350 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY & Co., U. P. James, Wm. R. Foster, Phillips & Heaton, Kellogg, Kennett & Co., Joel Green, Hunnewell & G. H. Hill, Foot & Bowler, Wm. Irwin, G. Luckey & Co., Shillito & Pullan, John Reeves & Co., Jones & Armstrong, Richard Bates, George Conklin, J. D. Walbridge, N. P. Iglehart, J. Smith." On the clay named in the call a meeting was herd, of which the following is the record : "At a meeting of the merchants of the city held at the Mercantile Library Association rooms, on Tuesday evening, the 15th of October, 1839, called to take into consideration the propriety of establishing a Board of Trade and Chamber of Commerce for this city, on motion, R. Buchanan, Esq., was called to the chair and C. Duffield appointed secretary: On motion of M. R. Taylor, the chair appointed a committee of five to draft a preamble and resolutions for the action of the meeting. M. R. Taylor, John Young, Geo. H. Hartwell, R. G. Mitchell and M. Ranney were selected as that committee, and reported the following PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTION. "Whereas the great and constantly increasing importance of the commerce of this city, in the opinion of this meeting, requires the organization of a Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade, for the purpose of establishing uniform regulations and unison of action in the promotion of its mercantile interests ; therefore, "Resolved, that a committee of fifteen persons be selected to draw up a code of regulations for the government of such a body, and subject the same to an adjourned meeting, to be held at this place on Tuesday evening next, the 22d of October, at 7 o'clock." These having been adopted, the following gentlemen were chosen said committee: Griffin Taylor, Peter Neff, R. Buchanan, Thomas J. Adams, S. Trevor, George H. Hartwell, R. G. Mitchell, John Young, S. B. Findley, N. W. Thomas, John Bailey, James McCandless, Jacob Strader, L. Whiteman and S. O. Butler. "Pursuant to adjournment a meeting was held on the 22d of October, at which the first constitution was adopted, and a committee appointed to obtain subscribers thereto. "At a meeting convened on the 29th of the month for the election of officers, to serve until the regular annual meeting in January following, the committee on members reported 199 names ; and the first election resulted in the choice of Griffin Taylor, president; R. G. Mitchell, Peter Neff, S. B. Findley, John Reeves, Thomas J. Adams and Jacob Strader, vice presidents ; Henry Rockey, secretary ; and B. W. Hewson, treasurer. "On the following Tuesday evening, November 5th, by-laws were adopted and the association fully organized. "At the first regular annual meeting held January 14, 1840, the committee appointed to engage rooms for the meetings of the chamber recommended the obtaining of apartments in the College building, on The east side of Walnut street, between Fourth and Fifth streets, in connection with the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association, at a rent of three hundred dollars, one-third to be paid by this chamber. The recommendation of the committee was adopted, CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 351 and from that time forward the meetings were held in the College building, until its destruction by fire in the winter of 1844-45. "This association with the library resulted in an arrangement by which the trade statistics, records, books of reference, etc., belonging to the chamber, were kept for a long time under the supervision of the librarian, and on a desk provided in the library were accessible to the members of the new commercial organization. On the completion of the new College building on Walnut street. both institutions removed thither, from the rooms temporarily used on Sycamore street, and occupied the second story front—the Chamber of Commerce in the north half and the library in the south. The first meeting of the chamber in the new hall was held on the 23d of July, 1846. "The conjunction of the two institutions was maintained until the growth of the Library association rendered it necessary that it should have full occupancy of the apartment used by the chamber, when a request was made that the later body should obtain other rooms. Accordingly, on the 7th of July, 1851, the large room in the east half of the same building was leased and occupied until October 20, 1869, when it was destroyed by. fire." The Chamber of Commerce thereafter held its sessions in Hopkins hall, on the southwest corner of Fourth and Elm streets, until the 27th of December, 1869, when it removed to what is known as Smith and Nixon's hall, on the north side of Fourth street, between Walnut and Main. On the 23d of November, 1881, the chamber removed to Pike's Opera House, on the south side of Fourth street, between Walnut and Vine, where it now holds its sessions, and where it hopes to remain until the occupation of the new building. "At the annual meeting in the year 1850, a charter for the creation of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants' Exchange, which had been granted by the legislature, was read and accepted. A committee was appointed to prepare a new code of laws for the government of the newly incorporated institution, and debts, which had accumulated against it, were provided for. The Chamber of Commerce thenceforward expanded in its influence and usefulness to a position second to no similar institution of the kind in the country, justifying the hopes of its founders and the pride of its supporters." On the 21st day of May, 1866, the chamber adopted sections known as 6, 7, 8, and 9, of an "Act to authorize the incorporation of boards of trade and chambers of commerce," which had been passed by the legislature of the state of Ohio on the 3d day of April preceding, by which. the powers of the chamber were enlarged and more clearly defined. Prior to March 14, 1882, the Chamber of .Commerce, with a membership generally ranging from 1,100 to 1,200, granted memberships alike to corporations, firms, and individuals. The desirableness of changing this so as to provide in the future for individual memberships only had urged itself, from time to time, upon the thinking members of the association. On the 6th of December, 1881, Henry C. Urner, who was then president of the association, and who took a deep interest in the change sought to be made, submitted a plan for the reorganization of the membership, which was adopted by the board of officers ; the board, at the same time, also authoring the president to appoint, from the membership,. a committee of conference with the board on this subject, the president to be 352 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY a member of the committee. In pursuance of this action, the president, on the 3d of January, 1882, announced the following committee : H. C. Urner, Theodore Cook, Wm. N. Hobart, S. Lester Taylor, Richard Smith, M. E. Ingalls, William Shaffer, W. J. Lippincott, T. J. Emery, John V. Lewis, C. M. Holloway, H. H. Peck, Benjamin Eggleston, Solomon Levi, S. H. Burton, Richard Dymond, Florence Marmet, David Sinton, Larz Anderson and B. W. Gale. Prior to this, at various times, the matter of the chamber erecting for itself, or having erected for its use, an edifice fully adapted to its wants had been agitated, and, on one or more occasions, had taken tangible shape; and yet, for various reasons, never had been carried to successful completion. During the four years immediately preceding, however, the necessity of the chamber providing for itself permanent quarters engaged the attention of both the several boards reaching through that period and of the Chamber of Commerce itself. On the 1st day of July, 1878, a committee of the board of officers, consisting of Florence Marmet, W. W. Taylor and John W. Hartwell, who was then president of the Chamber of Commerce, was appointed to look into the matter of a permanent location for the chamber, and on the 8th of August the president was authorized to advertise for proposals to sell or lease to the association a tract of land on which to erect a Merchants' Exchange; the property to be west of Main, north of Third, east of Plum, and south of Sixth street. In response to this invitation, proposals were received from various sources, and the matter was carried over into the new board of officers, William N. Hobart then being president. The matter of a site for the new building engaged the immediate attention of the new administration, and a committee, consisting of the president, Thomas Morrison and Briggs S. Cunningham, to whom the proposals already received were to be submitted, was 'appointed, the committee also to solicit other proposals. The subject was now engaging the attention generally of the association, and meetings of the board of officers were frequently held in relation thereto. On the 29th of October, 1878, a committee, consisting of Theodore Cook, George Hafer, A. H. Bugher and John Carlisle, was appointed to take into consideration the property on the southwest corner of Fourth and Elm streets, and ascertain the best terms on which it could be offered to the chamber, and what inducements would be held out to build the new edifice at that point, and on the 3d day of December, following, the board of officers unanimously voted in favor of this lot, at the same time appointing a committee, consisting of William Means, Briggs S. Cunningham, Thomas Morrison and the president, to call upon architects and obtain plans and estimates for a building. In the meantime, a conference had been held between.a number of the leading members of the chamber and the board, at which the general subject was discussed, and the action of the board in relation thereto approved. On the 29th of January, 1879, the board of officers formally presented to the Chamber of Commerce a recommendation for the purchase of the lot already alluded to, on the southwest corner of Fourth and Elm streets, extending. through to McFarland, fronting T00 feet on Fourth and 135 feet on McFarland, for the sum of 8130,000. Pending the discussion of this recommendation by the Chamber of Commerce, on the first day of February, a committee was appointed, consisting of C. W. Rowland, S. Lester Taylor, Julius Dexter, Theodore Cook, George Hafer, M. E. Ingalls, Thomas J. Emery, CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 353 Oliver Perin and John Carlisle, to prepare a financial plan to meet such obligation as might be necessary to incur, and on motion of W. J. Lippincott, the chamber, on the following day, was directed to submit to competent legal authority the charter of the chamber, with a view to ascertaining what additional charter privileges, if any, would have to be secured in order to enable the chamber to acquire, either by purchase or lease with the privilege of purchase, a lot of land on which to erect a suitable building, or otherwise to obtain a suitable structure for its use and benefit, and further to empower the chamber to borrow money and issue its stocks or bonds, if necessary, in the prosecution and completion of this enterprise. Events were now ripening for a wiser determination of the matter of location than had previously been foreseen ; for, on the 14th of February, a resolution, offered by M. E. Ingalls, was adopted, authorizing the appointment of a committee of five members, the president of the Chamber of Commerce to be one of the number, to proceed to Washington, to 'endeavor to procure such legislation as might be necessary to enable the secretary of the treasury to sell to this association the postoffice lot on the southwest corner of Fourth and Vine streets, possession to be given and payment made for the Same as soon as the government should vacate the property. The president thereupon named M. E. Ingalls, Richard Smith, Benjamin Eggleston, Thomas Sherlock and William N. Hobart, as said committee. This proved to be the end of all agitation touching the subject of the location of the new edifice for the Chamber of Commerce. In pursuance of this action, the committee, in the meantime having been somewhat changed, Messrs.. M. E. Ingalls, Theodore Cook,' Richard Smith and Briggs Swift proceeded to Washington, and at a late period in the session procured the passage by congress of a joint resolution, authorizing the sale of the property to the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce at such price as might be fixed by a commission to be appointed by the secretary of the treasury, the Hon. John Sherman then being secretary, who thereupon appointed the Honorables Alphonso Taft, William S. Groesbeck, C. Moerlein, William Dennison' and John W. Stevenson to appraise the property. These gentlemen, in the performance of their duty in this respect, subsequently appraised the property, with the understanding that it was, to be sold to the Chamber of Commerce, at. $100,000. On the 17th day of March, 1879, the chamber, resolution, authorized M. E.. Ingalls, Richard Smith, Briggs Swift, Theodore Cook and William N. Hobart, to contract with the secretary of the .treasury for -the purchase of the property at a price not to exceed $100,000. The committee—Amor Smith, Jr., and S. H. Burton, having been substituted for M. E. Ingalls, Briggs Swift and Theodore Cook, who Could not attend—subsequently visited Washington, and, according to the terms of this resolution, made a; formal offer to the secretary of the treasury, which was accepted, the proviso having been inserted, that should congress take action disapproving of the sale, the agreement should be considered null and void. On the 2d of April, 1879, the board of officers was authorized to appropriate such an amount of its surplus bonds as could safely be spared for the lot in view, and for the erection of a building thereon, for the use of the association. The board of officers was furthermore authorized to appoint a committee on plans for a new building, and the members of the chamber, in Vol. II-23 354 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY pursuance of the plan for raising money previously recommended by the committee appointed for the purpose and adopted by the chamber, were solicited to contribute money, in installments, not less than $100 each, each member contributing $100 to be entitled to a rebate annually of $6 from his dues to the chamber, and no person to be entitled to a larger rebate than simple interest on $500. The plan adopted by the chamber for the .raising of the money with which to complete the payment for the government property and for the erection of a building thereon not having proved generally acceptable, and the time at which the chamber would come into possession of the property being, in any event, somewhat remote, little was done, save to discuss the subject in an informal way, from time to time, for a considerable period after this action, looking to laying the foundations of a fund which should .be equal to meeting the wants of the chamber for this purpose. The agreement of the secretary of the treasury to contract for the conveyance of the property having been conditioned upon the failure of congress to disapprove of the sale, and no action looking to such disapproval having been taken, the president and secretary of the chamber were instructed, on the 2d of September, 1880, to notify the secretary of the treasury that they were ready to enter into a contract for the formal conveyance of the property, at such time in the future as the same might cease to be used by the government, and the president of the Chamber of Commerce, H. Wilson Brown, on his retirement in September, 1880, was permitted to congratulate the members of the chamber upon the practical completion of the conditions which would secure, beyond doubt, a site for the future home of the association. In December, 1880, Henry C. Urner, then president of the chamber, and Richard Smith,. visited Washington, by appointment of the chamber, to aid in the completion of they contract, which, before their return, was signed by the secretary of the treasury On the part of the government, and subsequently by the president of the Chamber of Commerce in behalf of this association, $40,000 in four per cent government bonds having been deposited -with the secretary as security for the faithful performance of the contract on the part of this association. The bonds thus deposited, with $5,000, which Shortly before had been bequeathed to the chamber by a public-spirited citizen and devoted friend of the Chamber of Commerce, the late James A. Frazer, practically constituted the only means in sight, at the disposal of the chamber, for, the performance of a work which would manifestly require a large expenditure of money. The sum of $55,000 would yet be required for the remaining purchase-money of the property, when it should finally come into possession of the chamber, besides a larger amount to be expended in either the reconstruction of the old building, which was soon found to be impracticable, or the erection of a new edifice on that site. During the year 1881, a plan devised by a special committee of prominent members of, the Chamber of Commerce, looking to the monthly payment, for eighteen months, of $2.50 by each active member, with which to pay for the postoffice lot, had been rejected by the association. While the chamber was thus, with poor success, in search of some method that would solve the financial problem that was pressing upon the body, the designation of the committee of fifteen on the subject of a change in the character of the membership, already alluded to, furnished the opportunity Of .successfully supplying the means which should meet these CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 355 extraordinary wants of the future. A plan, formulated by Henry C. Urner, president of the chamber, and adopted by the board of officers, was submitted to the committee already named, looking to the crystallizing in a transferable certificate of the value which had been created in the membership, through the many years of its history. This plan was adopted by the committee and subsequently by the Chamber of Commerce, and in a short time, successfully solved the problem, not only for the payment of the. lot already contracted for, but for the erection of a new building. The plan gave to each person who might be a member at the time of the adoption of the proposed amendment to the, constitution, the right to acquire a transferable certificate, on the payment of :$l0o; established an initiation fee of $250 between the time of the adoption of the, amendment to the constitution and January 1, 1883; $500, from January 1, 1883, to January 1, 1884, and thereafter $1,000, to all who might be elected to membership. This plan of creating a pecuniary value in a membership was heartily adopted by the committee, and, in conjunction with the abolition of corporation and firm memberships", and the adoption exclusively of individual memberships in the future, became the salient points of the recommendation of the committee on the revision of the constitution. The prospective increase in the value of. Chamber of Commerce certificates and the opportunity of becoming members, with all the privileges accorded to the older members, afforded up to the time of the adoption of these amendments by the Chamber of. Commerce, 'which occurred on the `14th of March, 1882, gave great stimulation to the applications for membership, so that by the arrival of the time at which the, vote was to be taken 619 new members had been added, and within two mouths [the time named in the amended constitution in which a member should be permitted to avail himself of the privilege of taking a certificate for $100] 1,682 members had signified their willingness to receive certificates, thus bringing to the treasury of the chamber, including a certificate. taken by an honorary. Member, the sum of $168,300 from this source alone, which, with five members who, during the year, had come in on the payment of an initiation fee of $250, and the 619 new members who had paid an initiation fee of $io each, and the other revenues of the chamber, enabled the treasurer to show an excess of, receipts over expenditures, 'for the year ending August 31, 1882, of $185,111.99. In the following year 496 new members were added on the payment of an initiation fee of $250 each, and one on the payment of $500 [this being the only member, either before or since, who had paid an initiation of such an- amount], the receipts for the year ending August 31, 1883, exhibiting an excess over expenditures of $146,522.02, the balance of cash on hand, at the close of the commercial Year, of 1882-83, with the investments in -government bonds, showing a grand, total of $375,935.23. In the meantime still further changes in the organic law of the association, were urging themselves upon those giving the matter most attention. It was, desirable that the board of officers should be increased in number ; and that a part of them should each year hold over into the next year, both of which required "a change in the statutes of the 'state providing for the organization of commercial bodies, and that many other important changes should be made in the constitution. Accordingly, on June 13, 1882,, the Chamber of Commerce 356 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY authorized the president to appoint a committee of nine members to revise the, constitution and its rules and regulations, and to prepare a bill, to be introduced in the legislature of the state of Ohio, for such amendments to the revised statutes of the state as would meet the wants of such organizations, the president of the chamber, H. C. Urner, to be chairman of the committee. The following committee was thereupon appointed : H. C. Urner, S. Lester Taylor, Theodore Cook, William N. Hobart, C. M. Holloway, Benjamin Eggleston, H. Wilson Brown, Adolph Wood and Joseph R. Megrue. After a general correspondence with all the large bodies of this nature in this country, and the performance of a great deal of work, extending through months, the committee succeeded in procuring the needed legislation, and submitted to the board of directors, instead of a constitution, a new code of by-laws, in which so much of the old organic law as was adapted to the present wants of the chamber was incorporated, while much that was entirely new was introduced. This was accepted by the board of officers, James D. Parker then being president, and adopted by the Chamber of Commerce, by a very large majority, on March 13, 1883, the latter, on the day preceding, having also adopted a resolution accepting any and all provisions of the revised statutes of Ohio pertaining to .corporations, so far as the same related to boards of trade or chambers of commerce. By this change, the board now known as the board of directors, was increased from nine to fifteen members. Two vice presidents were added, the one serving in the second year to have priority in the absence of the president, and one-half of the ten directors to retire each year, so that at least six members of each board would also be a part of the succeeding board. The entire management of the real estate; including the erection of a new building and the funds set apart for the same, and the control of so much of the new building as might not be used for the daily purposes of the Chamber of Commerce, was committed to a board of real estate managers, consisting of five members, the president of the chamber being one of the number, and also president of this board. The by-laws which had been substituted for the previous constitution, provided only for the election of a new member of the association on the presentation of a certificate already issued, so that in the absence of any provision for an admission on the payment of an initiation fee, the number of members was limited to the number that existed at the adoption of the by-laws. The number of certificate members then existing was 2,184, including three honorary members to whom certificates had been issued, and of non-certificate members 114, the latter comprising such members as, under the provision of the previous constitution, had not availed themselves of the privilege of taking certificates, twenty-three of this number having expired at the close of the year for non-payment of dues, thus making the total membership 2,275 (not including six honorary members who had never received certificates), which, without a change in the organic law, could never be increased, but which, by death and delinquency, would be somewhat reduced. With a large sum in the treasury—itself bringing in a revenue ; with receipts from annual dues largely exceeding the regular current expenses ; with the Chamber of Commerce in a position in which it could proceed with safety in the erection of a new building, and with an organization which was in all respects CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 357 abreast of the times, the association now occupied a position still more influential and conspicuous than at any other period in its history. The by-laws provided that the officers then existing should continue until the conclusion of the time for which they were elected, and until their successors were duly elected and qualified. At the next annual election, which occurred on the 12th day of September, the board of directors provided for by the by-laws was elected, and at the same time a board of real estate managers was elected, consisting of Henry C. Urner for four years, John Carlisle for three years, Andrew Hickenlooper for two years, and Seth C. Foster for one year, who, with W, W. Peabody, at the same time elected president of the chamber, constituted the new board for the management of the real property of the association. The first meeting of the board of real estate managers occurred on the 22d day .of November, 1883. John Carlisle was elected secretary, George S. Bradbury subsequently becoming, and continuing to the present time, the clerk of the board. On the 17th of December, 18843 competitive plans for the new building were invited. Six architects were 'selected by the board, namely, James W. McLaughlin, Samuel Hannaford, and A. C. Nash of Cincinnati; H. H. Richardson of Brookline, Mass.; George B. Post of New York, and Burnham & Root of Chicago. Besides these, who were to be paid whether the plans were adopted or otherwise, plans were submitted by Charles Crapsey of Cincinnati; Samuel J. F. Thayer and F. M. Clark of Boston, Mass.; Bruce Price of New York city ; and M. E. Beebe & Son of Buffalo, New York. Edwin Anderson and H. E. Siter of Cincinnati, and A. G. Everett and E. M. Wheelwright of Boston, submitted joint designs, making thirteen plans from which the board was to make a selection. From these, a part of which had distinguished merit, the board, on the 8th day of June, 1885, selected the plans furnished by H. H. Richardson, being, in the language of the board, "as a whole," "the most satisfactory." The deed for the postoffice property was received on the 16th day of December, 1885, the Chamber of Commerce having paid the purchase price of $100,000. At the close of the commercial year, August 31, 1885, the assets of the chamber had increased to $438,448.77, from $44,301.22, at the corresponding period in 18881. In September, 1885, Edwin Stevens, having been elected to the presidency of the chamber, became the successor of W. W. Peabody in the board of real estate managers, and John Kyle succeeded Seth C. 'Foster, whose term had expired. In January, 1886, the plans and specifications having arrived, proposals for the erection of the building in were therewith as a whole, and upon the various branches of the work, were invited. On. the 27th day of April, 1886, H. H. Richardson, the architect of the ,new edifice, died, and was succeeded by his successors in business, Shepley, Routan & Coolidge, also of Brookline, Mass. The proposals received for the erection of the building were opened on the 17th day of May, 1886, and, being unsatisfactory to the board, all were rejected. Proposals for the removal of the old building, making the excavation, and for the. construction. of the foundations of the new building, were at a later period invited, and the contract awarded to Patrick Murray on the 27th day of May, the contract price being $30,281. The work of demolishing the old structure, so long an architectural ornament of the city, was begun on the 31st day of that month. 358 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In September, 1886, James M. Glenn succeeded in the board,. Andrew Hickenlooper, who by his election to the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, also became president of the board of real estate managers, succeeding Edwin Stevens ; the assets of the chamber having reached, at the close of August preceding, $491,649.99, including $100,000 paid the government for the lot, and $800 paid toward construction, showing an increase during the year of $53,201.22. Late in the year proposals were again invited for the superstructure, and on the 21st of December, 1886, the bid of Norcross Bros. of Worcester, Mass., having been found the lowest submitted for similar materials, the contract for the erection of the superstructure was awarded to that firm, the material to be used being Worcester granite, and the contract price for the entire work, not including carving, being $526,446, they agreeing to complete the work in eighteen months from the time of obtaining possession of the lot, and the Chamber of Commerce having, for the construction and furnishing of the new edifice, authorized the board of real estate managers to issue and sell the bonds of the association to an amount not to exceed $150,000, such bonds to bear interest not exceeding four per centum per annum, to be issued in such amounts and at such times as the board of real estate managers might decide, and to run for twenty years, but to be payable after ten years upon the call of the board of real estate managers, and not to be sold at less than their par value, the association at the same time pledging itself to devote its entire surplus revenue frcon the completion of the new building until the amount needed to pay the said bonds should be accumulated, for the creation of a fund to meet the payment of the bonds at maturity. On the 31st day of April, the foundations of the building were completed, and on the 1st day of May, 1887, possession was given the contractor for the superstructure. This building was partially destroyed by fire in 1911. A modern "skycraper" is taking its place. "From its first organization, the Chamber of Commerce took a prominent place in the regard of our business men, affording them an occasion, and a place for the discussion of all leading questions of mercantile usage, of matters commerce, of laws affecting conimerce, and, more than all; contributing to the formation of an elevated tone in business intercourse. It became, indeed, a kind of high court in the adjustment of questions growing out of or affecting commercial transactions, which otherwise would have led to expensive and aggravating litigations. Its growth, however, was gradual. During the first ten years of its existence, the diligent exertions of its friends were at times necessary to keep up a sustaining interest, and the by-laws by which it was administered underwent frequent modifications. Its present prosperity was not assured until the members found their business interests greatly promoted by assembling daily for intercourse and trade. When they began to realize that the exchange could be made a convenient .or an absolute advantage in facilitating the transaction of their daily business, it received their earnest, zealous support, and was thereafter indispensable. "A prominent means of .producing a renewed interest was the appointment, in 1846, of a superintendent of the exchange, whose duty it was made to have the immediate charge of the rooms; collect the trade statistics of the city ; keep a record of mercantile transactions ; prepare tables of imports and exports of CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 359 leading articles of commerce and manufactures, etc., etc. The facts, thus judiciously compiled, have become invaluable for reference and comparison in the commercial history of the city, as well as for the comprehensive information which may be derived from them by the political economist. Their completeness and accuracy have not unfrequently been the subject of appreciative compliment." The first superintendent was A. Peadoby. On his resignation, in January, 1849, Richard Smith was elected to the position, and held it until June, 1854, when, declining to serve any longer, he was followed by William Smith. The latter served the chamber, in this capacity, more than seventeen successive years, and in September, 1871, tendered his resignation to take effect on the appointment of a successor. Mr. Smith retired from the position November I, 1871, and was, on the same day, succeeded by Sidney D. Maxwell, the incumbent. The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants' Exchange is, doubtless, the oldest body of its kind among the large associations holding daily sessions, for the transaction of business, in the United States. Soon after the completion and occupation of the new edifice it will be permitted to engage in its semi-centennial celebration. It has always been distinguished for the high character of its membership ; its influential position in the great commercial councils of the country; its fidelity to the government ; its representative character, embracing in the scope of its membership every important interest ; its eminent social position ; and the breadth, accuracy, and value of its statistics, which give it a chief place among the commercial bodies of the world in its respect, and it is now to crown its triumphs by erecting for itself a magnificent structure, which in its material will illustrate the solidity of the financial foundations of the city in which it is located, and in its architecture and appointments will bear perpetual testimony to the ambition and culture of the merchants, manufacturers, and business men generally of Cincinnati, who have counted the cost before building the house, and who, when the work shall have been completed, will have a splendid business home, with a debt upon it so small that the revenues, in a few years, will be equal to its complete extinction. In September, 1887, Levi C. Goodale was elected president of the Chamber of Commerce, thereby succeeding Andrew Hickenlooper as president of the board of real estate managers, and Henry C. Urner was reelected a member of the board for four years. The assets of the association, including the $100,000 paid for the lot, having amounted, on the 31st of August, 1887, to $520,158, with the work actively proceeding, and every prospect of the occupation of the new edifice becoming a part of the celebration of the centennial year of both city and state. PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE FROM ITS ORGANIZATION. October, 1839, to January, 1840—President, Griffin Taylor ; secretary, Henry Rockey. Officers for 1840—President, Griffin Taylor ; secretary, Henry Rockey. Officers for 1841—President, Lewis Whiteman ; secretary, Henry Rockey. Officers for 1842—President, Roland G. Mitchell; secretary, Henry Rockey. 360 - CINCINNATI-THE QUEEN CITY Officers for 1843-President, Thomas J. Adams; secretary, Henry Rockey. Officers for 1844-President, Thomas J. Adams ; secretary, Henry Rockey. Officers for 1845-President, James C. Hall; secretary, Henry Rockey. Officers for 1846-47-President, James C. Hall ; secretary, William D. Gallagher. Officers for 1847-48-President, James C. Hall ; secretary, Channing Richards. Officers for 1848-49--President, N. W. Thomas ; secretary, Channing Richards. Officers for 1849-50-President, N. W. Thomas ; secretary,. Richard Smith. Officers for 1850-51-President, N. W. Thomas ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1851-52-President, N. W. Thomas ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1852-53-President, N. W. Thomas ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1853-54-President, N. W. Thomas ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1854-55-President, R. M. W. Taylor ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1855-56-President, James F. Torrence; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1856-57-President, Joseph Torrence ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1857-58-President, Joseph Torrence; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1858-59-President, Joseph Torrence ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1859-60   President, Joseph Torrence ; secretary, Richard Smith. Officers for 1860-61-President, J. W. Sibley ; secretary, John A. Gano. Officers for 1861-62-President, Joseph C. Butler; secretary, John A. Gano. Officers for 1862-63-President, George F. Davis ; secretary, John A. Gano. Officers for 1863-64-President, George F. Davis ; secretary, John A. Gano. Officers for 1864-65-President, George F. Davis ; secretary, John A. Gano, Officers for 1865-66-President, Theodore Cook; secretary, John A. Gano. Officers for 1866-67-President, S. C. Newton ; secretary, John A. Gano. Officers for 1867-68-President, John A. Gano ; secretary, George McLaughlin. Officers for 1868-69-President, John A. Gano ; secretary, George McLaughlin. Officers for 1869-70-President, John A. Gano ; secretary, J. M. W. Neff. Officers for 1870-71-President, Charles W. Rowland ; secretary, D. L. Garrison. Officers for 1871-72-President, Charles W. Rowland; secretary, N. S. Jones. Officers for 1872-73-President, S. F. Covington ; secretary, William T. Tibbits. Officers for 1873-74-President, S. F. Covington ; secretary, William T. Tibbits. Officers for 1874-75-President, C. M. Holloway ; secretary, Charles B. Murray.  Officers for 1875-76-President, C. M. Holloway; secretary, Brent Arnold. Officers for 1876-77-President, Benjamin Eggleston ; secretary, Brent Arnold. Officers for 1877-78-President, John W. Hartwell ; secretary, Enoch Taylor. Officers for 1878-79-President, Wm. N. Hobart ; secretary, John H. Long. Officers for 1879-80-President, H. Wilson Brown ; secretary, John H. Long. Officers for 1880-81 -President, Henry C. Urner; secretary, James H. Foote. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 361 Officers for 1881-82—President, Henry C. Urner ; secretary, John H. Long. Officers for 1882-83—President, James D. Parker; secretary, Charles B. Murray. Officers for 1883-84—President, W. W. Peabody; secretary, Charles B. Murray. Officers for. 1884-85—President, W. W. Peabody ; secretary, Charles B. Murray. Officers for 1885-86—President, Edwin Stevens ; secretary, Charles B. Murray. Officers for 1886-87—President, A. Hickenlooper ; secretary, Ambrose White. Officers for 1887-88—President, Levi C. Goodale ; secretary, William E. Hutton. Officers for 1888-89—President, Thomas Morrison ; secretary, Paul M. Millikin. Officers for 1889-90—President, Lee H. Brooks ; secretary, H. B. Morehead Officers for 1890-91—President, Lowe Emerson; secretary, N. R. Adriance. Officers for 1891-92—President, Joseph R. Brown; secretary, James T. McHugh. Officers for 1892-93—President, Brent Arnold ; secretary, Maurice J. Freiberg. Officers for 1893-94—President, Michael Ryan; secretary, A. H. Pape. Officers for 1894-95—President, James M. Glenn ; secretary C. Lee Williams. Officers for 1895-96—President, Maurice J. Freenbergercretary, Fred. Guckenberper Officers for 1896-97—President, J. Milton Blair ; secretary James B. Wallace. Officers for 1897-98—President, William McCollister; secretary, Charles L. Garner. Officers for 1898-99—President, Robert H. West ; secretary, George Metzger. Officers for 1899-1900—President, John H. Allen ; secretary, Lee Clary. *Officers for 1900-01—President, James T. McHugh ; secretary, Frank C. Grote. *Under amendments of the by-laws adopted on July 2, 1901; changing the annual election date from September to January, the officers for 1900-01 continued until January, 1902. Officers for 1902—President, W. W. Granger ; secretary, James T. Earle. Officers for 1903—President. J. F. Ellison ; secretary, Frank P. Thomas. In 1910 the Industrial Bureau and the Cincinnati Commercial Association were merged under the latter title. This organization is now one of the chief agencies of industrial progress in the city. A full account is given below of it and its workings. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT, CINCINNATI INDUSTRIAL BUREAU. By Will L. Finch, 1911. The year 1910, the tenth in the life and history of the Cincinnati Industrial Bureau, has been a most active one. As heretofore, and as always must be, the first thought and aim has been ,the development of the city's growth by the ad- 362 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY dition of new industries. In pursuit of that first aim, however, each new year has opened up new avenues of effort—new channels for the direction and energy leading directly or indirectly to the accomplishment of the original purpose, the addition of manufacturing plants. And by such addition, increasing the tax duplicate, enlarging the volume of manufactured product, swelling the population and adding to the amount of money in circulation. The membership list of the bureau embraced at the close of the year the names of two hundred and sixty-seven individuals, firms and corporations, a very slight increase over the preceding year. The receipts from all sources, including a balance on hand January 1, 1910, were $10,722.95 ; the disbursements were $9,158.77, leaving a balance January 1, 1911, of $1,564.18. CONSOLIDATION. An important achievement of the year was the consolidation of the Convention League with the Industrial Bureau. These two organizations had for more than two years occupied joint quarters, and were served by the same secretary and manager and office force. Both boards of directors had for some time recognized the similar nature of the work. Both were advertising Cincinnati— the one to secure factories and new permanent residents, the other conventions and excursionists. There was not a duplication of energy and of printed matter only because both were under the same officer's management. When, therefore, the question of the merging of the two organizations was considered by conference committees from each, no obstacles to the step were found. The Convention League had from its inception in 1898 recognized the hotel interests as primary beneficiaries of conventions, as they were leading supporters of the Convention League. The Hotel Men's Association was accordingly invited to participate in the merger conferences. The details were accordingly first discussed by a joint committee of five representatives each from the bureau, the league and the Hotel Men's Association. The plan finally agreed upon was simple. It provided for transferring to the bureau all subscriptions to the Convention League guarantee fund, together with all money in bank, and other possessions, including convention records. The bureau guaranteed that the money thus received should be maintained as a separate fund, and expended only for the purpose for which it was subscribed. It was further agreed that at the approaching annual meeting, provision should be made for the election to the new board of directors at least five representatives of the old Convention League interests. The details, fully approved by the three interests named, were completed, and the directors of the Convention League resigned sine die in November. LOCAL IMPROVEMENTS. Conditions throughout the country during 1912 were not conducive to factory removals, but of the changes made Cincinnati got her share. Local industries have prospered, as evidenced by the large amount of factory construction in the Cincinnati industrial district, approximating in value two and a half million dollars. The list of modern new factory buildings includes those of the Victor CINCINNATI - THE QUEEN CITY - 363 Safe & Lock Company, the Cincinnati-Bickford Tool Company, N. Drucker & Company, the Union Distilling Company, the Schacht Manufacturing Company, the Crane & Breed Manufacturing Company, the Harkness-Cowing Company, the Incandescent Light & Stove Company, the Victor Lamp Company, the American Valve & Meter. Company, the Straub Machinery Company, The Chatfield & Woods Company, and M. L. Andrew & Company. Extensive additions were also built to about fifty other manufacturing plants in the district, while probably twenty millions of new capital has been invested in local industries that have increased their capital stock. Bank deposits showed an increase of about seven per cent over 1909. Building construction in Cincinnati totaled $8,552,515, a gain of nearly a million over 1909. This does not take into account the vast building improvements in the suburbs. Other large expenditures for improvements during 1910 were for terminal improvements by various railway lines ; by the city for street and sewer improvements ; for the completion of Hughes and Woodward high schools; the first municipal lodging house ; new play grounds and park improvements. A marked step forward was taken at the November election when a $1,000,000 bond issue was authorized to begin the work of carrying out a great system of parks and boulevards, and $800,000 was voted for the elimination of grade crossings of the city. Still another promise of advancement was made when the new Union depot ordinance was passed. A disastrous fire in the Sycamore street district completely destroyed the plants of the K-O Shoe company, and the Cahill Shoe company. Efforts were at once begun by other cities to induce these companies to leave Cincinnati. The Industrial Bureau was equally prompt to tender its services in helping them to find new locations and resume operations in Cincinnati. NEW 1NDUSTRIES ADDED. Though falling short of the record of some other years, Cincinnati has as stated received its share of new industries located in 1910, and the end of the year has witnessed a distinct revival in interest in this city as a location for manufacturing plants. Among the new manufacturing concerns that will hereafter send forth its product as "Made in Cincinnati" is the Southwest Publishing Company, formerly of Knoxville, Tennessee, which removed its entire business to Cincinnati, following a year of negotiations by the Industrial Bureau. This firm's original purpose was to locate either in Chicago or Indianapolis, but the bureau's committee on new industries urged the superiority of Cincinnati with the result that Cincinnati won. This company, located at 522 Main street, is said to be the only concern in the United States which make a specialty of printing text-books for business colleges. About seventy-five people are employed. Another very important addition to Cincinnati's industries made in 1910 is that of the Mastic Wall Board & Roofing Company, which has purchased six acres of ground in Winton Place, upon which will be erected an entirely new plant consisting of six manufacturing and storage buildings. This company manufactures a patent substitute for lath and plaster, sheathing, roofing and 364 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY shingles. Factories located in New Orleans and in Alma, Michigan, will be combined in Cincinnati, and the new plant will have double the capacity of the present factories. The executive offices, now located in New Orleans, will be removed to Cincinnati. Fifty people will be employed. Another new industry for Cincinnati is that of the Steel Fire Proof Construction Company, which removed to this city from Covington recently and purchased the plant formerly occupied by the Ritter Folding Door Company at Carthage pike and the Big Four railroad. The company manufactures fireproof steel floors, walls, and partitions and is employing about fifteen men. In May of last year the Chamber of Commerce referred to the bureau an inquiry from the Conasaugua Lumber Company, Conasaugua, Tennessee, asking for information bearing upon the procuring of an Ohio charter and the possible removal of the headquarters of the company to this city. The bureau immediately placed itself in touch with these people and last August the company located in Cincinnati, leasing quarters in the Fourth National bank building, from which it will sell fifteen million feet of lumber annually, thus increasing the volume of business $350,000 a year, and further strengthening this city's standing as the leading hardwood lumber market in the United States. The Continental Paper Bag Company, a New York corporation, with its main factory at Rumford Falls, Maine, opened a branch depot and selling agency in Cincinnati in August, leasing the building at 327 Lock street, formerly occupied by the National Biscuit Company. Another branch house is that of the Velie Motor Car Company of Chicago, which has leased quarters at 804 Sycamore street. An important addition to the retail business of the city is the coming of S. S. Kresge of Detroit, who has leased a site on West Fifth street for a five-story building. Among other things a start was made to bring Cincinnati into prominence as a leader in the aeroplane industry. This newest of all manufacturing lines is to be taken up aggressively by the Jungclass Automobile Company of this city. The company is now at work on the first "Cincinnati Monoplane" to be placed on the market. This machine will be somewhat different from anything which has yet appeared in the aviation field. The company will at first assemble its machines and make a specialty of supplying aeroplane accessories of all kinds, gra ly taking up the manufacture of the parts which enter into the construction of flying machines. It will be the first concern of its kind between New York and St. Louis. Another local company is also taking up the aeroplane industry, that of the Lanier & Driesbach Manufacturing Company. This company has imported an aeroplane from France and will conduct a selling agency and possibly manufacture the machines. The Cincinnati Grinder Company is a new addition to the local machinery industry. The company is manufacturing a line of grinding machines which is an entirely new product for Cincinnati. The company is located at Colerain and Alabama avenues, Camp Washington. About thirty men are employed. The Schneider & Goosman Machine Company, 1929 Race street, is also a new machine tool industry. This company manufactures a line of small planers. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 365 Other manufacturing companies which were organized locally last year, and now operating are as follows : Sanitary Clothes Pressing Machinery Company, machinery for use in tailoring establishments, operating at 428 East Eighth street. Fred. M. Betz of the Ohio Laundry Machinery Company of Hamilton is president. Capital $50,000. Elmwood Place Auto Top & Supply Company, manufacturing auto tops and accessories at 701 Main avenue, Elmwood Place.' Sultana Shoe Company, organized by John Duttenhofer and others to manufacture a patent slipper, at Third and Walnut streets. The Computing Appliance Company, organized to manufacture large vending machines, and now having the first consignment of machines assembled. The American Tire Drill Company, 2916 Colerain avenue, manufacturing a special tool for drilling wheels of vehicles and automobiles. In addition to the continuous campaign for new industries your directors have been active in many lines of endeavor for the city's welfare—matters corelated with the direct work. A committee of the bureau cooperated with committees from other organizations in raising a fund. Of $1,500 and procuring four oil paintings typical of the city for presentation to the Hamburg-American Steamship line as a testimonial to their new steamship "Cincinnati," named in .honor of the city. The detailed work was taken care of in the office of the bureau, and two of the bureau committee went to New York to participate in the presentation ceremonies. The board also lent its support to the park improvement bond issue, and participated through its delegates in the Ohio River Improvement Association and National Rivers and Harbors Congress. It has been working actively and continuously for a, pneumatic mail tube, and took the lead in a concerted movement to protest against the reported abandonment by the government of Fort Thomas as a military post, and otherwise cooperated in local improvements in behalf of the city. Since its organization the bureau has influenced, directly and indirectly, the location in the Cincinnati industrial district, of approximately one hundred new industries, furnishing employment for thousand men, and having a pay-roll of three million dollars a year. During this same period the railroads centering' here have -doubled their depot and freight terminal facilities. The city's own road has razed half a dozen city blocks and expended two and a half million dollars for new depots and terminals. The Louisville & Nashville has partially completed improvements involving an outlay of four and a half millions. The Big Four at Sharon, the B. & O. at Brighton and Oakley, the Pennsylvania in the East End and the a C. & O. on the western hills have spent millions for terminal expansion. The board of education has spent in the same time nearly four millions for new school buildings—edifices that excel those of any American city for elegance and completeness. Today our tubs and our basins are filled with water as clear as when it comes from the sky, and almost as pure. It is furnished by a modern and model waterworks, completed this decade at a cost of $12,000,000. Natural gas, an apparent impossibility of 1901, we are enjoying today at a cost ranging from eleven cents to` thirtycents, and as a result our atmosphere is less smoky. 366 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY And what of the less material things ? From a standard subject to criticism, our educational system has been brought in this decade to the very first rank. Cincinnati is leading all American cities in educational innovations. Continuation schools, schools for the defective, municipal play grounds, medical and dental inspection in the public schools, public bath houses, municipal lodging house, municipal wash house, public comfort stations—all evidences of advanced civic thought and all products of the past decade. And in the enumeration of the city's progress it must not be forgotten that to a Cincinnatian has been given the honor of presiding over the destinies of this great nation. Cincinnati holds a higher place in the public mind today than she did ten years ago. In this advance the Industrial Bureau has certainly played a part. THE 1NDUSTRIAL BUREAU. The Cincinnati Industrial Bureau was organized in 1901. The period since that time has been one of remarkable progress for Cincinnati. The growth of manufacturing in the industrial district is reflected in the figures of the United States Census Bureau for 1905. The manufacturing capital invested in the Cincinnati industrial district increased from $121,972,067 in 1900, to $170,769,226 in 1905, an increase of $48,- 797,159, or forty per cent. The amount of money paid out in salaries increased from $7,17b,868 to $10,929,512, an increase of $3,758,644 or 52.4 per cent. The amount of money paid out in wages increased from $26,981,122 to $33,- 932,557, an increase of $6,951,435, or 25.8 per cent. The amount of manufactured output increased from $764,217,216 to $203,095,605, an increase of $38,878,389, or 23.7 per cent. In the nine years previous to 1901, the money invested in building construction totaled $26,106,209. In the nine years following 1900, the money invested in building construction totaled $57,786,355 more than double the total of the previous nine years. The bank clearings of Cincinnati increased from $972,502,000 in 1901, to $1,348,031,450 in 1909, an increase of $375,529,450. The postoffice receipts have increased from $1,291,088.56 in 1900, to $2,298,581.71 in 1909, or an increase of more than one million dollars, or nearly one hundred per cent. Not the only work of the Cincinnati Industrial Bureau has been the bringing of new manufacturing institutions to the city. It has been instrumental in locating a large number of branch business houses in Cincinnati. It has as sisted local manufacturing concerns to find additional capital and aided in the formation of new companies. It has influenced many industries to give up plans to leave Cincinnati. Ranking equal in importance is the work which the bureau has done as the city's bureau of publicity. Since the organization of the bureau thousands of letters and illustrated booklets advertising Cincinnati have been sent to all tarts of the country. Special advertisements and reading- articles have been placed in standard trade publications. By the use of a special fund, articles advertising Cincinnati were placed in leading magazines, and the publication of a monthly magazine begun. This magazine goes to every United States consulate throughout the world. It CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 367 has been read by manufacturers all over the United States. It goes regularly to a growing list of commercial organizations and town-development publications. It speaks for Cincinnati among the "live ones" in the ranks of the cities of this country. The Industrial Bureau has had distributed literature at many large conventions, at the St. Louis World's Fair, at the Charleston Exposition, and in many other places. It is now undertaking to furnish a large list of newspapers with feature stories about Cincinnati, not handled by the regular news agencies. In short, the bureau has been the one constantly working press agent for Cincinnati. Some of the industries which have located in the Cincinnati industrial district in recent years through the influence of the Industrial Bureau are the following: American Cigar Co. Austin Pressed Brick Co. Automatic Printing Machine Co., consolidated with Cincinnati Time Recorder Co. Brunhoff Manufacturing Co. Blackburn Varnish Co. Cedar Rapids Pump Co., now Rich Bros. Pump Co. Cincinnati Horseshoe and Iron Co. Cincinnati Time Recorder Co. Cincinnati Rubber Manufacturing Co. Cincinnati Wire Bound Box Co. Crown Iron Bed Manufacturing Co. Cincinnati Steel Foundry Co.. Couch Bros. Manufacturing Co. Dayton Folding Box Co. Eagle Counter and Leather Co. Elmwood Castings Co. Globe Folding Box Co. Geneva Optical Co. Hogan & Co. Hirsch Iron and Steel Rail Co. Hudson & Co., A. A. Maloney Shoe Co. Ohio Dairy and Creamery Supply Co. Ohio Bevel Gear Co. Ohio Steam Shovel Co. Phillemac Rolling Mill Co. Queen City Paste Co. Rebhun & Co. Rock Island Battery Co. Toledo Electric Welding Co. Trees Manufacturing Co. (operating under new name). United States Can Co. In the spring of 1911, a trade excursion, "Boosters' Trip," was made into West Virginia by a joint committee of the Business Men's Club, Chamber of Commerce, Advertising Club, and Commercial Association. They traveled eight hun- 368 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY dred miles in West Virginia, Kentucky and southern Ohio to enhance the prestige of Cincinnati as a market. The Times-Star said : "The trade excursion into West Virginia, the first given under the auspices of the Cincinnati Commercial Association, was ,successful from every standpoint. The Cincinnatians made a fine impression among the business people all along the route, and the social and business ties between Cincinnati and the towns visited were strengthened. On every side we heard expressions of admiration for the Queen City of the West and her people; and it was plain that the West Virginians would prefer to do business with Cincinnati if only Cincinnati were as active as other centers in developing the trade. "The success of this trip has proven that Cincinnati business men should hold two trade excursions annually and should wage a systematic campaign for trade expansion. At the same time this would give Cincinnati capital opportunities for good investment. Cincinnati business men cannot do too much in the way of trade excursions, for their usefulness has been completely demonstrated." This statement was made Saturday by Otto Armleder, one of the leaders in the West Virginia trade excursion, which came to a successful close shortly after midnight Friday, when the hundred excursionists came into the Central Union station after four busy days. The party made a veritable triumphal tour through West Virginia and Ohio, heralding the praises of Cincinnati in every town and hamlet. It was received with open arms everywhere. Probably the climax in the way of cordiality of reception came on the concluding day of the journey at Portsmouth, Ohio, where the trade excursionists were sumptuously feted and dined. In view, of the great success of the initial excursion the trade boosters have concluded that these expeditions shall hereafter form an established part of the programme for advertising Cincinnati and her products. The route for the second trade excursion is already being discussed. A number have suggested a trip into the south, through Kentucky and Tennessee. "This is only the first of a series of trade excursions to be given by the Cincinnati Commercial Association," said J. P. Orr, one of the leaders in the West Virginia tour. "The great, success of the first venture indicates plainly that, the businessmen of Cincinnati have a common duty in supporting these excursions, and the trip shows they are appreciating this fact. A new railroad is opening up for Cincinnati trade a large territory in the Carolinas. Perhaps it would be wise to visit that field next. At any rate, now that the excursion idea has been successfully tied further trips are in order." One of the great plans in which Cincinnati is interested from a business point of view is the proposed new Union station. A THIRTY MILLION DOLLAR TERMINAL. By the passage at the recent session of. the Ohio legislature of the Le-Blond bill permitting any five citizens to form a corporation for depot purposes and conferring the right of eminent domain for the construction of tracks leading into terminals, the way has at last been opened for carrying out a plan for a great Union station in Cincinnati to combine in one building all the 'railroad CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 369 interests now represented in several stations and give this city one of the most magnificent terminals in the United States. The passage of the bill has been awaited with great interest by a syndicate represented by John E. Bleekman, who came to Cincinnati from New York two years ago to work out the plan, and Archibald S. White, president of the Columbia Gas & Electric Co., and plans are now going rapidly ahead for the organization of the Cincinnati Union Depot & Terminal Company, which proposes to build a station and terminal system to cost thirty million dollars. The plan contemplates not only the building of a Union station to accommodate all the railroads entering Cincinnati, but it also proposes to furnish a modern terminal for interurbans, and to give the city unexcelled freight facilities by the building of a new belt line and the utilization of present passenger tracks and stations for freight purposes exclusively, bringing in passenger trains over new tracks, on which all grade crossings will be eliminated. This will greatly shorten the time of all incoming passenger trains. A combined station and office building to cost upwards of five million dollars is a striking feature of the plan. It is to occupy a site on the north side of Third street, between Elm and Broadway. The station building proper is to be fourteen stories in height with a tower twenty-two stories in height. The architectural effect is similar to that of the Metropolitan Life building in New York. This building will be in the very heart of downtown Cincinnati. Passengers will ,approach trains through an arcade to be built on the level of Fourth street. The trains will enter the depot over an elevated concourse three hundred and nine feet wide and extending a thousand feet, east and west, on each side of the arcade. Train sheds are to be built on this concourse to cover fifteen tracks on each side, or thirty tracks in all. On its southern side the passenger tracks will be two stories above the street level. Underneath the passenger sheds will be tracks for freight cars, while the space beneath these will be utilized for warehouse purposes. Space will be provided by the arcade for the ticket office whvarious is planned to give the varioi railroads office accommodations in the building. Four stories of thpermanentare to be used for pernianent maufacturing exhibit purposes. "The psychological moment for the carrying out of this great enterprise in Cincinnati is at hand," said Mr". Bleekman in discussing the plans. "The money to carry out the project is available. It only remains to procure the consent of all the railroads to use the station. This would seem inevitable, for no other plan which has been proposed, or which possibly can be proposed, can compare with this for completeness of design for handling passenger, freight and interurban traffic. It presents the best possible solution of the economical problem confronting the railroads. No single road nor. group of roads can well afford to build separate stations, and even if they should it would not improve freight facilities, which in an industrial city like Cincinnati is a vitally important consideration. Union depots do not usually increase revenue. The Cincinnati Terminal Railway Company, by embracing all the opportunities for revenue offered, has proposed to the railroads to handle their trains at a lower cost than is possible in separate stations, or in any union station project which has been proposed." Vol. II-24 370 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY A few years ago when it was proposed to build a belt line twenty-two miles in length, an investigation showed that the total interchange of freight business between the various roads in Cincinnati amounted to 1,788 cars a day. Deducting cars that would be interchanged directly between the roads and cars for local delivery it was estimated that 741 cars would be handled by the belt line daily. The new terminal company proposes to construct a belt line eight miles in length with a capacity for the direct and convenient handling of 1,326 cars of interchange freight business a day. There would also be about one hundred cars handled daily through the warehouses at the union station. After the new terminal system is in operation it is expected that it will handle a large amount of freight to and from local shippers and industries. The interchange of freight can be largely augmented by the establishment of large assembling interchange yards. In addition to all this the space now occupied by the various passenger stations can be utilized for freight purposes. All of the present tracks can be used for freight twenty-four hours a day without interference from passenger traffic This would give Cincinnati freight handling facilities unexcelled by any industrial center. There are two hundred and seventy-six passenger trains received and dispatched daily in the various' railroad stations in Cincinnati. There are about 474 freight trains. Coming into the new station from the north will be a new five track route, elevated from the waterworks reservoir, on a private right of way, with a low grade. While one of the plans heretofore considered calls for a tunnel twelve thousand feet in length, this new route will have but five hundred feet of tunnel. The working out of this feature is one of the big physical accomplishments of this plan. All the trains from the north can use this entrance, including the eight interurban traction lines now reaching the city, which will use two of the tracks. The plan contemplates that trains from the east, including the Pennsylvania and the Louisville & Nashville, will approach the new station on independent elevated tracks. Trains entering the city from the west will approach the train sheds on a four track elevated structure. The plans for the station building have been drawn to give it every utility of a modern passenger station. The arcade, flanked on either side by small stores and shops, Will enter the main waiting room, which is of dignified and impressive design, with high vaulted. ceiling and vaulted dome. Grouped around this, waiting room will be all the features found in the latest designed buildings. Extending south from the main waiting room is the passenger concourse connecting with the umbrella sheds and station platforms. The electric traction cars will approach the station from,. an eastern direction on elevated tracks passing through the building, discharging passengers at the umbrella sheds and taking on passengers within the building. The exterior and interior design of the building will be executed in the, simple and severe style of the French Renaissance, in brick, terra cotta and stone. The building proper will be 400 feet by 200 feet, the tower 90 by 100, the top being S0o feet above the street. The entire building will be fireproof, equipped throughout with every convenience known to. modern office building construction. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 371 In explaining the plans of the Cincinnati Terminal Company, Mr. Bleekman pointed out the important bearing which the solution of the terminal problems of Cincinnati has upon the industrial future of the city. After discussing Cincinnati's well known advantages from a manufacturing standpoint, and following a special mention of the Ohio river improvement, the prospectus of the company says in part : "The completion of this work will bring an enormous increase of business to Cincinnati. . . . With the enlargement of this canal (Miami and Erie) Cincinnati will have an all water route to the Atlantic seaboard and at this point coal and iron will meet under the most favorable economic conditions. Within 125 miles of Cincinnati in the state of Kentucky begins probably the largest coal field in America. The great market for this coal will be the west and northwest, and the only possible direct route from the coal of southeastern Kentucky, where the largest volume is located, is through Cincinnati. A recent survey has been made to this field and one-half of one per cent grade is feasible. .. Interests identified in the United States Steel Corporation recently acquired very large tracts of this coal land. . . . As soon as facilities are created in Cincinnati railroads will be built to the coal. . . . The Cincinnati Terminal Railway Company will become the other important link in this chain of developments. . . . The completion of two hundred miles of railroad to southeastern Kentucky will develop another trunk line railroad from Cincinnati to Charleston, which has possibly the finest protected harbor on the Atlantic coast. As the crow flies, it is the shortest distance from Chicago to tidewater. . . The completion of this road, together with the water line that has been surveyed to Louisville, cannot be overestimated in calculating the future of the city." It is understood that the railroads are giving favorable consideration to the 11 plan. A dispatch from New York printed in Cincinnati said that the plan had been approved by the board of directors of the Pennsylvania road. All of the roads appointed engineers to investigate the plan and are said to have reported favorably. Under the former law union depot companies could be formed only by the .presidents of railroad companies whose lines lead into a municipality. The Le-Blond bill permits any five persons to incorporate for this purpose and confers powers of eminent domain for the purpose of constructing overhead and underground tracks leading into the terminals. It is estimated that twenty million passengers will pass through the new union station every year. The interurban traction traffic will be largely increased by the better facilities offered. MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. The Merchants and Manufacturers Association of Cincinnati was organized in 1887, incorporated in 1893, for the purpose of advancing the interests of its members by all lawful methods and by continuous offers of legitimate inducements and attractions to encourage merchants to visit the city for commercial purposes. 372 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY As an inducement to bring merchants or buyers to Cincinnati, they mail out invitations in which they offer to pay the railway fare of merchants provided they make their purchases from members of this association while in the city. Through this method several thousand merchants are induced to visit the Cincinnati market twice a year and it is a very satisfactory arrangement, as it not only gives the buyers and the heads of the Cincinnati houses an opportunity to become acquainted, but gives the buyers an opportunity to see and examine full and complete lines before making purchases. THE CINCINNATI BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH-ITS FIRST YEAR'S WORK. Purpose: The purpose of the bureau is to conduct an entirely non-partisan study of the methods and work of the several departments of the city government, with a view to recommending such modifications and improvements as it believes to be of advantage, to do whatever it can to promote the efficiency and economy of municipal administration, and to furnish citizens with the facts of public business. ORGANIZATION. The Cincinnati Bureau of Municipal Research was organized in the spring of 1909, through the cooperation of the Commercial Club; Optimist Club, Business Men's Club, City Club, and Chamber of Commerce. The trustees and organization were as follows : CHOSEN FROM Joseph S. Neave, chairman - Business Men's Club. J. G. Schmidlapp, treasurer - Chamber of Commerce. Eldon R. James, secretary - City Club. William Worthington - Commercial Club. George W. Armstrong, Jr. - Optimist Club. To conduct the work, the trustees secured from the New York bureau Mr. R. E. Miles as director, and Mr. F. R. Leach as associate director. The bureau began actual work on July I, 1909, with its office in the Neave building. During the year the bureau suffered the loss, through death, of Mr. Neave. To fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Neave, Mr. Otto Armleder was chosen, Mr. James being elected chairman. METHOD. The general method pursued by the bureau in making a study of a city department may be summarized as follows : 1. From the pay rolls and from conferences with the department officials, a schedule is drawn up showing the organization of the work .and the working force. This schedule is submitted to the department for verification and correction. 2. In similar manner, a description of the accounts kept is drawn up and submitted to the department. 3. A description of the statistical and service records is also drawn up and submitted to the department. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 373 4. Special investigation is then made of such portions of the department's work as may seem to require it. 5. A report is submitted to the head of the department, setting forth what has been found, both favorable and unfavorable, and presenting recommendations designed to remedy the detects. 6. If the bureau's recommendations are approved and adopted, assistance is rendered in installing records or putting, recommendations into operation. 7. Finally, the report, either entire or summarized, is published, showing the conditions found, the recommendations submitted, and the action taken by the department. This procedure may of course be varied according to circumstances. Every effort is made to cooperate harmoniously with city officials and to assist them in securing the greatest possible efficiency. CONCLUSION. Nothing in the bureau's experience during the past year has caused it to change its belief that any open-minded official whose main purpose is to serve the people as efficiently as he knows how, will welcome such assistance as the bureau is able and ready to give. Methods tried elsewhere with success may, for the asking, he presented for examination and adapted to local. conditions. Service of this character, which in commercial life commands substantial prices, is thus available without cost to city officials. The relation which the bureau strives to maintain with public officials is one of harmonious cooperation "for the good of the service." When the bureau finds itself unable to secure the cooperation of city officials in matters which it believes to be vital to the public welfare, it is then of course obliged to place the facts in full before the public. The bureau desires at this time to express its thanks to the many officials and employes who have obligingly furnished the information and records asked for, and who by the courteous treatment accorded to the bureau's representatives have facilitated its work. In entering upon its second year of work, the bureau urges the necessity of an active interest and support by citizens. No matter how much information the bureau may furnish in its reports this information must be taken up and vigorously used by citizens if the desired results are to be obtained. Observers and students of municipal problems have become convinced that some such institution as the bureau is a necessity, not as a temporary remedy for passing evils, but as a permanent agency to be used by the people in the business of governing themselves. To serve this end, however, the bureau must be able to rely on the active as well as the financial backing and support of a large number of citizens. THE PACKING INDUSTRY. Cincinnati, once known to the would be humorous as "Porkopolis," is still an important factor in the packing-house industry, as is shown by these figures for 1909 compiled by the Chamber of Commerce : "The slaughtering of hogs at Cincinnati for the twelve months ending October 31, 1909, was approximately 580,000 in number. For the preceding period 374 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY of twelve months the returns indicated a total of 718,000. This makes 138,000 decrease in this comparison—the four winter season months, indicating a decrease of 52,000, and the summer season approximately 86,000. It may be remarked that the year preceding the past twelve months was one of an unusually large number of hogs. For the five years ending a year ago the annual average was 650,000 hogs. The high record for twelve months ending October 31, was for 1877-78, when the number was 786,000, or 206,000 more than for the past year. "The number of cattle slaughtered in this city for the twelve months ending October 31, 1909, was about 185,000, compared with 170,000 for the preceding year, and an annual average of 175,000 for five years prior to the past year. "The number of sheep slaughtered the past year was approximately 150,000, only once previously equaled in number. The preceding year was one of decided reduction from other late years, and compared with which there was an increase of about 60,000 for the past year. For the five years prior to the past year the annual average was about 120,000. "The total slaughtering of hogs, cattle and sheep at Cincinnati for the past year, according to these exhibits, was approximately 915,000. This compares with 980,000 for the preceding year, and an annual average of 945,000 for five years. "The total amount paid out the past year by local slaughterers for hogs, cattle and sheep was approximately $18,000,000." Among the prominent industries of Cincinnati are the handling of grain, flour, mill feed products, hay, handling of provisions, live stock, groceries, grass seeds, butter and butterine, potatoes, cheese, eggs, dried fruit, green fruit, feathers, tallow, hides, leather, salt, starch, wool, naval stores, hops, lard oil, linseed oil, soap and candles, whiskey, beer, ale, etc., pig iron, manufactured iron and steel, coal and coke, cotton, lumber, leaf and manufactured tobacco, dry goods, petroleum, boots and shoes, clothing, furniture, office fixtures, etc., vehicle manufacturing, machinery, jewelry, paints, automobile manufacture and sale, storage, dry cleaning, manufacture of barrels, manufacture and sale of fountain pens, the business of insurance, building, dairying, book publishing and printing, banking and brokerage, packing, handling real estate, handling of furs, architectural work, contracting. Cincinnati has the largest soap factory in the country ; the largest playing card factory in the world ; the largest theatrical poster printing plant in the United States ; the largest trunk factory in the world ; the largest tannery in the world ; the largest compressed yeast factory in the country ; the largest tube and pipe works in the country; the largest printing ink establishment in the United States ; the largest harness and saddlery works in the country ; the largest theatrical publishing house in the country; the largest ladies' shoe factory in the land ; the largest desk and office furniture factory in the United States ; the largest piano factory in the middle west ; the largest coal business in the United States ; it is the greatest coal-distributing point in the United States, the greatest ladies' shoe manufacturing center, the greatest art and music educational center, the great- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 375 est wholesale city in Ohio ; it is the greatest diamond cutting center in the country, the greatest pig iron market, the greatest clothing manufacturing center in the west, and the greatest hardwood market in the middle west. Almost every railroad of importance in the country operates lines into this city, and in a number of instances these roads maintain general offices here. Eleven different companies, representing the largest trunk lines dispatch their trains into this city. The Queen City is the only city in the United States that owns a railroad of its own, namely, the Cincinnati Southern, which uses this city as its northern terminal. In the autumn of 1910, Cincinnati annexed Delhi, population 872 ; College Hill, 1,179; Carthage, 3,618 ; Mt. Airy, 497 ; Sayler Park, 877 ; Mt. Washington, 984 ; Madisonville, 5,193. Possible future annexations are Fernbank, 305 ; Norwood, 16,185 ; Oakley, 1,639; Hartwell, 2,823; Pleasant Ridge, 1,769; Cheviot, 1,930; St. Bernard, 5,002; Elwood Place, 3,423. Other towns that are not considering annexation are Addyston 1,543 ; Arlington Heights, 468 ; Cleves, 1,423 ; Glendale, 1,741; Harrison, 1,358 ; Kennedy Heights, 598 ; Lockland, 3,439 ; Mt. Healthy, 1,799 ; Reading, 3,985 ; Silverton, 479 ; Wyoming, 1,893 ; North Bend, 560; Terrace Park, 440. On the Kentucky side, neighboring towns number population 104,671 The industrial district of Cincinnati counts in total, 590,456. CHAPTER XVII. EDUCATIONAL. PRIMITIVE SCHOOLS AND PEDAGOGUES-THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI -FAMOUS EDUCATORS-LIBRARIES--GREEK LETTER FRATERNITIES-HUGHES AND WOOD-WARD HIGH SCHOOLS OF NATIONAL REPUTE-THEIR HISTORY- COMMERCIAL COLLEGES-THE OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE-KINDERGARTENS. June 21st, 1790, a school was opened at Columbia by John Reily. Reily was a native of North Carolina and was a soldier of the Revolution, in the command of General Greene. In 1791, Reily associated with himself in his school Francis Dunlevy, .a Virginian, who had seen service among the Indians and in the Revolution. In their school, Reily had charge of the English and Dunlevy of the classical studies. These ex-soldiers charged for their services at a due rate for the time and circumstances and sometimes took their pay in board and lodgings. This was the beginning of formal education in Hamilton county. The tradition is that the first school in Cincinnati was opened in 1792. Doubtless, the pioneers had from the first taught their own children in their homes. It is said this first school began with thirty pupils. The tradition is that this seat of learning was a log cabin, near Congress and Lawrence streets. This situation was not far from Fort Washington, and it is assumed that the choice of site was for the protection of the children from Indians. Judge Burnet states that in 1795 "on the north side of Fourth street, opposite where St. Paul's church now stands, there stood a frame schoolhouse, enclosed but unfinished, in which the children of the village were instructed." This was at the corner on the public square near Fourth and Walnut. streets. The First Presbyterian church was also used as a schoolhouse for a while. Later, the Rev. Dr. Kemper erected a schoolhouse on the church property. This was afterward moved to Arch street. In April, 1794, a resolution was passed by the Presbytery of Transylvania "to appoint a grammar school of students whose genius and disposition promise usefulness in life." In each church of the presbytery, certain men were appointed to collect from every head of a family not less than two shillings and three pence, for a fund for the education of children of those unable to pay for their own children. Moses Miller was appointed for Cincinnati. This plan seems not to have matured. Stuart Richey announced in The Centinel on December 27, 1794, that he was about to open a school for instruction in elementary education. His advertisement states : "The subscriber begs leave to inform the public, that he intends to open school on Monday the 22d of this inst. in the house lately occupied by David - 377 - 378 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Williams, nearly opposite James Ferguson's store, where he proposes to educate youth in the following sciences and mathematical branches, viz : reading, writing, arithmetic, bookkeeping, trigonometry, mensuration of superficials and solids, dialing, gauging, surveying, navigation, elements of geometry and algebra. "The parents and friends of all such as are committed to his trust may depend on his utmost care and best endeavors to form their tender minds to a love of learning and virtue. He likewise will employ every opportunity in grounding his pupils in the practical parts of the above." In March, 1800, Robert Stubbs opened a classical school at, or near Newport, called the Newport Academy. He was an Englishman, and signed himself "Rev. Robert Stubbs, Philom." He was prepared to teach the ordinary branches, Greek, Latin, Geometry, plane surveying, navigation, astronomy, mensuration,. logic, rhetoric, bookkeeping, &c. His charge for the elementary branches was eight dollars a year, and for the higher studies one pound per term. Oliver Stewart advertised in 1811 as a teacher of a Latin and English school. James White, the same year, advertised a day and night school. Edward I-Iannagan at the same period kept a school in Fort Washington. A young ladies' school in Cincinnati was advertised in the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette, July, 1802, viz : "Mrs. Williams begs leave to inform, the inhabitants of Cincinnati that she intends opening a school in the house of Mr. Newman, saddler, for young ladies, on the following terms : Reading 250 cents ; reading and sewing, $3; reading, sewing and writing, 350 cents per quarter." In 1805, a boarding school was kept, in what was later Sedamsville, by a man and wife named Carpenter. The school room was a log cabin, fifteen feet square. "In the years, Ow, 1811 and 1812," says the Hon. S. S. L'Hommedieu, "I recollect of but three or four small schools; A Mr. Thomas B. Wright kept one in the second story of a frame building on the southwest corner of Main and Sixth streets. The stairs were on the outside of the house, on Sixth street. John Hilton had his school on the east side of Main, between Fifth and Sixth streets, over a cabinet maker's shop ; David Cathcart, on the west side of Walnut street, near Fourth street. The scholars at each school probably averaged about forty. "There was a custom in those early days, when the boys wanted a holiday, to join in 'barring out' the schoolmaster. Providing themselves with some provisions, they would take the opportunity, when the schoolmaster was out at noon, to fasten the windows and bolt and doubly secure the door, so as to prevent Mr. Schoolmaster from obtaining entrance. "In the years 1811 and 1812, my father lived nearly opposite the school of Mr, Wright, and remember on one occasion to have seen him on his stairs, fretting, scolding, threatening the boys and demanding entrance; but to no purpose, except on their terms,—namely a day's holiday and a treat to apples, cider and ginger cakes." A successful monitorial system, that was .at the time employed in England, was destined to have some influence upon Cincinnati educational matters. This was known as the Lancaster and Bell system, and sometimes as the Lancasterian system. The method was to utilize the older scholars as monitors and in a degree as teachers. As teachers were few in this new community this system made. an CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 379 especial appeal to intelligent persons in Cincinnati who were interested in educational progress. In 1814, the Rev. Dr. Joshua L. Wilson, the minister of the First Presbyterian church, and Dr. Daniel Drake became interested in introducing this system into Cincinnati. They obtained the use of school lots on Fourth and Walnut streets as a site. The Presbyterian church made out a lease of these lots for ninety-nine years, with the reservation that its congregation could select twenty-eight poor children annually for free instruction. Isaac Stagg prepared the plans and work was begun upon the building. February 4, 1815, the legislature passed an act incorporating Oliver M. Spencer, William Lytle, Martin Baum, John Kidd and others under the title of the Lancaster Seminary. They were given authority to obtain and hold property to the amount of $10,000 and to employ teachers. The first trustees named were Jacob Burnet, Nicolas Longworth, Davis Embree, William Corry, Charles Marsh and Daniel Drake. The institution was to he non-political, non-sectarian and no one party of any kind was to dominate the board. The institution was arranged in junior and senior departments. The education of young men and young women alike was to be provided for. The Lancasterian system was to obtain in the junior department. The senior department was to receive the benefit of whatever, sums the junior department yielded above expenses, and this money was to be applied to obtaining books and apparatus for the advanced department. Eight dollars a year was the charge per pupil. The school building was a two-story brick structure, with two wings, reaching eight feet back from Fourth street. "The wings were connected by an apartment for staircases, eighteen by thirty feet, out of which sprang a dome-shaped peristyle by way of observatory. The front of this middle apartment was decorated with a colonnade, forming a handsome portico thirty feet long and twelve deep, the front and each side being ornamented with a pediment and Corinthian cornices. The aspect of .the building is described as light and airy, and would have been elegant, had the doors been wider and the pediments longer, and the building divested of disfiguring chimneys. As it was, it was considered the finest public edifice west of the Alleghanies. One wing was for male and one for female children; and between the two there was no passage except by the portico. The recitation and study rooms in the lower story had sittings for nine hundred children; and the whole for fourteen hundred." At the opening, April 17, 1815,. only one of the lower rooms was ready. It was but a few days until 420 pupils were enrolled. This number was as large as could be accommodated at the time. In 1817, Henry. Bradshaw Fearon, an Englishman, wrote some sketches of America, and said in regard to this Cincinnati school: "The schoolhouse, when the whole plan is completed, will be a fine and extensive structure. In the first apartment, on the ground floor, the Lancasterian plan is already in successful operation. I counted one hundred and fifty scholars, among .whom were children of the most respectable persons in the town, or, to use an American phrase, `of the first standing.' This schoolhouse is, like most establishments in this country, a joint-stock concern. The terms of education, in the Lancasterian de- 380 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY partment, are to shareholders eleven shillings and threepence per quarter, others thirteen shillings and sixpence. There are in the same building three other departments, (not Lancasterian) ; two for instruction in history, geography and the classics, and the superior department for the teaching of languages. Males and females are taught in the same room, but sit on opposite sides. The terms for the historical, &c., department are, to shareholders, twenty-two shillings and sixpence per quarter ; others twenty-seven shillings. There were present twenty-one males and nineteen females. In the department of languages the charge is, to shareholders, thirty-six shillings per quarter ; others, forty-five shillings. Teachers are paid a yearly salary by the company. These men are, I believe, New Englanders, as are the schoolmasters in the western country generally. "I also visited a poor, half-starved, civil schoolmaster. He has two miserable rooms, for which he pays twenty-two shillings and sixpence per month ; the number of scholars, both male and female, is twenty-eight ; terms for all branches thirteen shillings and sixpence per quarter. He complains of great difficulty in getting paid; and also of the untameable insubordination of his scholars. The superintendent of the Lancasterian school informs me that they could not attempt to put in practice the greater part of the punishments as directed by the founder of that system." There was published in London, in 1820, "A View of the United States of America," in which, among other references to Cincinnati of a pleasant kind, the writer said : "But the building in Cincinnati that most deserves the attention of strangers, and which on review must excite the best feelings of human nature, is the Lancaster schoolhouse. The .edifice consists of two wings, one of which is appropriated to boys, the other to girls. In less than two weeks after the school was opened upwards of four hundred children were admitted, several of them belonging to the most respectable families in the town. The building will accommodate one thousand, one hundred scholars. To the honor of the citizens of Cincinnati upwards of twelve thousand dollars were subscribed by them towards defraying the expenses of this benevolent undertaking. Amongst the many objects that must arrest the attention and claim the admiration of the traveler, there is none that can deserve his regard more than this praiseworthy institution." In 1817, John Kidd bequeathed the sum of one thousand dollars per year, for the education of poor children. This bequest became productive in 1819. Mr. Kidd was the first citizen of Cincinnati who made a public gift to education in the city, and as such deserves a- place in 'the city's roll of honor. In 1815 the Lancasterian school received a charter as a college, and became Cincinnati College. In the same year a charter was given the Medical College of Ohio, to be established in Cincinnati. The Cincinnati Female Academy., was founded by Dr. John Locke in 1823. It was of high rank and popular. Mrs. Trollope, in her book on Americans, wrote: "Cincinnati contains many schools, but of their rank or merit I had little opportunity of judging. The only one I visited was kept by Dr. Locke,, a gentleman who appears to have liberal and enlarged opinions on the subject of female education. I attended the annual exhibition of this school, and perceived, with some surprise, that the higher branches of science were among the studies of CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 381 the pretty creatures I saw assembled there. One lovely girl of sixteen took her degree in mathematics, and another was examined in moral philosophy. They blushed so sweetly, and looked so beautifully puzzled and confounded that it might have been difficult for an abler judge than I was to decide how far they merited the diploma they received." In 1826, this school occupied a newly erected brick structure on Walnut street between Third and Fourth streets. The term of study for a degree was four years. From four to ten dollars a quarter was charged for tuition. Music and French were extra. Albert and John. W. Picket were the heads of the Cincinnati Female School. This was conducted in rooms of the south wing of the Cincinnati College. Mansfield wrote : "Albert Picket, president of the College of Teachers, was a venerable, gray-haired man, who had been for fifty years a practical teacher. He had for many years kept a select school or academy in New York, in which, I gathered from his conversation, many of the most eminent men of New York had received their early education. He removed to Cincinnati a few years before the period of which I speak, and established a select school for young ladies. He was a most thorough teacher, and a man of clear head, and filled with zeal and devotion for the profesion of teaching. He was a simple-minded man, and I can say of him that never knew a man of more pure, disinterested zeal in the cause of education. He presided in the college with great dignity, and in all the controversies which arose poured oil on the troubled waters." Many private schools existed at that time, among these being those of Kinmont, Cathcart, Wainright, Chute, Talbot, Wing, Morecraft and others. Of Mr. Kinmont, Mr. Mansfield wrote : "Alexander Kinmont might be called an apostle of classical learning. If others considered the classics necessary to an education, he thought them the one thing needful, the pillar and foundation of solid learning. For this he contended with the zeal of martyrs for their creed; and if ever the classics received aid from the manner in which they were handled, they received it from him. He was familiar with every passage of the great Greek and Roman authors, and was eloquent in their praise. When he spoke upon the subject of classical learning, he seemed to be animated with the spirit of a mother defending her child. He spoke with heart-warm fervor, and seemed to throw the wings of his strong intellect around his subject. "Mr. Kinmont was a Scotchman, born near Montrose, Angusshire. He very early evinced bright talents, and having but one arm, at about twelve years of age was providentially compelled to pursue the real bent of his taste and genius toward learning. In school and college he bore off the first prizes, and advanced with rapid steps in the career of knowledge. At the University of Edinburg, which he had entered while yet young, he became tainted with the skepticism then very prevalent. Removing soon after to America, he became principal of the Bedford Academy., where he shone as a superior teacher. There also he emerged from the gloom and darkness of skepticism to the faith and fervor of the 'New Church,' as the church founded on the doctrines of Swedenborg is called. His vivid imagination was well adapted to receive their doctrines and he adopted and advocated them with all the fervor of his nature. "In 1827 he removed to Cincinnati, and established a select academy for the instruction of boys in mathematical and classical learning. The motto which 382 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY he adopted was 'Sit gloriae Dei, et utilitate hominum,'—a motto which does honor to both his head and heart. "In 1837-1838, he delivered a course of lectures on 'The Natural History of Man,' which was published .as a posthumous work; for in the midst of its labor of preparation he died. "Kinmont made a profound impression upon those who knew him, and to me he had the air: and character of a man of superior genius, and what is very rare, of one whose learning was equal to his genius." At this period there existed also the Cincinnati College, the Medical College of Ohio, and the Rev. McKee's Classical Academy, the last being on Third street. The Rev. Mr. Slack kept, a school in the north wing of: the college building. About this time an English: woman, of .superior attainments, founded a girls' school, which flourished for many years. Mr. Wing kept his school in a house at Sixth:. and Vine streets, where the Gazette building afterward stood. Of this site the Daily Gazette said. April 26th,-1879, "The very first building on this lot was a schoolhouse, built more than fifty years ago. There are many men and women in Cincinnati who have vivid recollections of Wing's schoolhouse, which stood on the southeast corner of Sixth and Vine. It was a frame building, a story or story and a half high. The entrance was on Sixth street, and the floor was constructed like that of a theater, rising from, the south: end, of the building to the north. The teacher occupied .a sort of stage at the south end, and by this arrangement had before his eyes every. pupil. The boys occupied the east side, and the girls the west side, next to Vine street. William Wing was the founder and builder of this school. He 'died soon after this school was opened, and then Edward Wing, his son, took up the work and kept the school going for a long time. The house being well adapted to giving shows, or. exhibitions as they were called, Mr. Wing frequently gave that sort of amusement. ,to his pupils and patrons. As one of these, Mr. W. P. Hulbert, then a mere lad, played ,the part of William Tell's son, to the late S. S. L'Hommedieu's William Tell, in the thrilling drama which introduces the exciting scene of shooting the apple off the boy's head. To the unerring aim of Master L'Hommedieu's arrow, and to the heroic bravery of Master Hulbert, who endured the ordeal without putting himself in range of the arrow, are we, perhaps, indebted for the present Gazette building. “This pioneer schoolhouse became one of the first schoolhouses of the public or common school, system. George Graham, a man who carries more knowledge of, Cincinnati in his head than any man living, was one of the trustees of the common schools, and he rented this school building for the use of the Second Ward school. Here Mr. Graham appeared frequently as an examiner, for he was an active man in those days, and knew how necessary it was to inaugurate' strict discipline. ' The common schools, were new, and were not popular. The name 'common' was distasteful. Mr.. Graham personally examined every pupil in the schools. He popularized the: system by causing all the teachers and pupils to appear, once a year at least, in procession through the streets, and soon had the pleasure of seeing the common school system regarded as one of the institutions deserving the highest esteem." CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 383 In 1829, Caleb Atwater visited Cincinnati on his travels, and wrote : "Great attention is bestowed on the education of children and youth here, and the Cincinnati College, the Medical College of Ohio, the Messrs. Picket's Female Academy, the four public schools, one under Mr. Holley, Mr. Hammond's school, and forty others, deserve the high reputation they enjoy. There is, too, a branch, a medical one, of the college at Oxford here located, and conducted by gentlemen of genius, learning and science, whose reputation stands high with the public." In 1833, Miss Catherine Beecher, a daughter of the noted Lyman Beecher and a sister of Henry Ward Beecher, founded a young ladies' school in Cincinnati. She had been at the head of a school for young women in Hartford, Connecticut, but when her father became president of Lane Theological seminary on Walnut Hill, she came hither. She, with her sister Harriet, afterwards Mrs. Stowe, made their female academy widely known and successful for several years. It stood where later the St. John's Hospital was erected. The brilliant and famous Harriet Martineau visited Cincinnati M 1835 and devoted a chapter of the book she soon afterwards published; to Cincinnati. "The morning of the nineteenth shone brightly down on the festival of the day. It was: the anniversary of the opening of the common schools. Some of the schools passed our windows in procession, their banners dressed with garlands, arid the children gay with flowers and ribands. A lady who was sitting with me remarked, 'This is our populace.' I thought of the expression months afterward, when the gentlemen of Cincinnati met to pass resolutions on the subject of abolitionism, and when one of the resolutions recommended mobbing as a retribution for the discussion of the subject of slavery, the law affording no punishment for free discussion. Among those who moved and seconded these resolutions, and formed a deputation to threaten an advocate of free discussion, were some of the merchants who form the aristocracy of the place; and the secretary of the meeting was the accomplished lawyer whom I mentioned above, and who told me that the object of his life is law-reform in Ohio: The 'populace' of whom the lady was justly proud, have, in no case that I know of, been the law-breakers, and in as far as the 'populace' means not the 'multitude' but the `vulgar,' I do not agree with- the lady that these children were the populace. Some of the patrons and prize-givers afterward proved themselves 'the vulgar' of the city. "The children were neatly and tastefully dressed. A great improvement has taken place in the costume of little boys in England within my recollection; but .I never saw such graceful Children as the little boys in America, at least in their summer dress. They are slight, active and free. I remarked that several were barefoot; though in other respects well clad ; and I. found that many put off ,shoes and stockings from choice during the three hot months. Others were bare foot from poverty, children of recent settlers and of the poorest class of the community. "We set out for the church as soon as the procession had passed, and arrived before the doors were opened. A platform had been erected below the pulpit, and on it were seated the mayor and principal gentlemen of the city. The two thousand children then filed in. The report was read and proved very satis- 384 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY factory. These schools were established by a cordial union of various political and religious parties ; and nothing could be more promising than the prospects of the institution as to funds, as to the satisfaction of the class benefited, and as to the continued union of their benefactors. Several boys then gave specimens of elocution, which were highly amusing. They seemed to suffer under no false shame and to have no misgiving about the effect of the vehement action they had been taught to employ. I wondered how many of them would speak in congress hereafter ! It seems doubtful to me whether the present generation of Americans are not out in their calculations about the value and influence of popular oratory. They ought certainly to know best ; but I never saw an oration produce nearly so much effect as books, newspapers and conversation. I suspect there is a stronger association in American minds than the times will justify between republicanism and oratory ; and that they overlook the fact of the vast change introduced by the press, a revolution which has altered men's tastes and habits of thought, as well as varied the method of reaching minds. As to the style of oratory itself, reasoning is now found to be much more impressive than declamation, certainly in England, and I think also in the United States ; and though, as every American boy, is more likely than not to act some part in public life, it is desirable that all should be enabled to speak their minds clearly and gracefully. I am inclined to think it a pernicious mistake to render declamatory accomplishment so prominent a part of education as it now is. I trust that the next generation will exclude whatever there is of insincere and traditional in the practice of popular oratory, discern the real value of the accomplishment, and redeem the reproach of bad taste which the oratory of the present generation has brought upon the people. While the Americans have the glory of every citizen being a reader, and having books to read, they cannot have, and need not desire, the glory of shining in popular oratory, the glory of an age gone by. "Many prizes of books were given by the gentlemen on the platform, and the ceremony closed with an address from the pulpit which was true and in some respects beautiful, but which did not appear altogether judicious to those who are familiar with children's minds. The children were exhorted to trust their teachers entirely ; to be assured that their friends would do by them what was kindest." The Wesleyan Female 'College was founded in 1842. A meeting of Methodist ministers was held on the 4th of May of that year, at the office 0f the Western Christian Advocate, to consider the expediency of taking measures to establish in this city a female institute of the highest possible grade in this city. It was decided that a general meeting should be called to consider this matter, and a committee was appointed to draw up a plan to be brought before such an assembly. Wesley Chapel was the scene of this gathering on the 20th of the same month. The plan reported was an ambitious one. "The contemplated institution should embrace all the branches of female education, from the highest to the lowest ; to such a degree as not to be exceeded, if possible, by any similar institution in the whole world." It was recommended that the institution should embrace the common English department, the collegiate department, the normal CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 385 department, and the department of extras, in which last those various branches not necessary for all, yet useful for some, should be taught. "Greek and Hebrew were to, be included, as well as natural sciences and Biblical studies." The following are some of the general principles, or characters, which should designate the institution : It should be a Methodist institution to all intents and purposes, so that the principles of 'Christianity, as taught by the Methodist Episcopal church, would be constantly inculcated, and a full course of sound Biblical instruction should be learned by all ; and all Methodist children should, without exception, go through this course thoroughly, in view of their becoming good Sabbath school teachers after they leave the institution, and as far as their services are needed while they continue in it. Yet children whose parents do not approve it need not commit our catechisms nor receive our peculiar views ; but they must conform to our mode of worship and general regulations. "The ornamental branches, as music, painting, etc., will be pursued in reference to utility and the practical purposes of life, and in accordance with just but enlightened views of the pure religion of Christ. "It will be desirable that the institution should furnish all the aid in its power toward the education of poor female children and girls, both for their individual benefit and the good of the public, in preparing them to be efficient teachers." A committee of twenty-three was appointed. During that year there was rented for the purposes of the school, a small house on Ninth street, but as the attendance was soon too large for the accommodations, the following year the authorities of the institution rented the home of John Reeves on Seventh street. An additional edifice was soon built upon the same grounds. By February, 1843, the new buildings were ready for occupancy. Students flocked to the institution. That season a charter as a college was obtained from the legislature. A full corps of teachers was actively employed, with the Rev. P. B. Wilber as principal. The Rev. Mr. Finley, in Sketches of Western Methodism, wrote : "The commencement exercises of 1845 constituted a brilliant era in the history of the institution. They were held in the Ninth Street Methodist Episcopal church, which was crowded in every part. B. Storer, Esq., delivered an eloquent address before the Young Ladies' Lyceum, after which graduates read their compositions and received their degrees as mistresses of English and classical literature. The plan of the original proprietors was now no longer an experiment, and the female college from this point started on its high and glorious career." As the popularity and reputation of this institution grew rapidly and pupils Came in numbers from a distance, purchase was made of the handsome grounds and residence of Henry Starr, on Vine street, between Sixth and Seventh streets. A building was there erected capable of accommodating five hundred scholars. .It was but a few years before the ;rapid growth of the school required still more room, and another building was, erected. In 1855 J. P. Foote, in his work on Cincinnati Schools, wrote : "It has had since its foundation a uniform course of prosperity and usefulness, its greatest defect being caused by the high reputation which it has acquired, which brings more pupils to seek admission than can be accommodated, and, notwithstanding the want of room, the desire to receive as many of those who are anxious to Vol. II-25 386 - CINCINNATI -THE QUEEN CITY obtain :the: advantages of the institution induces the managers and principals to receive sometimes too many ; and' though the extent of the buildings has been increased, the need of a further increase continues." In 1845 Joseph Herron. opened Herron's Seminary, a private school for boys and young men. This institution flourished for eighteen years, until the time of Mr. Herron's death in 1863. He had come to Cincinnati in 1829 and taught in the public schools until 1833. He was appointed in that year principal of the preparatory department of the old Cincinnati College, and continued in that position until 1845. He was for many years one of the foremost educators of the city.. By 1850 there were nineteen public schools, employing one hundred and thirty-eight teachers, with twelve thousand, two hundred and forty pupils. In addition there were three schools for colored. children, employing nine teachers and with three hundred and sixty pupils. There were at that period about fifty private. schools, with about twenty-five hundred pupils. Three colleges then existed, the Woodward, the Cincinnati and St. Xavier. The medical schools were the Ohio, the Physio-Medical, the Eclectic and the College of. Dental Surgery.. The only law. school was attached to the Cincinnati College. There were five theological schools in operation or in prospect. There were Lane Seminary, which represented the then so called new school Presbyterianism; and the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, favored by the old school—distinctions long ago done away with by a reunion of the two parties. There was a Baptist school at Fairmount; the Seminary of St. Francis Xavier (Catholic), and another Catholic theological' school had been formally established but was not yet in practical operation. Thirteen parochial schools had been established by the Catholics, employing forty-eight teachers, with four thousand, four hundred pupils. The Chickering institute was founded by Mr. Chickering September, 1855 as Chickering's Academy, in the George street engine house. It began with thirty-seven pupils, and increased within a year to seventy-six. In 1859 a handsome building was purchased, the name changed to Chickering's Institute, and a full graded course of classical and scientific studies was introduced. Within two years after entering its new home, the school had so grown as to demand the addition of another story to its building. It for many years had an average attendance of more than two hundred pupils. The free kindergartens are treated in the chapter on charities. The Lancasterian School, chartered as a college in 1815, had started with high hopes and fine prospects. A large endowment was raised. Ten thousand dollars' worth of land and a generous amount of cash were contributed by General Lytle. Judge Burnet promised five thousand dollars and a considerable amount of property. Fifty others gave amounts which made the endowment fifty thousand dollars. The organization as a college was effected in 1820, Dr. Slack was chosen as president and all the professorial chairs were filled. The usual college course was marked out, while the lower or Lancasterian department was continued as. before. But financial troubles overtook the institution, and for a time instruction was suspended. In 1836 the medical and law depart- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 387 ments were established, and an effort was made to revive the other branches. W. H. McGuffey was chosen president and professor of moral and intellectual philosophy ; Ormsby M. Mitchel professor of mathematics and astronomy; Asa Drury professor of ancient languages; Charles L. Telford professor of rhetoric and belles lettres, Edward D. Mansfield professor of constitutional law and history, Lyman Harding principal of the preparatory department, and Joseph Herron principal of the primary department. Mansfield says of McGuffey : "Mr. McGuffey entered Cincinnati College with the full knowledge that it was an experimental career ; but he came with an energy, a determination, and a zeal in the cause of education and the pursuit of high and nobleduties which are rarely met with, and are sure to command success in any pursuit. His mind is more purely metaphysical, and therefore analytical and logical, than that of any one I have known or whose works I have read. In his discourses and lectures before members of the college he disentangled difficulties, made mysteries plain, and brought the obtuse and profound within the reach of common intellects.. Bence his Sunday morning discourses in the college chapel were always numerously attended, and his manner of treating metaphysics was universally popular. I thought then, and think now, that Dr. McGuffey was the only really clearheaded metaphysician of whom it has been my lot to know anything. In addition, he was a practical teacher of great ability. In fine, he was naturally formed for the chair of intellectual philosophy, and in Cincinnati College put forth, with zeal and fervor, those talents which were peculiarly his own." The other members of the faculty were men of talent and attainments, and several of them afterward gained national repute. But while as many as one hundred and sixty students were found in the liberal arts department for a number of years, the lack of revenues constantly crippled and hampered the institution. Mr. Mansfield wrote further : "Had the college been only so far endowed as to furnish its material apparatus of books and instruments, and also. to pay its incidental expenses, I have no doubt it would have sustained itself and been, at this moment, the most honorable testimony to the intellectual and literary progress of the city. Such, however, was not its future. After lingering a few years, its light went out ; the professors separated; and the college name attached to its walls alone attests that such an institution once existed." As the First Presbyterian church had leased its ground to the college with reservation of the right of the congregation to have certain pupils receive free education, litigation followed the closing of the literary department of the institution. In 1840 a compromise was effected, the college receiving a deed for a portion of the lot and releasing the remainder. In 1845 the college buildings were burned. The present Cincinnati Law School, affiliated with the University, is all that remains of the old Cincinnati College. From its establishment in 1821 a Roman Catholic parish school associated with the first Catholic church in Cincinnati continued to exist as such, and was then transformed into a higher-grade school. In 1840 the Jesuits were given possession of the property, and the school became St. Xavier College. It was t bartered in 1842 by the legislature with the powers of a university. The dis- 388 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY cipline was of such character as to induce- Protestant parents to send their children, as they deemed the results commendable. In the early sixties a new building was erected at Seventh and Sycamore streets, near the Athenaeum. The motto over the door is "Ad Majorem. Dei Gloriam." The college is splendidly housed, in a structure of great size and architectural beauty. In the classical course, there are taught philosophy, rhetoric, poetry and the humanities. As in other colleges generally, the Bachelor of Arts degree is given upon graduation, and the Master of Arts degree after two further years of literary study or one year of philosophy. In the commercial course, students are fitted for a business life. The tuition is sixty dollars per year, and 'these fees are the only income of the institution. The faculty is composed of twenty teachers, and the number of pupils ranges from two to three hundred. The college possesses a fine library, a good natural history museum, and well equipped chemical and physics departments. In 1806, a number of men interested in educational progress in Cincinnati formed an association looking toward the establishment of a university. This organization was incorporated in 1807. In undertaking to raise funds for endowment they were, however, so little successful that they determined to appeal to the legislature for authority to form and hold a lottery the proceeds of which should be devoted to the welfare of the new project. In hitting upon this device, now held to be socially and legally immoral they were but following a general custom ; people of today would be shocked if they learned how many beneficent enterprises of a hundred years, or less, ago were furthered by lottery sales. The public conscience had not then been awakened to the ethics of such a question. and the early friends of a university in Cincinnati are not therefore to be looked upon as having invented an immoral device, as we of today consider it, for raising school funds but merely as having fallen in line with the custom of their times. The request was granted by the legislature ; the university lottery was arranged for ; many tickets were sold ; but the drawing never took place. With the funds obtained from sale of tickets, however, a schoolhouse of moderate cost was built. On the twenty-eighth .of May, 1809, a great wind-storm swept through this region and before its power went down the schoolhouse in which it had been hoped an incipient university would be sheltered. Thus ended the first University of Cincinnati. The Lancasterian Seminary and the Cincinnati College which were, in a sense, forerunners of the present University of Cincinnati have already been treated. The University of Cincinnati, noticed in another part of this work, of today owes its origin to the splendid beneficence of Charles McMicken, whose name should be held in highest honor, by all the people of this city and vicinity. He made possible the institution which is one of the crowning glories of Cincinnati. Charles McMicken was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1782, and came to Cincinnati in 1803. His possessions at that time were the horse, saddle and bridle used on this trip, and the garments he had on his body. Looking about for a way to earn his living, he soon adopted the, at that time, common employment of flatboating. Apparently he prospered in that line and saved money, for presently we find him engaged in general merchandise business at Bayou Sara, Louisiana, and in Cincinnati and points between on the river. While later mak- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 389 ing his headquarters in Louisiana, he retained a summer home in Cincinnati, finding southern Ohio, from which people nowadays, who can, retire to lakes and mountains in summer months, preferable to Louisiana at that season. Like many another man who has been denied the advantages of a liberal education, Mr. McMicken valued it greatly in others, and having made a fortune he determined to further the cause of higher education by his wealth. In his latter years he gave ten thousand dollars to endow a chair of agricultural chemistry in the Farmer's College, College Hill. September 2, 1855 he made a will. providing for the endowment of what has become the University of Cincinnati. Mr. McMicken died in Cincinnati March 30, 1858, being seventy-six years of age. Shortly after Mr. McMicken's death the estate became involved in law suits, brought by certain of his relatives. These heirs had been given considerable legacies and annuities, but were not contented with the provision made for them by Mr. McMicken. They carried the matter into the courts of Louisiana, in order to break the part of the will that bore upon his lands in that state. The courts there held that a devise to a municipal corporation in trust was not valid. Thus, there was lost to the university almost five hundred thousand dollars. The same heirs, residing in Louisiana, tried also to obtain possession of Mr. McMicken's property in Cincinnati on the plea that the city could not accept and carry out the trust. This case was decided in favor of the university in 1861 by the supreme court of the United States. The income of the university was seriously diminished also by the trend of business away from the property devised it in Cincinnati, much of which was on Main street. The buildings also were mostly old ones, and demanded repairs or reconstruction. Rents were falling. The trustees were limited by the terms of the will that the city property could not be sold, and the improved property could not be leased for longer than ten years. Legacies and annuities had to be paid out of the funds. So for several years the yield from the estate to the university was but $16,000 a year, and during one year nothing at all was provided from this source. The requirement that there should be separate colleges for boys and girls threatened also to be embarrassing as. adding to the expenses and as against the judgment of experienced men. Nevertheless the gift was accepted by the city. In the year following Mr. McMicken's death, the city council passed an ordinance establishing the McMicken University. It elected six directors,—George B. Hollister, Henry F. Handy, Rufus King, Miles Greenwood, Cornelius G. Comegys and James Wilson. On December 30, 1859, the directors met in the council chamber for organization of their board. The mayor, R. M. Bishop, was also present. Rufus King was chosen president of the board, and by-laws, rules and regulations were passed upon. A room in one of the buildings be, longing to the McMicken estate, on Main street below Fourth, was selected as headquarters of the board of directors. While the trustees now nominally assumed control of the estate, little could be done for some time, as certain of the heirs at law were bringing suit. Repairs and rebuilding were however begun. The Louisiana property was lost: The favorable decision as to the Cincinnati property was made February 25, 1861. 390 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY During 1861 the property yielded less than was expended for legacies, annuities, taxes and expenses. The revenue itself had been cut in half by the business depression incident to the opening of the Civil war. Matters improved however in the next few years, and in 1864 the directors had in hand a cash balance of $4,409, and $10,000 in city bonds. The city also released the real and personal property. of the estate from taxation. In 1864 the ladies of the Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts presented to the directors of the university their collection of paintings. These were placed for the time in a room in one of the McMicken buildings, on the corner of Main and Fourth streets, as the beginnings of an art gallery, and for the benefit of artists and the public. Further investments of funds were made in 1865, to the extent of $12,151 in United States bonds, at seven and three tenths per cent interest. In 1866, three new stories were erected from the funds. It was announced that it would not be advisable to begin upon university buildings until an income of thirty thousand dollars per year, free from incumbrances, could be commanded. It was not until 1868 that this object was realized. The actual instruction in the university began on the first Monday of January 1869, when the McMicken School of Art and Design was opened. This was in charge of Mr. Thomas S. Noble. During the first year there was an attendance of one hundred and twenty pupils. There were seven assistant teachers. For many years this school was held in rooms in an upper story of the old college building on Walnut street. In order to clear the way for the further progress of this university, the legislature, on April 16, 1870, passed an act authorizing the city of Cincinnati to become a trustee for any person or corporate body holding an estate or funds in trust for purposes of education or advancement of the arts and sciences. Under this act there was appointed a university board in January 1871. To its charge the estate of Mr. McMicken was transferred. The board of education was given authority to arrange for levy on the tax list of not more than one-tenth of a mill for the maintenance of the university. On March 14, 1871, the council of Cincinnati passed an ordinance looking toward providing for the university. The name was changed from McMicken University to the University of Cincinnati. In the year 1873, an academic department, in the Woodward high school was opened. Principal George Harper, of that school, was to be in charge. Classes in languages, chemistry, mathematics and physics were to be conducted beyond the curriculum then in vogue in the high school. Into this department fifty eight pupils were admitted, forty of them being girls, certain of whom wished to study French and German only. There was at this time added to the School of Art and Design a class in wood-carving, under the charge of Mr. Benn Pitman. In April, 1872, an issue of bonds to the amount of $150,000 was authorized to erect buildings and provide apparatus for the needs of the university. With a portion of this money the buildings were at last constructed upon the grounds of the McMicken residence. This building, for the use of both boys and girls, was completed in September, 1875. In October the fully organized academic CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 391 department, with three courses of study, leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer, was housed in the new structure. H. J. Eddy was appointed professor of mathematics, astronomy and civil engineering; F. D. Allen of ancient languages and comparative philology ; E. A: Guetin, instructor in French; and F. Van Rossum, instructor in German. In the same year an astronomical department was formed by comprehending Within the university organization the Cincinnati Observatory. In 1876, Mr. Joseph Longworth gave the art department fifty-pine thousand, five hundred dollars, with the readily granted condition that the university add ten thousand dollars. A number of assistant professors were added in the academic department. Arrangements were also made for a professorship in natural history and geology, for a laboratory and for apparatus for the use of the civil engineering department. A bequest came at this time from the Rev. Samuel J. Browne of more than eighteen thousand, seven hundred dollars. In 1877 the first degrees were conferred. The recipients were Frank McFarlan, bachelor of arts, and Herbert A. Howe and Winslow Upton, master of arts. In 1876-77, the School of Design had four hundred and thirty-two pupils. In 1877-78 there were three hundred and sixty-five. In December, 1877, the Rev. Thomas A. Vickers was appointed rector of the university. On June 20, 1878, the first formal commencement exercises of the university were held in Pike's Opera House. There had been eighty-one students in the academic department during that year. The commencement oration was given by George H. Pendleton. There were seven graduates to receive the degree. The next year, 1878-79 the pupils in all departments numbered five hundred and sixty-nine. During this period, a number of generous gifts were received, from the heirs of Nicholas Longworth, from Julius Dexter, john Kilgour, and the Astronomical Society of Cincinnati. The endowment from these, together with the gift of Rev. S. J. Browne, making a total of $139,282. On Friday evening, June 18, 1880, the third commencement was held at Pike's Opera House. The Hon. Samuel F. Hunt, chairman of the board of directors, made an address. The baccalaureate oration was delivered by Judge J. B. Stallo. During 1879, the total income of the university was $61,686. For twenty years, the academic department of the university was in the building on McMicken avenue, September 20, 1889, an ordinance was passed by council arranging with the board of directors of the university to devote forty-three acres of land in Burnet Woods Park for university purposes. The condition was that the main building for the university should be begun within three years, and that at least $10,000 should be expended within five years in building and improvements upon that tract. The matter of interpreting Mr. McMicken's will in view of the proposed change of center for the chief edifices of the university from the McMicken homestead to Burnet Woods was brought before the Hamilton County Circuit Court, December, 1891. The decision was favorable to the proposed change, and this opinion was confirmed by the supreme 392 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY court, in March, 1893. An issue of $100,000 in four. per cent bonds was then authorized by the legislature. By moneys gained by the sale of these bonds McMicken hall was built. Henry Hanna, June, 1893, gave $50,000 for the construction of Hanna hall, for the chemistry and engineering. departments. For the equipment of this hall he gave $20,000 during the next year. Briggs Cunningham, in memory of his wife, gave in 1898, for Cunningham hall, $60,000. In this hall the departments, of physics and biology are housed. At the same period $50,000 in stock of the Cincinnati Street Railway Company, was given by Asa Van Wormer for the Van Wormer Library. In 1901, an unknown friend contributed $22,500 for a building suitable for shop work to be affiliated with the engineering department branches of the university are the law school on Ninth street near Race, the medical department, Medical College of Ohio, in the building at the McMicken homestead, a dispensary on the McMicken grounds, the Ohio College of Dental Surgery at Court street and Central avenue. The Clinical and. Pathological School of the Cincinnati Hospital has rooms in the hospital building. The observatory, on Mt. Lookout, stands upon ground presented to Cincinnati by John Kilgour in 1872. He also gave $10,000 for the construction of the observatory. In 1873, Julius Dexter contributed $1,000 to this institution. The School of Design, which in 1871 became a department of the university, received at various times from Joseph Longworth $100,000. This department came in. 1884 under control of the Cincinnati Museum Association by an arrangement with Nicholas Longworth, senior, who endowed it with grounds rents valued at $250,000, on this condition.. Mathew Thoms, in 1890, left the university more than one hundred thousand dollars, from which the William Thorns' professorship of civil engineering was founded in memory of Mathew Thorns' father. The professorship of economics and political science was endowed by David Sinton, in 1899, by a gift of $100,000. In 1898, William A. Procter purchased and gave to the university the famous library of Robert Clarke, including the best collection of "Americana" in existence, an invaluable possession for the university and Cincinnati. Mr. Procter also gave, in 1899, the very valuable and rare Enoch T. Carson Shakespearean collection of books, consisting of 1,420 volumes, one of the treasures of the city. Many other friends gave money, books, apparatus, collections of various kinds. The University of Cincinnati now comprises the following departments : 1 The Graduate School. 2. The McMicken College of Liberal Arts. 3. The College for Teachers. 4. The College of Engineering, (Mechanical, Electrical, Civil and Chemical Engineering). 5. The College of Law, (The Cincinnati Law School). 6. The Ohio-Miami Medical College (The Ohio and the Miami Medical Colleges united.) 7. The Department of Clinical Medicine (The Clinical and Pathological School of the Cincinnati Hospital, Affiliated.) The officers of administration are, the president, Charles William Dabney, Ph. D., LL. D., Dean of the Graduate School, Joseph E. Harry, Ph. D. ; Dean of the College of Liberal Arts, Merrick Whitcomb, Ph. IX ; Dean of the College of Engineering, Herman Schneider, B. S.; Dean of the College for Teachers, William P. Burris, A. M.; Dean of the College of Law, William P. Rogers, LL. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 393 D. Dean of Women, Emile Watts McVea, A. M.; Director of the Observatory, Jermain G. Porter, Ph. D.; Director of School Affiliation, Frank W. Ballou, A. M.; Director of Music, Edwin W. Glover ; Director of Physical Education, Alfred Brodbeck ; Secretary of the University, Daniel Laurence, B. S.; Librarian of the University Library, Charles Albert Read, A. B.; Registrar, Lelia Amanda Garvin, B. L.; Secretary of the Faculty, College of Medicine, E. Otis Smith; M. D. The daughters of Nathaniel Ropes established by a gift of $100,000 a foundation for lectures on Comparative Literature, as a memorial of their father. These are open to the public, and have proved one of the vital and interesting educational influences of Cincinnati in recent years. Eminent scholars and publicists of national repute have delivered this series from .year to year. In 1910 Walter Page, editor of The World Today, was the lecturer. Previous lecturers have been, Professor Alcee Fortier, of the Tulane University of Louisiana ; Prof. John William Cunliffe, of the University of Wisconsin; Prof. William Allen Neilson, of Harvard University ; Mr. Paul' Elmer More, of the New York Evening Post and the Nation; Prof. Joel Elias Spingar of Columbia University; Prof. Eugen Kuehnemann, of the University of Breslau; Prof. Frank Wadleigh Chandler, of Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute; Prof. Arthur Charles Louis Brown, of Northwestern University ; Prof. Charles William Kent, of the University of Virginia; Prof. John Livingstone Lowes, of Swarthmore College; and Prof. Charles Alphonso Smith, of the University of North Carolina. All these men have brought messages of interest and importance that have attracted the attention and inspired the thought of the city. From 1889 to 1899 the university had been without a president. On the latter date, Howard Ayres was chosen for that place. Under his able administration much progress was made in the completeness of the courses in the professional schools and in the number of courses in the academic department. In 1902 a rearrangement of administration was made, and since that time the government of the university rests in a board of nine trustees appointed by the mayor. In 1904 Charles W. Dabney, who had been president of the University of Tennessee, was made president of the Cincinnati University. He is one of the ablest university presidents in the country, a man of great ability, splendid attainments, and an able administrator. Under his leadership the university has rapidly advanced; and is generally recognized as in the front rank. The corner stone of the new University building in Burnet Woods Park was laid September 22, 1894. The committee on laying this stone consisted of William McAlpin, William Strunk, James M. Robinson, J. William. Luhn, Wayland R. Benedict and Henry W. Bettman. The programme as arranged was as follows : Invocation, Rev. David H. Moore, D. D., editor of the Western Christian Advocate; address, Hon. John A. Caldwell, mayor, of Cincinnati ; address, Dr. Henry W. Bettmann, president of the Alumnal Association; laying of the corner stone and address, Dr. C. G. Comegys, chairman of the board of directors; address, Dr. Wayland R. Benedict, dean of the university, (on account of the illness of the dean this address was not delivered) ; oration, Hon. Samuel F. Hunt, A. M. LL. D. The mayor declared "In my judgment the medical colleges of our city should combine, and they, with our law schools, be made a part of this institution." 394 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Dr. Bettman said, "Institutions are like men, truly ; and yet unlike. Men grow into maturity, and pass to their decay. But for an institution whose purpose is noble; like yours, beloved mother, whose roots are not only in the soil of the earth, but also in hearts and affections of men, there is no death, no passing away. We come to wish you eternal life, mother dear ; and years hence, when we and our children are gone away, may you still sit proudly on this beautiful hill, here among these beautiful trees, and be forever a giver of light unto the children of men, and a source of glory and pride to the city of Cincinnati." Dr. Comegys rehearsed to some extent what had been accomplished. "To show that we have done a large work thus far on educational lines, I will refer to the fact that we have placed the old dilapidated observatory on a new site and equipped it with instruments that have enabled our eminent astronomers to do a work in original research that has met the praise of the most distinguished astronomers in both hemispheres. "Next we developed the McMicken School of Art, which created an intense culture in art and design in our own city and throughout the country at large. It was the foundation and much of the superstructure of the present Art College and Museum in Eden Park. "Lastly, we have developed the College of McMicken within the last twenty years to such large dimensions as has required us to leave our original building and construct more capacious ones on the ample grounds given by the city, in this beautiful area. This academic year has just opened with a larger class than has ever before applied for admission ; indeed a much larger class than Harvard, Yale or Princeton registered twenty-five years, ago, although they had been in existence for one hundred to two hundred years. And now I venture the prediction that at the beginning of the twentieth century, we shall have collected a gross class, in all departments of the university, that will place us on a line with the greatest schools of our country." Judge Hunt delivered in the style for which he was famous an oration which stands as the clearest condensed statement of the main outlines of the history of the university. The university in all its departments has now more than two hundred professors, assistants and instructors. The university, in its College of Law, has the proud honor and distinction of having on its faculty the president of the United States. William Howard Taft is catalogued as "professor of law," and is bracketted "absent on leave," the university having given him special privilege of serving for the time being, as chief executive of the nation. In 1908 an invitation was extended to the Miami Medical College to become a department of the university. In accordance with this invitation the Miami Medical College and the Medical College of Ohio, (the College of Medicine of the University) have been united into a single medical department, known as The Ohio-Miami Medical College of the University of Cincinnati. Out of a professorship of civil engineering in the College of Liberal Arts has developed the College of Engineering. It was organized under that name in 1900, and became a distinct department in 1904. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 395 The College for Teachers was organized in 1905, in cooperation with the board of education of the city of Cincinnati. In 1906 the Graduate School was separated from the McMicken College of Liberal Arts and a distinct organization with a dean at its head effected. In the same year the General Assembly of Ohio authorized the levying of an increased municipal tax for the university, five-tenths of a mill, instead of three-tenths as before. Besides those whose names already have been mentioned, the following persons have contributed to the endowment or to the equipment of the university William A. Procter, Rev. Samuel J. Browne, William J. Odell, Julius Dexter, Frank J. Jones, Judge Moses F. Wilson, Eugene F. Bliss, Dr. James T. Whittaker, Mrs. William E. Merrill, Theodore A. Bruehl, Andrew Hickenlooper, Christian Moerlein, Laura Seasongood, Lewis Seasongood, S. Lilienthal, Mrs. Nannie Fecheimer, A. G. Wetherby, Charles F. Windisch, C. T. Webber, Rev. 13, Robertson, the Lane and Bodley Company, James E. Mooney; John Kilgour, Charles Kilgour, C. H. Krippendorf, Julius Fleischmann, Lucien Wulsin, Samuel Pogue, Professor Edward Miles Brown, Dr. Nathaniel Pendleton Dandridge, Mrs. Howard Breen, the alumni of the university and others. The Endowment Fund Association of the University of Cincinnati was incorporated on April 21, 1905, by a number of prominent citizens of the municipality. The purpose of the corporation, as stated in its code of regulations, is "to secure property, including money, or the income from the same, for the University of Cincinnati, and for that purpose to solicit, collect, accept, hold, manage, invest, or pay over such property, money, or income, whether such property, money or income arises by way of gift, devise or purchase for the benefit of the said university." Its affairs are managed by a board of trustees consisting of nine members. The officers of the Endowment Fund Association are : Rufus B. Smith, president ; John G. Schmidlapp, vice president ; Charles F. Windisch, treasurer ; Howard C. Hollister, secretary. The sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars would erect a section of a Natural History Museum. The sum of one hundred thousand dollars is the amount necessary to found a full professorship in any one of the departments. The donor has the privilege of naming the professorship. Fifty thousand dollars would be required for a dormitory, and the contributor of such a sum would be privileged to name the building; there is nothing which the university needs more than a dormitory system. Twenty thousand dollars endows an instructorship in a department ; the donor has the right to name it. Ten thousand dollars is the principal required to establish a fellowship in any one of the departments ; the income being paid to the fellow who devotes his time to original research combined with a little teaching. Three thousand dollars endows a free scholarship, the income from this sum remitting all fees and giving the donor the right during life to nominate to the scholarship, subject to the rules of the university. The Van Wormer Library building is of stone, fireproof throughout, and is built in accordance with the most approved modern plans of library construe' tion. The rooms have been furnished by the university with heavy tables and desks of quartered oak. The university library, in this building, contains about 396 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY 55,000 volumes and 8,800 pamphlets. In the reference room about 2,000 volumes are arranged on open shelves, to which the students have free access. The periodical room contains the current numbers of 300 periodicals. The library is provided with a card catalogue of its own books, and also with card catalogues of the books in the Public Library of Cincinnati and in the Library of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. The library contains some valuable special collections : The Robert Clarke Library, 6,761 volumes ; the Enoch T. Carson Shakespeare Library, 1,420 volumes ; the Bruehl Library, about 2,000 volumes, containing many rare works on Mexico and Central America; the Wilson Library, 810 volumes of literature and criticism in English, French and Italian, the gift of Judge Moses F. Wilson; the Merrill Library of Engineering works, 876 volumes, 478 pamphlets, and 185 Maps, charts and photo-lithographs; the Whittaker Medical Library, 1,547 volumes ; the Thorns Library, miscellaneous works ; the Laura Seasongood Alcove, books purchased annually from the proceeds of a gift of Laura Seasongood ; the Brown Philological Library, 318 bound volumes and numerous pamphlets ; the Charlotte Hillebrand Memorial Library, French and German books; the Library of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 5,600 volumes, a collection placed by agreement under charge of the university ; the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio has deposited its valuable collection in the Van Wormer Library building. The total number of books in the Van Wormer Library building is about 84,000 volumes and 77,000 pamphlets. To these collections must be added the libraries of departments of the university, situated in other parts of the city. In the libraries of the observatory, the College of Law, the College of Medicine and the Cincinnati Hospital there are 35,809 volumes. The libraries of the university, taken together, but excluding those of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, contain 90,809 volumes and 8,800 pamphlets. The Public Library, of 438,767 volumes ; the Mercantile Library containing about 76,000 books; the Lloyd Library and Museum, consisting chiefly of scientific works, as well as those of Lane Theological Seminary, the Hebrew Union College, the Art Museum, and the College of Music, are open to university students. The university offers facilities in botany, zoology, physiology, histology, physics,, chemistry, psychology, geology and in the engineering departments that are equaled by few institutions in the west. The industries of the city afford abundant opportunity for the observation of the most recent processes applied to manufacturing. The Museum of Natural History, located on the fourth floor of McMicken hall, contains a fine collection of geological and biological specimens. The Greek room contains reproductions of the most noted works of Greek art. Students of the classics and of industrial art derive much profit from the collections of the Cincinnati Art Museum, from the Museum of the Society of, Natural History and the Zoological Garden. There are at present in attendance at the university in the regular departments 1,399 students ; counting the affiliated department, the total is 1,423 CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 397 The engineering department, under Dean Schneider, has made a great and important step in the establishment of the cooperative department. Part of the time of a selected group of students is devoted to practical work in various shops in the city, and by this means they gain training as well as remuneration. The course has been so successful as to attract the attention of educators throughout the nation, and other universities have adopted the plan wherever practicable. The university receives about $50,000 a year from taxes. Its endowment is about a million. Of this amount Mr. McMicken contributed about $700,000. Mathew Thoms $130,000, David Sinton $100,000, Henry Hanna $60,000, Briggs S. Cummingham $60,000, Asa Van Wormer $50,000, and William A. Procter $50,000. Total income $249,549. Tuition for pupils resident in Cincinnati is free; for other pupils $75.00 per year, academic; other departments $125. Laboratory and library, etc. fees for all are from $25 to $65. Six of the Greek letter fraternities are represented by strong chapters, though none of these societies as yet own their chapter houses. Fraternities in the order of their establishment at the University of Cincinnati. Literary—Sigma Chi, 1882 ; Sigma Alpha Epsilon, 1889 ; Beta Theta Pi, 1890 ; Phi Delta Theta, 1898; Delta Tau Delta, 1909; Pi Kappa Alpha. Inter-fraternal—Theta Nu Epsilon. Professional—Phi Delta Nu, 1886; Nu Sigma Nu, 1892; Omega Epsilon Phi, 1900; Alpha Kappa Kappa, 1901 ; Phi Alpha Delta, 1908; Local—Sigma Sigma, 1898; Epsilon Gamma Chi, 1909. Sororities—N. C. P., 1891 ; Delta Delta Delta, 1898; Alpha Phi Psi, 1908; Pi Delta Kappa, 1909. Honorary—Phi Beta Kappa, 1898., PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The public schools had their beginning in February. 1829. In 1818, John Kidd had arranged in his will that one thousand dollars a year, from ground rents, be expended for the education of Cincinnati's poor children and youth. The title to this property proved defective, and this fund was lost. Thomas Hughes, an Englishman who had lived for a long time in this city, in 1824 left a permanent ground rent of $2,000 on certain land to be appropriated and applied to the maintenance and support of a school or schools in the city of Cincinnati, for the education of destitute children whose parents and guardians were unable to pay for their schooling." Some years later, Mr. Woodward made a like bequest. These gifts laid the foundation for the high schools of the city. The law of 1825, providing for state education, was defective, the tax authorized was not adequate, the schools were unpopular and were regarded as charity schools. In February 1829 a statute was passed giving independent organization to the schools of Cincinnati, and authorizing the council to levy taxes for erection of schoolhouses and maintenance of schools. Ten districts were arranged for, and in each the council was to purchase within ten years ground and put up a two story brick or stone building, containing two school rooms. One mill per dollar was to be levied for cost and another mill for teachers expenses. 398 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY, The board of education, composed of a member from each ward, chosen each year by the people, found themselves in 1831 with certain of the schools held in basements amid most unwholesome conditions. Selfish competition among compilers and publishers of school books also led to strife, resignation of trustees, and injury to the schools. Steps were taken in 1833 to impress the public with the value of popular education. Annual examinations of pupils were arranged for. The press, educators from other neighborhoods, well-known men, the families and friends of pupils were urged to attend these examinations. Enthusiasm was kindled: In 1833 a notable procession of boys and girls, at the close of examinations, paraded the streets. The attention and interest of the city was attracted. In the same year, an excellent schoolhouse, of brick and stone, was completed, on Race street near Fourth. Within two years the other nine districts had similar buildings. In 1836, there were 2,400 pupils in attendance, with 43 teachers. The same year a faculty association was formed by the teachers, who twice per month met to consider plans for improvement. Tri-monthly conferences between trustees and teachers were held. The popularity of the public schools rapidly grew. In 1839, the school board planned schools for orphan asylums. In 1840 instruction in the German language was begun in certain schools. Night schools were opened in 1842 and Continued until 1857, and then suspended temporarily from lack of patronage. In October 1845 a proposal was made for a central school for more advanced pupils. The legislature, February 1846, authorized the school board to arrange for such other grades of schools as might seem best, and to arrange with persons or institutions "in relation to any fund for school purposes that might be at their disposal." This action bore upon the Hughes fund, up to this time unconnected with the public schools. The central school was established in 1847, and was opened in November with one hundred and three pupils. These had been chosen from all the schools by competitive examinations. The present constitution of the high schools date from this period, when the funds of Woodward and Hughes were blended with the system of public schools. By 1850 there was an attendance of 5,362 pupils, 138 teachers, in 14 schoolhouses. In 1854 the intermediate schools were established, and the concentration of the two upper grades of all the district schools into four. In 1857, a normal training school for teachers was established. In 1842, the question of the Bible in the schools had begun to be agitated. In 1869 the movement to shut out the Bible from the, schools was energetically taken up again. Many public meetings were held and the matter was discussed on both sides. When it was brought into the courts it was held that the board had authority to admit or reject books and decide subjects of study, and the exclusion of the Bible was maintained. There have been, from 1825 onward, a number of special schools for colored children, but in 1887 separate schools for the colored boys and girls were abolished. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 399 The first public high school in Cincinnati was The Central high school, which was opened July 27, 1847, in the basement of the German Lutheran church, on Walnut street. Bellamy Storer, Dr. John A. Warder, Charles S. Bryant, William Goodwin and D. R. Cady, were the members of the board of education who advised the founding of this school. It had an excellent curriculum. H. H. Barney was its first principal. The school grew rapidly and in 1851 it was formed into the two famous organizations, the Hughes and Woodward High Schools. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF HUGHES HIGH SCHOOL. Thomas Hughes, after whom Hughes High School was named, died December 26, 1824, leaving a will dated twenty-two days before his death, by which he left his property to the city of Cincinnati for the education of poor children. This is the oldest of all the bequests for education now available in this city. This property, consisting of land within the present limits of the city, was left in the hands of a board of five trustees named in the will, who were to administer the trust and who were also given power to fill all vacancies that might occur in the board. The income from this property for the first ten years was, used to pay for the education of indigent pupils in the Woodland College, a private institution that was in existence before , the organization of the present Woodward high school. Of the money collected from rents during the next five years, over $6,000 was lost through the misappropriation of funds by one of the trustees. In 1845, a lot for a high school was purchased on Ninth street, between Race and Vine, at a cost of $9,000. No building, however, was erected on this lot, and in 1851 it was sold for $15,700, and the lot where the present school stands on Fifth street, opposite Mound, was purchased for $18,000. Meanwhile, in 1847, the Central school was opened in the basement of the Lutheran church on Walnut street, with Mr. H. H. Barney as principal. The next year the school was moved to what is now Longworth street, between Race and Elm, where it remained until after the organization of the present Hughes and Woodward High Schools. In pursuance of an act passed by the legislature in 1845, a tripartite contract was entered into in May, 1851, between the trustees, of the Hughes fund, the trustees of the Woodward fund, and the trustees and visitors of common schools of. Cincinnati, whereby the Hughes and Woodward funds were to be consolidated with the common school fund of the city, and a union board of high schools was provided for to have charge of the two high schools to be organized. The consolidation of these funds and the organization of free public high schools had been under discussion ever since the passage of the law in 1845, and had awakened some bitter opposition. Mr. Barney, principal of the Central school, had taken a prominent part in this discussion in favor of the law, and the views which he represented had finally prevailed. The union board of high schools, composed of seven members representing the Hughes and Woodward funds, and six members each year from the trustees and visitors of com-