300 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY born at Milan of French parents in 1813, and was thus at the time but twenty years of age), and seven associates, decided to Prove by actions as well as by arguments to their companions in Paris schools that their Christianity, which had been so glorious in the past in works of charity was still living and active, and banded themselves together to serve the Almighty by relieving the distress of His poor. They began so vigorously seeking out the destitute and bringing them relief in person, that their labors soon drew upon them the attention of the whole of Paris, and the recruits that flocked to their standard were so numerous that in a short time a number of conferences, or branch societies, were formed, each of which had its own organization yet strictly followed the rules adopted by the original association. From this small beginning the St. Vincent de Paul Society has grown rapidly and steadily until now it has conferences in India, China, Egypt, South Africa, Australia, the islands of the Pacific, the countries of Europe, the states of South and Central America, and all sections of Canada and of our own country. In all, there are 5,500 conferences, with 90,000 active members and 100,000 honorary members, all engaged in the same work, all conforming to the same rule and all under the direction of the council general at Paris. The active members of the society, who do the active work, must be Catholic laymen. The honorary members also must be Catholic laymen ; they contribute a fixed sum annually. Other benefactors, who may be men or women, Catholic or non-Catholic, are called subscribers. The conferences, occupied in practical works, are the foundation of the society ; over the conferences of a town is the particular council, composed of representatives from all the local conferences. The particular council reports to a central or superior council, which, in fine, reports to the council general in Paris, the center of the whole association and a bond of union among the many branches. The methods of the society are simple and thorough. Every conference meets regularly once a week. Then all applications for relief are brought before it and referred to a committee of inquiry. This committee visits the applicant at his home, investigates his circumstances as thoroughly as possible, and at the next meeting of the conference submits its report and recommendations. In the family is found deserving, the society authorizes the payment of a certain sum weekly in the form of tickets which are accepted for groceries at designated stores in lieu of cash, and are afterwards redeemed by the society. These relief tickets are distributed every week by subcommittees, which visit the families in person once a week, keep a close watch on their condition and report to the society any change in their circumstances. As soon as any family is considered capable of caring for itself, relief is discontinued. Every endeavor is used to encourage parents, educate the children, and make the family self-respecting, self-reliant and self-supporting. When needed, shoes and clothing are furnished. During the winter coal is supplied. Occasionally rents are paid ; rarely is any cash given. Some conferences conduct a store-room and at stated hours every week issue groceries to the poor on presentation of the relief tickets. The society further seeks to find homes for orphans and neglected children, to place the aged and afflicted in institutions CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 301 and to procure employment for its charges and other applicants. Besides the actual relief of the destitute, special works are often undertaken ; such as the visitation of hospitals and institutions of correction ; the placing of orphans and foundlings in good homes ; fresh air work, boy's clubs, and the like. The funds of the society are mainly derived from a secret collection at every meeting, from donations of honorary members and subscribers, and from lectures ,and similar entertainments. There is practically no expense whatever connected with the work of relief. No salaries are paid ; the use of the meeting room is nearly always free; occasionally there may be a charge for stationery or postage. Almost every cent received goes directly to the poor. All the work of the society is done quietly ; the rules forbid that the condition of its charges should be made public. Annual reports are issued, but all is done in the name of the society and not in the name of the individual. The organization is not secret, but impersonal. As the Vincentians consider themselves the dispensers of the gifts of God who is the common Father of Mankind, they feel that their love for their neighbor should be without respect of persons. The title of the poor to their commiseration is their poverty itself. They are not to inquire whether the poor belong to any particular party or sect, whether they are white or black, Jew or Gentile, Catholic or Protestant. All who need help are to be the beneficiaries of their Christian charity. The Cincinnati conferences relieve each year several hundreds of families, more than a thousand individuals and pay more than 5,000 visits to the homes of the poor. When it is considered that the total receipts of the society throughout the world are annually about two million dollars and the disbursements the same, some idea can be formed of the work that is being done by the members of the St. Vincent de Paul Society, not for any material remuneration but for the love of Him who said, "Amen, I say to you, as long as you did it to one of these my least brethren you did it to me." MATERNITY SOCIETY. This society was founded about twenty-six years ago by Mrs. Robert B. Bolwer, and its purpose is to provide infants' clothing, aid and comfort for destitute women in child-bed. It is carried on by women of the Episcopal church. The aid covers a period of not less than two weeks nor more than two months. The society has its headquarters at 525 E. Liberty street. Applications may also ,be made to the officers at any time. About 1,000 visits are made each year by the trained nurse and several hundreds of friendly visits are made by ladies of the society, and numbers of Thanksgiving and Christmas dinners are furnished for families. Several thousands of garments are made and distributed yearly by active members and the sewing circles. There are also given out about a thousand new garments and several hundreds of such as are slightly worn. Nearly four thousands of new garments and more than a hundred toilet bags are given out for infants' outfits. The medical staff is of the best. 302 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY While some of these women are poor because of their inability to be anything else, that class forms but a small per cent of the beneficiaries of this society. the past few years, especially, most of them have been of a better class ; many of them had never received charity before, but owing to loss of work in financial depressions, and similar causes, come into temporary straits that have to be tided over. The object is always to raise the family to a little higher level if possible, and to encourage the olders members of the family to help themselves, and to this end a large active membership is desirable. Volunteers are wanted for the visiting committee. Valuable cooperation is received every season from the Fresh Air Society, the Flower Mission, and sometimes from the Army and Navy League. KINDERGARTENS. The first meeting of Cincinnati women interested in establishing free kindergartens in this city was held December 13, 1879. At a subsequent meeting held December 19, the Cincinnati Kindergarten Association was organized with Mrs. Alphonso Taft as its first president, Mrs. Robert Hosea as treasurer and Mrs. J. D. Branna as secretary. The first kindergarten was opened in the old Spencer House on the river front March 1, 1880, with six children present. This number rapidly increased to sixty as the work became better known in the neighborhood. A training school for kindergartners was organized at the same time, and the four pupils who entered for the training were placed as assistants in the kindergarten under the direction of Miss Sallie Shawk of St. Louis. As the success of the first kindergarten became demonstrated, it was decided to open another in the extreme northern part of the city, and these two were soon followed by one in the western and another in the eastern part of the city. These kindergartens were known respectively as the South, North, West and Gilbert avenue kindergartens, and were placed under the direction of pupils trained in the school. They, with the training school, derived their entire support through the association by means of voluntary subscriptions, donations and the proceeds of entertainments, etc., there being no tuition charged at that time. Later, in order to encourage the formation of kindergartens, without assuming an additional burden of expense, the association volunteered to organize and supervise kindergartens supported by other organizations or individuals, free of expense, and to supply them with pupil assistants for the training school.. A mothers' meeting or association has been organized in each of the kindergartens, holding monthly meetings for child study and social intercourse, and these again have been united, forming a general association, holding mass meetings once a month during the year. Four kindergartens owe their existence and entire support to the earnest desire upon the part of several groups of hard working mothers who realize the advantages of the kindergarten training for their children and an endeavor to provide them with it. A few years ago a bill was passed at Columbus, authorizing- boards of education to set aside part of the contingent fund to establish and maintain kindergartens in connection with the CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 303 public schools, for children between the ages of four and six, or to provide an additional sum for kindergartens by the levy of a tax not exceeding a mill. The development of the training school has been the chief object of consideration during the past few years, as the realization has become more general that the value of the kindergarten depends entirely upon the character, ability and thorough preparation of the kindergartner for her work. The course of instruction now covers a period of three years; the first year prepares the pupil for the position of assistant, the second for director, while the third prepares the director for higher responsibilities and clearer insight into the work she has undertaken. The kindergartens are open only in the mornings, the afternoons being devoted to training classes, directors meetings, lectures, etc., with the exception of Thursday afternoon, which is reserved for mothers' meetings. The average number of children in a kindergarten is fifty, and endeavor is made to place with each director assistants from the senior and normal classes, giving the juniors a period of observation and preparation before they are formally installed as assistants. Necessary changes in the location of assistants are usually made just after the Christmas and Easter vacations, in order that there may be as few interruptions as possible to the trend of thought and preparation carried out in the kindergartens at those seasons. Many graduates of the training school are now filling satisfactorily important positions in various localities, and are in constant communication with the training school, which aims to keep in close touch with their work. Free scholarships are granted to deaconesses and to workers in the social settlement. There are now fifty-nine kindergartens associated with the Cincinnati Kindergarten Association. The total number of children enrolled is nearly 3,000. Average attendance 1,558. Largest attendance, 2,041. Number of visits to homes, 7,604. Number of visitors, 3,862. Number of mothers enrolled 2,051. Number of visitors to meetings, 2,179. The annual expenses are more than $9,000. There is usually a small balance in the treasury. RESCUE MISSION. Life Saving Station—These are the words in great letters of black, that can be seen for squares, painted upon a building on George street near Central avenue. One usually associates the idea of a life saving station with those who go upon the sea and of those who are rescued from it, and the simile certainly holds good here for it is indeed the mission of those in charge to rescue the erring and lost from the sea of sin. The mission was founded about fifteen years ago by the Rev. Sherrard and Mrs. Beatty, and was opened in an old gambling house on West Fifth street. Its object was to rescue men and women from drink and sin and to help them on the way to a good life. Ten regular meetings are held every week in the Mission hall; the open air and street work begin with the opening of warm weather. They make a special point of prison work, and look after prisoners who have been released from the work house ; also the house of detention, which is visited every Sunday, and 304 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY hospital patients who need merciful help. The police court is watched, especially for those who have been arrested for the first time, and these and others when released by the court are turned over to the mission. Three' thousand homeless men are given lodging each year. Several thousands of dollars are expended each year in this work ; no special appeals are made for money; no collections are taken in the meetings ; often those in charge have sat down to the last meal they had in the house, not knowing from whence the next would come. But it came, as help has always come, and .the work has prospered. Although the mission assumes charge of those who come out of the police court or workhouse, no help comes from the city except in the way of passes to get the erring ones back to their homes. Rich people are not helping the mission. Its funds come from the great class of wage workers and from those who have been helped up. Attached to the mission is a Rescue Home for erring women, where they are cared for free of charge and where homes and situations are provided for them when thought best to leave the home. Many girls have been returned to parents. Each year several hundreds of girls are cared for, and half of these are returned to their families and friends. Hundreds have been provided with homes where they can earn an honest living. Quite a number have been married and have become happy wives. No salaries are paid to any persons connected with the mission. Dependence is placed entirely upon voluntary offerings. When the present building was erected, it was chiefly through the aid of a few personal friends. This is truly a Life Saving Station, from whence the life lines are being daily and hourly thrown out. A visit to this place will more than repay any one. THE FRESH AIR SOCIETY. This society has existed for more than twenty years, as an unsectarian movement for providing glimpses of country, woods and fields to these persons, resident in Cincinnati and its tributary cities across the Ohio river, who need help in obtaining such vacations. The society recognizes no distinction of race or complexion in the bestowal of its bounty, having one or two farms where negro women and children are received. For most of the years of its activity it has distributed its vacation subjects upon several farms situated among the hills surrounding Cincinnati, within a radius of fifteen or twenty miles. Later its operation had received modification, by the gift from a lady .and a gentleman of benevolence, who desired to establish a memorial of an only son who had diet, of a farm. of sixty- three acres of beautiful woodland and tillage, situated ten miles, from the city, upon the Little Miami branch of the Pennsylvania railroad. To the commodious buildings already standing there were added eight large cottages, of eight sleeping rooms each, and a dining room for two hundred inmates. While the scattered farms are in some measure still used, the Home at Terrace Park receives the larger part of the society's beneficiaries. The houses are so separated that invalids and persons of refined tastes have rooms apart from the noisy children who constitute the majority of recipients of the country outing. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 305 The aim of the society is not alone to care for poor women and children, but to invite to a vacation of two weeks, or longer, if special need arises, saleswomen, teachers, bookkeepers and others of limited resources. As in case of such fresh air societies, the most satisfactory results of the charity have been shown in the restoration of the sick to comparative and often entire health, by the magic medicine of good air and wholesome food. PROGRESS WORKING GIRLS CLUB. The constitution of the Progress Working Girls Club, organized in 1894, declares its purpose to be the "mutual enjoyment and improvement of the members." Their aim always has been to be self-supporting and self-governing. Instruction is offered in subjects desired by the members. There are classes in embroidery, calisthenics, English, elocution and vocal music. Occasional lectures or series of lectures on educational or practical matters and social meetings twice a month form an enjoyable feature of the club work. The club rooms are open for classes three evenings in the week and on Sunday afternoons, from September to May. During the summer months the members come together in out-door meetings at the Zoo, Eden Park or some pleasant farm not far from the city. OHIO HUMANE SOCIETY. This society exists for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and for the Protection of Children. This association was organized in 1873, incorporated in 1875, and reincorporated in 1878. The objects of the society are to create public sentiment among the people of Ohio in favor of enacting laws for the prevention of cruelty, especially to children and animals ; to prosecute persons found violating such laws; to compel fathers, who have abandoned children, to provide for them, and to compel adult persons having aged and infirm patents to assist in providing for them. It is the province of the children's department of this society to receive and investigate all reports of cruelty or neglect of children. Laws have been enacted, by the legislature of Ohio, for the protection of children, which authorize this society to prosecute the cases and otherwise carry out the provisions of such acts, so that the society is a powerful instrument in the rescuing of little ones from neglect, squalor, vice, cruelty and destitution, and in providing shelter and homes for them. The officers and agents of the society seek out the abodes of crime, the dwelling places of infamy ; and innocent young children are rescued from the corrupt atmosphere by which they are surrounded, and placed in homes, under good influences, where better training will fit them for the battle of life. As the gravest crimes necessarily engage the attention of the police force in all large cities, the especial delegation of a friendly hand like the Humane Society to shield the helpless ones is very effective. In this department, each year a couple of thousand cases, involving the welfare of twice as many children, many of them related to cruelty and neglect, Vol. II-20 306 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY and many to truant fathers, are cared for. In the cases of truant fathers, sometimes amounts reaching in totals to large sums are compulsorily contributed. A few such fathers disappear, others are sentenced, warned or otherwise disposed of, while others are awakened to their duty. Several hundreds of neglected and abused children are each year provided with good homes. The records of the various courts will bear testimony to the faithfulness of the society's officers in bringing offenders to justice. It is the policy of the society, without fear or favor, to prosecute all persons found violating the laws against cruelty and against failure when other means fail to secure the object desired. The courts and the officers of the city, county and state cooperate most earnestly in the enforcement of these laws. Another feature of the work is the enforcement of the act passed April 13, 1898, which provides that "any adult person, a resident of Ohio, having a parent within the state of Ohio, said parent be destitute of means of subsistence and unable, either by reason of old age, infirmity or illness to support himself or herself, who neglects or refuses to provide said parents with necessary shelter, food, care and clothing, being possessed of or able to earn means sufficient for the purpose, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and punished by imprisonment etc. Many cases under this law are prosecuted with success. In the animal department, about two thousand cases a year are complained of and investigated ; few complaints fail of being sustained, while most of the complaints are found to be cases of aggravated cruelty. In some cases a complaint involves man ,head of horses or mules or cattle. These cruelties consist of overloading, overdriving, torturing, tormenting, beating, needlessly mutilating, cutting, stabbing, abusing, docking tail, working with sore shoulders or back, or lame, spavined and crippled and otherwise unfit for work. CINCINNATI SOCIAL SETTLEMENT. In seeking to express what the University College and Social Settlements have contributed to philanthropic effort, it may be said that they have used the synthetic method. The very simplicity of the relation of the Settlement to its neighborhood makes it the most binding, imposes responsibilities that are well-nigh universal. Just as there is no limit to the fatherly relation,. because it is so simple, so absolute, so the Settlement stands morally pledged. The value of the Settlement work comes largely from the fact that it is constantly tested by the anxious questioning of the Settlement worker, and each new step is undertaken as a result of his direct observation of conditions that are very near and pressing. The Cincinnati Social Settlement stands on the corner of Broadway and Third street, on the brink of a tenement neighborhood heterogeneous in character. Of the six hundred and fifty families affected by the Settlement, fully one half belong to the respectable, wage-earning class, and represent an average weekly income of ten dollars. The family is housed in four or three, oftener two rooms, paying an average rent of eight dollars a month. The children have no playground but the street or a narrow court, and they are invariably taken from school at an age ranging from twelve to fourteen years and placed in CINCINNATI —THE QUEEN CITY - 307 factories. There are many virtues among these families,—endurance, self-denial, cheerfulness, self-respect ; but the housing of them so near each other makes it necesary to keep as distinct as possible, and so it is that they are generally suspicious and there is little social life either in the family group or in the house group of families. The remaining one-half of the Settlement families live upon a weekly income below ten dollars, seven for the better-to-do, and all the way down for the others. These pay an average rent of six dollars a month. The grade of morality is inevitably lowered by the condition of the tenement in which they are forced to live, and as in all classes, there are inherent vices. The mental vision is pitifully narrow. The Settlement effort is, then, to reinforce the good element in this neighborhood, strengthening them from without and mobilizing them within. The constitution of the Settlement Woman's Club, borrowed from the Woman's Club of the Chicago University Settlement, states its object to be the visiting of women of different nationalities and different creeds that shall help every woman to be a better wife, mother, sister and citizen. Through the kindergarten, the classes in wood-sloyd, sewing and embroidery, the bank, the library, story groups, social and dramatic clubs and reading circles, an activity is obtained that proves itself to be salutary, even inspiring. During the year lectures are given. Lectures on cooking, with demonstrations are given. There has been much good music, and well chosen plays have been successfully rendered by the Settlement Club. The social clubs have grown noticeably in membership and influence, and in self-growing power. The Woman's Club has maintained a benefit fund, kept a store of linen for the sick, and given relief in food when necessary, in so neighborly a spirit that giving seemed honorable and good, no shame to the recipient or the giver. Many little children have been taken to throat and ear and skin specialists, and many serious discussions have taken place at the Settlement on the transmission of disease, and the dangers lurking in ill-smelling courts and alleys. The Settlement sees a new social movement in its community ; it is what Jane Addams calls the up-draught, and those who are caught in it find themselves carried into a new contact with the finer elements of civilization, and able themselves to contribute as citizens to the best activities of the city. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in 1848, for the purpose of giving young men a good start. It has a splendid gymnasium. This gives a good start physically. The Cincinnati organization was the first of its kind in the United States. On the 8th of October 1848 there was called together a meeting of the male teachers of the first Mission Sunday School of the Central Christian church. It was declared that they met for "the purpose of taking into consideration the formation of a society for mutual improvement in grace and religious knowledge." Shortly afterwards the society called itself The Young Men's Society of Inquiry. Again the title was changed to "The Cincinnati Society of Religious Inquiry." In April 1849, the first Mission School was founded, it being on 308 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Cherry street. In August 1849 a second Mission School was established. Two years later rooms were rented for a library at 130 Walnut street. In 1853 the organization again changed its title to The Cincinnati Society of Religious Inquiry and Young Men's Christian Union. In 1858 the title was abbreviated to Young Men's Christian Union. In 1863 the title "Young Men's Christian Association" was selected. While the Civil war was being waged the association was almost at a standstill. Shortly after the close of that conflict a new spirit was infused into the society. In 1865 the association met for some time in the Seventh Street Congregational church. Later it took rooms in Fourth street. Its quarters were changed in 1867 to a corner of Elm and Sixth streets. Mr. David Sinton, in 1874, generously presented the association with the munificent sum of $33,000. Close to the end of the Nineteenth century, the Y. M. C. A. was deeply in debt and made earnest appeals for help. Alexander McDonald responded with a contribution of $20,000, and David Sinton came forward with another large gift, $13,000. A building for headquarters of the association was erected in 1891 at the corner of Walnut and Seventh streets. This fine edifice cost $200,000. It has an evening college, with an enrollment of above 600 pupils. There are classes in arithmetic, bookkeeping, penmanship, shorthand, electricity, photography, physiology , elocution, English grammar and composition, French, Spanish and English literature, music, drawing, and architecture. One can prepare here for admission to the Cincinnati University, receiving instruction in Latin, Greek, Algebra, History and English literature. There is a night law school, founded in 1893. The Eclectic Medical Institute branch is at the corner of Plum and Court streets. The social life forms a special feature of the Y. M. C. A. and diversions are carefully planned. Receptions, concerts, lectures, etc., are among the many attractions. There is a baseball club and athletic team ; the annual camp usually comes in July, and special inducements are given to lead members to rest and recreation at' lake and mountain. There is a literary society which meets every Saturday evening; also a Banjo, Mandolin and Guitar Club, a Glee Club and Camera Club. On the first Thursday evening of each month there is a members reception. During the Winter there is a star course of entertainments, presenting the best talent in special lines. A boarding house register is kept for the benefit of members and strangers. There is an empIoyment department, organized especially to help members to employment ; and while members of the association are first considered, the committee aims to help all worthy young men, no differences being made because of nationality or creed. In the law department there are usually more than one hundred enrolled. The tuition fee of $17.00 entitles the holder to all other privileges. In the devotional department there is a Sunday afternoon musicale and lecture at three o'clock. ;Bible classes are held during the week. Evening prayers are conducted every night, except Sunday, beginning at 9:40. The boys' department offers special inducements to boys of twelve to sixteen. What the Sunday School is to the church, the boys' department is to the general associa- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 309 tion. A special secretary is in charge, and every means is used to advance the welfare of the boys. A restaurant is located on the fourth floor. It occupies three beautiful, light and airy rooms, reached by elevator. The cooking is done on the floor above, so that there are no odors of the kitchen in the dining rooms. The bill of fare is very reasonable in price. This restaurant is sought by business men because of its cleanliness and comfort. The Y. M. C. A. railroad departments are at Third and Baymiller streets and the Union depot. The statistics of these branches for one month are interesting; 341 visits to rooms per day ; 61 baths taken ; 32 letters received and written ; 31 beds used in dormitory per day ; 101 men attended religious meetings ; 785 visits by secretary to men in round-houses, offices, yards, etc.; 8 visits by secretaries to sick and injured men. A branch has been established at Northside. This is the first push into the. suburbs. Sixty-two of the most prominent women of Cincinnati are enrolled in the Woman's Chapter of the Y. M. C. A. The object is to broaden the work of the association among young men, and to make the building as homelike as possible, in order to meet the needs of the great number of young men who are rooming and boarding in the city. The half century anniversary of the association was celebrated more than ten years ago with appropriate exercises. The history of the Cincinnati association had always been one of success because it has had the staunchest of friends. Among the best of these was Mr. David Sinton, one of the city's wealthiest citizens. He first gave the lot and building at Sixth and Elm streets. Greater accommodations were needed and Mr. Sinton gave $20,000 in addition to the amount raised by the sale of the old property, and when another great call was made for public help he gave $14,000 more. When asked why he took such an active interest in the work of the Y. M. C. A. Mr. Sinton replied : "When I came to Cincinnati practically without friends or money, I found no place to welcome me. No place where I could spend my evenings among good companions or at evening studies. There was no place where a poor boy could 'spend' his time among books, and I determined that if ever my position justified it I would lend my aid to the establishment and support of an institution that would supply the wants I so keenly felt when I was a young man. Feeling the need of funds for special purposes, the Y. M. C. A. in the early part of December, 1910, started a ten days' whirlwind, campaign to raise 475,000, by the famous big clock plan. They were more than successful, obtaining $80,000. The money thus raised is being devoted to needed repairs on the Central Y. M. C. A. building; paying off a certain amount of indebtedness; assisting the state ,committee; refurnishing rooms of the railroad branch on West Fifth street, and maintaining the general work for the next two years. Following the announcement of the offer made by Julius Rosenwald, head of a large commercial house in Chicago, to give to every city in the United States $25,000 for a negro Y. M. C. A., provided the citizens raise $75,000, 'a movement has been started in Cincinnati to procure the necessary money and to found such an institution here. 310 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY ST. JOSEPH'S ORPHAN ASYLUM. St. Joseph's Catholic Orphan Asylum fronts on Cherry street, north of Blue Rock street, in Cumminsville. The building and the grounds occupy about ten acres, the location is pleasant and healthful with ample sewerage facilities and abundance of fresh air. The structure is of modern build and presents quite an imposing appearance, a large new wing having been erected within late years at a cost of more than $12,000. The interior of the buildings combines convenience, comfort and healthfulness, the rooms are large and commodious with abundance of light and air and are heated by steam. The spacious grounds of the asylum form a beautiful park where in fine weather after school hours the children have the opportunity to engage in healthful exercise, and this accounts for the general health of. the inmates, which is most excellent. No contagious diseases, or in fact, disorders of any sort become prevalent. Here are maintained in decency and comfort from three to four hundred poor orphan children of both sexes, ranging in age from three to fifteen years. The management of this institution is in the hands of the Sisters' of Charity, and it is needless to say that love, kindness and tender care prevail where these good ladies are in control. The St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum is regarded as one of the model institutions of this city. New class rooms live been established and the greatest attention is paid to the thorough education of the children according to the most modern methods, from the kindergarten to the higher studies. When the boys and girls have attained a proper age, situations are sought for them in families of respectability or in stores or offices and a sister from the asylum visits the children who are placed out, from time to time, to see how they are progressing and in what manner they are treated, thus exercising a parent's tender care over these fatherless ones until they have sufficiently matured as men and women. How many boys and girls are being saved to society in this manner who otherwise would have drifted into the slums, becoming outcasts and *criminals. As the children of today are to be the men and women of the next generation, in whose hands will be placed the destinies of our great nation, what nobler work can engage the humanitarian or the patriot than to give a generous support to institutions such as this, where the children of the poor are reared and educated and the principles of virtue, morality and patriotism are instilled into their minds and hearts. COLORED ORPHAN ASYLUM. The Colored Orphan Asylum of Cincinnati was organized in 1844 by an association of ladies and gentlemen who were led in their efforts by Mrs. Lydia P. Mott, an aged member of the Society of Friends. Associated with her were Salmon P. Chase, John Woodson, Christian Donaldson and others. The asylum. was chartered in February, 1845, the act of incorporation having been drawn up by Salmon P. Chase, whose personal influence was brought to bear upon the members of the legislature to secure its passage. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 311 In 1845 the trustees contracted with Nicholas Longworth to purchase a building on Ninth street, between Elm and Plum, which building was occupied by the asylum until 1866. For many years after the purchase of the building on Ninth street, the asylum fell into a very low condition. Many times there was neither food, clothing nor persons to care for the children, nor money to hire or purchase. In this condition of affairs, in 1852-53 and 54, Levi Coffin and his wife went to the asylum and took charge as steward and matron. Through their influence the institution was kept alive and many friends were found for it. In 1866 the trustees sold the Ninth street house and lot and with the funds purchased six acres of land in Avondale. From 1866 to 1896 the asylum was kept in an old dilapidated building on Shillito street. In the autumn of 1896 a new and beautiful building,. the gift of Thomas Emery's sons, was erected on the Shillito street lot. The colored people of this community can never forget Thomas Emery's sons, for they have been their greatest benefactors. Now each year about a hundred children are cared for, at an expense of about $4,000, which includes food, clothing, help, care of the building and improvements. The endowment fund of the asylum represents $9,000, invested in first mortgages. There are no debts. Voluntary contributions are generous but demands increase, and money is always needed. The trustees express gratitude to the churches and charitable people of the community for kindly remembering them in their donations, and they hope for a continuance of this friendly interest in a needy institution. GERMAN PROTESTANT ORPHAN ASYLUM. The German Protestant Orphan Asylum is one of the largest and most splendidly equipped institutions of the kind. It has a superb location on Highland avenue. In the neighborhood of two hundred children are cared for each year, many of them orphans and many half-orphans. When dull times and continued enforced idleness of the laboring classes render a father or mother helpless to care for their little ones the children are received here. Sometimes these little ones are an obstacle to their father or mother in getting work, as they cannot leave them at home without some one to care for them, and the nature of such employment calls such parents away. It happens too that these parents often become ungrateful for the assistance afforded and are unwilling to pay the small sum required for support, even when well able to do so. There is always a yearly spring festival given under the auspices of the Ladies' Society, and the means thus accrued help very materially in meeting the demands which are yearly becoming heavier. The anniversary of the nation's birthday is generally celebrated, when the children sing patriotic songs, play war games, and are treated to fireworks in the evening. Easter and Pentecost are also celebrated. For some years past there has been a mid-summer excursion on the Ohio river to Coney Island. The principal support comes from a General Society, of which there are about one hundred members. There is also a branch Covington Society. 312 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY CINCINNATI ORPHAN ASYLUM. The charter for this excellent charity was granted January 25, 1833. The inspiration thereto was awakened by the horrors of the terrible cholera season of 1832, when so many little children were left destitute and homeless. The good work was inaugurated by twelve heroic women, with only eight dollars in the treasury, under most disheartening circumstances, without any reliable source of revenue, oftentimes uncertain how to provide food day by day, this "foster child of the city" grew into the sympathies of the public. The butchers of Cincinnati, after their market hours, gathered up the remnants of meat on their stalls to be sent to the orphans ; the vegetable gardeners on their return to their farms deposited baskets of produce within the asylum gates ; the bakers found many spare loaves of bread for the hungry children ; and this was all done, not by continued importunity, kit as a free-will offering. From all business associations, choral societies, theaters, jurors fees, Masonic lodges, fire companies, Ohio volunteers, gate money from ball and billiard games, numerous fairs and festivals, these continuous offerings came in the hour of need. The smallest donations ever received was six and a quarter cents (the old fip-penny bit) given by a very poor woman in 1835, a sincere heart offering like the widow's mite. The largest sum contributed was the handsome bequest of Charles Bodman in 1878, of $25,000. For more than seventy-five years this work has been continued with the blessed assurance of great good accomplished. Many thousands of children have been sheltered, clothed, fed and educated until able to go out into the world and do battle for themselves. Mr. Henry Probasco filled the position of president of the board of trustees for thirty-five years, the longest term served by any one member. The continued prosperity attending the growth and development of this benevolence is largely due to the admirable financial management controlled and judiciously discharged by the various bodies of experienced business men composing the board of trustees. The orphan children attend the public schools, receive religious instructions in the Sunday Schools and churches, are invited pupils of the Turnverein gymnasium and are recipients of very many kindnesses. Homes are found in country families mainly, and the numbers are no sooner reduced than the ranks are speedily filled. The average number remaining within the asylum is about one hundred. OPHTHALMIC HOSPITAL. This institution was founded in 1891 by Dr. Robert Sattler, and is located on West Twelfth street. Eye and ear treatment is here given to the poor and needy. JEWISH HOSPITAL. The Jewish Hospital, located at Burnet and Union avenues, Avondale, is a free general hospital, non-sectarian in character. It was organized in 1845 and was located in a two-story brick building on Betts street, near Cutter. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 313 The first president was the late Abraham Aub, and the first physician in attendance, who gave his services free, was the venerable Dr. A. Bettmann. One of the first secretaries was Gustav Mosler, deceased, the father of Henry Mosler, the renowned artist. Mr. Harmon Mack, deceased, was the next president, and he was succeeded by Mr. James Lowman. Louis Kramer occupied the position of recording secretary and legal adviser of the board of directors for many years. The institution was removed to Third and Baum streets; after several years of existence on Betts street, as its usefulness out-grew its surroundings. The beautiful institution is now located on the suburban hills. Having established a Training School for Nurses, and the charity patients increasing, an annex was built. The fund for construction and furnishing was contributed by friends of the institution, a large part being given by Mrs. L. J. Workum, in memory of her deceased sons, Jephtha L. and Ezekiel L. Workum. THE CINCINNATI HOSPITAL. The Cincinnati Hospital was established in 1821, under the name of The Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum for the State of Ohio, with a provision for the admission of sick boatmen on the Ohio river who were residents of the state, and those of other states reciprocating by providing similar accommodations for Ohio boatmen. Hence the name "Commercial" Hospital. This provision for sick boatmen anticipated by many years the establishment of the Marine Hospital by the government. The first hospital was established largely through the efforts of Dr. Daniel Drake, distinguished pioneer, scientist and author, who personally drew the plans for the first buildings, for which service he was paid ten dollars by the township authorities. The old hospital buildings were demolished in 1867, and the present buildings were occupied January 7, 1869. The administrative offices, forming the front of the institution, are on Twelfth street. There are six pavilions, three stories in height. Three of the pavilions are on the western and three on the eastern side of the block. Each pavilion contains three wards, one on each floor, those in the central pavilion containing thirty-six beds each, and the rest twenty-four each, allowing ample space for each bed. The pavilions contain also twenty-four private rooms. In the central buildings at the rear fronting on Ann street are the Pathological museum, mortuary, etc. In the same building is the accident ward, convenient of access, and fully equipped for emergency at all hours of day or night. The establishment is heafed throughout by steam. Heat for the wards is supplied from coils of steampipe placed in chambers in the basement. From these chambers, pure air, warmed to the proper temperature, passes into the wards, while the halls and other rooms are heated by direct radiation from the steam coils placed therein. There are also open grate fires in the wards. Portions of the building are ventilated by a downward draught into a large air duct uncle; the pavilions, which terminates in a large chimney of the boiler room. The walls of the entire building are composed of brick, with freestone finishing around the angles, etc. The upper stories are finished in French style, with 314 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Mansard roof of slate. The wards of the hospital are divided into surgical, medical, obstetrical, ophthalmological, venereal, gynaecological, and childrens, and in attendance upon these are four surgeons, six physicians, four obstetricians, two ophthalmologists, two neurologists, two dermatologists, two pediatrists, and two pathologists. One half this number is on duty at the same time. Clinical lectures are delivered in the amphitheater two hours each working day, commencing October 1st and ending March 31st. In aid of the medical staff are twelve internes, who are graduates and are selected by a competitive examination. The nursing in all wards, except three, is performed by nurses and pupil nurses of the Cincinnati Hospital Training School for Nurses. The course of training covers a period of two years. Every part of the hospital is in direct communication by telegraph and telephone with the superintendent's office. The hospital is connected with all police stations by telephone. There are three ambulances, in addition to the ten police patrol wagons of the city, which insure prompt conveyance for sick and injured persons at all times. Strangers or other persons of means wishing to avail themselves of the best appointments for proper care, can have private rooms and trained nurses, and they can choose their own medical attendants. They are not restricted to the medical staff. During the year 1897, a branch hospital for contagious diseases was estab- lished one mile beyond the city limits. Consumptive patients especially are treated there. The premises include fifty-three acres, situated on a high plateau, and having every natural advantage of healthful location. The city of Cincinnati is just now engaged in planning and constructing a new hospital on a large scale. The commissioners in charge of these plans for the new and greater institution have already completed the contagious group of buildings, which are now open. The buildings which have been completed include an administration building, three pavilions or ward buildings, a building for private patients and unclassified charity cases, and the disinfecting station of the new general hospital, which, for the present, will be used as a temporary power plant. It is the little child that the trustees have first remembered. The three ward buildings are dedicated to the treatment of the three diseases that especially afflict children,—measles, diphtheria and scarlet fever. The city already had branch hospitals for smallpox and consumption, but not until the present time has it had facilities for isolating and specially treating other contagious diseases. The new buildings of situated on the tract of twenty-seven acres which fronts on 'Burnet avenue and overlooks the surrounding suburbs. They are constructed of yellowish-brown mottled brick with sandstone trimmings and tile roofs. The administration building is a three-story structure. The first floor and basement contain offices, staff rooms, drug and store rooms, a central kitchen for the entire plant, and several dining rooms for the nurses, officers and attendants. The latter are so arranged that the attendants on the various diseases do not mingle with each other. Each pavilion is devoted to the treatment of one disease. The structure is largely of cement and tile, so that wards, room hallways and stairways may be flushed and cleaned in the modern sense of the word. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 315 There is also an elaborate vacuum cleaning system in all the buildings. At the southern end of each building is a solarium where the convalescent children may receive the beneficial effects of direct sunlight. The three pavilions are connected by a two-story, tile-floored porch, which affords ease of communication and a "fresh air cut off" between the buildings, thus securing isolation to the several diseases. Architecturally and in their surroundings the new buildings are said to be without a peer among the hospitals of the world. Dr. Holmes, the noted specialist, was sent abroa to make an investigation of the best hospitals of Europe and to suggest plans for Cincinnati's new hospital. The city authorized bonds to be issued to the amount of $2,300,000 to carry out these plans. There are to be eighteen buildings in the group when e completed. When these plans are carried out, Cincinnati will have one of the best and most complete hospital systems in the world. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN. The hospital of the Protestant Episcopal church in the diocese of Southern Ohio was incorporated in November, 1893. At that time there was no institution in the diocese devoted especially to the alleviation of the suffering of helpless childhood. Hence the chief purpose of this act of incorporation was "to provide medical and surgical aid for sick, infirm and disabled children between the ages of one and fifteen years." For four years the hospital occupied a rented house on Walnut Hills, with a receiving capacity of fifteen patients. The generous gift of Messrs. T. J. and J. J. Emery enabled the institution in November, 1897, to take possession of a new and permanent home on Locust street, Mount Auburn. Here, although outside the city proper, yet easily accessible with its receiving capacity increased to forty-eight, the hospital was enabled to treat annually nearly two hundred patients. By the establishment a few years ago of an out-door department, this number is now increased to over three hundred, while there is always a lengthy waiting list, During its twenty-five years of existence several thousands of children have been treated. A large proportion of these have been discharged as cured. Although under the auspices of the Episcopal church, the tablet on the front of the institution furnishes the key to its broad humanity, "No patient excluded on account of creed, color or country." Consequently within its wards are to be found children black and white, of all nationalities, of every religion, and of no religion. The advantages of care and nursing are freely given, for the articles of incorporation read, "this corporation is not created for profit, but will rely for its maintenance upon voluntary gifts of the charitable and humane." Frequently, however, the friends and relatives of patients have it within their power to make some small donation and these free will offerings are received, as it preserves the self-respect of the donors and makes them willing to receive that which pride prompts them to refuse. It is estimated that $10,000 is necessary for the yearly support of the hospital; $175.00 maintains a cot for one year, and to endow it in perpetuity, $3,000 is required. The total of the endowment fund is $80,826. 316 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The management of the institution is in the hands of a board of ,trustees and a board of managers. The Cooperative Society. does the important work of soliciting subscriptions of money, and donations of supplies and material for the hospital support. A staff of eminent surgeons and physicians freely and faithfully, give their services. A deaconess superintends both the house and the wards. In these departments she has the assistance of eight ,arses and eight employes. The school room for the benefit of the convalescent children is in charge of a competent governess. The policy of maintaining this department in charitable institutions is approved by the most eminent authorities on the subject. A speaker before, the National Assembly of Charities and Corrections, at a meeting held in New York, said: "Teaching is a necessary part of the treatment of crippled children, and such teaching will, make them useful members of society in manhood and womanhood." The Children's Hospital, as it is familiarly called, is well worth a visit. This work appeals to all, whether they approve it because of the wisdom of preventing, assuaging or giving relief to any disease or deformity. which neglected leaves the subject a life-long burden upon the public, or because they believe that "of all created things the loveliest and most divine are children." HOMEOPATHIC FREE DISPENSARY. The rooms of the Pulte Medical College, where medicine and advice are given gratis to the poor, are crowded daily. Its annual reports show that totals of about six thousand cases, nearly two thousand visits, nearly ten thousand prescriptions in the medical department, nearly one thousand new cases treated and operated on in the surgical department, seven hundred in the eye and ear, and 600 new cases in the throat and nose departments, are attended to annually. ST. FRANCIS HOSPITAL. The St. Francis Hospital, Queen City avenue, is also in charge of the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, and is mainly intended for chronic patients. The hospital property, which had served as a cemetery for a number of years, had been deeded to the Sisters in 1874, in order to settle questions of long standing. The principal condition of the transfer was the erecting thereon of a charity hospital. Want of means deferred the carrying out of this obligation for twelve years, until the generous bequest of the late Hon. Reuben Springer enabled the Sisters to have the preparations begun in 1886 The cornerstone was laid July 2, 1887, and the hospital opened on the 27th of December, 1888. The building consists of the hospital proper, the boiler house, stable, etc. The main or center building is 296 feet long, 100 feet deep and 70 feet high, has three stories and a mansard roof and basement. The boiler house stands about 6o feet distant from the east side of the hospital and forms a 6o feet square building, with basement for boilers and coal shed and two stories for laundry and other purposes. The corresponding building on .the west side contains stables, workshops CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 317 and rooms for help. The hospital accommodates about 300 patients ; the average number annually admitted varies between 850 and 900. HOME OF ST. JOSEPH AND SCHOOL OF REFORM. This institution is conducted by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd. There are two departments : The Industrial School at 120 Kilgour street for orphans; girls received from six to eighteen; sewing and domestic work ; and the School of Reform for Girls at 77 Baum street, for the reception and reformation of wayward girls. ST. JOSEPH'S CHILDRENS HOME. St. Joseph's Childrens Home is located at Hartwell, and is a free home for destitute children. It is supported by voluntary contributions. BETHESDA HOSPITAL AND GERMAN METHODIST DEACONESS HOME. This home and hospital was the outcome of the idea and effort of the Rev. Christian Golder, of the German Methodist Episcopal church. It was organized in 1896. Although he gave the initiative, he was warmly aided by philanthropic men and women of the church, who have ever sine kept their. shoulders to the wheel and have met the expenses of carrying on the work. The institution is most pleasantly located at the junction of Oak street and Reading Road, in the building formerly occupied by the Dr. Reamy Hospital. The' principal support comes from the Bethesda Society, which counts its members in every part of the United States, and of which there are 2,000, each paying $1.00 a year. There are no salaries paid in any part of the work, a certain amount being allowed only for expenses. There are thirty deaconesses or sisters, who are instructed in nursing, and their work also extends to the outside poor. It is in no sense sectarian. Pay patients are received as well as those who are unable to pay. A homeopathic staff of fifteen is in attendance. There are branches of this home in Milwaukee and Terre Haute, and nursing is also done at the hospital at Louisville. The institution has had fine contributions towards carrying on, its work and rooms have been furnished by both individuals and societies. MARINE HOSPITAL. The United States Marine Hospital of Cincinnati is situated on the corner of Pearl, Kilgour and Third streets, and was opened for the reception of patients March 14, 1884. The property was at one time the residence of the Kilgour family. The hospital has capacity for 100 patients, is well ventilated, heated by steam, has an ever ready ambulance service and every facility for surgical operations, disinfection and the treatment of disease. The buildings are of brick and wood, and from their position on the hillside afford a healthful' site for a hospital. The hospital is operated for the relief and care of sick and disabled seamen of the merchant marine, also for the officers and crews of the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service. The duties of the officers of the U. S. Marine. Hospital are to examine pilots for color blindness, physically examine the crews of the Revenue Cutter Service and the keepers of the Life Saving Service ; to 318 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY physically examine immigrants under the law excluding those afflicted with contagious diseases; to conduct scientific investigations into the causes of disease, the suppression of epidemic diseases and enforcement of the inter-state quarantine laws, and the investigation of reported contagious diseases, including bacteriological examination and local quarantine regulations. There are nineteen hospitals and eleven quarantine stations belonging to the service, and there are officers of the service stationed at all the principal shipping ports of this country, including Cuba, Porto Rico, Mexico, Honolulu and other foreign ports, doing quarantine duty to protect this country from contagious diseases. ST. ALOYSIUS ORPHAN ASYLUM. This is a refuge for German orphans and for homeless children of German parentage, one or both of whom may be living. It is supported by the German Catholic Orphan Society. St. Aloysius is on the Reading road, near Bond Hill. ST. JOSEPH'S MATERNITY HOSPITAL AND INFANT ASYLUM. This institution was founded by Mr. Joseph C. Butler in 1873, to provide a home for poor women soon to become mothers, and for foundlings and destitute children. The practical work consists in caring for unfortunate girls before and during confinement, in providing for little foundlings and children abandoned by or bereft of their parents, and in 'sheltering married women during accouchement who. cannot get proper attention at their own homes. None are excluded because of race or religion. Young women who have no homes or friends are induced to remain to nurse their babes till they can be weaned, and homes are sought for the children and suitable employment for the girls. In 1898 a ward for poor colored women was opened. FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU. The Free Public Employment office was established by .act of the legislature in April, 1890. The state pays the office expenses and the city council, or board of legislation, the salaries of a superintendent and clerk. There are several of these bureaus throughout the stale. They come under the department of the commissioner of labor statistics. The Municipal Labor Congress, an organization composed of all the labor and trades unions of the city, started the agitation which resulted in their establishment. The law creating them was an experiment. The result has been a success, and these offices stand well in the eyes of employers and, have also the confidence of working men and women. Each year there are more than a thousand applications for places from men; about two hundred applications for help wanted ; and several hundreds of situations are secured. From women there are nearly two thousand applications for situations; nearly a thousand cases of help wanted; and well toward a thousand situations 'are secured. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 319 TRANSPORTATION FUND IN THE HANDS OF THE MAYOR. This is an amount set aside by the mayor from his contingent fund for forwarding indigent persons to their destination who may be stranded in the city. OHIO MECHANICS INSTITUTE. The Ohio Mechanics Institute is one of the oldest and most praiseworthy of Cincinnati's educational agencies. It was founded in 1828. The primal intent of its organization was to afford means for enlightening and training working people, especially mechanics. But it has come to be a school where the son of the millionaire elbows the toiler in the factory, all bent upon acquiring some special knowledge under the most democratic of conditions. John D. Craig, a prominent business man of the city in those days, was the first to suggest such an institution. The idea took root, and classes were organized in chemistry and geometry and arithmetic. The institute was incorporated February 9, 1829. During the years of precarious existence up to 1838, various places about the city were occupied, but on the 4th of July, 1848, the cornerstone of the building long in use at Sixth and Vine streets was laid and the School of Design was permanently organized. In 1883 the title was changed to that of the Industrial and Art School. The institute possesses a reference library, and the reading room, (open free to the public) is well stocked with periodicals, the list of those of a scientific character being very complete. Cincinnati is the mother of expositions, and it was with the Mechanics Institute they had their beginning. The first of these was held in May, 1838, in what was known as Madam Trollope's Bazaar on Third street. The second was held in June, 1839, and they were continued annually until 1859, the Civil war interfering with their continuance. In 1870 they were resumed, and then followed that splendid series which culminated in the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States in 1888, being also the centenary of Cincinnati. Many of the boys who in earlier days toiled in machine shop and mill during the day and went to night school at the institute were the men who were foremost in spreading the fame of the city through her expositions. Thus the Mechanics Institute has been a tremendous working force for goo,d in the years gone by, and it is still educating those who in their turn will take their place in the ranks of the best citizenship, ready to do whatever conies to their hands for the honor and upbuilding of the city. There have been as many as 600 pupils enrolled during the winter term of the night school, extending from October to March and more than 15,000 in the fifty-three years of the school's existence. There are four departments, mechanical, architectural, electrical and artistic, with instruction in each from the elementary to the finishing grades. A special department of arithmetic, algebra and geometry has been engaged by which students may bring up any deficiency in order to carry on successfully their respective studies. A summer school has also been added, beginning its sessions in May. There are free classes in freehand drawing,. water color, oil painting, china and glass painting, tapestry and silk painting, and mechanical and architectural drawing. 320 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In the institute's schools there are pupils ranging in age from twelve to fifty years. Ladies are admitted on equal terms with men. The regular tuition fee is $3.00, but no worthy or ambitious ones are denied because they cannot command that amount. The teachers comprise a corps of competent, self-sacrificing -men who are actively employed in various industries during the day and who give up the hours of evening for the helping of all who are anxious to help themselves. The annual commencement in April are seasons of great interest which the best people of the city attend. There are no essays read. Every pupil has his or her essay in specimens of work on exhibition, for drawing in its various forms and applications is the world-speech of modern industry. The designer records his ideas and wants in this graphic language, and the skilled mechanic or artist must be able to read and understand the same. Drawing is largely a basis of all trades and the foundation for technical education, and upon the walls of the commencement hall are to be seen the practical essays of graduates and pupils, written with the weapons of their craft. The industries represented in the night schools of the Mechanics Institute comprehend nearly all of the occupations of man which go to make up a city's greatness. Through the great liberality of Mrs. Emery, the institute has recently entered into new and greatly improved quarters. TECHNICAL SCHOOL. The Technical School of Cincinnati is a manual and training school with "high" and "intermediate" departments. It is located in the Power Hall of the Music Hall building. The object of the school is to furnish pupils instruction and practice in the use of tools, mathematics , mechanical and free-hand drawing, English language and the natural sciences. It is a school in which the effort is made to develop evenly all the faculties of the pupil. To accomplish this end it combines in a proper proportion the studies of the intermediate or high school with instruction in shop work, such as can be clone in a carpenter, a blacksmith and a machine shop, thus developing the mind by Use and practice of the physical powers, as well as by storing away knowledge and awakening the understanding by the use of books. This school is in line with the strong modern tendency to reform school work so that it will conform to the requirements of modern life. A leading idea of the Technical School is to treat pupils as individuals and not as a mass. Individual treatment des not mean special instruction, but consists in applying to each student such encouragement or restraint as a careful study of his needs and his character may `warrant. The time is divided between the school room and the shop. Some fine engines have been turned out of the machine shop, and the specimensblacksmithingand joinery and blacksmithing- are most creditable. Candidates must be fourteen years of age, and should be prepared for entrance to high school. The Shut-In Society has its rooms in the Oddfellows' temple. This beautiful work of brightening the lives of lonely invalids is in its organized capacity still in its beginnings in Cincinnati, .but the local society has already accomplished much and is planning for larger achievements. Miss Edith Taylor is the presi- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 321 dent of the Cincinnati organization. The society started its work in July, 1909, and as little was accomplished until November it was decided to have the business year begin in the latter month. The leaders of the work began with two invalid members, but soon reached the number of twenty-two regular members. In addition to systematic work for their members, the visitors seek out others and reach them with literature and by personal calls. In some cases as many as twenty-five ladies have visited one invalid member, thus keeping up systematic attentions calculated to relieve the loneliness and dullness of the invalid's life. The regular visitors have in every case one or more invalids for whom they are responsible to the chairman of the visiting committee. The birthdays of invalids are especial occasions that are remembered by, calls, little gifts, letters and cards. At Christmas each invalid is remembered by a card and by more substantial help from the visitors. The society owns some wheel chairs, but is in need of more. One of the chairs is used by a woman sixty-two years of age, who has but one foot and whose other hip has been broken. By the use of the wheel chair she can get about her room and do her work of making aprons for the' society's exchange. She runs her sewing machine with her hand. At present the society has thirty-six consignors to the exchange; some of these are invalids in other parts of the country who have not a large enough sale for their work elsewhere. When invalids become members of the society, each one is asked what he or she can do in the way of making things' for the. exchange (unless they are ill or have a contagious or infectious disease). If they cannot make salable articles they are taught how to do this, in order that work may take their thoughts off themselves and that they may not feel entirely dependent on others for support. The society holds Christmas and Easter sales, but the work of the invalids is on sale at the society's rooms at all times.. The society at present has about a hundred persons who contribute to the, support of their work. As the Shut-In Society of this city becomes better known among charitably inclined persons it will expand in scope and be generally supported. It has a special mission and place not filled by any other of the organizations for the comfort and help of the sick and enfeebled. The general society, with branches in most parts of our land, has its own publications and literature, and has accomplished a vast amount in cheering the lives of hosts of those who are shut-in. The Bethany Home, Glendale, is in charge of the Sisterhood of the Trans figuration, Episcopal, and is a home for orphaned boys and girls. The Cincinnati Vigilance Society is an organization that has for its objects the suppression of the "White Slave" traffic and cognate evils, in this city. Dr. Robert Watson is the president; E. P. Bradstreet is .vice ,president; Lawrence Mendenhall, treasurer, and Leonard A. Watson, secretary. Supporting members pay $1 per year; active members $5; honorary members $25; and life members $100. The office of the society is in the Odd fellows' temple. Another Cincinnati charity organization, to be known as the Children's. Country Homes Association, has been started by such well-known philanthropic workers as William Cooper Proctor, J. J. Buchenal and others. The purpose will be to aid all orphan children until suitable homes can be provided. Papers of the incorporation have already been prepared. Vol. II-21 322 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The organization will purchase a large tract of land and will erect buildings in which the young unfortunates will be housed. There will be certain studies given those who are old enough to go to school. A playground will be established and some farming will be taught the boys. There will be a separate building for the girls where domestic science will be taught. The association will take in all classes of children who are not over eighteen years of age. In order that the association start on the right plane H. D. Clark, who has been connected with the Children's Aid Society, New York city, has been engaged to look after the work. Mr. Clark has been field secretary for the Children's Aid Society for the past twelve yew. Such institutions have been in vogue for the past fifty-five years. They were first started by a Congregational minister, named C. L. Grace, who started working among the criminal classes, but after finding out there was little progress to be made with those of a mature age took up the cause for children. HOME FOR THE BLIND. Clovernook is a home for the blind, located in the former residence of the famous Carey sisters. The Society for the Welfare of the Blind is an active organization, of which Julius Fleischmann is treasurer. In addition to other plans, the society has just leased the premises known as 140 West Court street, where it will install a workshop and sundry articles will be manufactured by the blind for the maintenance of the organization. The Cincinnati chapter of the Red Cross Society has a large membership, interested in the well known work of that great organization. This chapter, composed of more than eight thousand members, has undertaken, among other activities, to raise $36,500, the city's proportionate share of the fund of two million dollars which is being subscribed in the United States as this country's share of the World's Red Cross Society fund for the alleviation of suffering in times of disaster. It has been the experience of the Red Cross Society that immediate help given in cases such as the Messina earthquake and the San Francisco fire is of much greater benefit than succor at a later period, and this fund, now amounting to several millions of dollars in Europe, will be turned over to the treasurer of the United States for use in times of disaster. HOME FOR BIRDS. Cincinnati is to have the first city bird preserve in the United States, through the generosity of Mrs. Mary Emery, widow of Thomas J. Emery, who gave $500,000 for the erection of a new home for the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, now under construction. Mrs. Emery has purchased a tract of about one and one-half acres on the north side of Evanswood Place, in Clifton, as a home for birds, the preserve to be established under the supervision of H. M. Benedict, associate professor of biology in the University of Cincinnati. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 323 There is a pretty little story in the establishment of this refuge for the feathery folks, to be unique among the cities of this country. It means the carrying out of a long cherished dream of Professor Benedict's. The ground adjoins the professor's home and he has been fighting for three years to preserve it for the use of birds. When he was told by Mrs. Emery that she had acquired the ground and would lease it to him at a nominal sum for an indefinite period, and would defray the expense of building a fence that would be boy proof and cat proof, he was the happiest man in Cincinnati. Professor Benedict has announced plans for stocking the preserve, for the building of an observation tower, with a private approach, and of arrangements for feeding the birds and distributing material for nesting. Students of the university will study the birds. "Classes will be admitted in charge of teachers," said Prof. Benedict. "They will he able to see more different kinds of birds within half an hour than they would find in a half day's tramp through the woods. "We are in a new field as yet. We must study the best way to: induce birds to congregate and nest in a locality where every safeguard has been prepared for their protection against dogs, cats, and not the least by any means, the American boy. This action of Mrs. Emery, which is the first of its kind to our knowledge, will undoubtedly be followed in every community of .any size in the country. Every step in the upbuilding of a great city makes it more difficult for birds to remain and find safe nesting places. And yet where the people and children are thickest the birds are needed the most. President Roosevelt, while in office, established some fifty national bird preserves, but these are in remote places—beyond the reach of the majority of the people. "The establishment of the 'Mary Emery City Bird Preserve' marks the beginning of a movement which will be continued until every community -shall have its own city bird preserve. These small areas in the heart of the community, planted with trees and shrubbery, securely fenced, alive with native song birds, singing their sweetest in their new security, will shortly become the most highly prized possession of the town. It will be a constant center of eager interest for the children, storing their minds with pleasant memories and most interesting knowledge and teaching as nothing else could the lesson of protecting the weak and preserving the good. "A childhood which is not interwoven with nature's beauties and bird songs is sad to think of. The mission of the 'City Bird Preserve' is to bring the most delightful of nature's treasures into daily touch with the great masses of population in the towns and cities." ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS LEAGUE. The Anti-Tuberculosis league. of this city has the general purposes and plans of similar organizations that exist in many cities. The league has its day camp on Lick Run pike. It is now caring for 235 patients, forty of whom make the trip to and from the camp daily, while eleven remain the entire time. Miss Sadie Herbert is in charge. She is also active in teaching children different forms of sanitation. She had under her care a class which she is teaching the proper care 324 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY of the teeth ; each of the little ones has been provided with a tooth brush and is taught its proper use. The league is trying to secure the passage of a $350,000 bond issue to provide funds for the caring of tuberculosis patients and the prevention of the disease. Annually in the city at Christmas time a large company of the business men of the city undertake the role of Santa Claus among the poorer districts. This is one of the most beautiful of the city's charities. Many of the leading men of the city take part personally in the raising of needed money, purchase of candies and presents and the distribution of these. Cincinnati at such times opens its pocket book wide and hundreds of homes are cheered by the visitors and their gifts. The Plant, Flower and Fruit guild has for its president Mrs. Elliott Pendleton. The work of the guild is to distribute plants, flowers, vegetables and fruits to the poor of the city. During the seasons of fresh vegetables and fruits in the gardens and orchards of this region, many of the suburbs and neighboring villages have committees of ladies that receive fruits and vegetables, pack them in baskets and ship them to the Associated Charities and to the several homes and hospitals for the poor. The railroads and express companies carry these gifts free. In the course of a season many hundreds of baskets of fruits and fresh vegetables in this way reach those to whom they are most welcome. THE SALVATION ARMY. The Salvation Army carries on in its Cincinnati branch the usual charities associated with the great work of that noted organization. It has its shelters, labor bureau, baths, as elsewhere. The Cincinnati Protective and Industrial Association, an institution devoted to the protection of colored women and children has purchased a fifteen-room house at 649 West Seventh avenue, to be used in widening its work along these lines. The house, which is a part of the James Lowman estate, is situated on a 50x140-foot lot and extends through to Barr street. A stable is also on the premises, which the association will have remodeled and use as a children's nursery. It is the intention of the association, according to Miss Alma C. Leach, the organizer, to establish an employment bureau and otherwise take care of the self-supporting colored women of the city and those who are constantly coming into the city. "At present," said Miss Leach, "there are no hotels which will admit colored women and practically no place where they can go. We have proposed this plan as the one way of taking care of the colored women of this city and also transients who are willing to help themselves. The building was ready for occupancy in the fall of 1911 when a formal opening was held. "Several thousand dollars was spent in repairing the building, which cost $8,500. Prominent citizens of the city who have been interested in the project have donated liberally, among whom are James N. Gamble, J. G. Schmidlapp, Mrs. Mary Emery, Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Taft, Peter Thomson and others." CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 325 The Central Conference of Charities and Philanthropies of Cincinnati and Hamilton County has been recently formally organized, for the purpose of promoting the efficiency, cooperation and economy of local charitable institutions. A constitution has been adopted and a committee of twenty-five chosen to study the charity situation in Cincinnati and report back methods of securing greater cooperation and effectiveness. Frank N. Miner of the University Settlement stated the case : "There has been overlapping of work in the charity field of Cincinnati, some fields have not been covered enough and others too much. To secure better system and greater efficiency the central body has been organized." JUVENILE COURTS. The Juvenile court, which ranks both among the benevolent and educational forces of the city, is represented ably in Cincinnati. This modern movement for the saving and guidance of more or less rebellious young people is well known throughout the nation and needs no detailed account of it here. Judge Caldwell is the man in charge of it here, a man of profound sympathy and winning personality who is doing a vast amount for the classes of young people who come under his control and advisement in this respect. The judge is backed up in this work by the universal sympathy and help of the people of this city. The Juvenile court is to be ranked among the very foremost movements here for the saving of youths and their guidance into capable and righteous lives and character. CHAPTER XV. INDUSTRIES. FIRST ENTERPRISE IN CINCINNATI THE MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE-THE PIONEER SAWMILL AND GRIST M ILL-DISTILLERIES AND BREWERIES SOON IN THE FIELD-GREAT MARKET FOR FURS, TOBACCO AND PORK-ACQUIRES THE NAME OF "PORKOPOLIS"-IN 1880 CINCINNATI HAD THIRTY HUNDRED MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. The manufacture of earthenware is declared to have been the first industrial enterprise undertaken in Cincinnati. William McFarland was the man who, in October, 1799, began to make earthenware. The same work was, in February, 1801, carried on by James and Robert Caldwell. Where a mighty city was in a few decades to be situated and to engage in the manifold and complex industries df modern times, these men began their simple work. Citizens of Cincinnati speedily undertook other manufactures while locating their shops some distance from the village itself. Messrs. Lyon and Maginnis advertised in a newspaper of July 9, 1800, that they were making desks, escritoires, dining tables, etc. Their shop was located eleven miles out on the Hamilton road. A very few years, however, saw the rapid rise of many enterprises. John Melish, an English traveler, visited the town in 1811, and wrote in regard to Cincinnati : "This is next to Pittsburgh the greatest place for manufactures and mechanical operations on the river and the professions exercised are nearly as numerous as at Pittsburgh. There are masons and stone cutters, brick makers, carpenters, cabinet makers, coopers, turners, machine makers, wheelwrights, smiths and nailers, coppersmiths, tinsmiths, silversmiths, gunsmiths, clock and watchmakers, tanners, saddlers, boot and shoe makers, glovers and breeches makers, cotton spinners, weavers, dyers, tailors, printers, bookbinders, rope makers, comb makers, painters, pot and pearlash makers. "These branches are mostly all increasing and afford good wages to the journeymen. Carpenters and cabinet makers have one dollar per day and their board, when they board themselves they have about four dollars per one thousand. Other classes have from one to one dollars twenty-five cents per day, according to the nature of the work. "Wool and cotton carding and spinning can be increased to a great extent ; and a well organized manufactory of glass bottles would succeed. Porter brewing could be augmented, but it would first be necessary to have bottles, as the people here prefer malt liquors in the bottled state. A manufactory of wool - 327 - 328 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY hats would probably succeed, and that of stockings would do remarkably well, provided frame smith work were established along with it—not else. As the people are becoming wealthy and polished in their manners, probably a manufactory of piano fortes would do upon a small scale. "There are ample materials for manufactures. Cotton is brought from Cumberland river, for from two to three cents. Wool is becoming plenty in the country and now sells at fifty cents per pound, and all the materials for glass making are abundant. Coal has not been found in the immediate neighborhood, but can be laid down here at a pretty reasonable rate; and it is probable the enterprising citizens will soon introduce the steam engine in manufactures. Wood is brought to the town at a very low rate. There is a very considerable trade between New Orleans and this place, and several barges were in the river when we visited it. One had recently sailed upwards over the falls." Richard Fosdick came to this place in 1810 and became the first pork packer. This is a significant statement in regard to the town that became known afterward as Porkopolis. In 1813 George C. Miller became the pioneer plow maker in this region. When he began this enterprise he was accustomed to hammer the shares out upon his anvil. He then was compelled to submit them to Bran, a weaver at Madisonville, to be stocked. In 1825, Miller built the first gig with steel springs ever used in this town. A large steam mill was put up on the river side in 1812. George Evans, one of its owners, made the plans and William Greene, mason and stone cutter, built it. The foundations, on limestone rock, were sixty-two feet by eighty-seven and ten feet thick. The height of. the building on the water side was one hundred and ten feet. The limestone used was quarried from. the river bed and of this Six thousand, six hundred and twenty perches were used. Ninety thousand bricks were employed ; eighty-one thousand, two hundred cubic feet of timber, and fourteen thousand, eight hundred bushels of lime. There were ninety windows and twenty-four doors. Part of this building was used as a flour mill, and parts for woolen and cotton mills, linseed oil and fulling mills. A seventy horse power engine was the motive power. The flour mill was capable of producing seven hundred barrels of good flour per week. Dr. Drake wrote of this structure that it was the "most capacious, elevated and permanent building in this place." It was completely destroyed by fire November 3; 1.823. In 1815 the manufacture of red and white lead was carried on extensively by the Cincinnati Manufacturing Company. The works produced about seven tons a week of its materials. There was also a steam saw mill on the river bank. Its buildings were three stories high, and measured fifty-six feet by seventy. The Evans steam engine was used, which saved fuel by pouring a current of cold water upon the waste steam, thus heating water for the boilers. Among other manufactures at this time were nails, cut and wrought, tea kettles, copper vessels, stills, tinware, rifles, fowling pieces, pistols, dirks and gun locks. Cotton and woolen machinery, saddlery and carriage mountings were CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 329 manufactured. There were clock makers and watch repairers. Pottery for the home market was produced while all kinds of stone cutting were done. The making of, window, glass, hollow ware and white flint glass had begun. Cabinet furniture of all sorts, gilt settees, varnished wagons, carts, ,drays, coaches; phaetons and gigs were produced. A mustard factory was in operation. Distilleries produced liquors for local use. Thirty thousand bushels of barley, were used yearly for beer, ale and porter. Men of skill in their line were here for the painting of signs as well as ornamental painting, engraving on copper of seals, address cards and vignettes. In 1809 the first cotton and wool Manufacturing, had been begun. In 1815 one factory had twenty-three ,cotton spinning mules and throstles, with thirty-three hundred: spindles, seventy-one roving and drawing heads, fourteen cotton and ninety-one wool carding, machines, and one hundred 'and thirty spindles for wool spinning. In 1816 a large woolen factory was opened by the Cincinnati Manufacturing Company, capable of producing sixty yards of broadcloth. daily. Four small cotton spinning factories existed, with twelve hundred spindles, which were run by horse power. Dr. Drake notes that while little had been produced in the way of fabrics, yet several persons had had pieces of carpeting, diaper, plain denim and other cotton fabrics made. There were, four shopfor the manufacture of tobacco and snuff. An establishment existed for the preparation of artificial mineral. waters. In the latter part of 1815 a sugar refinery was opened. There were six tanyards. Trunks covered with deerskin or oilcloth were made. Gloves, brushes, blank books, bookbinding, fur hats, ropes and yarn were produced. Jewelry and silverware were turned "after the most fashionable modes," Dr. Drake states. Great progress had been made in coopering by means of a machine invented and 'patented by William Baily of Kentucky. Horse power took the place of man power in shaving and pointing shingles, and dressing- and jointing staves, so that one man and his horses could in a day of twelve hours prepare the staves for one hundred barrels. This invention meant a good deal to Cincinnati, for it made possible the rapid production of dressed staves for use here and for' ex- port to New Orleans and other points on the river. In 1805 there had been but three brickyards, but by 1815 the large influx of population had encouraged the development of this industry so that at that period there were eight places where bricks were made. In 1817, a traveler noted that he found .here two factories for making glass, a saw mill operated by two yoke of oxen by treading an inclined wheel, a large foundry and a second in process of construction, an air-furnace under construction, several distilleries, several brickyards, and many factories operating with grain, skins, wood and clay. The manufacture of fur hats was On so considerable a scale that large quantities of these were exported. It is said that the invention of running small mills by means of oxen treading on inclined wheels was due to Joseph R. Robinson of this city and that the ox-saw mill in operation here in 1819 was the first of its kind. About two thousand 330 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY feet of boards were being sawed in this mill per day. The same device was soon adopted in several other mills in Cincinnati and its neighborhood. In 1817 William Greene set up the Cincinnati Bell, Brass and Iron Foundry. In 1818 he received into partnership General Harrison, Jacob Burnet, James Findlay and John H. Piatt, the firm title becoming William Greene and Company. So greatly did this foundry flourish that in 1819 the establishment occupied almost a square. One hundred and twenty employes were at work, forty thousand bushels of coal were used yearly and three thousand pounds of castings were made per day. The Phoenix foundry was established in 1819. The Directory for 1819 states that there were at that time six makers of tinware, four coppersmiths, nine silversmiths, three whitesmiths, two gunsmiths, one nail factory, one maker of fire engines, a copper plate engraver a gilder, a maker of sieves, a maker of lattice-work, a patent cut-off nail-maker. There were fifteen cabinet shops, with eighty-four employes, nine coach and wagon makers, sixteen cooper shops, four chair makers. There were about one hundred boss carpenters and joiners, with nearly four hundred apprentices and journeymen. There were several ship carpenters and boat builders, employing seventy men. There was an ivory and wood clock factory. There was one maker of saddle trees, another of pumps and blocks, another of ploughs, one of spinning wheels, one of window sashes, one of bellows, one of combs, one of whips, one of the fanning mills, and one maker of "Rachoon burr mill stones." There were twenty-six shoemakers, twenty-three tailors, eleven saddlers, six tobacconists, and five hatters. Twenty-five brickyards were now in operation and six tanyards. There was one steam grist mill and two horse power grist mills. Fifteen bakeries were in operation, two breweries and nine distilleries. There were three potteries, two stone cutting shops, three rope walks, seven soap boilers and tallow chandlers, two wood turners, five bookbinders, five painters and glaziers. There were two brush makers, two upholsterers, two last makers, one hundred brick layers, thirty plasterers, fifteen stone masons, eighteen milliners, ten barbers, a dyer, ten street pavers. The value of products in Cincinnati for the year 1818-1819 was considerably above a million of dollars. Drake and Mansfields Cincinnati in 1826 reports great progress in Cincinnati industries. It had become a city in which the manufacturers and mechanics were more prosperous than any other classes. A large region of the surrounding country drew upon this city for its products. Steamboats made here were upon many rivers. The manufacturers of hats, caps, furniture, castings, Steam engines, brushes, sieves, whips and so on found ready markets in the neighboring states and in the states bordering on the Ohio and Mississippi. The Phoenix foundry, the Franklin, the Etna, the Eagle, Goodloe and Harkness copper foundry were flourishing. There were now in prosperous activity Kirk's and Tift's steam engine and finishing establishments, Green's steam engine factory, Allen and Company's CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 331 chemical laboratory, the Cincinnati and Phoenix paper mills, a powder mill, the Wells type foundry and printers warehouse. There were three yards for building steamers, with two hundred employes. There were nine printing establishments, and seven hat factories. ,There were eleven soap and candle factories, eleven tanneries, thirteen cabinet factories, four rope walks, two breweries, twenty-nine boot and shoe shops, two wall paper factories. There were ten saddle and trunk factories, three tobacco and snuff factories, nine tin and coppersmiths, one oil mill, two wool carding and fulling mills. There were six chair factories, three wood turners, eleven cooper shops, one clock factory, three plough factories, eight carriage and wagon factories,, two potteries. There were two small woolen and cotton factories, two boot and shoe tree makers, two plane-stock, bit and screw makers, two comb factories, one looking glass and picture frame maker, five chemical laboratories. There were six book binderies, seven silversmiths, ten bakeries, one paper mill, twenty-two smiths, five hundred carpenters, thirty painters, thirty-five tailors and clothiers, one cotton spinning factory, one brass foundry, one mattress factory, one white lead factory. There were four stone cutting works, one hundred and ten bricklayers, stone masons and plasterers, one distillery. The sugar refinery was flourishing. There were three copperplate engravers, one miniature painter, three portrait painters, one cotton and wool carder,. two steam saw mills, four carpet and stocking weavers, one powder mill, two crockery and stoneware factories, one wood carver, forty milliners, two brush makers, one wheat fan factory, one pump and bell maker. There was one saddle tree maker, one sash maker, two piano makers, one organ builder, five shoemakers. Pugh and Teeters glass works at Moscow, Dewalts paper mills at Mill Grove and three cotton and spinning factories, that were all outside the city but owned and managed by citizens of Cincinnati, should also be included. The value of the manufactures of Cincinnati for 1826 amounted to one million, eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In 1815 the water traffic of Cincinnati was conducted by means of flat-bottomed boats, keelboats and barges. Steamboats were beginning to be used on the Ohio and Mississippi.. The chief export was flour. Next t6 this' came pork, bacon, lard, then whiskey, peach brandy, beer and porter. Exports also included pot and pearlash, cheese, soap, candles, hemp, spun yarn, walnut, cherry and blue ash sideboards, cabinet furniture and chairs. Kiln dried, Indian meal was sent to the West Indies. Imports were received from Philadelphia and. Baltimore. These consisted of many sorts of goods from Europe, New England and the East, Indies. Dr. Drake, at that period expressed his conviction that the West would receive most of its imports through New Orleans. He noted the difficulties of bringing goods over the Alleghanies, and that at that very time coffee, salt fish, claret and other wines, copperas, queensware; paints, mahogany and logwood, 332 - CINCINNATI - THE QUEEN CITY sugar, molasses, cotton, rice and salted: hides were being brought by way of New Orleans. The government, at that time was projecting the National Road, and this, when completed, would make land transportation easier. New York state was also, planning its great canal, and this in time would also simplify importation into this region. At that period the imports from Missouri were lead, peltry and skins.. There came from Tennessee̊ and Kentucky cotton, tobacco, saltpetre and marble. The imports from Pennsylvania and Virginia were millstones, bar, iron, rolled iron and cast iron, coal, salt, glassware, pine timber and planks. The furs came from, the region of the Big Miami, the Wabash and the Maumee. In 1815 the imports were valued at $534,680. In 1816 they amounted to $691,075. In 1817 they had risen to $1,442,266. In 1818 they amounted to $1,619,030, Exports from Cincinnati from the month of October, 1818, to March, 1819, were $1,334,080. $650,000 of this sum was from flour at $5 a barrel. $150,000 was from pork at $15 a barrel. $22,080 was from hams and bacon at eight cents a pound; $46,000 from lard at ii cents a pound; $66,000 from tobacco at II cents a pound ; $40,000 from whiskey at 50 cents a gallon. The directory gave the names of sixty-three steamboats, from 25 to 700 tons burden, plying between Pittsburgh, New Orleans and St. Louis. About one-fourth of the boats at that time on western rivers had been constructed- at' Cincinnati or neighborhood within a period of two years. The first steamboat made on these waters as a passenger boat exclusively was the "General Pike," built at Cincinnati in 1818. The largest boat mentioned was the "United States," 700 tons, constructed at. Jeffersonville in 1819. The canals through the Miami region were being discussed. The Cincinnati and Hamilton Turnpike Company had been incorporated January, 1817, for the building of a turnpike from Main street to Hamilton. The Cincinnati and Dayton Turnpike Company had been incorporated in 1817 to make a turnpike from Cincinnati to Dayton, through Franklin. The Cincinnati society for the promotion of agriculture, manufactures and domestic economy had been organized. William H. Harrison was president; Andrew Mack, first vice president; Ethan Stone, second vice president ; Zaccheus Biggs, third vice president; Stephen Wood, fourth vice president; Jesse Embree, secretary; James Findlay, treasurer; James Taylor, Ephraim Brown, Daniel Drake, Jacob 'Burnet, William Corry, Gorham. A. Worth, Isaac H. Jackson, James C. Morris and Jacob Broadwell, standing committee.. This organization aimed to improve agriculture and home productions to counteract the ill results of introducing so much foreign materials. It declared itself in favor of reduction of the cost of living as a means of lessening financial straits, and recommended citizens to decline to buy or allow to be used in their families imported liquors, fruits, nuts, preserves. It advised against the wearing of black as a sign of mourning; against expensive and merely ornamental articles of dress, abstinence from use of imported goods of any, kind CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 333 when practicable, and giving preference to home manufactures ; advised refusal to buy either food or dress of an extravagant kind ; advised rigid economy in all respects and the making of purchases for use rather than for ornament. This course, the members believed would further the prosperity of the country. The directory for 1826 had much to say of steam navigation and boat building and claimed that no city had built more boats than. Cincinnati. It declared, that the coming of steam navigation had "wrought a change in the appearance and nature of commercial transactions which the most active fancy could a few years ago have scarcely conceived." Sixty steamboats, of 11,225 tons, had been built here. There arrived and departed from Cincinnati twenty-one boats of 4,117 tons, from the 5th to the 12th of February, 1827. In 1826 the imports were $2,528,590. The exports were $1,063,560. The larger part of the latter was taken to the. West Indies and South America. The value of the flour exported was $165,000, while there was $100,000 of whiskey and $100,000 of pork. From 1811 to 1829, 81 of the 314 steamboats built on western waters had been put up in Cincinnati. From March to June of 1829 there were 497 steamboat arrivals carrying 8,318 cabin passengers and 14,160 deck passengers. The directory of 1829 observes the gratifying ,fact that the pork and bacon and beef of Ohio have undergone a very considerable improvement since the introduction and liberal use of rock salt. There is now no substantial reason why these staple articles should not be as well cured in Cincinnati as in any part of the world, or why the hams of Ohio should not be held in as high repute as those of Boston or Westphalia, saving the very savoury difference between an exotic and a domestic production." The Miami Canal was completed in November, 1828. The first boat went from Cincinnati to Dayton during March, 1829. The canal was in length 67.75 chains and 96 links. These figures include the Hamilton cut and the Miami and Mad river feeders, in which were twenty locks. The cost of the canal was $746,852, an average cost of about $11,000 a mile. During April, May and June of that year, the canal tolls received were $3,515. The freight carried was 6,101 tons. The number of passengers was 2,302. More manufactories had risen. One of these was the Cincinnati Cotton Factory, Miller and Company, owners, at Seventh and Smith streets. The Covington Cotton Factory had also come into being. There had also grown up the Hamilton Foundry and Steam Engine Factory, owned by Pierce, Harkness and Voorheis, the steam engine factory of Goodloe and Borden, the steam engine factory of West and Stone, and the steam flour mill of Fox. It was about 1828 that a great boom in the building of steam engines came in this city and region. The reputation of Cincinnati for engines and machinery spread. Cist in 1851, commenting on the fact that between 1846 and 1850 about eighty per cent of the engines and sugar mills put up in Louisiana were manufactured in Cincinnati, prophesied that within a few years every sugar" mill or engine made for Texas, Louisiana and Cuba would be built in Cincinnati, 334 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Cincinnati could deliver machinery in Louisiana ten per cent cheaper than could eastern makers. Cincinnati for many years was known throughout the land as "Porkopolis," a name perhaps not much coveted by the citizens of the Queen City but justified possibly by the large pork interests centered here for several decades. Richard Fosdick, in 1810, was the pioneer in this industry. Pessimists had told him that beef and pork could not be satisfactorily cured in this climate, but he disproved their prophesies, and opened up what became a vast industry. John Shays was engaged in this business here in 1824. Cist writing in 1845 states : "I well recollect cart loads upon cart loads of spare ribs, such as could not be produced anywhere at the east or beyond the Atlantic; drawn to the water's edge and emptied into the Ohio, to get rid of them. Even yet a man may get a market basket filled with tender loins and spare ribs for a dime." The industry of pork packing grew here very rapidly. In 1826 it had already become so extensive as to be declared larger than that of Baltimore, or perhaps than at any other point anywhere. Forty thousand hogs were packed here from November, 1826, to February, 1827. For many years the slaughter houses were chiefly in the valley of Deer Creek, and the waters were in consequence terribly polluted. The houses for packing were scattered about the city. At present the slaughtering and packing establishments are chiefly up the Millcreek valley. Up-to-date processes have done away with much of the offensiveness formerly connected with this business. In 1843, forty-three per cent of the pork packing of Ohio was done in Cincinnati. In 1850-51 this had increased to eighty per cent. It was now the chief hog market of the world. This fact arose from the situation of Cincinnati in a vast grain raising and hog growing region. In 1832, the number of hogs packed was 85,000 ; in 1833, there were 123,000 ; 1834, the number was 162,000 ; 1835, 123,000 ; 1836, 103,000 ; 1837, 182,000 ; 1838, 190,000 ; 1839, 195000; 1840, 160,000 ; 1841, 220,000 ; 1842, 250,000 ; 1843, 240,000 ; 1844, 173,000 ; 1845, 275,000. In 1850, the number had increased to 324,539. For several years the average was 375,000. During one year, 498,160 were packed. At that time in this city there were thirty-three large pork and beef packers and ham and beef curers, besides several smaller operators. Cist, in Cincinnati in 1859, said : "The hogs rased for this market are generally a cross of Irish Grazier, Byfield, Berkshire, Russia and China in such proportions as to unite the qualifications of size, tendency to fat, and beauty of shape to the hams. "They are driven in at the age of from eleven to eighteen months old, in general, though a few reach greater ages. The hogs run in the woods until within five or six, weeks of killing time, when they are turned into corn fields to fatten. If the acorns and beech nuts are abundant, they require less corn, the flesh and fat, although hardened by the corn, is not as firm as when they are turned into the corn fields in a less thriving condition, during years when mast, as it is called, is less abundant. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 335 "From the eighth to the tenth of November the pork season begins and the hogs are sold by the farmers direct to the packers, when the quantity they own justifies it. Some of these farmers drive, in one season, as high as one thousand head of hogs into their fields. From a hundred and fifty to three hundred are more common numbers, however. When less than a hundred are owned, they are bought up by drovers until a sufficient number is gathered for a drove, The, hogs are driven into pens adjacent to the respective slaughter houses. "The slaughter houses of Cincinnati are in the outskirts of the city, ten in number, and fifty by one hundred and thirty feet each in extent, the frames being boarded up with movable lattice work at the sides, which is kept open to admit air in the ordinary temperature but is shut up during the intense cold, which occasionally attends the packing season, so that hogs shall be frozen so stiff that they cannot be cut up to advantage. These establishments employ as high as one hundred hands, selected for the business, which requires a .degree of strength and activity that always commands high' wages. "For the purpose of further illustrating the business thus described, let us take the operations of the active season of 1847248. There is little doubt that an estimate of five hundred thousand hogs, by far the largest quantity ever yet put up in Cincinnati, is not beyond the actual fact. This increase partly results from the growing importance of the city as a great hog market, for reasons which will be made apparent in a later page, but more particularly to the vast enlargement in number and improved condition of hogs throughout the west, consequent on the season's unprecedented harvest of corn. What that increase was may be inferred from the official registers of the hogs of Ohio, returned to the auditor of state, as subject to taxation, being all those of and over six months in age. These were one million, seven hundred and fifty thousand, being an excess of twenty-five per cent, or three hundred and fifty thousand hogs, over those of the previous year. Those of Kentucky, whence come most of our largest hogs, as well as a considerable share of our supplies in the article, exhibited a proportion ate increase, while the number in Indiana and Illinois greatly exceed this ratio of progress. "Of five hundred thousand hogs cut up here during that season the product, in the manufactured article, will be : Barrels of pork, 180,000; pounds of bacon, 25,000,000; pounds of lard, 16,500,000. "The buildings in which the pork is put up are of great extent and capacity, and in every part thoroughly arranged for the business. They generally extend from street to street, so as to enable one set of operations to be carried on without interfering with another. There are thirty-six, of these establishments, beside a number of minor importance. "The stranger here during the packing, and especially the forwarding of the article, becomes bewildered in the attempt to keep up with the eye and the memory, the various and successive processes he has witnessed, in following the several stages of putting the hog into sits final marketable shape, and in surveying the apparently interminable rows of drags which at that period occupy the main avenues to the river in continuous lines, going and returning, a mile or more in length, excluding every other use of those streets from daylight to dark. Nor is his wonder lessened when he surveys the immense quantity of hogsheads of 336 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY bacon, barrels of pork, and kegs of lard, for which room can not be found on the pork house floors, extensive as they are, and which are therefore spread over the public landing and block up every vacant space on the sidewalks, the public streets, and even adjacent lots otherwise vacant. "These are the products, thus far, of the pork houses' operations alone. That is to say, the articles referred to are put up in these establishments, from the hams, shoulders, leaf lard, and a small portion of the jowls—the residue of the carcasses, which are taken to the pork houses, being left to enter elsewhere into other departments of manufacture. The relative proportions, in weight of bacon and lard, rest upon contingencies. An unexpected demand and advance in the price of lard would greatly reduce the disparity, if not invert the proportion of these two articles. A change in the prospects of the value of pickled pork, during the progress of packing, would also reduce or increase the proportion of barreled pork to the bacon and lard. "The lard made here is exported in packages to the Havana market, where, being extensively used, as in the United States, for cooking, it answers the purpose to which butter is applied in this country. It is shipped to the Atlantic markets also, for local use, as well as for export to England and France, either in the shape it leaves this market or in lard oil, large quantities of which are manufactured at the east." Pork packing has continued to be one of the great industries of Cincinnati ; indeed the value of the pack is considerably greater than ever. But the relative proportion has not been maintained. The opening up of the great West, the westward movement of the center of population, the vast increase in corn production in the West, have caused the tremendous growth of hog raising and pork packing in other places. Today, Chicago is the real Porkopolis, while Kansas City, South Omaha, St. Louis, St. Joseph, Indianapolis, Cudahy, Wis., and St. Paul are ahead of Cincinnati in this respect. Cist in his "Cincinnati in 1841," states that in 1840 there were two hundred and twenty-seven establishments working in wood. These employed one thousand, five hundred and fifty-seven men. The value of their product for that year was $2,222,857. There were one hundred and nine iron factories, employing one thousand, two hundred and fifty men, producing $1,728,549. Of establishments working in other metals there were sixty-one with four hundred and sixty-one hands, producing $658,040. There. were two hundred and twelve shops working in leather, wholly or partly, with eight hundred and eighty employes, producing $1,068;700. There were twenty-four shops working in bristles, hair and similar substances, with one hundred and ninety-eight employes, producing $366,400. Thirty-six establishments wrought in wool, cotton, hemp and linen, with three hundred and fifty-nine employes, producing $411,190. Of establishments working in. paints, drugs, chemicals, etc. there were eighteen, with one hundred and fourteen employes, with a product of $458,250. Fifty-one establishments worked in earth, with three hundred employes, producing $238,300. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 337 Forty-seven establishments worked in paper, with five hundred and twelve employes, producing $669,600. One hundred and seventy work-shops dealt in food, with fifteen hundred and sixty-seven hands, with an outcome of $5,269,627. Fifty-nine shops represented the fine arts and science, with one hundred and thirty-nine employes, producing $179,100. Three hundred and thirty-two establishments represented building enterprises, employing one thousand, five hundred and sixty-eight men, with a product of $953,267. There were also two hundred and fifty-nine miscellaneous establishments, with one thousand, seven hundred and thirty-three employes, producing $3,- 208,790. There was a total of manufacturing employes of ten thousand, six hundred and forty-seven. The whole product was $17,432,670. The investment was $14,541,842. Mr. Cist declared "Manufacturing is decidedly our heaviest interest, in a pecuniary and political sense, and inferior to few other's in a moral one." There were more than fifty steam engines in use. There were also five in Newport and Covington. The iron foundries were among the chief industries. There were eight bell and brass foundries. There were four manufactories for mathematical and philosophical instruments. Stoves and hollow-ware were among the successful enterprises. In 1835 one hundred steam engines were built here, two hundred and forty cotton gins, twenty sugar mills, and twenty-two steamboats. In that year the combined products of Cincinnati, Newport and Covington amounted to five hundred millions of dollars. A writer in the Western Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal of January, 1836, said that Cincinnati had "but few if any overgrown manufacturing establishments, but a large number of small ones, confined to individual enterprise and personal superintendence. These are distributed among all classes of the population, and produce a great variety of articles which minister to the wants and comforts and luxuries of the people in almost every part of the Mississippi valley. In truth, with the exception of Pittsburgh, there is no city in the west or south that, in its manufactures and manufacturing capacity, bears any approach to Cincinnati and her associate towns." The investment at that time in commercial houses, in foreign trade and commission business was 5,200,000. The capital in retail dry goods, hardware, groceries and other stores was $12,877,000. The investment in the lumber- business was $133,000. October 22, 1839, the Chamber, of Commerce had been established. Its monthly meeting place was the rooms of the Young Men's Mercantile Library. There were in 1841 seven insurance. companies ; the Cincinnati Insurance Company, the Firemen's Insurance Company, Washington Insurance Company, Vol. II-22 338 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY the Fire Department's Insurance Company, Canal Insurance Company, the Manufacturers' Insurance Company, and the Equitable Insurance Company. At that time the Miami canal, which had been completed to Dayton in 1828, had been continued to Piqua, and was being continued to Defiance. There it was to meet the Wabash canal. By this means there would be water connection with Lake Erie. The White Water canal, then almost completed and twenty-five miles in length, joined Cincinnati at Harrison with the White Water canal of Indiana. There were several locks being built to open the Licking river to navigation. The Little Miami railroad was also in operation and formed a means of communication with the interior. There were five important turnpikes, the Cincinnati and Hamilton, the Harrison, the Lebanon and Springfield, the Cincinnati and Wooster and the Covington, Georgetown and Lexington turnpike. One thousand, one hundred and twenty-five miles of canal railroad and turnpikes centering in Cincinnati had been built or were being constructed. In 1840 the bookmaking industry in this city had reached large proportions, almost a million volumes, valued at a quarter of a million dollars having been published in Cincinnati in that year. Cist, in 1841, made a contrast between the appearance of Pittsburgh and the Cincinnati of that day dwelling upon the vast volumes of smoke hanging over the former city. "How different is all this from Cincinnati where the manufactures, with the exception of a few, are either set in motion by the water of the canal, or are in the literal sense manufactures,—works of the hand. These last embrace the principal share of the productive. industry of our mechanics and are carried on in the upper stories, or in the rear shops of the warerooms, in which they are exposed for sale, in a variety and to an extent which can only be realized by a visit to the interior of. those establishments." How unlike the Cincinnati of today, smoking like the forge of Vulcan ! At that same time, Mr. Cist argued for the use of coal as against wood, then the chief fuel. He declared coal easier to transport and convenient both to receive and to store ; he said it "is much cheaper, coal being twelve and a half cents a bushel and wood $3.50 a cord ; it is safer both in burning by day and keeping alive at -night ; it requires less care; it is more easily rekindled of mornings after having been covered at night." His fellow citizens were convinced, and we have a smoky Cincinnati: Mr. Cist quotes from Horace Greeley, who had visited Cincinnati in 1850 and who said in the New York Tribune "It requires no keenness of observation to perceive that Cincinnati is destined to become the focus and mart for the grandest circle of manufacturing thrift on this continent. Her delightful climate, her unequaled and over-increasing facilities for cheap and rapid commercial intercourse with all parts of the country and the world, her enterprising and energetic population, her own elastic and exulting growth, are all elements which predict and insure her electric progress to giant greatness. I doubt if there is another spot on the earth where food, fuel, cotton, timber, iron can all be concentrated so cheaply,—that is at so' moderate a cost of human labor in producing and bringing them together,—as here. Such fatness of soil, such a CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 339 wealth of mineral treasure—coal, iron, salt, and the finest clays for all purposes of use—and all cropping out from the steep, facile banks of placid though not sluggish navigable rivers. How many Californias could equal, in permanent worth, this valley of the Ohio?" Between 1840 and 1850 the growth in manufacturing had been vast. In 1840 the number of employes engaged in manufacturing had been 8,040, and the product of their labors had been for the year $16,366,443. In 1850 the same class of workers numbered 28,527, producing $46,789,279. There were 4,695 hands at work in the foundries. There were 2,450 in the pork, beef and ham curing factories. There were 1,310 in the tobacco establishments. There were 1,158 in furniture factories. There were 1,760 in the manufacture of boots and shoes. There were 2,320 carpenters and builders. The imports in pork in bulk for 1850-51 were 14,348,204 pounds. Those of corn were 443,746 bushels. The imports of flour were 434,359 barrels, and of whiskey 199,248 barrels. 102,391 heads of hogs were brought in. The exports of pork and bacon in bulk were 4,742,405. The exports of whiskey were 188,873 barrels and of flour 347,471 barrels. The industry of raising strawberries had increased rapidly, and in 1848 the product of this kind was 7,000 bushels. The culture of grapes was also receiving much attention. Mr. Longworth, Mr. F. H. Yeatman and Mr. Buchanan were notable among those who were engaged in grape production. There were 300 vineyards within twenty miles of the city, covering g00 acres and producing 120,000 gallons of wine. Cist commented at length upon the suburban development. He noted that improved roads, omnibuses, stages and railway cars were binding outlying villages to the city. In 1851 the chair factory of C. D. Johnston in this city was the largest of its kind in the world. The daily product of whiskey in the city and vicinity was 1,145 barrels. The annual product was valued at $2,857,900. Nicholas Longworth had one hundred and fifteen acres in grapes. His wine cellar was forty-four feet by one hundred and thirty-five in size, and was four and a half stories high. The wine industry employed five hundred persons and produced annually $150,000. In 1850 the Cincinnati Type Foundry produced $70,000 annually and employed one hundred men. All kinds of type were made here. Messrs. Guilford and Jones also employed twenty-one hands in the manufacture of type. An important manufacture was oil cloth, the production of which had begun in 1834. William Chambers, a noted publisher of Edinburg, visited Cincinnati in 1853, and commented in a book which he wrote about America: "Like all travelers from England who visit the factories of the United States, I was struck with the originality of many of the mechanical contrivances which came under my notice in Cincinnati. Under the enlightenment of universal education and the impulse of a great and growing demand, the American mind would seem to be ever on the rack of invention to discover fresh applications of inanimate power. 340 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Almost everywhere may be seen something new in the arts. As regards carpentry machinery, one of the heads of an establishment said, with some confidence, that the Americans were fifty years in advance of Great Britain. Possibly this was too bold an assertion ; but it must be admitted that all kinds of American cutting tools are of a superior description, and it is very desirable that they should be examined in a candid spirit by English manufacturers. In mill machinery the Americans have effected some surprising improvements. At one of the machine manufactories in Cincinnati is shown an article to which I may draw the attention of English country gentlemen. It is a portable flour mill, occupying a cube of only four feet; and yet, by means of various adaptations, capable of grinding with a power of three horses. from fourteen to sixteen bushels per hour, the flour produced being of so superior a quality that it has carried off various prizes at the agricultural shows. With a mill of this kind, attached to the ordinary thrashing machines, any farmer could grind his own wheat, and be able to send it to market as finely dressed as if it came from a professional miller. As many as five hundred of these portable and cheap mills are disposed of every year all over the southern and western states. Surely it would be worth while for English agricultural societies to procure specimens of these mills, as well as of farm implements generally, from America. A little of the money usually devoted to the over fattening of oxen would not, I think, be ill employed for such a purpose." In 1859, Cist said that manufacturing and industrial products had more than doubled since 1851. In 1859 these values were $112,254,400. Raw material was represented by $58,000,000 of this sum, while $54,000,000 represented labor and interest on capital. The pork and beef packing industry produced $6,300,000. The castings from the foundries represented more than $6,000,000. The value of ready made clothing was $15,000,000, this industry being the largest business in Cincinnati. The product in whiskey was valued at $5,318,730. The wine business produced values of $500,000. Boots and shoes represented $1,750,450. Alcohol and spirits of wine were valued at $2,260,000. The product in ale and beer was $1,500,000. The year 1857 was one of wide spread financial panic, and there was a marked decrease in Cincinnati of both imports and exports, but there were very few total failures of business houses in Cincinnati. The imports of 1857-58 were $74,348,758. The exports were $47,497,095. Cist in 1859 declared Cincinnati second only to Philadelphia in manufactures. Cist catalogues at great length nearly two hundred of the industries of the city, with the number of hands employed and the value of their products. These range over almost the whole list of employments and manufactures for human needs and the gratification of the tastes. It is noticeable that Cincinnati had a place in early photography. Cist noted in 1844 "Winter's Chemical Diorama.—Our townsman, R. Winter, has returned from the east with his chemical pictures, which he has been exhibiting for the last thirteen months in Boston, New York and Baltimore, with distinguished suc- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 341 cess. He is. now among his early friends, who feel proud that the defiance to produce such pictures as Daguerre's, which was publicly made by Maffei and Lonati, who exhibited them here, was taken up and successfully accomplished ..by a Cincinnati artist. Nothing can be more perfect than the agency of light and shade, to give life and vraisemblance to these pictures. They are four in number. The Milan Cathedral at Midnight Mass, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, Belshazzar's Feast and the Destruction of Jerusalem. These are all fine, each having its appropriate excellences ; but the rich, yet harmonious coloring in the two last has an incomparable effect, which must strike every observer. But the pen cannot adequately describe the triumphs of the pencil; the eye alone must be the judge." In 1859 the railway lines connecting this city with other places were the Little Miami, the Marietta and Cincinnati, the Cincinnati; Hamilton and Dayton, the Cincinnati and Indiana, and the Ohio and Mississippi. There was connection with three thousand, two hundred and thirty-two miles of railroad. There were also in process of construction four thousand, seven hundred and eighty-nine miles of connecting lines. It was in 1846 that the Little Miami Railroad, to Springfield, was opened. This event, of course, marks one of the great epochs of the city's life, as it was its first railway. Thirty-five miles of this road had' been graded in 1841. Contracts had been made for further grading. In 1843 thirty miles of the railroad were ready for use. There was then in possession of the company one eight-wheeled locomotive, two passenger cars and eight freight cars. Cincinnati manufacturers had constructed all these. July 17, 1844, the railroad was opened to Xenia. This was a distance of sixty-eight miles. August 10, 1846, the first train ran from Cincinnati to Springfield. The cost of construction to this date had been two million, two hundred and thirty-two thousand dollars. In 1848 connection with Sandusky was finished. At that same date the road from Xenia to Columbus was completed. After May 1, 1849, one train daily each direction had been passing between Cincinnati and Springfield. Passengers for the east going from Cincinnati were provided by the agent here with tickets by way of the Little Miami, and Mad river and Lake Erie railroads to Sandusky, by steamboat to Buffalo, and then by railroad to Albany and by steamboat thence to New York. After the New York and Erie road had been completed, passengers could take steamboats to Dunkirk and then go by rail to New York. Two trains each day left Cincinnati in 1851. One train left this city at 5:20 a. m. and the other at 2 :30 p. m. Travelers on the afternoon train arrived at Sandusky at six o'clock the next morning. They could get steamboat connection at seven o'clock for Buffalo. There a train could be gotten for Albany, and thence a steamer for New York. Passengers could reach Detroit by steamer connection from Sandusky. They could reach Montreal, Toronto and Quebec by steamer from Buffalo. At Albany one could find railway connection with Boston, and at New York with Philadelphia and Baltimore. The fare from Cincinnati to Springfield was $2.50, to Sandusky $6.50, to Detroit $8.00 and to Buffalo $8.80. 341 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The fare from Buffalo to New York was $7.50. The total fare from Cincinnati to New York was thus $16.30. The steamboats made no extra charge for meals and berths. The Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad, chartered March 2, 1846, opened September 19, 1850. Mr. L'Hommedieu, in an address before the Pioneer Association, said : "It may be expected I should say something of the second railroad built in our city,—the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, or the Great Miami railroad. When this road was commenced in 1848, the question as to the superiority of railroads over canals had been settled in the public mind, and there was no such difficulty in raising funds as had been- experienced by the Little Miami Company. The bonds of roads then under way,—such as the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, Lake Shore and others,—were negotiated in New York, so as to net from eighty to eighty-five cents on the dollar. County, town and township subscriptions to capital stock were readily obtained, and railroads were built with comparative ease. "The Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad, however, was built without the aid of any such subscriptions. Its stocks and bonds were sold at par, without the employment of New York or other brokers. Such was the faith at home in the enterprise, that within a month a cash subscription of three-fourths of a million was made by our merchants, manufacturers, and other citizens. New York capitalists took the remaining stock and the first issue of bonds at par. This was the first instance in which western securities had found a market in New York without making heavy sacrifices, and it took the New York city brokers by surprise at its presumption and success. "The road was placed under contract and built in a little over a year's time. It was opened on the 19th of September, 1851, and for twenty years or more promptly met all its obligations, and, after paying interest on bonds, made fair average dividends to its stockholders." The Ohio and Mississippi railroad was the next to come to Cincinnati. It was opened May, 1857. This road, which runs to St. Louis, is now a part of the system of the Baltimore and Ohio. Connections were made with what was at first the Atlantic and Great Western, afterward the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and with the Erie road. In 1845, the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad Company was chartered as the Belpre and Cincinnati Railroad Company. It was merged in 1851 with the Frank, lin and Ohio River Railroad Company and began to construct a road from the vicinity of Parkersburg to Cincinnati. April 15, 1857, this line was finished to the Little Miami at Loveland. After taking in a number of other roads, the Marietta and Cincinnati Company was in 1883 reorganized as the Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Road. The Baltimore and Southwestern Company was organized in 1889 and passed under the general supervision of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. The Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis road received its charter March 12, 1845. What was the original road, 138 miles, was finished February 22, 1851. The road between Springfield and Delaware was obtained in 1861. As an extension into Cincinnati, the Cincinnati and Springfield Company was - 342 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 343 formed and the Dayton Short Line was finished July 1, 1872. The "Big Four" now owns this whole system. By the census of 1860 we see that the number of pursuits followed in Cincinnati was at that time three hundred and forty. Of these two hundred and thirty were those of manufacturers, artisans and mechanics. There were fifty more pursuits than in 1850. Mansfield, state commissioner of statistics at the time, declared that twenty more pursuits were followed in Cincinnati than in Chicago and fifty more than in all Indiana. The manufacture of tobacco in Cincinnati was begun in 1863. In 1869, there were one hundred and eighty-seven kinds of manufactures produced in Cincinnati and vicinity. This output came from 3,000 establishments. These employed 55;275 hands. The capital invested was $49,824,000. The value of the product for the year was $104,657,000. The gain over 1860 was one hundred and twenty-three per cent. The gain since 1840 was five hundred and forty per cent. In 1869, the value of iron produce was $5,500,000; the value of furniture $17,000,000; meats $9,000,000; clothing $4,500,000; liquors, $4,500,000; soaps and candles, $1,500,000; mills of all kinds, $2,000,000; oils, lands, &c., $3,000,000. Cincinnati in 1867 ranked thi,rd in manufactures among the cities of the nation. It stood fourth in the bookmaking industry. In 1873 Cincinnati still maintained this rank in manufacturing. One third of the medals given at the Vienna Exposition to manufacturers in this country Were awarded to Cincinnatians. In 1873 the manufacturing products of this city were valued at $143,003,000. The report of the Board of Trade for 1870 gave the following comparative statistics : Number of employes 1850, 28,527; in 1860, 30,268; in 1870, 59,354. The value of products in 1850, $46,789,279; in 1860, $46,995,062 ; in 1870, $119,114,089. The year 1873 was that of a great panic. S. D. Maxwell said of this panic, in his report in 1876 as superintendent of the chamber of commerce : "Cincinnati, in the midst of this general depression, was peculiarly situated. Alone, among the great cities of the country, she was the center of a large district which had sustained tremendous losses from the storms of the previous harvest. In some places crops had been literally ruined and in others badly damaged. It was nothing short of a great agricultural disaster in nearly the whole locality upon which Cincinnati draws for her local trade. In the light of these circumstances must be read the detailed result of the year, for it reveals facts concerning the prosperity of this city which, if not exceptional among the great centers of business, are remarkable, and speak for the enterprise of the merchants of the city, the stability of our manufacturers, and the solidity of our commercial foundations so forcibly that it should silence all croakers and be a subject for general congratulation among our whole people. "In volume the business of Cincinnati has not only suffered little diminution, but in some departments it has been more than maintained. The aggregate value is considerably less than the preceding year, but this grew mainly out of the steady and in many cases great shrinkages in prices. The number of pounds, 344 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY yards and packages, in general is the only fair test of relative trade, and with this measure there is little but encouragement to the business men of Cincinnati. The season certainly has not been a money-making one, but with constantly shrinking prices good profits could not be expected." The actual volume of business during that trying year in coal and pig iron was the largest in the history of the city to that time, while there was an increase in the cotton business, a small increase in hog products, grain and certain other products. In 1878, the total values of manufactures were $138,736,065. There were 5,272 establishments at work. There were 67,145 employes. The investment in manufactures was $57,509,000. The school books trade of Cincinnati was now equal to that of any city in the world. Only one other city surpassed Cincinnati in the law book manufacture. The production of oleomargarine had begun here in 1877. In 1880, Colonel S. D. Maxwell said in his report as superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce : "The aggregate value of the products of our manufacturing industry, the number of hands employed, the value of real estate occupied, the cash capital invested, and the number of establishments engaged in Cincinnati, for each year in which statistics have been compiled touching these particulars, will be found in the following table : Total for year 1840, hands employed 9,040, value of products, $16,366,443; 1850, hands employed, 28,527, value of products $46,189,279; 1860, $46,995,062 ; 1869, cash capital invested, $45,225,586, value of real estate occupied, $16,853,783, hands employed 59,354, value of products, $119,140,089; 1870, cash value invested, $51,673,741, value of real estate occupied, $37,124,119, hands- employed, 59,827, value of production, $127,459,021; 1871, Cash capital invested, $50,520,179, value of real estate occupied, $40,443,553, hands employed, 58,443, value of production, $135,988,365; 1872, number of establishments, 3,971, cash capital invested, $55,265,129, value of real estate occupied, U5164,954, hands employed, 58,508, value of production, $145,486,675 ; 1873, number of establishments, 4,118, cash capital invested, $54,377,853, value of real estate occupied, $47,753,133, hands employed, 55,015, value of production, $127,698,858; 1874, number of establishments 4,469, cash capital invested, $63,149,085, value of real estate occupied, $52,151,680, hands employed, 60,999, value of production, $143,207,371; 1875, number of establishments, 4,693, cash capital invested, $64,429,740, value of real estate occupied, $53,326,440, hands employed 62,218, value of production, $146,431,354 ; 1876, number of establishments 5,003, cash capital invested, $61,883,787, value of real estate occupied, $51,550,933, hands employed, 60,723,' value of production, $140,583,960 1877, number of establishments, 5,183, cash capital invested, $57,868,592, value of real estate occupied, $47,464,792, hands employed, .64,709, value of production, $13-5,123,768; 1878, number of establishments, 5,272, cash capital invested, $57,509;215, value of real estate occupied, $4245,687, hands employed, 67,145, value of production, $158,736,165; 1879, number of establishments, 5,493, cash capital invested, $60,523,350, value of real estate occupied, $48,111,870, :hands employed 74,798, value of production, $148,280. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 345 "It is a noticeable feature of Cincinnati that they who are managing our industrial establishments are generally men who are thoroughly acquainted with the practical features of their business. They are mechanics themselves, who did not commence to build at the top of the structure, but at the bottom, when they had small means. These oaks, whose great spreading branches now shelter so many families of working men, were once small producers, who have grown up by degrees, gathering skill with experience and strength with their skill. The result is a large intelligence in the prosecution of business. Then, as a sequel to this, we find that the capital used by our manufacturers consists largely of the accumulations from their business. Their surplus has not been committed to the treacherous waves of speculation, but has been turned into their business to enlarge their usefulness. "Again, our manufacturers largely own the real estate which they occupy. Among the great producers, those who are manufacturing under the roofs of other people are limited in number. These conditions secure a stability which is not attainable under other circumstances, an endurance, during periods of financial distress which is peculiar, and an ability to accommodate production to reduced wants, without impairing in any way the capacity of the manufacturer for promptly and advantageously providing for increased demand, when such demand may be warranted by the improved condition of the country. "We generally associate with the idea of manufactures colossal establishments, and in some districts the productive industry manifests itself before the world through such great agencies only. But these giants among producers are not all that exist. Manufactures, in their most comprehensive sense, embrace everything in which material and labor, more or less skilled, are combined for the production of something to meet the wants of men. The business may be conducted on a very small scale. It may be done by a single man, and yet such a man. is a manufacturer. In this city the business is distributed to an unusual degree. It is not conducted by a few great firms or companies, that hold in the realm of production imperial sway, and whose failure would carry with them wide-spread disaster. To the contrary, it consists of a large number of establishments, many of them by no means large, not a few really small, that make  up in their united industries the mighty aggregate which has given this city such a prominent position among the manufacturing districts of this country. The whole number of establishments in this city and immediate vicinity in the year ending January 1, 1877 was five thousand and three. In the city of Philadelphia in 1870 the whole number of establishments was eight thousand, two hundred and sixty-two ; but these produced an aggregate value of three hundred and thirty-eight million, one hundred and sixty-eight thousand, four hundred and forty-six dollars, in comparison with one hundred and forty million, five hundred and eighty-three thousand, nine hundred and sixty dollars produced by the whole number in Cincinnati. "We all recognize the fact that a diversity of production secures a more sure and steady prosperity. Here again is an element of strength at Cincinnati. Our manufactures extend to a great variety of articles, many of them entirely distinct from each other. They embrace productions from wood, stone, metal, animals, earth, paper, leather, grain, vegetable fibre, tobacco, drugs, and other articles 346 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY differing widely in their nature and in the wants and localities they are called upon to supply. The number of different kinds of goods made here is beyond the estimate of many of the best informed. If anything of a ‘surprising nature were revealed by our industrial displays it was the scope of our production. The statistician finds it difficult to pursue the vocations. Men are working in their own houses. They are in obscure places. They are doing their business in a small way, but are swelling production. The kinds of manufactures are steadily increasing in number. You will hear of producers in unlooked-for localities, commencing the manufacture of new articles, doing it in an unpretending manner, but laying the foundation of great future usefulness to the city. "The classes of goods manufactured here, without descending to the subdivisions of distinct classes, number one hundred and eighty-two. Embraced in each, in numerous instances, are many products which might with propriety have separate mention. Thus, in iron, though our manufactures extend to a great variety of articles, the classes number but thirty. Candles, soaps, and oils are embraced under one head. Many kinds of machinery are in one class, and so on through the list. In this department, the largest item is machinery, embracing stationary and portable engines, wood working machinery, sugar mills, steam fire engines, steam gauges, and an almost infinite variety of articles of a like nature. In wood working machinery, including machines for planing, moulding, mortising, sawing, boring and working generally in wood, Cincinnati has no superior if she has a peer. She had, in 1878, three establishments producing annually of these goods alone about five hundred thousand dollars. Over two hundred different kinds of machines are manufactured, which find a market not only in this country generally, but, with two or three minor exceptions, in every nation in Europe, in Japan, China, Australia, New 'Zealand, South America and the West India islands. And for their qualities have received distinguished recognition wherever exhibited or known. "In endeavoring to reach some idea of the relation which our manufactures sustain to the future progress of the city, it may be well to consider briefly what has been accomplished in the past. In the year 1840, the total product of our manufactures was sixteen million, three hundred and sixty-six thousand, four hundred and forty-three dollars ; that is only thirty-seven years ago, our total product of all kinds was less than was either the single department of iron, wood, food or liquors in 1876. Our total product for the year ending January 1, 1877, it will be remembered, was one hundred and forty million, five hundred and eighty-three thousand, nine hundred and sixty dollars, having increased, in the period seven hundred and fifty-eight per cent. The growth mainly having been steady, it is difficult to realize how amazingly we have progressed. This has all been accomplished within the recollection of many in this audience. Now, the same ratio of increase should be exhibited in the coming thirty-seven years, the result would be still more astonishing, for it 'would in the year 1915 reach one billion, two hundred and six million, two hundred and ten thousand, five hundred and eighty-six dollars, or an amount equal to- more than one fourth of the entire manufactured product of the United States in the year 1870. Now, the average product to the operative in 1876 was two. thousand, three hundred and fifteen dollars. If in 1915 the relation should remain the same, it would render CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 347 necessary for the production five hundred and twenty-one thousand and forty-one hands, making, in operatives alone, a larger number than the present entire population of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport, with their suburbs. "The increase from 1840 to 1850 was, in the aggregate product one hundred and eighty-two per cent. From 1850 to 1860 there was, according to the federal census less than two per cent. From 1860 to 1870 it was one hundred and fifty-three per cent. What the increase has been from 1870 to the present time is the more difficult to ascertain on account of the great decline which has taken place in values. What that decline actually has been is not easily reached. From an extensive inquiry, I think thirty-three per cent a low estimate. This would make for the year 1876, the production equivalent to two hundred and ten million, eight hundred and seventy-five thousand, nine hundred and forty dollars, showing an increase, even in times of great depression and commercial distress, of sixty-five per cent in a period of six years. But, goods in 1870, compared with 1860 as well as 1876, were above their relative value, so that it would probably be more fair to compare the year 1860 with 1876. This would show an increase of one hundred and ninety-nine per cent. It must be remembered too that notwithstanding a part of this period embraces the war, with its abnormal activity in many departments, it also comprises a period in which the industries of the country have been prostrated, and in which the inducements to manufacture have been well alone found in a purpose to maintain business and to save manufacturing property from decay and ultimate ruin. Admitting that our manufactures in 1880 will be no greater than now, it would show that on the average our production about triples itself every twenty years." In 1880 the federal industrial Census showed that Cincinnati had three thousand, six hundred and fifty-two manufacturing establishments. There were three hundred and sixty-three. boot and shoe shops and manufactories. There were two hundred and thirty-four bakeries. There were two hundred and forty-seven cigar factories. There were two. hundred and forty-six clothing establishments. There were one hundred and twenty-five butchers. There were one hundred and twenty-six boat builders and block, tackle and spar makers. There were one hundred and eighteen tin and copper workers and metal roofers. There were one hundred and twenty boss carpenters and builders. There were one hundred and seventeen furniture and cabinet factories and repair shops. There were forty-three thousand, seven hundred and seventy-two males and eleven thousand, our hundred and ninety-eight females above sixteen years of age employed in manufactures. There were four thousand, five hundred and thirty-five children and youths. The total wages paid from May, 1878, to May, 1879, was $21,348,796. The capital, invested was $61,139,841. The value of materials was $81,021,672. The value of the gross product was $138,526,463. Manufactures in the vicinity, as in Lockland, Avondale, Millcreek, and so on can be properly included. In these places in the neighborhood there were one hundred and fifteen establishments. The capital was $2,647,000. The hands employed numbered one thousand, one hundred and sixty. The wages were $990,700. The material used was worth $5,760,000. The value of the total product was $8,320,000. 348 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The number of establishments in the towns on the Kentucky side was four hundred and seventy-nine. The capital was $9,017,000. The employes numbered seven thousand, nine hundred and sixty. The wages were $3,981,000. The material was worth $18,741,000. The product was valued at $27,622,600. The Cincinnati. Board of Trade was organized in 1869. The board of transportation was founded in 1876. "In the summer of 1878 the subject of a union of the two boards was broached, and a formal request for the appointment of a joint committee for the consideration of the project was passed by the Board of Trade August 17, 1878. The similarity of the objects of the two organizations seemed to indicate that this was the natural course to take. The Board of Trade has always taken a deep interest in matters relating to transportation, and one of the most important labors it had achieved was the breaking of the freight blockade at Louisville, a work that was only effected by means of a considerable outlay of money and the establishment of a special agency at that point, which was of the greatest importance to Cincinnati shippers. A formal consolidation of the two boards was effected April 7, 1879, under the title of the Cincinnati Board of Trade and Transportation. CHAPTER XVI. INDUSTRIES CONTINUED. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE-INDUSTRIAL BUREAU AND COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION-GROWTH OF TRADE AND MANUFACTURING MANY FOLD IN LAST DECADE-TRADE EXCURSION TO THE SOUTH - PROPOSED THIRTY MILLION DOLLAR TERMINAL-MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION -BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH. CINCINNATI CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE : HISTORY OF ITS ORGANIZATION AND ITS EDIFICE. The following history of the organization of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants' Exchange and of the edifice injured by fire in 1911, together with the action of the association touching the latter, was prepared by Sidney D. Maxwell, superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce, at the request of the board of real estate managers, for deposit in the corner-stone of the new edifice, which was laid on Saturday, June 18, 1887. The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce was organized in October, 1839. The call for a meeting of merchants, interested in the formation of a commercial organization, was published in the Cincinnati Daily Gazette on the 14th day of that month, of which the following is a copy : "We, the undersigned, feeling the want of a Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade in this city, and believing it would be of great advantage, recommend a meeting of the merchants, on the 15th of this month, at the hall of the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association [kindly tendered for this purpose], to take into consideration such measures as may be -necessary to carry it into effect. Signed : Kilgour, Taylor & Co., Gazzam & Butler, C. & L. Fletcher, Thos. J. Adams, R. Buchanan, John Young, Thos. Newell, James Reynolds, Chas. Fisher, Allen & Co., J. & S. H. Goodin, Green & Woodward, David Loring, Miller & Farrar, S. Fosdick & Co., Geo. H. Hartwell, Peter Neff, J. H. Groesbeck, Burrows & Hall, Jos. S. Bates & Co., Samuel Trevor, G. W. Messick, J. A. Simpson, Charles Foster, S. E. Pleasants, Avery & Athearn, William Goodman, Caleb Bates, J. York, Samuel B. Findley, John M. Rowan, Glascoe & Harrison, Wm. Disney & Son, Wm. Parry, C. Sontag & Co., E. Poor & Co., J. G. Smith & Co., Henry Miller, Irwin & Whiteman, Strader & Gorman: Henry Rockey, E. Lawrence & Co., L. Worthington, J. R. Baldridge, John Bailey & Co., J. P. Irwin, Corwin, Foot & Co., R. W. Lee, Hartshorne & Co., John Pullan, S. B. Hunt, N. W. Thomas & Co., Josiah Lawrence, John D. Jones, H. A. Amelung, J. & J. Graham, Trimble & Woodrow, George Carlisle, J. R. Coram - 349 -