500 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY was the editor for several years. He was succeeded in 1822 by Benjamin Powers, and he in turn in 1825 by Charles Hammond. James M. Mason had purchased the Inquisitor, and later this paper assumed the name of the Advertiser. It became a radical political paper. Party divisions among the local papers became distinct about 1825. The Gazette was Whig in sympathies. The Advertiser and Republican belonged to the Anti-Federal party. The Gazette, edited by Hammond, and the Advertiser, edited by the noted Moses Dawson, were in bitter opposition for many years. The Emporium was printed weekly in 1824 by Samuel J. Browne. The National Crisis was started in 1824 and was soon consolidated with the Emporium and the Independent Press. The Crisis had for its business editor Thomas Palmer, who took over the paper in default of payment of salary and sold it td Anson Deming, who took John Wood as his partner. Wood in 1825 sold his interest to Hooper 'Warren, who merged it with the Emporium. In 1826 there were nine newspapers in this city. These were Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, National Republican and Ohio Political Register, Cincinnati Advertiser, National Crisis and Cincinnati Emporium, semi-weeklies. The Parthenon, Western Tiller and Saturday Evening Chronicle were weeklies. The Cincinnati Commercial Register was a daily. The Ohio Chronicle was a German weekly. The Commercial Register was the first daily issued west of Pennsylvania. This paper lived six months, was discontinued, and was then revived for three months in 1828. When the Commercial Register had been suspended, a number of citizens urged the owners of Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette to establish a daily newspaper. The Daily Gazette issued its first number Monday, June 25, 1827. It started with one hundred and sixty-four subscribers. The publishers were Morgan, Lodge and Fisher. Charles Hammond was the editor and so continued until his death, April 3, 1840. The Western Tiller was an agricultural paper, was first issued August 25, 1826, and lived but a year. The Cincinnati Chronicle was founded in 1826 by the Messrs. Buxton. It was edited by Benjamin Drake until 1834, when it was merged with the Cincinnati Mirror. In 1836 the Mirror was purchased by Flash and Ryder and was renamed the Chronicle. The paper ran down and was soon sold to Pugh and Dodd, with Benjamin Drake and E. D. Mansfield as editors. The Chronicle became a daily in 1839. It started with two hundred and fifty subscribers and at the end of a year had six hundred. Benjamin Drake was one of the editors until 1840, when Mansfield became sole editor and remained so until 1848. He was again editor in 1850. Finally this paper was merged with the Gazette. Mansfield and Pugh were strong Whigs. They were also bitterly opposed to slavery and the liquor traffic. Richard Smith began his career on the Chronicle, afterwards becoming editor of the Gazette and then of the Commercial Gazette. The Gazette had a number of changes in its ownership and management from April 1827 onward. At that time Lodge left the paper. Ephraim Morgan, Brownlow Fisher and S. S. L'Hommedieu became its owners. Morgan and CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 501 Fisher retired June 1828, Lodge came back and Thomas Hammond entered the firm of 'Lodge, L'Hommedieu and Hammond. Presently, Hammond retired, and Lodge and L'Hommedieu were in control. In 1830, the Advertiser was edited by Moses Dawson, with offices at the corner of Third and Main streets. After the building had been burned and rebuilt the name of the paper was changed to the Cincinnati Advertiser and Ohio Phoenix. About this time the Republican was the property of. Looker and Reynolds. The editor was Elijah Hayward ; when he received an official appointment in Washington, Samuel J. Bayard became editor. In 1828, the Crisis and Emporium ceased publication. The Daily Commercial Register was revived in 1828 by S. S. Brooks and Edmond Harrison, but was issued for only three months. The Commercial Advertiser was started as a daily in 1829 by Samuel J. Browne and Hooper Warren but soon went out of existence. During the same year E. S. and Frederick Thomas founded a paper but slightly varying in name from the last mentioned, the Daily Commercial Advertiser. In 1834, the Democratic Intelligencer, a daily, weekly and semi-weekly paper, was issued for a short time by E. S. Thomas, John P. Dillon and L. S. Sharpe. In 1835 the two Thomases issued for a brief space the Daily Evening Post. Truth's Advocate was an anti-Jackson campaign paper established and edited by Charles Hammond. The Friend of Reform and Corruption's Adversary was brought out by Moses Dawson as an antidote for the other. These two able men conducted the campaign with great bitterness, while personally friendly. The japers had a circulation of five thousand each. In 1829 the daily papers were the Daily Gazette and the Daily Advertiser. The semi-weeklies were the National Republican and Advertiser. The weeklies were the Pandect, the Chronicle and Literary Gazette, Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, Western Tiller, and the Centinel. In 1836 there were four dailies, the Gazette, the Republican, the Whig and the Evening Post.. The Cincinnati Advertiser and Ohio Phoenix was a semiweekly. The weeklies were Birney's Philanthropist, the .Mirror, the Cincinnati Journal and Western. Luminary, Cross and Baptist Journal, Western Christian Advocate, Peoples' Echo, German Franklin, and Farmer and Mechanic. The Republican changed from a semi-weekly to a daily in January, 1831. Richard F. L'Hommedieu became associated with the Gazette ii1 September 1833. When James Lodge died in December, 1835, the firm became S. S. and R. F. L'Hommedieu. in 1834 the Gazette purchased the 'first power press used west of the Alleghany mountains. Its capacity was twenty thousand copies per hour. The second power press in Cincinnati was owned in 1835 by the book publishing establishment of Ephraim Morgan. In 1835 the Methodist Book Concern brought hither the first cylinder press. In 1835 the Gazette established the first "Price Current" sheet in this city. In 1835 the Gazette established the regular news express by which the president's message was brought to Cincinnati within sixty hours after publication in Washington. The cost was two hundred dollars. 502 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The American was a weekly and semi-weekly that was started in 1830. In 1832 this paper advocated Henry Clay. April 17th of that year it was issued as a daily but did not long survive. There were several papers started at this time that did not last long. The Daily Herald was issued for a time during 1833. During 1832 a Jackson campaign paper flourished. The Democratic Intelligencer, established March, 1834; was a McLean campaign paper, a daily, tri-weekly and weekly, but it did not live beyond the end of that year. The Daily Whig was founded April 10, 1835 by J. F. Conover. May 6, 1835, E. S. Thomas established the Daily Evening Post. The People's Advocate, the Harrison campaign paper., was issued from May 1835 until November of that year. The Advertiser merged with the Journal in 1839 and, became the Advertiser and Journal. The first penny paper in Cincinnati was the Western World. It was. founded by William A. Harper in 1836, and for lack of financial backing ceased to exist after twenty-five issues. The Peoples Echo was a Harrison campaign paper in 1836. The Daily Express was established in 1837, and lived two years. Its plan was to provide commercial notices and news of Cincinnati markets. The Chronicle, established as a daily in December 1839, was the first paper furnishing general election returns systematically tabulated. The noted abolitionist paper The Philanthropist was founded by James G. Birney in April 1836 at New Richmond, Ohio, and after three months was brought to this city. It was published by Achilles Pugh. It had a subscription list of seven hundred. General opposition to it' was quickly manifested. A mob gathered, unhindered: by the authorities, and destroyed the printing office and the press. The plea was that the paper would 'alienate southern trade from the city. Public meetings were held to discuss the matter. Many of the most prominent citizens tried to dissuade the publishers from continuing the paper, The Abolitionists asserted their rights. The paper did not again appear until September third. Pugh was announced as publisher and Birney as editor. The paper was issued from the corner 'of Seventh and Main streets, but it was actually printed in Warren county. A considerable number of penny papers were issued in the Thirties but most of them had but a brief existence. In 1840; the daily papers were the Gazette, the Republican, the Journal and the Advertiser, the Chronicle, the News, and the Morning Star. The weeklies were the 'Catholic Telegraph, the Western Christian Advocate and the Philanthropist. The monthlies were the Western Temperance Journal, The Hesperian, Rose of the Valley and Family Magazine. The German papers were the Volksblatt, the Friend of Truth, a Catholic weekly, and the Christian Apologist, a Methodist weekly. The Spirit of the Times was a penny paper started in 1840, which soon became the Daily Times, direct ancestor of the Times-Star of today. In the same year appeared other penny papers, most of which had a short existence. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 503 In 1842, W. D. Gallagher and George S. Bennett issued the Message, but after one month it was consolidated with the Enquirer. In August 1843 the People's Paper was issued, but soon afterward it became the morning issue of the Evening Times. March 5, 1841, John and C. H. Brough, who had owned the Ohio Eagle issued at Lancaster, bought the Advertiser and Journal. April 10, 1841, this firm issued the first copy of the Daily Cincinnati Enquirer. It was then an evening paper. The Enquirer was, the first paper in Cincinnati to have a regular local column. In 1846 there were in Cincinnati sixteen daily ,papers. Among these were the Gazette, Chronicle, Enquirer, Herald, Times, Commercial, four. German papers, and several evening dailies. Cist in "Cincinnati in 1851" speaks of fifty-three periodicals, ten of them dailies. In 1853 the dailies were the Columbian, Enquirer, Nonpareil, Times, Atlas, Commercial, Gazette, German Republican, Sun, Tageblatt, Volksblatt and Volksfreund. In 1856 there were six English dailies, three German dailies, nineteen English weeklies, eight German weeklies, tri-weeklies, semi-weeklies, the Columbian, and many monthlies, semi-monthlies and quarterlies. Cist gave a list for 1859 of fifty-three periodicals. Among these were the Cincinnati. Gazette and Liberty Hall, the Enquirer, Times, and three German dailies. In 1860 there were six English dailies and three German dailies. Among these were the Commercial, Enquirer, Gazette, Times, Courier, Press, Volkblatt, Volksfreund and Republikaner. There were twenty-five English weeklies and ten German weeklies. There were eight semi-monthlies, twenty-one monthlies and two quarterlies. The Gazette, as claimed had as ancestor the Centinel of the Northwestern Territory. The name Gazette was first used here for a weekly sheet, issued July 13, 1815. December 11th of the same year Liberty Hall was merged with the Gazette. June 25, 1827 the first number of the daily Gazette was issued. The weekly was still called Gazette and Liberty Hall. Many years later, Richard Smith became connected with the Gazette and became one of the most noted journalists of the country. When the Gazette and Commercial were consolidated Smith became a member of the editorial staff of the Commercial-Gazette. About 1894 the. Tribune was started and was successful for three years. It was consolidated in 1897 with the Commercial Gazette, as the Commercial Tribune. The name Gazette was dropped. The Cincinnati Commercial issued its first number October 2, 1843. It had a successful career of forty years. January 4, 1883 it was consolidated with the Gazette. March 9, 1853 Murat Halstead joined its staff. The Enquirer is descended from the Phoenix which had been founded by the famous Moses Dawson. It is Democratic in politics, purveys news on a large scale, maintains its five cent price, has an immense circulation and is one of the best known papers in the land. The Times-Star, an evening paper, is descended from the Times of 1821 and the Star which was founded in 1872. It is Republican in politics. 504 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The Cincinnati Post was founded in 1880, and is one of the Scripps-Macrae papers. It is independent in politics. There are now, 1911, four daily German papers, the Volksblatt, the Volksfreund, the Freie Presse and the evening edition the Taegliche Abend Presse. The other dailies are the Cincinnati Daily Bulletin of Prices Current, the Financial and Commercial Bulletin, Live Stock Record, Price Current, Court Index, Trade, Record, the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Hotel Reporter, and the Italian Press. Die Ohio Chronik, a German weekly, began to be issued in 1826. In 1832 a German campaign paper was published. It was on the Whig side. The Weltburger appeared in 1834. At first a Whig paper, it passed into the hands of a new owner who called it Der Deutsche Franklin and supported Van Buren. The Whigs again captured the paper just before election. The Democrats then founded the Volksblatt. A German paper, the Westlicher Merkur was established in 1837. It was later called Der Deutsche Ina Wesen, and at last became the Volksfreund. Wahrheit's Freund was a Catholic periodical. Other German periodicals were Der Protestant and Der Christliche Apologete. A child's paper was the Sonntag Schule Glocke. The Fliegende Blaetter was established in 1843 by Emil Klauprecht and was the first illustrated German paper in this country. This paper was short-lived. After the decrease of this journal, Klauprecht established Der Republikaner, for some years the principal German paper in the west. From 1856 to 1864 he was on the Cincinnati Volksblatt. The three German dailies in 1861 were the Volksblatt, Volksfreund and the Republikaner. Cincinnati has had a full share of literary journals, many of which soon fell by the wayside. A few became well known. The Literary Cadet was the pioneer literary paper of this city ; it was issued first in the latter part of 1819 and lasted about six months. The Olia was a semi-monthly, started in the early part of 1821, and lived about a year. The Literary Gazette was started January 1, 1824, lived a year, was revived for a brief period and then ceased to be. It contained contributions from a number of well known persons in this city, had three poems by Fitz Greene Halleck, and contained Thomas Pierce's satirical contributions "Horace in Cincinnati." These satires, which contained many personalities and censured the manners of the day, created a sensation at the time. The Western Magazine and Review, which appeared May 1827, was published by W. M. Farnsworth and was edited by Timothy Flint. The heavy character of the articles in this magazine is supposed to have been responsible for the short life of the venture. The Cincinnati Mirror was issued from 1830 to 1836 by W. D. Gallegher. The Western Monthly Magazine was founded January 1833 by Judge James Hall. It had as contributors many noted persons of this region. It at last was combined with a publication in Louisville in 1837. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 505 The Shield was published by Richard C. Langdon before 1820. The Ladies Museum was issued by Joel T. Case. The Family Magazine was launched in 18.36 by Eli Taylor and survived for six years. The Western Messenger Was issued in Cincinnati June 1835 by the Western Unitarian Association, prospered for a number of years and disappeared in 1841. This magazine had a brilliant career, being edited at different times by Ephraim Peabody, James Freeman Clarke, William H. Channing and James H. Perkins, and having among its contributors the best writers of this vicinity. It printed a poem of Keats not before published, one by Oliver Wendell Holmes and several by Emerson. Margaret Fuller, W. E. Channing, Jones Very were among its contributors. Professor Venable declares the Western Messenger the harbinger of the noted Boston Dial. In 1836, W. D. Gallegher began to issue- the Western Literary Journal and Monthly Review; it was soon merged with the Western Monthly Magazine at Louisville and ceased to be. In Columbus, Gallegher started the Hesperian, or Western Monthly Magazine, with both cities as its field. The later numbers were 'published in Cincinnati. From a 'literary point of view, the Hesperian was a successful publication. One issue of the Western Ladies Book appeared August 1840 'but no second number seems to have been forthcoming. The Literary Register and the. Literary News were two other journals at this time that seems to have had brief careers. The Western Rambler appeared in 1844 hut it survived only a brief space. The Western Literary Journal and Monthly 'Magazine came out in November 1844, the editors being Lucius A. Hine and E. C. Z. Judson, "Ned Buntline." Two issues appeared in Cincinnati ; four others in Nashville ; publication ceased in April 1845. Lucius Hine the next January started the Quarterly Journal and Review, which went out of existence in April. January 1847, Hine started the Herald of Truth, a. monthly. Its scope included religion, philosophy, literature, science and art. It was discontinued in 1848. The Great West was an ambitious journal started in 1848 by a number of Cincinnati editors and writers. It was merged in 1850 with the Weekly Columbian and was called the Columbian and Great West. The Daily Columbian was an unsuccessful venture of short duration. Hine issued two numbers of the Western Quarterly Review' in 1849. His financial backer, J. S. Hitchcock suddenly disappeared. The Western Magazine, started in 1850, became the Western Lady's Book and survived for about ten years. The Parlor Magazine appeared July 1853, had on' its staff for a time Alice Cary, was merged with the West American Review, and its last two numbers were issued under the title of the West American Monthly. The Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West, published by the Methodist Book Concern, had a large number of noted contributors among the best Writers in the land, and flourished for thirty-six years. The National Repository then took its place. 506 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY Pen and Pencil was a weekly magazine published in 1853 for a short time by W. M. Warden. In 1853, the Genius of the West began publication. It was at first managed by Howard Durham, but Coates Kinney soon became the chief editor. He bought out Durham and took W. T. Coggeshall into partnership. Durham then established another magazine, The New Western, the Original Genius of the West. The Genius of the West prospered until July 1856. The Dial was founded and issued throughout the year 1860. The editor was Moncure D. Conway, who wrote most of the matter himself, but Frothingham contributed his "Christianity of _Christ," which ran through nine numbers, and Emerson contributed two essays and several poems, while some of Howells poems also appeared in this journal. The Dial made a distinct mark in this city. There have been numerous magazines started here in later years but most of them have existed but for a brief time. A few, however, have lasted and succeeded. Saxby's A Periodical That's Different edited and owned by Howard Saxby and son, is a well established and popular monthly. It is made up of stories and special articles, many of the latter bearing upon business affairs and the progress of the city and vicinity. The department of the magazine called "Saxby's Salmagundi" is noted for its humor. The two Saxbys are brilliant men. Midland was a magazine that ran for about a year, in 1908 and 1909. It aimed to be a popular magazine of the Middle West, was composed of special articles on various interests in this region, with stories and 'poems. It was published and edited by E. Jay Wohlgemuth. It achieved some popularity and seemed to promise success but it did not prove a financial success and was discontinued. The Western Underwriter, the weekly publication of the insurance companies for the middle west, has a branch office in this city but the paper itself is issued in Chicago. The president of the company and one of the associate editors, E. Jay Wohlgemuth, has his offices in the Johnston building. The Men and Women Magazine Company issues Men and Women, in addition to other papers. Men and Women is a magazine of the Catholic church. One of the earliest of the religious journals in this region was the Baptist Weekly Journal of the Mississippi valley. Its first issue was July 22, 1831, In 1834 another Baptist paper, published in Kentucky, called The Cross, was bought and combined with the former. In 1838 this publication was taken to Columbus, where it was issued for a decade under the name The Cross and Baptist Journal of the Mississippi Valley. The name was changed to Cross and Journal and then to The Western Christian Journal. Cincinnati again became its home ; the Christian Messenger was merged with it, and the name became The Journal and Messenger. In 1834 the Western Christian Advocate was founded. The Rev. T. A. Morris, afterwards Bishop Morris, was editor. This paper is one of the strongest of the religious journals of the country. The Western Methodist Book Concern, which issues the Advocate, also for some years published the Rev. William Nast's Christliche Apologete. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 507 The Western Messenger was the brilliant exponent of Unitarianism, In 1831, a semi-monthly was called the Methodist Correspondent. In 1841 the Cincinnati Observer, a journal of the new school Presbyterians, was edited by the Rev. J. Walker and had a weekly circulation of thirteen thousand copies. At that time, the Western Episcopal Observer was edited by The Revs. C. Colton, W. Jackson, John T. Brooke and H. V. D. Johns and had a weekly circulation of fifteen hundred copies. The Catholic Telegraph, was at that date edited by the Rev. Edward Purcell. The Star in the West was the Universalist publication. Religious monthlies were the Western Messenger, Unitarian, the Christian Preacher and The Evangelist, of the Church of the Disciples, and the Precursor, the organ of the New Jerusalem church. The Missionary Herald had a circulation of three thousand per month, and the Western Temperance Journal had a semi-monthly circulation of six thousand. In 1846, other religious journals were the Presbyterian of the West, The True Catholic, the Mirror of Truth, a Swedenborgian publication, and the Orthodox Preacher, church of the Disciples. The editor of the Western Christian Advocate in 1851. was Dr. Matthew Simpson, while Dr. N. L. Rice edited the Presbyterian of the West, which was the journal of the Old School Presbyterians in this region, while the Central Christian Herald was the organ of the new school. There had come into existence by this date the Golden Rule, the United Presbyterian and Evangelical Guardian, and the Pulpit, an organ of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian church. In 1859, the editor of the Western Christian Advocate was Dr. Charles Kingsley. The Presbyter was edited by the Revs. G. H. Monfort and N. M. Wampler. The Rev. C. E. Babb had charge of the Central Christian Herald. The American Christian Review was edited by Benjamin Franklin of the Church of the Disciples. The Rev. Norman Badger was editor of the Western Episcopalian. The New Church Herald, Swedenborgian, was edited by the Rev. Sabin Hough. The Catholic Telegraph was in charge of the Rev. Dr. Purcell and the Rev. S. H. Rosencrans. The Israelite and Die Deborah were edited by the Revs. Isaac M. Wise and M. Lilienthal. There were also issued at that time the Sunday School Journal, Presbyterian Witness, Youth's Friend, Sunday School Advocate, Sunbeam and the Sonntag Schule Glocke. At present, the Catholics are represented by the Catholic Telegraph, the Christians by the Standard, Presbyterians by the Herald and Presbyter, the Hebrews by the American Israelite, Methodists by the Western Christian Advocate. Of educational journals in this city, the Academic Pioneer was the first, appearing in July, 1831. It was a monthly, under the auspices of the College of Teachers. Only two issues were put forth. The Common School Advocate was started in 1837 and lasted until 1841. In 1837 the Universal Advocate was also launched. The Western Academician, edited by John W. Picket, began at the same time, was accepted as the organ of the Teachers' College, and appeared for twelve months. 508 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In 1838, in July, the Educational Disseminator began its brief career. The School Friend was 'launched October, 1846, by the school book publishers W. B. Smith and Company. In 1848, Hazen White became the editor. Early in 1850, The Ohio School- Journal, of Kirtland; and then of Columbus, was merged with this publication and was called The School Friend and Ohio School Journal. The magazine ceased to be in September, 1851. The Western School Journal was a monthly dealing with educational affairs in the Mississippi Valley. W. H: Moore and Company backed it for some time without a paid subscription list. The Ohio Teacher began 'a brief career May, 1859, was edited by Thomas Rainey and was issued, from Cincinnati, Columbus and Cleveland. The Journal of Progress in Education, School and Political Economy and the Useful Arts, appeared from January, 1860, to August, 1861. Elias Longley was the manager, while John Hancock, superintendent of the public schools of 'Cincinnati edited the educational columns. The News and Educator was published in 1864-66 by Nelson and Company, John Hancock and Richard Nelson being the editors. In January, 1867, this magazine was succeeded by the Educational Times: Ali American Monthly Magazine of Literature and Education. Hancock only edited the first number. The National Normal was begun in 1868 as the mouthpiece of the Normal school at Lebanon. The monthly edition appeared until October, 1874. The Public School. Journal, began its career in 1870. The selling of books and the publishing of the same began very early in the history of Cincinnati. Lexington, Kentucky, was in advance of this community with a Printing press and newspaper. But in the matter of publishing books Cincinnati was probably ahead of Kentucky and was certainly in advance of all other places in the Northwest Territory. In 1796 there was issued frdm W. Maxwell's, press a book entitled' "Laws of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the Ohio, adopted and made by the governor and judges in their legislative capacity, at a session begun on Friday, the twenty-ninth day of May, one thousand, seven hundred and ninety-five, and ending on Tuesday, the twenty-fifth day of August following, with an appendix of resolutions and the ordinance for the government of the territory. By authority. Cincinnati.. Printed by W. Maxwell. MDCCXCVI." Previous to. this publication there had been issued in Philadelphia in 1792 and 1794 two volumes of territorial laws. These had been put forth by Francis Childs and John Swaine "Printers of the Laws of the United States:" Judge Burnet wrote of this first book: "This body of laws (enacted in the summer of 1795, at the legislative session of the Governor and judges at Cincinnati, from the codes of the' original states) was printed at Cincinnati by William Maxwell in 1795, from which circumstance it was called the Maxwell code. It was the first job of printing ever executed in the Northwest Territory, and the book should be preserved, as a specimen of the' condition of the art in the western country, at that period. All' the laws previously passed had been printed at Philadelphia, from necessity," because there was not at the time a printing office in the territory." CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 509 Carpenter and Friedley, of Cincinnati, had been appointed "printers to the territory" when the next volume of statutes after that which Maxwell had published came to be issued. Cist states that a pamphlet called "The Little Book : the Arcanum Opened, &c.," was published in this town August 1st, 1801. Previous to 1805 several books or pamphlets had been issued from the extra presses of Liberty Hall and the Western Spy, which were both equipped for such work. Dr. Daniel Drake issued his book "Notes Concerning Cincinnati" in 1810. When his "Picture of Cincinnati" came out in 1815, he wrote : "Ten years ago there had not been printed in this place a single volume; but since the year 1811, twelve different books besides many pamphlets, have been executed." John P. Foote established here a type foundry and a book store in 1820. There were printed in Cincinnati in 1826 a large number of books and pamphlets. There came from the presses fifty-five thousand spelling books, thirty thousand primers, sixty-one thousand almanacs, three thousand copies of the Bible News, fifty thousand arithmetics, three thousand American preceptors, three thousand American Readers, three thousand Introductions to the English Reader, three thousand copies of Kirkham's grammar, fifteen hundred Family Physicians, fourteen thousand Testaments, hymn and music books, one thousand copies of the Vine Dresser's Guide, five hundred copies of Hammond's Ohio reports, five hundred copies of Symmes' Theory. There were in addition various other books. In 1830 Morgan, Lodge and Fisher had five presses, each of which. printed five thousand sheets daily. About 1830 Truman and Smith began to issue school books and that firm grew to be the largest school book house in the world. In 1832, U. P. James began his publishing business, which became so extensive as to be called the "Harpers of the West!' In four months of the year 1831 there were eighty thousand volumes put forth by Cincinnati publishers. The Cincinnati Almanac of 1839 stated : "Cincinnati is the great mart for the book trade west of the mountains, and the principal place of their manufacture. There are thirty printing offices, one type foundry, two stereotype foundries (being the only establishments of the kind in the west ;) and one Napier and several other power presses are in constant operation. At E. Morgan & Co.'s printing establishment, Eighth street, on the canal, four presses are propelled by water power. "The style of manufacture has been rapidly improved within a year or two past. Among other specimens Mr. Delafield's "Inquiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of America," published by N. G. Burgess & Co., will bear comparison with, any similar work from the American press, for the beauty and accuracy of its typography. The 'whole number of books printed and bound the past year, exclusive of almanacs, primers, toys and pamphlets, was about half a million. The principal houses who have issued the largest number of volumes are, Truman & Smith, N. G. Burgess & Co., E. Morgan & Co., U. P. James, Ely & Strong." 510 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY In 1840, about a million dollars' worth of school books were issued and about half a million dollars' worth of other books. Cincinnati was the main source of supply of books for Michigan, Western Pennsylvania, Virginia and a considerable part of the south. A large number of standard books were republished here. Among these were Gibbon, Josephus, Rollin. Large numbers of Bibles were issued. By 1850 the value of the yearly output of books reached more than a million dollars. In 1858 the number of volumes had reached almost three millions. Cincinnati was then supplying most of the public schools of the west with text books. H. S. & J. Applegate & Co. began publishing and bookselling in 1850. In that year they put out one thousand copies of "Clarke's Commentary," four volumes ; ten thousand copies of "Dick's Works," two volumes ; four thousand "Plutarch's Lives ;" three thousand "Rollin's Ancient History ;" two thousand "Spectators." They issued also histories of Texas, Oregon and California, "Lyons' Grammar," "Parley Histories," and two popular music books the "Sacred Melodeon" and the "Sabbath Chorister." J. F. Desilver, whose specialty was medical and law books issued "Worcester on Cutaneous Diseases," Hope's "Pathological Anatomy," and Harrison's -Therapeutics." About 1850, W. H. Moore & Company, school book publishers, became general publishers, reprinting Hugh Miller's "Footprints of the Creator" and Anderson's "Course of Creation," among other noted books. J. A. & U. P. James put out "Gibbon's Rome," the "Libraries of American History and of General Knowledge," "Dick's Works," Bibles and such works. E. Morgan & Company put out in 1850, twenty thousand large Bibles, fifteen thousand copies of "Josephus," ten thousand copies of the "Life of Tecumseh," one hundred thousand copies of Webster's spelling books, ten thousand copies of Walker's school dictionary besides other books. The U. P. James house which years ago held a very notable place among publishing establishments and issued large numbers of valuable books has ceased the printing of books. A bookstore, of which the proprietor is his son Davis L. James, retains the name U. P. James. There is no better known name connected with the book business in the country than Robert Clarke. The Robert Clarke Company perpetuates his name and his work. He was born in Annan, Dumfrieshire, Scotland, May 1st, 1829. He came with his parents to Cincinnati in 1840, and was educated at Woodward College. The Robert Clarke Company was formed in 1858 by Mr. Clarke, Roderick D. Barney and John W. Dale, and in 1874 Howard Barney and Alexander Hill entered the firm. Mr. Clarke edited the world-famed "Ohio Valley Historical Series," and he wrote a pamphlet entitled "The Prehistoric Remains which were found on the site of the City of Cincinnati, with a vindication of the Cincinnati Tablet." This pamphlet was privately printed in 1876 and is now very rare. The Cincinnati tablet spoken of was found in a mound near the present site of Mound and Sixth streets, and opinions differ as to its origin and from whence it came. Mr. Clarke was a deep student and a great reader and dearly CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 511 loved his books. Mr. Clarke died in the summer of 1899 but a short time after returning from a trip around the world. On February, 1903, the Robert Clarke Company lost its entire plant in the disastrous Pike Opera House fire, but at once began reprinting their numerous publications, which consisted mostly of historical works and law books. The publications of the firm also included important contributions to the archeology and prehistoric anthropology of the Ohio Valley and contiguous regions. The literary history of the valley was covered in works like the well known critical narrative of Professor W. H. Venable and poetical writings of George D. Prentice, J. J. Piatt, W. D. Gallegher and others. Among the prominent historical works were Howells "Recollections of Life in Ohio," Drake's "Pioneer Life in Kentucky," Smith's "Captivity with the Indians," Clark's "Campaign in the Illinois in 1778-9," Bouquet's "Expedition against the Ohio Indians," McBride's "Pioneer Biographies," two volumes. After the destructive fire spoken of above, Mr. Theodore Kemper voiced a common sentiment in a newspaper in these words : "The place was known from Boston to San Diego simply as 'Robert Clarke's' and equally well in the British and European capitals ; and if that historical place does not rise from its ashes, Cincinnati will have met with a loss which no modern architectural achievement can make good." Happily the Clarke Company found a new home and form again a flourishing establishment. The Robert Clarke Company was the first to import books to any considerable extent from Europe to the Ohio Valley. This firm issued so many "Americana" that Justin Winsor said in his "Narrative and Critical History of America," "The most important American lists at present issued by American dealers are those of the Robert Clarke Company, of Cincinnati, which are admirable specimens of such lists." John Fiske in his "History of the United States" advised his readers "to apply to The Robert Clarke Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, who keep by far the largest collection of books on America that can be found on sale in this country." The Western Methodist Book Concern, with headquarters in Cincinnati, is a very successful publishing plant and has also in Cincinnati one of the city's best books stores. The general conference of the M. E. church in 1787 established in Philadelphia the first Methodist book concern in America, and the proceeds were set apart for Cokesbury College and other schools. In 1804 this concern was removed to New York city and its profits were used for the enlargement of the publishing house. A branch was opened in Cincinnati in 1820 that the country west of the mountains might be supplied with Methodist publications. The Cincinnati branch did not enter on the publishing business for some years. The office of "The Methodist Book Room" was at first at the corner of Fifth and Elm streets ; the agent was the Rev. Martin Ruter. Dr. Ruter printed at his own risk a scriptural catechism and primer. The income of the establishment for the first year was about four thousand dollars. Dr. Ruter was succeeded in 1828 by the Rev. Charles Holliday. The concern was removed to George street, between Race and Elm, and two years later to the northwest corner of Baker and Walnut streets. In 1832 the Rev. John S. Wright was appointed assistant 512 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY agent, and the cornern was removed to a building on the west side of Main street, near Sixth. In 1833 the Western Concern by permission of the New York Concern, issued an edition of the hymn books and disciplines. In 1834, the Western Christian Advocate was started, with the Rev. Thomas A. Morris as editor. In 1836 the the Western Concern was made independent of the New York Concern, except that it was authorized to "cooperate" with that house. The Cincinnati office was now authorized to publish any book on the general catalogue "when in their judgment and that of the book committee, it would be advantageous to the interests of the church ; provided that they should not publish type editions of such books as were stereotyped at New York." The agents were authorized to establish a printing office and bindery. The Concern now bought the lot at the southwest corner of Main and Eighth streets where stood a brick house which was said to have been build in 1806 by General Arthur St. Clair. There a printing office was erected, four stories high. In that building was printed the first book issued by the Concern ; it was printed from the manuscript and was "Phillips' Strictures." This publication was succeeded in due time by "The Wyandot Mission," "Power on Universalism," "Shaffer on Baptism," "Ohio Conference Offering," "Memoir of Gurley," "Lives of Quinn, Finley, Roberts and others." The Book Concern received a state charter in 1839. In 1841 the monthly magazine, The Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West was published. This magazine was successfully' issued until the end of 1880, when it and the magazine for young people, Golden Hours, were discontinued. A little later, the Concern started a German Methodist paper Der Christ-ache Apologete. About this time, the Concern purchased an adjoining lot and erected a building six stories high, fifty feet front, and more than one hundred feet deep. The Western Methodist Book Concern has now as its publishing agents H. C. Jennings and E. R. Graham. The total sales for a recent year were $1,425,755. It publishes many books and a list of important papers and reviews. Among these are the Apologete and Haus and Herd in German. The Western Tract Society was established in Cincinnati November 1852 as the American Reform Tract and Book Society. It aims at practical betterment of individuals and the nation by the dissemination of Christian literature. It did much in the anti-slavery cause, and has been active in temperance and other reforms. After emancipation the society dropped the word "reform" from its official title. It does a large work in the distribution of Christian literature and maintains an excellent book store. A large school book publishing company was that of Van Antwerp, Bragg and Company. The founder was Winthrop B. Smith. The firm of Truman and Smith was established in 1830, and after Truman withdrew the firm became Winthrop B. Smith and Company. They were succeeded by Sargent, Wilson & Hinkle, This became in 1868 Wilson, Hinkle and Company. In 1877 the firm became Van Antwerp, Bragg and Company. Cincinnati is the home of the W.. T. Anderson Company of law book publishers, one of the best known firms in this specialty and one whose publications are CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 513 standard everywhere. They have given readers among other volumes, the valuable "Life and Speeches of Thomas Corwin." The Phonographic Institute of Cincinnati is also headquarters for the publication of phonographic works by Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard. The Phonographic institute was established in Cincinnati by Benn Pitman in 1853, the year of his coming to America. His first six months in this country were spent in Philadelphia. At the end of that time he was invited to make a visit to Dayton, Ohio, to talk to a teachers' institute held in that town by the famous educator Horace Mann, then president of Antioch College, at Yellow Springs, Ohio. Mr. Pitman then and there decided to cast his lot among the people of what was then "the west," and in the same year he established his school and publishing office, under the name of the Phonographic Institute, in Cincinnati, then the largest city west of the Alleghanies. Mr. Pitman continued to be the sole owner of the business until 1881 when he formed a copartnership with Jerome B. Howard, with whom he was associated until his death recently: In 1892, the business, which had long since become exclusively a publishing house, headquarters for the publications of Pitman Phonography in America, was incorporated at The Phonographic Institute Company, and from that time Mr. Pitman was president of the company until his death in 1911, and Mr. Howard manager. There is a large list of publications of the Phonographic Institute Company now in print. The "Phonographic Amanuensis" is, since 1904, the leading elementary text-book of the Benn Pitman system of phonography, and is the text generally used in commercial colleges and other schools that prepare students to become shorthand writers in business offices. The "Manual of Phonography," an older elementary text, continues in print, and is still preferred by many schools. Over half a million copies of the last named book have been issued from the Phonographic Institute. The "Reporter's Companion" is the text for the use of advanced students, or experienced commercial amanuenses, who wish to prepare themselves for professional shorthand reporting. The "Phonographic Dictionary," a large octavo of 552 pages, gives the entire usable vocabulary of the English language (over one hundred and twenty thousand words and phrases) in both the phonographic outline, and the ordinary print. The Phonographic Magazine is a monthly periodical, edited by Mr. Howard for the last twenty-two years, in which articles are printed in both phonographic and the ordinary typic character. The Leo Wise and Company, publishers of Cincinnati, issue the American Israelite from Cincinnati and the Chicago Israelite from the latter city. They also issue six books by Rabbi Isaac Wise and one by Rabbi Philipson. The great American Book Company, publishers of school and text-books has its headquarters in Cincinnati. It is one of the largest concerns of its kind in the world. Among the Cincinnati authors whose works have been published by this company were or are Mr. W. H. Aiken, supervisor of music ; Mr. F. A. King, instructor in Hughes' high school ; Prof. A. J. Gantvoort, of the College of Music ; the late Miss M. Burnet, of Woodward ; Prof. W. H. Venable, formerly of Walnut Hills high school, (still living) ; Maj. A. M. Van Dyke, formerly princi- Vol. II-33 514 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY pal of Woodward ; Miss Celia Doerner ; Mr. E. L. Dubbs ; Miss M. E. Thalheimer ; the late Miss Christine Sullivan ; Dr. H. H. Fick, supervisor of German Prof. J. E. Harry, of the university ; the late Thomas W. Harvey author of "Harvey's Grammars," for many years a resident of Cincinnati ; Miss C. B. Jordan, instructor in Hughes; Mr. C. C. Long; Dr. W. H. McGuffey, author of the "McGuffey Readers," etc., and for some time a resident of Cincinnati ; J. B. Peaslee, ex-superintendent of schools ; the late Joseph Ray, once professor of mathematics in Woodward College; Mr. Alan Sanders, of Hughes high school; Mr. A. H. Steadman, supervisor of penmanship ; Mr. G. W. Umphrey, of the University ; W. H. Weick ; C. Grebner ; the late Dr. E. E. White, ex-superintendent of schools. The Standard Publishing Company, of the Christian denomination, issues a list of twenty-six publications, with an aggregate circulation of nine hundred thousand. Some of these are quarterly issues. One of their chief publications is the Christian Standard, a leading religious newspaper. A number of their publications are for the Sunday school, and these have a vast circulation. This company also publishes numerous books of a religious character, chiefly written by members of the Christian denomination. The Scudder Brothers Company is a firm of medical publishers and book sellers. The firm was founded by the late John NI. Scudder, succeeding the medical publishing business of Willstach, Baldwin & Co. Their Eclectic Medical Journal has been printed continuously since 1836. One of the pioneer establishments of music in America is the one bearing the name of the John Church Company, which was founded in Cincinnati in 185g by Mr. John Church. From that time to this the firm has been a prominent one in musical industries. By reason of great expansion of business the trade name was changed in 1869 to John Church and Company. As publishers of high grade classical and standard music, the prints of the John Church Company are unsurpassed, and their distributions through their five establishments are numbered by the millions. The press of the University of Cincinnati was conceived by Mr. Howard Ayers, lately president of that institution, and was equipped mechanically by Charles P. Taft in 'go0. The publications consist of the University Studies, the Teachers' Bulletin, the Catalogue and miscellaneous text-books, most of them by their own people. This press has quite an imposing list of studies in economics, history, languages, &c. The Young Men's Bible Society of Cincinnati was founded in 1834. It has been the auxiliary and depository of the American Bible Society since that time. It does its Bible and missionary work in cooperation with the American Bible Society of New York. Its headquarters are now Room 32, Methodist Book Concern, 222 West Fourth street. The Rev. Dr. Geo. S. J. Browne is the depositarian. Peter G. Thomson for a number of years was engaged in general publishing and also had a bookstore. The Catholics have two important book stores here, well equipped with books and church supplies. These are Pustet's, on Main street, and Benzinger Broth- CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 515 ers. The Catholic Telegraph Publishing Company issues the Telegraph and publishes books and papers. Among other publishing houses are the Aldine Company, Associated Trade Press Co., Central Publishing House, Cincinnati Program and Publishing Company, Gibson Art Co., Higber-Bickwell Publishing Co., International Text-Book Co., Jones Brothers Publishing Co., Meddler Publishing Co., Western Magazine Publishing Co., and C. J. Krehbiel & Co. CHAPTER XXI. CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. NUMEROUS ARE THE CLUBS. OF CINCINNATI-ALUMNI OF HARVARD ORGANIZED THE CLUB OF THAT NAME IN 1869- MANY OTHER ALMA MATER ASSOCIATION- POLITICAL, COUNTRY, COMMERCIAL AND SOCIAL CLUBS-WOMAN'S CLUB- WOMAN'S PRESS CLUB. There have been and are numerous clubs of various kinds in this city. Some have fallen by the way side in the course of time while others have gathered strength as the years have passed and ate today flourishing and influential institutions. Many of these have been treated in another part of this work. A number of the larger universities and colleges have clubs in this city. The Harvard Club was organized in 1869 and the resident alumni of that university meet for an annual dinner. The Yale Club, organized in 1863, is said to be the oldest alumni society in this country. There are Williams, Princeton and other college clubs here. The University Club is well established and is well known. The Young Men's Blaine Club, republican, was organized on the day when Janes G. Blaine was nominated for the presidency, June 6. 1884; its house is on Eighth street, east of Vine. The Stamina Republican League was founded November 5, 1888. The West End Republican Club dates from February 22, 888. The Duckworth Club; democratic, originated in 188o; its handsome clubhouse is on Ninth street. The Country Club, the Cincinnati Golf Club, the Riding Club, the Clifton Confers' Club, the Pillars and others are well known. The physicians club is known as the Academy of Medicine. It meets in the rooms of the Literary Glob, as does also the Engineers' Club. The Queen' City Club was organized October 1874. It is chiefly social in its aims, though in its handsome building many semi-public meetings are held to disc¬uss popular subjects. The Commercial Club, organized in 188o, holds its sessions in the house of the Queen City Club. Its purposes are both social and commercial. This club is a :very energetic body, has done and is doing much for the advertising and progress of the city. The Optimist Club and the Piccadilly Club also use the Queen City club house as headquarters. The Phoenix Club was founded in 1856. Its house is at Ninth and Race streets, and was built in 1894. It is one of the notable structures of Cincinnati. Its handsome .building has been rented recently to the. Business Men's Club for a term of two years. with privilege of purchase. The Phoenix will build else- - 517 - 518 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY where. The Cincinnati Club was organized in 1889, and has its house in Walnut Hills. The membership of these two clubs is chiefly Jewish. The Business Men's Club began in an organization of young men in 1892. These young men set before them the aim of informing themselves as to public interests in Cincinnati. They planned a series of dinners at which prominent representatives of the business, literary and artistic worlds should speak. After a struggling existence of a few years a reorganization was affected in 1896 as "The Young Men's Business Club of Cincinnati." In its articles of incorporation its purpose was declared to be "to promote the best interests of Cincinnati." In 1899 the name was changed to "The Business Men's Club of Cincinnati." It established itself in the Chamber of Commerce building, where it had dining rooms, billiard rooms and reading and lounging rooms. It has committees covering every important progressive interest, When the Chamber of Commerce building was burned early in 1911, the Business Men's Club was homeless for a time, but found temporary quarters in the Grand hotel. It has now leased the Phoenix Club building, at Ninth and Race streets, for two years, from June 1, 1911, and at the expiration of that time the Business Men's Club will have the option of purchasing that structure. The Business Men's Club expended about $35,000 in improvements. Ten or eleven thousand dollars of this was put into improvements of the Phoenix building, about half of this was of such nature that the improvements can be taken away in case the club decides to again move after two years. One or two new fire escapes have been placed in the building, elevators were installed and the entire structure renovated. The club spent about $25,000 on new furnishings and equipment, and now the club house is not surpassed in Ohio. On the evening, of October 9, 1911, the new home of the club was thrown open to its members. The Chamber of Commerce was organized October 22, 1839. In 1846 it was united with the Merchants' Exchange, as "The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants' Exchange." For many years its meetings were held at 22 West Fourth street. Later, headquarters were in the Pike building. When the ground at the southwest corner of Fourth and Vine streets was vacated by the postoffice, it was purchased by the Chamber of Commerce. One hundred thousand dollars were paid for the site. The noted architect, H. H. Richardson, designed the building erected on that spot for the headquarters of the chamber. The cost was $600,000. Early in 1911 this handsome building was gutted by fire. The Union Central Life Insurance Company has purchased this site and will erect a million dollar structure. The officers of the Chamber of Commerce have included many of the most eminent business men of the city. Its membership is very large, and the body has always taken a prominent place in the affairs of the city. The Manufacturers' Club of Cincinnati was established in 1895, its purpose being the development of the manufacturing interests. It excludes partisan politics. The membership is limited to one hundred. The Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association was organized in 1887 and incorporated in 1893. It aims to induce business men from other communities to visit the city for commercial purposes. It offers free transportation to merchants of the country round about. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 519 The Cincinnati League was the organized hospitality committee of Cincinnati ; it represented a number of the other important organizations of the city in offering the hospitality of the city to conventions. The Cincinnati Industrial Bureau was organized in 1901, with the special aim of securing the location here of new industries. It advertised extensively the advantages of Cincinnati as an industrial center, and assisted existing plants already here and strove to attract others. The Cincinnati League and Industrial Bureau have been merged with the Cincinnati Commercial Association, and now form one of the most powerful progressive organizations of the city. The Cincinnati Woman's Club was organized March 26th, 1894. This sessior was held in the rooms of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, and was called by Mrs. S. P. Mallon, Miss Annie Laws, Mrs. J. J. Gest, Mrs. H. C. Yergason, Mrs. H. B. Morehead, Mar Fayette Smith and Miss Clara C. Newton. Miss Laws called the meeting to order and was chosen as the first president. Papers were read by Miss Laws, Mrs. Smith and Miss Newton urging and outlining a club of women. Action was immediately taken to effect an organization. A rule was passed limiting membership to one hundred and fifty, and it was not long until this number had been almost reached. Early sessions were held in the headquarters of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.. Later and for some years the club met in the Perin building. In 1897 the Woman's Club was incorporated. In 1899 a stock company was formed, with the object of obtaining a club house. It now has a handsome home of its own. In June, 1911, the club was able to announce that the beautiful building was free of debt and furnished tastefully. Two years previously the Cincinnati Woman's Club owned only 465 shares of stock in the clubhouse company ; in 1911 it owned 821 shares, which is something over two thirds of the whole issue. This has been acquired through gift and purchase. It has been the avowed policy to acquire ownership of the club. The work of the regular departments has attained a high degree of excellence of which the club is justly proud. Lecture and entertainment committees supply evening programs with music and lectures of a high order. Among _other circles are a Current Events Circle, Egyptian Circle and an Art Study Circle. Plans for the future include a much enlarged membership, an addition to the building of another story containing sleeping apartments for out-of-town guests, a large and perfectly appointed tea room, study rooms and accessories, and an enlargement of the building to admit a pipe organ. In June, 1911, Mrs. Helen Handy Mitchell became president for the ensuing two years. One of the most notable meetings of women ever held in Cincinnati was the Tenth Biennial Convention of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, which assembled in Music Hall, May 11th to 18th, 1910. The attendance was very large and the whole city acted as host to representative women gathered from all parts of the land. The Twentieth Century Woman Suffrage Club is one of the newer organizations, but it is strong in numbers and in influence. The president is Mrs. Sara. Drukker ; vice president, Mrs. G. Ogden. Under the auspices of this club, the 520 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY famous suffragist leader, Miss Sylvia Pankhurst visited this city, and on Feb. ruary 3, ,1911 addressed a large audience in Memorial Hall. WOMAN'S PRESS CLUB. The Cincinnati Woman's Press Club is the only purely literary club in the city, as well as one of the oldest and most conservative in the state. It was organized in 1888 and federated in 1890. Miss Sara M. Haughton, past president, has compiled data for the scrap book of the club's library, that is interesting for- its accuracy and for reference. According to the constitution of the club no person is eligible for membership who has not written for publication poems, essays, lectures, and has to present to the committee on credentials one or more articles, according to these specifications, that have been published in standard publications and been paid. for. These are criticised by the credential board and if not up to highest standard are rejected and the applicant is. not accepted. Consequently all members now belonging have done something worth while. A partial list is interesting. Miss Sara Haughten is the author Of three Christmas booklets, ".The Christ Child," "The World Doth Nbt Forget" and "Yet Hath the Starry Night Its Bells." She was for some years editor of The Children's Record of the Children's Home and has been a contributor to several magazines devoted to children's interests and several papers. Mrs. Mary Watts of Walnut Hills has written two books, "Nathan Burke" and "The Legacy," which have at once brought her fame. Her special 'line' is fiction and reviews. Mrs. Alice Williams Brotherton has written many years and so is regarded as the nestor of the press club. Her specialty is poems, but she is especially fine in Shakespeare lore, lecturing before schools and clubs. She is one of the few poetesses who can write to order from a limerick to an epic. Mrs. Amoretta. Fitch is a versatile writer of poems, essays, lectures or char- acter sketches, or feature stories and motto cards. At present she conducts the "Woman's Interests" column and women's club department in one of the leading daily newspapers in Cincinnati. Miss Pearl Carpenter conducts the children's page in a magazine and tells stories at clubs and kindergartens, and is president of the Story Tellers' League Arid officer of the National Story Tellers' League. Mrs. Gail Donham Sampson writes children's stories, Miss Alice A. Folger has a volume of poems on the market, Miss Anna Rossiter edits a trade journal Miss Clara Jordan has :a text. book on the study of Latin that is the standard now in use in the Cincinnati schools, Mrs. James C. Ernst writes articles and recently made her debut as a monologist, with success, Miss Alma S. Fick writes ethical and historical articles and is an authority on literature, Mrs. Frances Gibson writes poems in Scottish dialect as well as in pure Anglo-Saxon, Miss Berta Harper is a poet as well as an editor of a Sunday school paper, Miss Catherine Winspeare Moss has written a book, "The Thousand Ledgers," as well as Many poems, Miss Margaret Nye has the distinction of being an able German translator, "While Miss Martha Allen writes and plays interpretations of the most classical music, Miss Alice Hallam has the same musical gifts and CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 521 knowledge, and their afternoons are always a treat to the literary members, as well as the musical ones. Being a purely literary club no question of politics or philanthropy is entered into by the club as a club. Moreover, nearly every individual member is doing philanthropic work in other clubs and in various places, so it is entirely superfluous to bring these things into the literary work of the club. The club has been a stepping stone for many aspiring authors, for it exists only for the purpose of aiding by experience and example those who are young in literary life. The loyalty of the Woman's Press Club to one another is proverbial and their programs are widely commented upon for the themes and the professional handling of the same. Every number on a program being strictly original and new makes the meetings full of excited interest as to what is to be heard, like a "first night" in the theater. Character is the first requisite, then ability and no' feeling of jealousy exists, each being proud of one another's success in their chosen line of work. The Cuvier-Press Club was created in 1911 by a union of the Cuvier Club and the Pen and Pencil Club. The Cuvier Club was founded in 1874, having for its purpose the protection of fish and game, the enforcement of laws bearing on them, and the advancement of out-door sports. It owned a fine collection of specimens in ichthyology and ornithology. Its banquets have been famous.. The Pen and Pencil Club was an organization of journalists and artists. The two are now merged. Charles Hodges is the president, Edward B. Innes, who had been secretary and treasurer of the Cuvier Club fills the same offices in the new organization ; Clyde Allen, who had been secretary of the Pen and Pencil 'Club is assistant secretary of the merged clubs. The Cincinnati Commercial Association is a new organization made up of a merger of the Industrial Bureau and the Convention League. Its purposes are to advertise Cincinnati and to bring conventions of various kinds to this city. Charles De Honey is the secretary-manager. This organization conducted an advertising journey on a large scale through West Virginia in the spring of 1911. One hundred Cincinnati business men went by special train through West Virginia, exploiting everywhere the advantages of their city, inviting West Virginians to seek the Queen City as a market for selling and buying. This association, a little later, inaugurated a campaign to increase its membership, aiming at first at one thousand ; this being reached their ambitions enlarged and a movement was successfully pushed for fifteen hundred or more. There is a large number of fraternal 'societies, some secret, some public. There are some two thousand of these. The Catholic Knights of America have numerous branches, as do the Catholic Knights of Ohio, and the Catholic Order of Foresters. There are nearly two hundred trades unions. Free Masonry was established here in the latter part of the Eighteenth century. The Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge, No. 2, was formed December 27, 1794. The charter for this lodge was obtained from the grand lodge of New Jersey August. 8, 1791, but as Dr. Burnet, who obtained the charter, Was absent the organization. was not effected until 1794. The charter members were Dr. William Burnet, master ; John S. Ludlow, S. W.; Dr. Calvin Morrell, J. W. 522 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY The first officers elected were Edward Day, master ; Dr. Morrell, S. W.; General John S. Gano, J. W. Judge William McMillan, a member of this lodge, gave it by will in 1804 the lot numbered one hundred and thirty-five, on the old plat. Considered valueless at the time it was sold for taxes. It was later redeemed, and the Masonic temple now stands upon it. Previous to the erection of this temple, there had stood on that site two Masonic halls, one built in 1818, the other in 1846. Numerous lodges and chapters of Masons assemble in the Masonic temple. Three commanderies gather at the Scottish Rite cathedral. There are also more than twenty other masonic lodges and chapters in the city. There is a Masonic Employment Bureau, a Masonic Library Association and a Masonic Relief Association. The Nobles of the Mystic Shrine hold their sessions at the Scottish Rite cathedral, as of course do the orders of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Free Masonry. There are several Masonic bodies here composed of colored men. Ohio Lodge, No. 1, the first lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows established in Ohio, was organized in Cincinnati December 23, 1830. In 1841 there were one thousand, four hundred and twenty Odd Fellows in this state. Since that date they have gained rapidly in numbers in this city, as well as elsewhere. There are several organizations of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. There is a grove of Druids. There are many lodges of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. The Independent Order of B'nai B'rith has several lodges, as does the Independent Order of B'rith Abraham. The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is strongly represented, and there is one lodge of this order composed of colored men. The Independent Qrder of Red Men and the Improved Order of Red Men have several lodges. The Knights of Honor and the Knights and Ladies of Honor have each about a dozen chapters, in addition to several lodges composed of colored people. The Knights of Pythias have numerous chapters. There are in addition several organizations of the Uniform Rank, and one of the Improved Order of Knights of Pythias, and several lodges of colored men. The Sons of Temperance and the Royal Arcanum are represented. Colored people have the following organizations : United Brothers of Friendship, Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria of North America, United Order of True Reformers, the International Order of Twelve. There are lodges of the National Union, the Knights of the Maccabees and the Ladies of the Maccabees, the Knights of the Ancient Essenic Order and the Essenic Army, the Tribe of Ben Hur and the Independent Order of Foresters. The Junior Order of United American Mechanics and the Daughters of America are strongly represented. There are chapters of the Order of the Sons of St. George, the American Benefit Club Fraternity, Fraternal Mystic Circle, Knights and Ladies of the Golden Eagle, Protective Home Circle, Sons of Benjamin, United Commercial CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 523 Travelers, Order of Mutual Protection, Daughters of Liberty, Knights of Joseph, Home Guards of America, Fraternal Order of Eagles, Knights of Columbus, Order of the Iroquois, Royal League, Fraternal Order of America, Order of Hercules, and others. The Grand Army of the Republic is represented by numerous posts. The Ladies of the G. A. R. and Women's Relief Corps have posts. There are posts of the Union Veteran Legion, of the Sons of Veterans and Daughters of Veterans. The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States is prominently represented. The Sons of the Revolution, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of the War of 1812, Daughters of the Revolution, Daughters of the American Revolution, the Society of Colonial Dames, Society of Colonial Wars, Society of Mayflower Descendants and other similar organizations are well represented. In 1819 the Master Carpenters' and Joiners' Society was in existence. Richard L. Coleman was president, Isaac Poinier vice president, John Tuttle secretory, John Wood treasurer, Edward Dodson and William Crossman trustees, and Peter Britt, John Tuttle, John Stout and R. L. Coleman measurers of work. At the same period there was in this city the. Mutual Relief Society of Journeymen Hatters ; James Smith was president and William Nikerson secretary. The Society of Master Tailors was organized in 1818.. William Lynes, senior, was president, James Comly vice president, Thomas Tueder secretary, and Israel Byers treasurer. The Union Benevolent Society of Journeymen Tailors had as president James Masten, Nehemiah Russel vice president and William Atkin secretary. Of the Journeymen Cabinet Makers' Society the president was John Fuller, vice president, James McLean, and treasurer, George G. Rosette. At the celebration of the. Fourth of July, 1821, thirty-one societies of mechanics were in the procession. During a similar celebration in 1834 there were forty-five of these organizations in the parade. In 1829, the Franklin Typographical Society of Cincinnati was organized. A large branch of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers exists in Cincinnati, the organization having been formed in 1855. March, 1874, the Expressman's Aid Society was established. A number of other guilds existed from a very early date in this city. The labor unions of the present have taken the place of most of these. The unions of today are centered in the Central Labor Council. The Cincinnati Historical Society was organized August, 1844. James H. Perkins was its first president. In 1849 the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio was transferred from Columbus to Cincinnati and was united with the Cincinnati organization. It had been before the Columbus Society that General W. H. Harrison made his noted address on the Aborigines of the Ohio valley. The first president of the combined societies was William D. Gallegher, and among its officers were James H. Perkins, E. D. Mansfield, Robert Buchanan, A. Randall, John C. Wright, John P. Foote and David K. Este. The society's constitution was remodelled in 1850. Its chief purpose was declared to be "research in every department of local history, the collection, pre- 524 - CINCINNATI--THE QUEEN CITY servation and diffusion of whatever may relate to the history, biography, literature, philosophy and antiquities of America, more especially of the state of Ohio, of the west and of the United States." After a career of considerable enthusiasm followed by some years of desuetude, having had among its members some of the most eminent risen of the city and having issued important treatises on local history, having transferred its documents from place to place, in May 1868, Julius Dexter, Robert Clarke and Eugene F. Bliss interested themselves, with the few surviving members, in reorganizing the society. 'The library of seven "hundred bound volumes and 1,250 pamphlets was placed in the rooms of the Literary Club. Robert Buchanan was chosen president, Judge Force became the corresponding secretary, Charles E. Cist recording secretary and John D. Caldwell librarian. In 1871 the library was taken to the college building on Walnut street, where it remained for fourteen years. In 1885 it was removed to West Eighth street. After sixteen years it was placed in the Van Wormer Library on the grounds of the University of Cincinnati. Its collections are invaluable, especially on local history. The Cincinnati Pioneer Association was organized November 23, 1856 at the Dennison House. The meeting was composed of representatives of the old families of the city and county. Its purposes were declared to be to preserve the memories of the past and "to promote a social feeling favorable to the early emigrants." William Perry, who had come to Cincinnati July 2, 1805, was the first president. J. L. Vattier, born in this city in 1805, was made secretary. At first only such persons as had lived in Ohio previous to 1812 were eligible for membership ; later, 1815 was made the date for eligibility; and again a residence Of fifty-five years was regarded as satisfactory. Regular meetings were held for almost forty years. During most of that period, John D. Caldwell was the secretary. At the celebration' of the eighty-sixth anniversary of the settlement of the Northwest Territory, in 1874, Mr. Caldwell said "We had an excursion to Columbus, at the dedication of the new state house, to Cleveland by facilities furnished by the railroads, and a formal reception and entertainment by the Forest City municipal authorities. Through the courtesies of Messrs. Sherwood and Pierce, the association was conveyed on the magnificent steamer United States, and were most hospitably feted at Louisville, Kentucky, by its citizens and council. We were, by the courtesy of our public spirited citizen, Hon. George H. Pendleton, in control of the Kentucky Central railroad, conveyed to Lexington, Kentucky, where true southern hospitality was extended to us. We were royally provided for in a railroad excursion to Marietta, the pilgrim home of the buckeye pioneers, and there we renewed our earnest devotion to the memory of the brave and good of auld lang syne days, who made Washington county a brilliant example as the pioneer county of the territory and state. Courtesies were extended to the association in a visit to the state fair at Springfield; and the trip we made to the Soldiers' Home, near Dayton, will long be remembered as the reunion of the Montgomery, Butler and Hamilton county pioneers. "On our lists of the living or dead are names of the worthiest in war or peace–-territorial, state and nafional—who have been identified with the Miami valley. We buried :the daughter of John Cleves Symmes, the patentee of the CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 525 whole Miami purchase and wife of General William Henry Harrison, whose name as defender of the homes of the west is dearer to us than even his national fame as president of the United States. We still have on our rolls the name of Hon. John Scott Harrison, son of these sainted worthies. "The name of the father of General Grant is inscribed on the roll of our deceased members. Our list included those of the family of Benjamin Stites, also of General John Stites Gano, who were pioneer settlers and proprietors of Columbia; and of the Pattersons and Israel Ludlow, proprietor's of the townsite of Cincinnati. We had enrolled with us the names of Governor Tod, Governor Thomas Corwin, Governor Brownlow, of Tennessee, and some of the families of Governors Tiffin, Trimble, Looker, Brown and Dennison. "Governors Hayes and Noyes have been hearty cooperators. with us in several meetings, and only imperative public business prevented Governor William Allen from being with us today. "The early newspapers have all been represented ; the first paper in the Northwest territory, the Centinel, by the son of William Maxwell; but Joseph Carpenter, of the Spy and Freeman's Journal; Samuel J. Browne, of the old Liberty Hall, also of the Emporium; William J. Ferris, S. S. L'Hommedieu, Sacket Reynolds, William B. Stratton, E. D. Mansfield, and William D. Gailegher, of the Cincinnati Gazette; and S. S. Smith, of the Independent Press. "Of the five hundred and forty members enrolled, one third have passed away ; three hundred and sixty survive, many of them aged and feeble. The kindest remembrances and cordial sympathies are extended to those unable to be present. "Six of the presidents of this association are numbered with the one hundred and eighty members dead ; namely, William Perry, Nicholas Longworth, Colonel John Johnston (a pioneer Indian factor and agent, one of the noble in fidelity of public men), Stephen Wheeler, Samuel J. Browne, and Daniel Gano. "Ten of our past presiding officers still survive,—the venerable John Whetstone, very feeble; William B. Dodson, blind for several years ; Jacob Hoffner, Eden B. Reeder, John Ludlow, Robert Buchanan, Thomas Henry Yeatman, Joseph S. Ross, Rees E. Price, Judge D. K. Este." This organization has done much to awaken and maintain interest in the history and people of early Cincinnati. The minutes from the foundation of the society up to December 1889 are the property of the Historical Society, and contain much valuable material. There is a large number of clubs in addition to those mentioned; The Advertisers, The Automobile, Avondale Golf, Cincinnati Art, Gun, Whist,—indeed too many to mention, as these are the usual ones found in any large city. CHAPTER XXII. SUBURBS AND NEIGHBORING VILLAGES. SUBURBS OF CINCINNATI HER CROWNING GLORY-NO ANNEXATIONS TO THE CITY UNTIL 1848-COVINGTON AND NEWPORT ACROSS THE RIVER-ST. BERNARD AND ELMWOOD SURROUNDED ON ALL SIDES BY CINCINNATI-NORTH BEND HOME OF GENERAL WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. James Parton, in an article in the Atlantic in 1869, declared that "no inland city in the world surpasses Cincinnati in the beauty of its environs." When the Prince of Wales, afterward Edward the VII, was. here in 1860, he and his companions said the suburbs of this city were the finest they had seen. Colonel Sidney Maxwell has declared : "The suburbs of Cincinnati are its crowning glory. . . . The environs of Cincinnati are its distinguishing beauty. They present as striking a combination of the picturesque and accessible as can be found in the world ; and the topographical features are such as to peculiarly favor, in the development of the landscape, the most artistic plans. The eligible locations are almost innumerable, and their capacity for improvement unlimited. "The whole face of the country, beginning at the brow of the hills and running back over all of Hamilton county, is one large suburb, a continuous landscape garden." An adequate treatment of the suburbs and outlying villages around Cincinnati would require a volume in itself and we can only mention the names of Linwood, Westwood, Riverside, Lick Run, Pendleton, Sharonville, Newtown, California, Sedamsville, Ludlow Grove, Rensselaer, Maplewood, Park Place, Hyde Park, Fairview Heights, Mt. Airy, Fairmount, Cheviot, among others. By act of February 18, 1848 provision was made for annexation to the city of the special road district of Millcreek township. This lay north of the city between Millcreek and the Lebanon turnpike. It extended to the section line a mile north of Liberty to McMillan street. March 22, 1850 an act was passed by which the fraction of section seven in the third township and second fractional range between the corporation lines of the city and the town of .Fulton was added to the city and township of Cincinnati. This was just east of the Lebanon turnpike and the newly acquired special road district. The limits of the city were established thus : "Commencing at the northeast corner of said section number seven ; thence west along the sections numbers seven, thirteen, nineteen and twenty-five, in said third township, to Millcreek ; thence down Millcreek with its meanders to the Ohio river, thence eastwardly up the Ohio river, with the 'southern boundary of the state of Ohio to the east corner of - 527 - 528 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY fractional range number twelve in the first fractional range ; thence west with the south line of the town of Fulton to the southwest corner thereof ; thence north-eastwardly with the west line of said town of Fulton to the place of beginning." The proposal to annex the village of Fulton was submitted to vote October 1854 and was carried. It was erected into, the 17th ward in January 1855. The area of the city which was in 1819 three square miles had increased by 1860 to seven square miles. September 1869 the annexation took place of all of Storrs township that was not within the limits of the Riverside. This became the 21st ward. September 1869, the Walnut. Hills, Mount Auburn and Clintonville special roads districts were. annexed.. This formed the 22nd ward to the east and the 23rd ward to the west of Burnet avenue. Camp Washington and Lick Run were annexed November 1869. November 12, 1869 a considerable part of Spencer township was annexed, and in May 1870 this was added to the 24th ward. An effort was made in 1870 to annex Clifton, Avondale, Woodburn, Columbia, Cumminsville, Spring Grove, Winton Place, St. Bernard and other suburbs, but it failed at that time. In 1871, Columbia was' annexed and was added to the First ward. Cumminsville became part of the city in 1873. Woodburn was annexed in 1873. The Zoological Garden and vicinity were annexed in 1888. In 1893, Avondale, Riverside, Clifton, Linwood and Westwood were added. Braggs subdivision and Rose Hill were brought in on January 18, 1898. December 1902 portions of Delhi township, all of section 6 and the east half of section 12, were added. October 1903, 160 acres lying between Avondale and Bond Hill were annexed. In 1903, Winton Place, Evanston, Bond Hill and Hyde Park were incorporated as part of the city. March 17, 1904 the portion of Millcreek township between. Millcreek and the canal being part of Spring Grove cemetery south of Spring Grove avenue and the territory known as Oklahoma in sections 27 and 28 of Millcreek township were annexed. In 1911 annexation was in the air. Legislation for the annexation of eight outlying villages was started by the passage of as many ordinances by council. These .provided for the submission to the people in the near future of the question. The villages are Norwood, Oakley, Pleasant Ridge, Hartwell, Elmwood Place, St. Bernard, Cheviot and Fernbank. In June 1911, College Hill, Mount Washington and Saylor Park were taken in. In July 1911, Madisonville, Mount Airy and Carthage were annexed. Across the river in Kentucky, the cities of Covington and Newport belong to the life of Cincinnati though they have no official connection with it, being separate cities and in another state. .These cities have grown up side by side with. Cincinnati and have shared the same general conditions of prosperity and of growth. A large number of people who do business in Cincinnati live across the river. Since the construction of the bridges and the development of the CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 529 traction lines these towns have been for business and social purposes as one city with Cincinnati. Covington is the largest of these cities. It is the second largest city in Kentucky and is the county seat of Kenton county. The suspension bridge which connects Covington with Cincinnati was built in 1865-7. The traffic over this bridge by traction lines, vehicles of all kinds as well as foot passengers is very extensive. Covington has about forty-five miles of streets, many handsome private residences, a public library, a splendid city hall, a federal building of imposing size, Gothic in style, many charitable institutions and a cathedral which is one of the finest church structures in the west. The industrial and manufacturing interests of Covington are very important, among these are tobacco, whiskey, vinegar, furniture, stoves, tinware, brick, tiles, pottery and cordage. It is supplied water from works built thirteen miles above on the Ohio river. The town was settled in 1812, chartered as a city in 1834, and has now a population of about fifty thousand. Newport, Ky., is the county seat of Campbell county. It ranks third in population in Kentucky, having about thirty thousand inhabitants. It is connected with Cincinnati by the Cincinnati and Newport and the L. & N. bridges and with Covington by two Licking river bridges. Electric cars run regularly over these four bridges and also to Bellevue, Dayton and Fort Thomas. The city has a number of important mercantile and manufacturing establishments. The first settlement was made in 1791, the town was incorporated in 1795 and the city in 1850. Norwood, which is considering annexation at present, 1911, and will probably be annexed in the near future, is the largest city outside of Cincinnati, which it adjoins on the north, in Hamilton county. Its population is about twenty thousand. It was incorporated as a village in 1888, and as a city in 1902. It takes in portions of Columbia and Millcreek townships. The railroad facilities and natural advantages Norwood possesses have caused very large industries to locate therein. It is divided into South, East, West and Central Norwood, Norwood Heights, Norwood View and Elsmere. It has four public, two parochial schools and a high school. It has churches of almost every denomination and a, public library. As the city grew, there arose from time to time villages lying at a distance from the corporate limits. These, several dozens of them, all had their distinct history and individuality. Now, houses and streets have connected most of them with the city by almost continuous settlement. Avondale became a village in 1866 and in 1893 was annexed to the city. It is a hilltop suburban part of the city on the north and lies east of Clifton. Avondale is among the handsomest of the suburbs and has a profusion of fine homes, wide lawns, and is in general park-like in appearance. Clifton is situated to the northward of Burnet woods, and was named for the Clifton farm, which contained twelve hundred acres of hills and dales. Clifton is noted for its numerous magnificent residences and the exceeding beauty of its situation. It was annexed in 1903. It has more than twenty-five miles of avenues. Vol. II-34 530 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY College Hill began to be settled in 1855, when a number of Cincinnati people sought country homes there. The village was incorporated in 1866. The situation is one of the highest in the county. College Hill is eight miles northward from Fountain Square. Alice and Phoebe Cary lived in this place. The beauty of the scenery about College Hill is famous. The Ohio Female College was founded in what is now College Hill in 1848; its buildings are now occupied by a sanatarium, Cary's Academy and Farmers College, founded in 1832, was afterwards changed to Belmont College and is now the Ohio Military Institute. The village was annexed to the city in June 1911. Walnut Hills, as a settlement, had its beginnings in the house and blockhouse built by the Rev. James Kemper, in the days when defenses against Indians were still needed. It is that part of the city that is north of Eden Park and east of Mt. Auburn and Avondale. It has 75,000 population, fine hotels and club houses and active business centers. Walnut Hills is the seat of the noted Lane Theological Seminary. This suburb was the home of Dr. Lyman Beecher and his family and the place where Harriet Beecher Stowe lived while she was gathering materials for Uncle Tom's Cabin. This handsome and flourishing community became part of the city in 1869. East Walnut Hills and Woodburn sprang from the community of. Walnut Hills proper. Carthage is about eight miles from Fountain Square and contains 3,618 population. It is the seat of the Longview Insane Hospital and the city and county infirmaries. It was annexed in the autumn of 190. Hartwell was laid out in 1868 by the Hamilton County Building Association. The village was named after John W. Hartwell, who was vice president of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad when the station was located. It is the seat of St. Clara's Convent, and the Provincial House and Novitiate of the Sisters of the Poor of St: Francis. There are Methodists, Presbyterian and Episcopal churches. Lockland, twelve miles from the city, is an old town and notable for its manufactures, having several, large and important factories. It lies east of the C. H. and D. railway. Wyoming, on the west side of the C. H. and D. railway, is in one of the loveliest portions of the Millcreek valley. Among the earliest settlers was the Pendery family who came in 1805. Wyoming is a residence suburb, with wide streets and many beautiful homes. Columbia, the second settlement in Ohio, is situated on the Ohio river, a mile below the mouth of the Little Miami river. The first Protestant church (Baptist) in the Northwest Territory was erected here. Columbia became part of the city in 1871. Cumminsville is the site on which in 1790 was established Ludlow Station, the nearest military post north of Fort Washington. In 1791 the army of St. Clair camped here on its way to defeat. The lands on which Cumminsville stands were the property of Colonel Israel Ludlow. The postoffice was established in 1844 and the name of the place was changed from Ludlow Station to Cumminsville. The village was merged in the city in 1873. Reading is a prosperous town, with a population of 3,985 and is for the present content without considering becoming a part of the city. CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 531 It is said that Cincinnati affords the only instance of two municipalities surrounded on all sides by a city. This is the case with St. Bernard and Elmwood, which are bounded on all sides by Cincinnati. They have not an inch to expand in any direction. St. Bernard is a city, and Elmwood Place is a village. It is said that the sentiment in Elmwood is in favor of. annexation, while St. Bernard has been against it, but its practical isolation within the city will, it is declared, ultimately lead the sentiment there to change in favor of annexation. St. Bernard and Elmwood have a population between them of about 8,000. St. Bernard has a large Catholic cemetery and fine Gothic Catholic church. The town was originally built up chiefly by Germans but now has also a good proportion of people of other nationalities. Mt. Auburn was for a long time almost the only suburb of the city. It was at first called Keys' Hill, after an old settler, and this name was used until 1837. By 1826 a number of prominent citizens had taken up residence there. Only about half of it was in the city before 1870. Later all was annexed. It is about north of Fountain Square and is two miles distant from that point. It is the seat of the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum, German Protestant Orphan Asylum, Christ's Hospital, Bodmann Widows' Home and the German Deaconess Home. Bond Hill was the result of an effort of men of moderate means to obtain suburban homes. It was founded and chartered in 1870 and organized the following February as the "Cooperative Land and Building Association No. 1, of Hamilton County." The work of erection of homes proceeded rapidly and the village soon became a flourishing one. James C. Wood, in 1809, was the first settler of Pleasant Ridge. The village was established as a post town in 1832. It was the mustering place and drill ground of local troops during the Mexican war. It now has a. population of 1,769, and is considering annexation. Oakley is five miles from the courthouse, on the Madisonville road. It lies about the center of the amphitheater formed by the surrounding hills. Until about 1870 this was a farming district. Madisonville was founded before 1866, when the Marietta and Cincinnati railroad,—showed few signs of prosperity, but from that time onward it grew rapidly. The town was originally called Madison, in honor of Madison, who was president when the village began its existence. In 1826 the postoffice was named Madisonville, to avoid confusion in the mails. Town lots were laid out in 1810. It now has a population of 5,193 and was annexed in the autumn of 1910. Madeira is eighteen miles from the city. Part of the village was laid out in 1871. Before this time the place was known as a post town, and was called for John Madeira who owned a large tract of land in the vicinity. Madeira is about three miles from Madisonville, and two and a half miles from Montgomery. The situation is picturesque. Montgomery is one of the oldest settlements in the county, almost contemporaneous with Columbia. A log cabin was the first tavern of the community ; this was a resting place for teamsters and travelers on the main road. The number of travelers and the amount of drinking can be judged by the fact that in 1809 fifty barrels of whiskey did not supply the demand. In 1806-7 a number of people from Montgomery in New York state settled around this point for 532 - CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY trade and farming, and named the village for their former. home. The Montgomery Academy, a classical school, was founded and flourished some years later. Montgomery is a pleasant and progressive town. Spumes Station is on the Little Miami river and in the midst of picturesque scenery. It at one time was a rendezvous for travelers, and not far from it was an Indian trial. Loveland was laid out in 1848 by Col. William Ramsey who then owned most of the land in the neighborhood. The town lies on the Little Miami river. One of the earliest settlers was Thomas Paxton, who came to this vicinity in 1794. His son Samuel Paxton made several trips to New Orleans, sometimes bringing back his flatboat. On one of his return trips he realized $7,000. The elder Paxton had been commander of the advanced guard of Wayne's army on its march through this region. He was so delighted with the country that he came back with his family and settled here the next year. In 1806 a number of immigrants came from New Jersey. North Bend is fifteen miles from the city. It was the home of General William Henry Harrison, a former president of the United States and one of the greatest figures in the early days in this region. It has 540 inhabitants. North Bend is the location of the grave of John Cleves Symmes and the grave of William Henry Harrison. Glendale, fifteen miles from the city, on the C. H. & D. railway, is considered "one of the most delightful suburban villages in the United States." It is the seat of the Glendale Woman's College. This village was the home of Robert Clarke, Samuel J. Thompson and other distinguished men of an earlier generation. The churches, in the order of their organization, are the Presbyterian. the Catholic, Swendenborgian, Episcopal and Methodist. Corryville was named for the Corry heirs. The original owners of part of the land were Jacob Burnet and William McMillan. William Corry, first mayor of Cincinnati, purchased from the McMillan heirs most of their share. Cleves is sixteen miles from the city, and is a prosperous community. Springdale was in 1820 the most important and wealthy village in the county. In 1851 the C. H. & D. railroad was built a couple of miles distant and drew trade and travel to other villages. Since that time it has not grown, but it is an interesting place on account of its associations and its pleasant and cultivated people. It is in the midst of a very rich and prosperous farming community. Springdale has been the birthplace and early home of quite a number of distinguished persons, the Hon. 0. P. Morton, Capt. John Brownson, U. S. A. Caleb Crane, Dr. John R. Hunt lived there and practiced medicine for many years, and his son Judge Samuel F. Hunt was born and grew up there. The Presbyterian church of the town was founded in 1796. In regard to Delhi, which was annexed in 190, the Times Star, June l0th of that year said : Delhi, the pretty suburban village just annexed to Cincinnati, came very close to being a city of celebrity. It was in the territory now divided into Delhi, Sayler Park, Fernbank and Addyston, that John Cleves Symmes, in 1789, projected the city of South Bend and predicted a glorious future for the infant hamlet. It flourished for a few years .and then Uncle Sam selected Cincinnati as a better CINCINNATI—THE QUEEN CITY - 533 site for a military post, and South Bend relapsed into innocuous desuetude. Later the same name was taken by the city in northern Indiana. Delhi was first platted in 1866 by Peter Zinn, the attorney who became famous through his connection with the Kentucky Central railroad litigation. It was incorporated as a hamlet July 29, 1885, and James S. Wise was elected president. The village government was elected in 1890 and the first mayor elected was John Wentzel. "Brighton, as a factor in history, was one of the rudiments in the making of Cincinnati." Colonel John Riddle, a New Jersey immigrant, was the first settler of Brighton. Early in 1790 he secured employment shoeing horses in the garrison at old Fort Washington. Later in the same year he purchased of Judge Symmes a section of land two miles northwest of the village. One corner of the tract purchased by Riddle was near the site of the old Brighton House. In 1793, Riddle built a house on what is now Alfred street. Brighton proper of the early days was located at the intersection of Harrison and Colerain avenues, where a number of small houses comprised the settlement. "The early forties," declare the authors of "Historic Brighton," "witnessed the crude beginning of what afterward developed into the great pork packing industry that thrived in this locality. Brighton gave Cincinnati the name of `porkopolis,' and it was the little Clearwater creek that afforded the opportunity for this section to become famous as the greatest hog and cattle killing locality in the country. . . What may properly be called Cincinnati's first waterworks was located in this locality. While not a part of the municipal government it was a sort of quasi-public institution. . . . The traditions of the Millerites have to do with the history of Brighton back in the early forties. About the middle of the nineteenth century Brighton boasted of four of the largest distilleries in the country. Most of the corn used by these distilleries was shipped by boat on the canal. About 1855 the Brighton stock yards were established by a company. . . . The Brighton of today is a revelation. A few years have wrought wonderful changes. It is now the undisputed beehive of the Queen City of the West." Addyston is a village about thirteen miles out on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and on the Big Four. It contains the largest iron pipe works in the country ; it has also vitrified brick works. It has 1,543 population. Bellevue, Ky., was incorporated as a town in 1870, and has a population of 6,000. It is three miles from Fountain Square, and its citizens are principally persons who do business in Cincinnati. Dayton, Ky., is composed of what were two villages, Brooklyn and Jamestown, which in 1867 were consolidated. Its population is about 8,000. It is three miles from Fountain Square. Mt. Healthy, often called Mt. Pleasant, is on the Hamilton Pike, ten miles from Fountain Square, and has a population of 1,799. Mt. Lookout is an attractive suburb, four miles northeast from Fountain Square. It is the location of the observatory of the university. Mt. Washington has 984 population and was annexed in 190. It lies northeast from Cincinnati, and is on the Little Miami. Price Hill lies to the westward and overlooks the Ohio river. The situation is of great beauty and the town contains many fine residences.