies per issue ; that it accommodates over 28,000 poor people nightly in its institutions, maintaining 229 food depots and shelters for men, women and children; and 157 labor factories where destitute or characterless people are employed ; that it has 17 homes for ex-criminals, 37 homes for children, 116 industrial homes for the rescue of women, 16 land colonies, 147 slum stations for the visitation and assistance of the poor, 60 labor bureaus for helping the unemployed, and 521 day CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 553 schools for children ; that in addition to all these, it has criminal and general investigation departments, inebriate homes for men and women, inquiry offices for tracing lost and missing people, maternity hospitals, 37 homes for training officers, prison-visitation staffs, and so on almost ad infinitum. "He would find, also, that it collects and dispenses an enormous revenue, mostly from among the poorer classes, and that its system is run with remarkable business ability ; that General Booth, often supposed to be so opulent, lives upon a pittance which most country clergymen would refuse, taking nothing, and never having taken anything, from the funds of the Army. And lastly, that whatever may be thought of its methods and of the noise made by the 23,000 or so of voluntary bandsmen who belong to it, it is undoubtedly for good or evil one of the world forces of our age." Haggard tells further of a Sunday in June when he attended a "Free Breakfast Service" at the Blackfriars' Shelter in London : "I entered the great hall, in which were gathered nearly b00 men seated upon benches, every one of which was filled. The faces and general aspect of these men were eloquent of want and sorrow. Some of them appeared to be intent upon the religious service that was going on, attendance at this service being the condition on which the free breakfast is given to all who need food and have passed the previous night in the street. Others were gazing about vacantly, and others, sufferers from the effects of drink, debauchery or fatigue, seemed to be half comatose or asleep. "This congregation, the strangest that I have ever seen, comprised men of all classes. Some might once have belonged to the learned professions, while others had fallen so low that they looked scarcely human. Every grade of rag-clad misery was represented here, and every stage of life from the lad of sixteen up to the aged man whose allotted span was almost at an end. Rank upon rank of them, there they sat in their infinite variety, linked only by the common bond of utter wretchedness, the most melancholy sight, I think, that my eyes ever beheld." Mr. Haggard listened to the exhortations of the officers and witnessed a pitiful procession to the "penitent bench," and he says : "The age of miracles is past, we are told, but I confess that while watching this strange sight I wondered more than once that if this were so what that age of miracles had been like. Of one thing I was sure, that it must have been to such as these that He who is acknowledged even by sceptics to have been the very Master of mankind would have chosen to preach, had this been the age of His appearance, He who came to call sinners to repentance. Probably, too, it was to such as these that He did preach, for folk of this character are common to the generations. Doubtless Judea had it knaves and drunkards, as we know it had its victims of sickness and misfortune. The devils that were cast out in Jerusalem did not die ; they reappear in London and elsewhere today, and, it would seem, can still be cast out. "I confess another thing, also, namely, that I found all this drama curiously exciting. Most of us who have passed middle age and led a full and varied life will be familiar with the great human emotions. Yet I discovered here a new emotion, one quite foreign to a somewhat extended experience, one that I cannot even attempt to define. The "contagion of revivalism," again it will be said. This may be so, or it may not. But at least, so far as this branch of the Salvation Army work is concerned, those engaged in it may fairly claim that the tree 554 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY should be judged by its fruit. Without doubt, in the main these fruits are good and wholesome." Mr. Haggard's conclusion, after visiting some forty institutions organized by the Salvation Army, studying their plans for curing drunkards, watching their women go out on the Piccadilly pavement at midnight to hand literature to lost women, entering the maternity homes where illegitimate children are brought into the world, learning their methods of reclaiming criminals, was that the Salvation Army, whatever its limitations, is using the methods best suited to the people with whom it has to deal. He says : "The Salvation Army is unique, if only on account of the colossal scale of its operations. Its fertilizing stream flows on steadily from land to land, till it bids fair to irrigate the whole earth. What I have written about is but, one little segment of a work which flourishes everywhere, and even lifts its head in Roman Catholic countries, although in these, as yet, it makes no very great progress. "How potent then, and how generally suited to the needs of stained and suffering mankind, must be that religion which appeals both to the west and to the east, which is as much at home in Java and Korea as it is in Copenhagen or Glasgow. For it should be borne in mind that the basis of the Salvation Army is religious, that it aims, above everything, at the conversion of men to an active and lively faith in the plain, uncomplicated tenets of Christianity to the benefits of their souls in some future state of existence and, incidentally, to the reformation of their characters while on earth. "The social work of which I have been treating is a mere by product or consequence of its main idea. Experience has shown, that it is of little use to talk about his soul to a man with an empty stomach. First, he must be fed and cleansed and given some other habitation than the street. Also the Army has learned that Christ still walks the earth in the shape of charity ; and that religion, after all, is best preached by putting its maxims into practice ; that the poor are always with us ; and that the first duty of the Christian is to bind up their wounds and soothe their sorrows. Afterwards, he may hope to cure them of their sins, for he knows that unless a cure is effected, temporal assistance avails but little. Except in cases of pure misfortune, which stand upon another and so far as the Army work is concerned upon an outside footing, the causes of the fall must be removed, or that fall will be repeated. The man or woman must be born again, must be regenerated. Such, as I understand it, is at once the belief of the Salvation Army and the object of its efforts." Ex-President Roosevelt, in The Outlook, compares the Salvation Army with the Franciscan Order of the Middle Ages. He writes : "No history of the Thirteenth Century pretends to be complete unless it deals with the wonderful religious revival associated with the rise of the Franciscans, and no history of . the Nineteenth Century, and probably no history of the Twentieth Century, will be complete that does not deal with the work of the Salvation Army. For many years the general attitude of cultivated people towards this work was one either of contemptuous indifference or jeering derision. At last it has won its way to recognition, and there are few serious thinkers nowadays who do not recognize in the Salvation Army an invaluable social asset, a force for good which works CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 555 effectively in those dark regions, where, save for this force, only evil is powerful." The city of Cincinnati, through the Salvation Army workers here, has seen something of the same renovating and regenerating work which these writers describe. The Army here is active and aggressive, and is accomplishing a vast deal, but it stands in need of the help and backing of the generous people of the city that its mission may be still more effective. One of the strange, eccentric religious movements of the second quarter of the 19th Century, known as "Millerism," touched Cincinnati to a degree. This was at its height in 1843 and '44. The leaders of the movement in Cincinnati were a Mr. Hines, a Mr. Jacobs and others. They opened their services in the Cincinnati College building and continued to hold them there for some time. As crowds were attracted, they erected a crude structure, eight feet square and with seating capacity for two thousand people, near Mill Creek. They issued a paper called "The Midnight Cry" and propagated the idea that the end of the world was at hand. They announced first that the end of all things would occur December 31, 1843 ; then the 23d of March, 1844 ; then at midnight of October 22, 1844. Cist's Miscellany for November, 1844, gives the following account : "All these periods were referred to in succession in The Midnight Cry, and so firmly was the faith of the Millerites fixed on the last calculation that the number published for October 22d was solemnly announced to be the last communication through that channel to the believers. In the progress of things, both in the press and tabernacle, as might have been expected, deeper exercises of mind among the Millerites was the result, and within a few days of the twenty-second all the brethren had divested themselves of their earthly cares, eating, drinking and sleeping only excepted. Chests of tools which cost forty dollars were sold for three. A gold watch worth one hundred dollars was sacrificed for one-fifth the value. Two brothers of the name of Hanselmann, who owned a steamboat in company with Captain Collins, abandoned to him their entire interest in it, alleging they had nothing farther to do with earthly treasures. John Smith, an estimable man, once a distinguished member of the Baptist church and a man of considerable property here, left it all to take care of itself. A distinguished leader in this movement shut up his shop and placed a card on the door, "Gone to meet the Lord,"—which in a few hours were irreverently replaced by some of the neighbors with "Gone up." "One of the believers, the clerk of one of our courts, made up his business papers to the twenty-second, and left later business to those who were willing to attend to it. Another, a clerk in one of the city banks, resigned his position in order to devote his entire attention to the Second Advent preparations ; and others settled up their worldly business, paying their debts so far as was in their power, and asking forgiveness of their unpaid creditors, when they were unable to discharge the account. Others, again, spent weeks in visiting relations and friends for the last time, as they supposed. In short, after all these things, all ranks and classes of the believers assembled at the tabernacle on the nights of the twenty-second and twenty-third successively, to be ready for the great event. Vol. I-36 556 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY "In the meantime considerable ill-feeling had been engendered among the relatives of those who had become infatuated with these doctrines, as they saw their wives or sisters or daughters led off by such delusions, to the neglect of family duties, even to the preparing of ordinary meals or attending to the common and every day business of life. The spirit of lynching Was about to make its appearance. Crowds upon crowds, increasing every evening, as the allotted day approached, aided to fill the house or surround the doors of their building. A large share were ready to commence mischief as soon as a fair opportunity should present itself. On the last Sabbath the first indications of popular displeasure broke out. Every species of annoyance was offered to the Millerites at the doors of the tabernacle, and even within its walls, on that and Monday evening—much of it highly discreditable to the actors. At the close of an exhortation or address, or even a prayer by the members, the same tokens of approbation, by clapping of hands and stamping of .feet, as are exhibited at a theatre or a public lecture, were given here, interspersed with groans of 'Oh Polk !"Oh .Clay !' shouts of .'Hurrah for Clay !"Hurrah for Polk !"Hurrah for Birney !' and loud calls of 'move him,' you can't come it,' varied occasionally with distinct rounds of applause. A pigeon was let into the tabernacle also, on Monday evening, to the general annoyance. "On Tuesday the crowds in and outside the building, still increasing, and not less than twenty-five hundred persons being within the walls, and nearly two thousand in the street adjacent, a general disturbance was expected. But the mayor and police had been called on, and were upon the ground and distributed through the crowd. The clear moonlight rendered it difficult to commit an excess irresponsibly ; and above all, Father Reese, venerable for his age, erudition and skill in theology, and his magnificent beard, occupied the great mass outside the doors, as a safety-valve to let off the superfluous excitement. At nine o'clock the Millerites adjourned,—as it proved sine die,—going home to watch at their respective. dwellings for the expected advent. They held no tabernacle meeting on Wednesday evening, to the disappointment of the crowd, which assembled as usual, and to which, by way of solace, Reese again held forth. At nine o'clock the out-door assembly dispersed, also without day. Wednesday evening having dissipated the last hopes and confounded all the calculations of the Adventists, they have since, to a great extent, resumed that position in the community which they previously held. The carpenter has again seized his jackplane, the mason his trowel, and the painter his brush. Eshelby has tied on anew the leather apron, and Brother Jones again laid hold of the currying knife. The clerk in the bank, whose post was kept in abeyance until he should recover from his delusion, is again at his desk, and John the Baptist, by which well-known sobriquet one of the principal leaders is designated, has gone back to his houses and his farms, content to wait, as other Christians are waiting, for the day and hour to come, as the chart has pointed it out." This was one of the very few outbreaks of what may be deemed erratic religion in this city. In the main the various churches have been conservative, and have proceeded upon their way in teaching and training their children and people in faith, righteousness and good works. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 557 In strong contrast with what would be likely to move popular interest today was a noted debate between the Rev. D. N. L. Rice of the Central Presbyterian Church and the Rev. E. M. Pingree of the Universalist church. This discussion was held in the tabernacle, beginning February 24, 1845, and lasting for eight days. Crowds thronged the edifice and even clambered upon the roof. Three eminent citizens of the city of that day, Judge Coffin, Mr. William Green and Mr. Henry Starr, were the judges. The sessions were orderly and quiet in spite of the throngs and intense interest. As indicating the change in the public mind in regard to such discussions, there was held in 1909, in Music hall, a debate between two men of considerable repute in their own religious bodies. The debate was upon certain of what are generally considered minor differences between Christians. Though both men were powerful speakers and the debate was well advertised, the interest was limited to a very few. This suggests a change in the popularity of methods and the emphasis upon cardinal rather than the lesser principles of religion. The membership of the churches has steadily increased; the revenues of the churches are larger than ever ; interest in vital religion is probably greater than ever; the people give with great liberality for charitable purposes ; but discussions of differences between the various religious bodies no longer appeal half so much as emphasis upon the central matters on which they agree. During the general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church in 1910, there was a slight and scattering discussion in some of the newspapers between one or two defenders of the Roman Catholic point of view and certain who spoke from the Episcopal standpoint, but so far as one could judge there was no general interest in the matter. The people in general simply regarded both churches as parts of the army of righteousness, allowed each to think as it might choose provided there was charity for all and non-interference. The spirit of the city is for toleration, charity, cooperation. No enthusiasm can be aroused over discussion of the superior claims of this or that church, or the exclusive validity of this or that form. On the other hand, general evangelistic revivals enlist a large amount of interest and enthusiasm. Gypsy Smith in 1910 filled Music hall at each of his meetings for a couple of weeks. Sam Jones in 1905 packed the same hall during all his services. The most conspicuous revivalistic success of the late decades was the first series of meetings Sam Jones held in this city, during the Eighties. Probably nothing was ever seen in the history of the city in the way of religious services comparable to these meetings. The noted revivalist was then achieving a national reputation. Literally thousands of persons were turned away from the doors of Music Hall at every meeting. Jones frequently had to be passed by policemen over the heads of the crowds that he might reach the hall and the platform. Hundreds of men were converted and many lives changed in all their after careers by these services. "Deacon Smith," the famous editor, declared Jones' outpouring of thought and language an unrivalled intellectual feat. The whole city was moved by the bombshells this gifted man threw against the forces of iniquity. 558 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The Miami Bible Society was organized in 1814, with the object of providing Bibles for the poor. Its first president was the Rev. O. M. Spencer. The Rev. Joshua L. Wilson, D.D., was the secretary and William Burton was the treasurer. A Female Auxiliary Bible Society was organized in 1816, and within three years its membership had increased to one hundred and thirty. The Young Men's Bible Society was established in 1834, and was auxiliary to the American Bible Society. An African society for the spiritual and educational benefit of colored people was formed in 1817. The leader in this movement was Charlotte Chambers, whose first husband was Colonel Ludlow and who afterward married the Rev. Mr. Riske. An African school was established under the leadership of several superintendents of Sunday schools, in a wing of the Lane Seminary building. Among the pupils were some persons above fifty years of age. The colored people took much interest in this work, and more than seventy persons of this race entered into the movement to train their children as missionaries and to build up schools in Cincinnati for colored children. This organization at Lane is said to have been the first of its kind in Ohio. The Sunday School Union Society was established at about the same date. The membership fee was one dollar. Five members, with a Sunday school superintendent, could form a branch school. The society furnished supplies from the treasury, and such a school was taken under the supervision of the society. In 1818 the Cincinnati Sunday School Society was established. During the same year the Wesley Sunday School Society was founded. In 1819 the Sunday School Society of the Protestant Episcopal church came into existence. In 1817 a local tract society was founded. In 1818 the Western Navigators Bible and Tract Society, for distributing religious literature among sailors on the inland waters, was established. The American Tract Society, in 1840, chose Cincinnati as a center of supplies for its colporteurs in the west and northwest. An agency was established. In 1850 the Tract Society was distributing from this city more than fifty thousand dollars worth of religious matter. Its work has grown steadily and now its distribution is very large. The total value of church property is estimated at $5,062,987.