(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 200 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE and eccentric as he was sometimes. His position as a lawyer affording him great facilities, he became mostly engaged in property speculations, and eventually became by far the largest real estate holder in this city and in the Western country, and the richest man. He was, in a sense, the Crcesus of the West, for his wealth increased and increased so much in the great growth of Cincinnati that he hardly knew what to do with it, and certainly did not know all he owned. . . . For a rich man, though peculiar, particular and eccentric, he was a good and clever man, in both the American and English sense." Mr. Longworth was reputed to have died worth twelve millions. He was the father of Joseph Longworth, of the court of common pleas, who has had a long and honorable career as a lawyer and judge in Hamilton County. Lawyers of 1819 —Farnsworth's Directory of Cincinnati, published in 1819, gave the following list of' active attorneys at that date who were practicing at the Cincinnati bar : Thomas Clark, David Shepherd, William Corry, Elisha Hotchkiss, Samuel Q. Richardson, James W. Gazlay, Chauncey Whittlesey, Richard S. Wheatley, Joseph F. Benham, David Wade, Hugh McDougal, Nathan Guilford, Wm. M. Worthington, Francis A. Blake, Nathan Wright, Nicholas Longworth, Samuel Todd, Nathaniel G. Pendleton, Benjamin M. Piatt, David K. Este, Thomas P. Eskridge, John Lee Williams, Stephen Sedgwick, Daniel Roe, Bellamy Storer, Judge Burnet, Wm. Henry Harrison. William Corry was accounted a fine lawyer and was elected the first mayor of the village of Cincinnati, remaining in the office until the village became a city. He was the father of the Hon. William M. Corry, who was an attorney of brilliant talents and a fine orator. Mr. Benham was one of the most striking figures at the early bar in Cincinnati. He was the father of Mrs. George D. Prentice. "He was an orator, and few men were more imperial in power and manner." He was cut down while yet in the prime of his best manhood. Benjamin F. Powers, brother of Hiram Powers, the sculptor, began law practice in Cincinnati hopefully, but was soon diverted into journalism as a co-proprietor and principal editor of the "Liberty Hall" and Cincinnati "Gazette," winning far more distinction from his connection with the press than with the bar. In looking over the records of the bar, names such as these appear frequently : William Greene, E. D. Mansfield, Benjamin Drake, Judge Chase, Judge Walker, Hawes & Strait, John M. Goodenow, the Wrights, father and sons, James H. Perkins, all long since snatched from earth's shining circle, with but a memory of their careers left. A former history of this city has the subjoined concerning Salmon P. Chase, and it should be reproduced in this chapter : In the spring of 1830 young Salmon P. Chase made his advent in COURTS AND LAWYERS - 201 Cincinnati, from Washington, where he had kept a classical school for boys. He began a profitable practice at once, and by and by published his edition of the statutes of Ohio, which gave him wide repute and brought him a large practice. In 1834 he became solicitor of the Branch Bank of the United States, and soon after of another city bank, which proved to be lucrative connections. In 1837 he added materially to his fame by his eloquent and able defense of a colored woman, claimed as a slave under the Fugitive law of 1793. The same year he made a famous argument in behalf of James G. Birney, editor of the "Philanthropist," for harboring a runaway slave. His strong anti-slavery bent early took him into politics, and his subsequent career as Governor, United States Senator, secretary of the treasury and chief justice of the Federal Supreme Court is well known to the world. Chase was in Lincoln's cabinet during the Civil War period and was a strong financial adviser in those dark days, and to him the people owe very much. Lawyers whose names should, above others, be mentioned in this work, include these : Joseph Cox, the son of one of Cincinnati's pioneer physicians, Hiram Cox, was born in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1822, coming to this city with his parents when he was eight years of age. After being excellently educated in law, he entered upon his professional career in Cincinnati, enjoying a rapid rise to success. He was for fifteen years judge of the common pleas court, and for fourteen years judge of the First Judicial circuit of Ohio. He was married, in 1848, to Mary A. Curtis, a Virginian by birth, and the union was blessed by four sons and two daughters. After a long and useful life, during which he won the esteem and respect of his fellow men, Judge Cox died October 13, 1900. George H. Pendleton, or "Gentleman George," as he was popularly known, was the son of Nathaniel Greene Pendleton, and grandson of Nathaniel Pendleton, both of whom were among the foremost men of the country during the times in which they lived. The last named was prominent in political life in Virginia, and held public office for over fifty years dating from 1752. Nathaniel Greene Pendleton, the father of George H , numbered the great men of the nation among his friends, and he was Alexander Hamilton's second in the unfortunate duel which took place between him and Aaron Burr. George Pendleton's maternal grandfather was Jesse Hunt, one of the pioneers of Cincinnati, and the man who gave to the city the site for the courthouse. George H. Pendleton was born July 19, 1825, in Cincinnati, and began the practice of law at the age of twenty-one years in the city of his birth. But the call of politics was too strong upon him, and he entered public life in 1853 never again to return to his professional career. In that year he was elected to the Senate. In 1857. he was elected to Congress as the representative 202 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE from Hamilton County, and continued in this office until 1865. When General William B. McClellan was nominated by the Democrats for the Presidency, Pendleton was nominated as Vice-President on the same ticket, and four years later he narrowly missed the nomination for the Presidency, being defeated at the last moment by a few votes. His next public office was that of United States Senator from Ohio, which office he held from 1878 to 1884, and at the conclusion of his term he was appointed United States minister to Germany. He died in Brussels, Belgium, in 1885, one of the most popular statesmen of all times. Alphonso Taft, until the time of his death, on May 28, 1891, one of the prominent members of the Cincinnati bar and bench, was born at Townsend, Vermont, November 5, 181o. Until he was sixteen years of age he lived upon his father's farm, teaching schools in the winter months, until he had sufficient money to pay for a course at Amherst Academy. Having completed this course, he entered Yale College. He was nineteen when he was matriculated, and was graduated in 1833 with high honors. But deciding to take up the study of law, he continued in the law department of Yale, serving as a tutor to defray his expenses. In 1839 he came to Cincinnati and began the practice of law in which he was eminently successful. He was identified with the development of the railroad system of Cincinnati, was for years a director of the Little Miami Railway, was one of the incorporators of the Ohio & Mississippi, and one of the first directors of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad. He was an advocate of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, and as a judge of the Superior Court sustained the constitutionality of the act authorizing the city to expend the first $10,000,000 in construction of the road. He was a trustee of this road from 1875 until 1876, when he entered the United States cabinet as Secretary of War. In 1865 he was appointed to the Superior Court of Cincinnati, and was elected to the office the following term. He was candidate for nomination of Governor in 1875 and in 1879. William Howard Taft was born in Cincinnati, September 15, 1857. He has been so prominently in the public eye for the major part of his life, that it is unnecessary to make further mention of his activities than to give a mere outline of the important offices which he has held during his life. He is the son of the Hon. Alphonso and Louise M. (Torrey) Taft. He received his elementary education in the public schools of Cincinnati, and in 1878 was graduated from Yale, being salutatorian and class orator, as he had finished second in his class of 120. Two years later he was graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and during the time he was in attendance at this institution he studied law in the office of his father. Admitted to the bar in 1880, for one year he held the position as law reporter of the "Cincinnati Commercial," giving up this work when he was appointed by Miller Outcalt as assistant prosecuting attorney of Hamilton County. In 1882, President Arthur appointed him to COURTS AND LAWYERS - 203 the position of collector of the internal revenue for the first district of Ohio. In the following year, however, he resigned this position to take up the practice of his profession in partnership with Major Harlan Page Lloyd, under the firm name of Lloyd & Taft. But his services were too much in demand in public life, and he gave up this practice in 1887 when Governor Foraker nominated him as Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati to fill the vacancy occasioned by Judge Harmon's resignation. When this partial term ran out, he was elected for the full term to the position. But he was destined never to complete this term, for in 1890 President Harrison appointed him solicitor general of the United States. Other lawyers who had a good standing in Cincinnati in the last half of the last century include these : The Anderson brothers, Charles T. Telford, of whom it was written "in no way a common person." He was an instructor in the Cincinnati College in 1835, but later became a law partner of W. S. Groesbeck ; he died in middle age. Others of about his time were William W. Fosdick, Adam Hodge, Peter Zinn, once a partner of Charles H. Brough and with Judge Alexander Paddack ; was a major in the 55th Ohio Regiment during the Civil War and took part in what was styled the "Siege of Cincinnati." After an operation he died of lock-jaw. The Hon. Rufus King, of New York, is well known in American history as a distinguished minister of the United States Government at the Court of St. James, a United States Senator, and candidate of the Federal party for the Presidency in 1804, 1808 and 1816. Edward King, his fourth son, was born at Albany, March 13, 1795, and came to Ohio twenty years afterward, making his home first in Chillicothe, then the capital of the State. He had followed his graduation at Columbia College with a course at the celebrated Litchfield Law School, was admitted to practice the year after his removal to Ohio, and by his talents and popular qualities soon acquired a large practice. At Chillicothe he married Sarah, the second daughter of Governor Thomas Worthington. Returning to Cincinnati in 1831, he practiced here with eminent success until his death, February 6, 1836. He was one of the founders of the Cincinnati Law School. He served four times in the Ohio Legislature from Chillicothe, two terms as speaker. His son, Rufus King, became an eminent member of the bar here and did good service in educational and other lines. Allen Latham, a native of New Hampshire, came to Cincinnati in 1854, and practiced law until his death in 1871, then being seventy-eight years old. In an account of the members of the Cincinnati bar, published in 1881, appeared this notice concerning Rutherford B. Hayes : "Hayes was a young legal immigrant of 1849. He became partner with Richard M. Corwine, forming the firm of Corwine & Hayes, to which William D. Rogers was presently added, the partnership then becoming Corwine, 204 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE Hayes & Rogers. The firm soon commanded a large business. Hayes became prosecuting attorney, went to the War of the Rebellion as a major, was elected to represent the second district in Congress while still in the field, and subsequently Governor for three terms and later President of the United States. His great case here was that of Nancy Farrar, the poisoner, in whose defense he labored with great assiduity and ability, and finally with success." Charles D. Coffin came to this city about 1842, and remained until his death, which occurred when he was aged seventy-six. He served as judge of both the old and new Superior courts of Cincinnati. Donn Piatt, the eccentric Washington editor, a member of the famous Piatt family of Cincinnati and the Miami Valley, was a lawyer here many years ago. After the resignation of Judge Robert Windom from the bench of the common pleas, Piatt was appointed by the Governor to the vacant place. His professional brethren thereupon said of him that, as he knew nothing of law, he would go to the bench without any legal prejudices. Judge Carter, however, testifies that he was a good lawyer and made a good judge. The limitations of this chapter and book itself compel us to deal almost exclusively with the past ; but we must spare sufficient space in this connection to give this remarkable incident given on attorney George E. Pugh, by Judge Carter in his notes on the Cincinnati bar, more than a third of a century ago : On one occasion he was all alone, engaged in the defense of a celebrated case involving a great part of the Elmore Williams estate; and on the plaintiff's side, against him, were those two distinguished lawyers, Thomas Ewing and Henry Stanberry. The long table before the bench was filled with a hundred law books, placed there by the plaintiff's lawyers; and from them, taking each one up and reading, Mr. Stanberry cited his cases, and occupied several hours in so doing. Mr. Pugh replied to Mr. Stan-berry, and, without brief or notes, or taking up or reading from a single law book, he cited from his own memory all that Mr. Stanberry had quoted, and then, in addition, cited more than thirty different law books—cases, principles, and points, and names of cases, and pages of books, where they were to be found on his own side of the case, without a single instance using books, notes, or briefs. It was truly a most unique and remarkable mental performance; and after he got through the presiding judge of the court called Mr. Pugh to him to the bench and asked him "how in the world he did it." Pugh modestly replied: "Oh, for these matters I always trust to my memory; and while that serves me, I want no books nor briefs before me." What a valuable memory! By it, too, Pugh won his case, as he did many others. Forty-five years ago the Cincinnati bar had a membership of six hundred lawyers in active practice. The list, of course is all too lengthy to appear here. Among them are many men of National reputation. In closing the chapters of his well compiled account of the Cincinnati bar, Judge Carter, in 1881, gives the following paragraphs worthy of a place in this volume : COURTS AND LAWYERS - 205 It has furnished two Presidents of the United States—Harrison and Hayes. It has furnished two justices of the supreme court of the United States—McLean and Chase—and one of them Chief Justice. It has furnished two attorney generals of the United States—Stanberry and Taft. It has furnished Burnet, Hayward, Wright, Goodenow, Read, Caldwell, Warden, Gholson, Okey, and Wright, as supreme judges of our own State, and quite a great number of the judges of our own numerous courts at home. It would make a big catalogue to name them. It has furnished, I believe, one judge of the superior court of the city of New York, even. It has furnished two Secretaries of the Treasury of the United States—Corwin and Chase. It has furnished several governors of our State—Corwin, Bebb, Dennison, Brough, Hayes, Anderson, and Young. It has furnished several United States Senators, and any quantity of congressmen, and legislators innumerable. We have had, too, from our bar, divers ministers and consuls abroad; and we have now a minister at the court of France. Since the above was written Cincinnati bar has furnished a third President for the United States—William Howard Taft, now of the United States Supreme Court. Many of the present day attorneys have furnished biographical sketches and these will be found in the biographical section of this work —see index. At present (1926) there are over one thousand lawyers in practice in Cincinnati. CHAPTER XIV. PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES. In the settlement of every new country there are always men and women of intellectual and daring spirit, both in and outside the various professions, and especially has this been true in the medical fraternity. Who, of the older generation, does not well recall the "old family doctor" who came on with about the first pioneer band to seek a home and to build up a medical practice in an untried country, where all appeared to be a "green glad solitude." First the cabin-builder, then came the land seekers, the mill builders, the country store, the school teacher, and the traveling preacher and the doctor. These all have found their place in new countries. Many of the doctors in the first settlements were men of excellent education, men who were capable of holding various public offices as well as practicing medicine, and are frequently called upon to do so. As all round community builders these physicians of the past generations were of untold service to the county, and State, and in many instances they were poorly remunerated for the invaluable services they rendered. From out the medical profession in Hamilton County and the city of Cincinnati have been selected numerous town, city, county and State officers, who have aided in the establishment of good local governments which ought to be appreciated by the present day population. Indeed many of these physicians have "builded better than they knew." The First Physicians of Cincinnati —The first settlement of what is now Cincinnati was December 28, 1788. The town site owners gave away lots to many of the settlers who agreed to cultivate the soil and build a house. Among the first eighty settlers who thus became landowners in Cincinnati, was a physician, Dr. John Hole, who can therefore be considered the father of the local medical profession here. He was counted among the first settlers in 1789. He was a native of Virginia, born 1754 and responded to the first call for troops, when the Colonies' struggle commenced. He was commissioned a surgeon's mate in the Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion, commanded by Colonel Robert McGraw, of Carlisle, and continued in active service until the end of the war. He fought at Bunker Hill and was present when Washington assumed command of the army. Dr. Hole served on the staff of General Montgomery and was at the battle of Quebec. After the war he settled in New Jersey and in 1789 came to Cincinnati and began to practice his profession. He introduced cow-pox inoculation in Cincinnati. That this pioneer physician had, just like his successors, his troubles in collecting outstanding accounts, appears from an advertisement in the "Sentinel of the North- PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 207 west Territory," wherein he announces that he will no longer grant indulgence to anyone owing him money. In 1797 he bought 1,440 acres of land on Silver Creek, Washington Township, paying for the same with Revolutionary warrants ; built a cabin there and to it removed his family to what was then a wilderness. By church faith he was a Baptist and he was the first person immersed in Silver Creek, the name of which was changed in honor of him to "Hole's Creek." Doctor Drake was of the opinion that he was not a very well educated man nor stood high in social ranks, but that his long experience in the army certainly indicated that he had come to be a good practitioner in both surgery and medicine. Besides attending to his big medical practice, he also found time to oversee his saw-mills and to look after various other business undertakings. At the outset of the War of 1812 he was tendered a position on the medical staff of the army, but on account of failing health he was forced to decline the position. Dr. Hole passed from earth's shining circle January 6, 1813, but some declare he died a few years prior to that. The next year after the settlement was effected came two other physicians, one of whom was Dr. William Burnet, an older brother of Judge David Burnet, who was for many years a prominent lawyer and wide-awake citizen of Cincinnati. William Burnet was born in New Jersey, a graduate of Princeton. He was a man of fine classical learning, but not a graduate of medicine. He served in the Revolutionary War as surgeon's mate and came to Cincinnati in 1789, bringing with him his books and medicine chest. He divided his time between Cincinnati and North Bend, where his friend, John Cleves Symmes, resided. He it was who founded the first Masonic Lodge in Cincinnati, obtaining the charter from the Grand Lodge of New Jersey. After residing in Cincinnati two years he returned to New Jersey and died there near Newark. When he came West he brought with him Calvin Morell, a brother Mason, who also came from New Jersey. Dr. Morell did not remain long, but joined the Shakers, and later died near Lebanon, Ohio. Dr. Peter Smith, who preached the Gospel and practiced medicine near Cincinnati, from 1794 to 1804, was among the pioneer band of physicians. The earliest mid-wife in these parts was Mrs. McKnight, and her first case—an interesting event—was within an humble log cabin on Vine Street, opposite where later was erected the Burnet House. In 1792 Dr. Robert McClure, a Pennsylvanian, opened an office on Sycamore Street, between Third and Fourth. It has been stated that his good wife's popularity in this community made up for any lack of her husband's skill as a medical man. He left for his native State in 1801. The "Sentinel" of those days contained an advertisement of "fine 208 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE bitters prepared by Dr. McClure." One later issue asks the return of empty bottles and for the settlement of outstanding accounts. Dr. John Cranmer, born in Pittsburgh, practiced in Cincinnati from 1798 to 1832 when he died. Dr. John Adams, of Massachusetts, remained in Cincinnati for a short period and returned to the East. Fort Washington was established in 1789 and demolished in 1808. The medical officers of the troops stationed there did not confine their practice to soldiers, but often gratuitously attended the sick of the village and supplied them with medicines from the hospital chests. The surgeons of Fort Washington are therefore closely identified with the early medical history of Cincinnati. Two of them, Richard Allison and John Sellman, remained here after they left the army, and rose to eminence. The surgeons of Fort Washington, according to Drake, were : Richard Allison, born in Goshen, New York, in 1757. He was not a graduate, but had served as surgeon's mate. He reentered the army and acted in the capacity of surgeon-general. He was with Generals Harmar and St. Clair as well as with General Wayne. In 1799 he moved from Peach Grove (Fourth and Lawrence streets) to a farm on the Little Miami. In 1805 he returned to Cincinnati and kept an office at the southwest corner of Fourth and Sycamore streets. In 1816 he died, aged fifty-nine years. He was buried in Wesleyan Cemetery, Cumminsville, and his monument contained these significant words : "He was an ornament to his profession, a liberal benefactor to the poor and a tender parent to the orphan. In his bounty the distressed found relief and in his generosity unfortunate merit obtained refuge : Weed his grave clean, ye men of genius, for he was your kinsman ; tread lightly on his ashes, ye men of feeling, for he was your brother." Dr. Sellman, born in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1764, became a surgeon's mate in the army and arrived at Fort Washington with General Wayne in 1793. A year later he resigned and opened an office on Front Street, Cincinnati. He practiced until released by death in 1827. Dr. John Carmichael, of New Jersey, another surgeon's mate, arrived at Fort Washington, 1789, and remained until he resigned in 1802. After the government purchased the Louisiana Tract, he located in the South, became a cotton planter and acquired great wealth. He lived to an advanced age. Dr. Joseph Phillips was born in New Jersey, in 1766, came to Fort Washington in 1793 as surgeon's mate, returned East in 1795, retired in 1802 with the rank of surgeon. He died in 1846. Doctor Drake, in his work, refers to him as a physician of great skill and a gentleman of culture. He was a close friend to William Henry Harrison, afterwards President of the United States. Other doctors who had been attached to the army during the Revolu- PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 209 tionary War were Drs. John Eliott, of New York State, and Joseph Strong, of Connecticut, born in 1769, a graduate of Yale College. The latter was a man of culture, a writer of both prose and poetry, as well as a high-minded devotee of medicine. Among the officers at Fort Washington was ensign William H. Harrison, born in Virginia, 1773, who had attended medical lectures at the University of Virginia, also in Pennsylvania University. He entered the army as an officer of the line instead of the medical staff. Drake says General Harrison's medical knowledge enabled him frequently to afford relief to those who could not at the moment command the services of a physician, and also inspired him with an abiding interest in the progress of the profession. This he successfully displayed more than twenty-five years afterwards, when a member of the Senate of Ohio. The bill for establishing the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio met with much opposition, against which he exerted himself with great force. Harrison afterwards was the first president of the board of the Medical College of Ohio. His record as a statesman and as a soldier ("Old Tippecanoe") is a part of the history of his country. The above mentioned physicians were the only ones that arrived in Cincinnati before 1800. In the first year of the nineteenth century the medical profession of the city proper consisted of Drs. John Sellman, John Cranmer and William Goforth. In 1802 a fourth member was added to the profession, John Stites, of New York, born 1780, attended the University of Pennsylvania but did not graduate. He brought with him his medicines, books, especially the writings of Rush and his associates. Dr. Stites became a partner of Dr. Goforth for one year, then moved to Kentucky, where he died of tuberculosis in 1807. Just before the first decade in the nineteenth century ended, two more physicians arrived at Cincinnati, both coming in from Pennsylvania. Dr. John Bradburn (Blackburn), born in 1778, came here with a body of militia to ward off the Indian attacks. After two weeks the danger was passed and Blackburn was released and settled here. He came in 1805 and remained four years. He became a scientific farmer in Kentucky in 1809 and returned to Cincinnati, opening an office on Sycamore Street, above Third Street. He tired of the medical practice after three years, and for the remainder of his lifetime lived on a farm in Indiana, dying in 1835. Although not a graduate he was among the most scholarly of the early-day physicians. Dr. Ramsey, born in 1781, arrived here in 1808 and became a partner of Dr. Allison. The first of the early doctors in Cincinnati to die was Dr, Allison, in 1815. He was followed one year later by Dr. Goforth. Foreign Practitioners —As late as 1815 all Cincinnati physicians were native born Americans and educated here. The first foreigner to locate Cin.-14 210 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE at Cincinnati as a doctor of medicine was Dr. Wm. Mundhenk, who came from Germany in 1815 and remained two years and a few months. He retired to farm life in northern Ohio where he spent the remainder of his years. In 1819 Franz Oberdorf joined the local profession. He was born in 1776 in a village near Heidelberg. He began his medical studies in France and at the outbreak of the French Revolution he was appointed assistant surgeon and had ample opportunity to make up in a practical way what he lacked in theoretical knowledge. Later he became a regular surgeon in Napoleon's army, and accompanied him on many of his historic campaigns. After the great warrior was finally defeated Oberdorf quit the life of a soldier and emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore in 1816. In 1818 he visited Mexico, but while there fell in love with a young widow from Lancaster, Pennsylvania ; married her and located in Cincinnati where the young wife had relatives. Here he had many things to overcome. The American speaking doctors did not take kindly to him, but the common people seemed to be attracted toward him. The first years he had to teach French and German and music in order to get sufficient to live on. By the end of the first ten years practice he was indeed a very busy, much sought after doctor. His rough, blunt manners, yet his candid, honest way of talking to his patients and his acts of kindness to his suffering fellow men established him firmly in the hearts of the people. He practiced here thirty-seven years and after his wife died in 1844, he removed to Kentucky where he died in 1860. His son, born in Cincinnati, was also a doctor and a partner with his father. He died in 1880 in Kentucky. Both were fine surgeons. Dr. John Moorhead (sometimes spelled Morehead) was born in County Monaghan, Ireland, in 1784. He attended the University of Edinburgh, and after finishing his medical course, passed the examination for the medical service in the English army. Through the influence of his American students at Edinburgh, Moorhead was induced to come to America, which he did in 182o, locating at Cincinnati, where he had two brothers residing. Perhaps no better biographical account of this pioneer physician in Cincinnati can now be had than a personal reminiscence of an old Ohio student, published in the "Clinic" of 1873, at the date of Dr. Moorhead's death, a portion of which runs thus : "I first saw Dr. Moorhead forty-three years ago, and heard his course of lectures then upon the practice of medicine. Very well do I remember the first Monday in November, 183o. I then entered the Medical College of Ohio as a student. All the professors, that morning, at nine o'clock, were sitting around a long wide table. Commencing at one, paying fee and taking ticket, every student continued until he had made the entire line. To the best of my recollection, every professor that morning got about $600. I remember to have thought it quite a princely business, and looked upon those grave philosophers, as I took everyone to be, with PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 211 absolute awe, wondering if they had not descended from the Gods, to have attained such wonderful distinction. I stopped one of them on the street the next day, to beg of him a prescription to relieve a poor man in my neighborhood of a hemiplegia, and I had not a doubt but what a few cabalistic hieroglyphics of his, on a scrap of paper, would confer on me the power of making my poor friend whole—that he might leap, with recreated energy, and go on his way rejoicing. "And now the lectures began. With the exception of Cobb, each of them sat down on a chair and read his lecture straight along from one end to the other, when, saying 'good morning, gentlemen,' he left to make way for another. "Moorhead wore black buckskin boots, drawn on over his pantaloons, which were a black plush. I had no doubt that such boots were only for those in the highest walks of philosophy, and wondered if it were possible for any of his colleagues, or of the students before him, to even attain to so sublime a height as to be entitled to such boots as those. I had never seen any like them before, nor have I since. All the other professors trudged about on foot to their patients, if at any time they had any ; but Moorhead, who always had plenty of them, rode an old gray mare, heavy in foal. "Moorhead had his lectures written on small note paper, and carried the one selected for the day in a thick and rather greasy-looking pocketbook, which he would extract from his side pocket, after taking his seat, untie its fastenings, and, lifting sheet by sheet, read them as one might read a letter aloud at his own fireside. His brogue was terrible, and it was with the greatest difficulty that I could comprehend him. I believe a large majority of the class never tried. I never saw him make but one gesture. He was talking of salivation, and said : 'Some of your patients, hereafter, upon a morning visit, will' (and here he carried his forefinger and thumb to his upper right canine, and motioned, as if extracting it), reproachfully say, "See here, Doctor !" ' " "He had a large collection of pills, plasters and things, in an old frame building fronting the levee, and a brother, as I understood, who was a `surgeon,' and who was pretty generally on hand here, and who, I remember, prescribed 'searching cathartics,' so popular with his brother. I did not hear that he did any other surgery." (Dr. Robert Moorhead, who had been a surgeon in the British army, died in Cincinnati in 1845.) "Dr. Moorhead always said that he would prescribe for no one who did not have on a flannel' shirt. He, would prescribe for a roommate of mine until he got one, which was not an easy thing, in the absence of a subscription, for the poor fellow to do. "Doctor Moorhead got married, for the first time, during this winter, and, on the night of his wedding the students had a meeting and appointed an 'orator' to congratulate him next day, at his lecture hour. 212 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE Sure enough, next day, just as the doctor was taking his seat, at a pre-concerted signal, the whole class arose, as one man, when our orator, a very tall, gaunt man, with enormous porterhouse steak whiskers, as red as blazes, fired away, and in hot haste was up among the stars, and walking the milky-way as fearlessly as a conjurer dances on a tightrope. When he was through, we all sat down, and so did the doctor, and leisurely taking out his old leather pocketbook, he untied the string, took out a sheet and commenced reading, as if nothing in the world had happened. "When he went to see a patient, of whose financial rank he was ignorant, he no sooner entered the room than he asked, pencil and paper in hand : 'Who pays this bill ?' Moorhead had the habit of carrying his money, preferably silver, with him, tied up in a red bandana handkerchief." Moorhead was a man of ability, although lacking in brilliancy. He was a slow and pedantic lecturer, full of dignity and importance. In stature he was clumsy and ponderous. He was in no sense of the word a match for the wiry, agile, active, seductively eloquent and brilliant Drake. The latter loved a good chance for the display of his mettle. In 1826, when Samuel Thomson, the founder of the Thomsonian system, came to Cincinnati and made many converts to his new creed, Drake challenged him to a public debate. In 1828 the students of the Medical College of Ohio started a debating society and frequently asked invited guests to take part in the discussions. Drake was invited and simply electrified his audience by an extemporaneous address on medical education. He was at that time a bitter enemy of the Ohio faculty, and attended the students' meeting without any one of the professors knowing about it. In spite of the existing feud, he did not hesitate to invade the camp of the enemy and appear before the students of the hostile college. Moorhead was particularly bitter in his denunciation of Drake. Being a good, conscientious practitioner, he had many friends in Cincinnati who sided with him against Drake. The enmity of the two men lasted fully twenty years, and only ceased when Drake left Cincinnati for Louisville, in 1839, and had no more occasion to worry about his old antagonist who held the professorship of practice until 1849, when he, upon his father's death, permanently settled on his estate in Ireland, became Sir John Moorhead and led the life of a gentleman of wealth and leisure. Moorhead was made professor of practice in the Medical College of Ohio in 1825. He held this chair for six years, when he was transferred to the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. After nine sessions he again became professor of practice. He left in 1849 and he was followed in his chair by his old enemy, Daniel Drake. After a successful and eventful life Dr. Moorhead died in Ireland in 1873. He was one year older than his antagonist Dr. Drake. PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 213 In 1827 Dr. Frederich Bunte, a learned German physician came to the city fresh from the University of Wurzburg. He remained here a few years and took up teaching, but later drifted to Brookville, Indiana. Another early German physician was Dr. Theodor A. Tellkampf, whose brother became an eminent lawyer of national fame. Cincinnati has had many German physicians who wielded a vast influence in the community. Some of these men studied medicine in Europe while others obtained their knowledge in this country. Without entering into the details of the biographies of these German physicians who have from the early days successfully practiced in Cincinnati, it is but just to recall at least their names in this connection. Jacob Conrad Homburg, born in Germany in 1798, while studying, was watched by government detectives on account of his liberal views. To avoid arrest he made his escape and continued his studies in Switzerland, graduating in 1824 and went direct to America. For a few years he practiced in Cincinnati, locating in Indianapolis in 1840 and there rose to a man of great prominence as a physician. He died in 1841. Dr. M. W. Paul, born in Germany in 1807, first studied for a priest, but later changed and became a doctor, graduating from medicine at Bonn ; coming to Cincinnati in 1834, but on account of not knowing our language could not get a foot hold and had to work as a day laborer in order to not starve. He worked in a rope factory in Covington for a while. He was introduced one day by his foreman to Dr. Schneider, of Cincinnati. who took great interest in the young German who ere long built up a fine medical practice in the community. He was a fine classical scholar and an accomplished musician. He died of apoplexy in 1847. Other German physicians who "made good," as we say today, as physicians in Cincinnati, included Dr. Frederich Roelker, born in 1809, came to Cincinnati in 1835 and graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in 1841. In 1867 he was appointed professor of pathology in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. He died in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1883. Dr. D. S. Gans came to America in 1835 and practiced medicine in Dayton, New Orleans and Havana, Cuba, finally settling in Cincinnati where he died in 1863. Dr. Joseph S. Unzicker, born in Germany in 1813, when a small boy came to America. At the age of sixteen he came to Cincinnati to become an apothecary, and later took up the study of medicine. He graduated from the Medical College of Ohio in 1839 and soon ranked well among other physicians of the young city. He died in 1876, having practiced for thirty-two years. Dr. Carl August Schneider, born in Palatinate in 1804, received his medical degree in Heidelberg in 1828, came to this country in 1832 and settled in Cincinnati, having made the romantic trip down the Ohio River 214 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE in a flat-boat. For forty years Schneider practiced medicine in this city and had a very large German clientele. He retired in 1878 and spent the remainder of his days in his beautiful semi-rural home on Clifton Heights. He died aged ninety-two years. He was really a quaint and curious character. It is stated that the doctor never rode in a street car nor on a passenger train but once. Other physicians of the German stock were J. T. Frank, came in 1855, died 1887; Franz Anton Joseph Grewe, arrived 1839, graduated in 1849 from the Medical College of Ohio ; he died in 1881. Gustav Bruehl, born on the Rhine 1826, studied medicine in Berlin, emigrated to Cincinnati in 1848. He was among the most learned and successful doctors of the city ; he died in 1903. He was a great traveler, having seen most every portion of the globe. He spent many years in Central America investigating the remnants of prehistoric races. His book of travels profusely illustrated was a great publication, showing as it did the pictures of men and animals as well as natural scenery in every part he traveled over. Adolph Zipperlen, born in Germany in 1818, graduated in medicine in 1841. He came to this country in 1848 and began practice at Akron and Canal Dover, Ohio. In Civil War days he was appointed by Governor Todd as surgeon of the ro8th Regiment Ohio Volunteers. After the close of the war he settled in Cincinnati where he ever afterward practiced his chosen profession. He passed from earth in 1905. But above all, this physician won a place in history because of his love of animals and the interest he took for many years in the "Zoo" of this city. The savage beasts seemed to read his thoughts and would allow him to handle them and ever delighted with the gentle stroke of his hands, even the tiger and the leopard. Cyrus D. Fishburn, born in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, in 1832, was in reality a typical "Pennsylvania Dutchman." His grandfather fought under Washington. He had his struggles to gain an education on account of his people being very poor. But finally in 1854 he graduated in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania and practiced in Elizabethtown until 1856 when he went West to Detroit and Cleveland, arriving in Cincinnati in 1858 with a ten dollar bill in his pocket. Here he became the ideal German people's doctor and built himself up in a lucrative practice. He died in 1889. Dr. Thomas Hinde, an Englishman by birth, whose life reads like a romance, is considered the patriarch of the American profession. Dr. Hinde had a large following in the Miami Country although he preferred to reside in Newport, Kentucky, where he had a beautiful country home. According to Drake's account, Thomas Hinde was born in Oxfordshire, England, on the loth of July, 1737. After receiving a classical education he was sent to London to study physic and surgery. His principal tutor was Dr. Thomas Brooke, one of the physicians of St. Thomas' Hospital. PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 215 The practice of this physician was analyzed and the results published by his brother, Dr. Robert Brooke, in two volumes, which were popular books of reference a hundred years ago. In the year 1757, at the early age of twenty, Mr. Hinde had made such progress, that his master presented him to the Royal College of Surgeons for a license. Passing a satisfactory examination, he immediately afterwards received the commission of surgeon's mate in the navy and sailed for America with the forces under command of General Amherst. He landed at New York on the loth of June, 1757, and was afterwards during the same year, with the squadron at Louisburg. The following winter he spent at Halifax ; and in 1758 assisted in the reduction of Louisburg by Amherst. A new conquest was now meditated and our young surgeon proceeded with the celebrated General Wolfe in his memorable expedition against Quebec. It was his good fortune to be attached to the ship which bore the commander-in-chief where he had ample opportunities of seeing much of that distinguished man and observing his operations. His reminiscences of these events were among the most cherished of his life. Down to the day of his death he was accustomed to describe the General as "a tall robust person with fair complexion and sandy hair ; possessing a countenance calm, resolute, confident, and beaming with intelligence." Dr. Hinde was near the General at the moment of his fall, and when an aid exclaimed : "They run, they run," the doctor heard the expiring chief articulate the question : "Who run ?" He was answered : "The French, sir ; they are running away in all directions." "Then," said he, "I die contented," and, sinking into the arms of the officer who supported him, he expired. This celebrated death scene has often been painted, and in some of the pictures Dr. Hinde is represented as being present and feeling the pulse of the wounded general. Dr. Hinde remained in the service until 1763 when he was induced, by a relative, to come to the United States and locate in Virginia. Here he rose to great eminence. He became the friend and physician of Patrick Henry, of Samuel Davis, afterwards president of Princeton ; of Lord Dunmore, Colonial Governor of Virginia, and other prominent people. In 1776 he was serving the cause of his adopted country against his mother country. In 1797 Dr. Hinde located on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River and became a very popular physician. He died in 1829, rich in honor and in the fullness of his years. Dr. Daniel Drake —In giving a brief history of the medical profession in Cincinnati it is impossible to omit giving some small account, at least, of the life and work of Dr. Daniel Drake. He was one of the pioneers of the city, and did much toward spreading the news and giving to the world the advantages afforded here to other parts of the country. He 216 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE was born in Plainfield, New Jersey, October 20, 1785, and soon came to Kentucky with his parents. Deciding to become a physician he came to Cincinnati to study with Dr. William Goforth. He commenced his actual practice of medicine in 1807, and early became one of the distinguished figures of the county. He published a book known as "Picture of Cincinnati" in 1815, the same containing information about the early history of the city and the surrounding country, used as the very base and cornerstone for all other county histories written since. He was the founder of the Medical College of Cincinnati. He was closely connected in all the great public undertakings of the city where he lived and labored so long and which he loved so dearly. His death occurred November 6, 1852. Dr. Drake wrote thus of his beginnings : "My first assigned duties," he narrates, "were to read Quincy's dispensatory and grind quicksilver into unguentum mercuriale ; the latter of which, from previous practice on a Kentucky handmill, I found much the easier of the two. But few of you have seen the genuine, old doctor's shop of the last century, or regaled your olfactory nerves in the mingled odors which, like incense to the God of Physic, rose from brown paper bundles, bottles stopped with worm-eaten corks, and open jars of ointment, not a whit behind those of the apothecary in the days of Solomon ; yet such a place is very well for a student. However idle, he will he always absorbing a little medicine ; especially if he sleeps beneath the greasy counter. It was my allotted task to commit to memory Chesselden on the bones, and Innes on the muscles, without specimens of the former or plates of the latter ; and afterwards to meander the currents of the humoral pathology of Boerhaave and Vansweiten ; without having studied the chemistry of Chaptal, the physiology of Haller or the Materia Medica of Cullen." While thus busily engaged, he often wrote to his parents, telling them of his progress and prospects. From his letters it would appear that he seriously thought of returning home after finishing his course of study. With a happy anticipation he looked forward to the time when he could again live in the old home, practicing his profession and comforting his parents in their old age. His life, while in Cincinnati, was exemplary in every respect. Through Dr. Stites, a bright young physician who came from New York to Cincinnati, and in 1802 became Dr. Goforth's partner, Drake became acquainted with the writings of Benjamin Rush, whom his preceptor, Dr. Goforth, heartily despised. Drake studied the forbidden books and indirectly won Dr. Goforth over to the new teachings of Rush. Dr. Goforth thought so much of his talented pupil that in 1804, when Drake was hardly nineteen years of age, he made him a full-fledged partner. Drake now assumed his share in the hardships and responsibilities of practice. That the practice of medicine in those early days in Cincinnati PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 217 was not an unalloyed boon, would appear from Drake's graphic description of the hardships of practice in those early times : "Every physician was then a country practitioner, and often rode twelve or fifteen miles on bridle paths to some isolated cabin. Occasional rides of twenty and even thirty miles were performed on horseback, on roads which no kind of carriage could travel over. I recollect that my preceptor started early, on a freezing night, to visit a patient eleven miles in the country. The road was rough, the night dark, and the horse brought for him not (as he thought) gentle, whereupon he dismounted after he got out of the village, and putting the bridle into the hands of the messenger, reached his patient before day on foot. The ordinary charge was twenty-five cents a mile, one-half being deducted, and the other being paid in provender for his horse, or produce for his family. These pioneers, moreover, were their own bleeders and cuppers, and practiced dentistry, not less, certainly, than physic, charged a quarter of a dollar for extracting a tooth, with an understood deduction if two or more were drawn at the same time. In plugging teeth, tinfoil was used instead of gold leaf, and had the advantage of not showing so conspicuously. Still, further, for the first twelve or fifteen years, every physician was his own apothecary, and ordered little importations of cheap and inferior medicines by the dry goods merchants once a year, taking care to move in the matter long before they were needed." Dr. Goforth, in the summer of 1805, presented young Drake with a diploma, setting forth the young man's zeal and ability in the various branches of medical practice. The diploma and its duplicate are shown in the accompanying illustrations, which were made from the still existing originals. Dr. Goforth signed the diploma as "Surgeon General of the First Division of the Ohio Militia," a position which he really held, although the responsibilities of the task was by no means as great as the full-sounding title would lead us to believe. This diploma was the first ever conferred on a Cincinnati student and the first issued west of the Alleghanies on any student of medicine. Drake held this diploma in high esteem and practiced by its authority. The granting of it was prompted by Dr. Goforth's great confidence in Drake's ability and splendid character. Equipped with his diploma and lots of enthusiasm, but painfully little money, Drake started for Philadelphia, arriving there November 9, 1805, after an irksome and tedious journey. His trip to and stay in Philadelphia were of incalculable benefit to him. Dr. Drake was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, and his monument bears this inscription : "Sacred to the memory of Daniel Drake, a learned and distinguished physician, an able and philosophic writer, an eminent teacher of the medical art, a citizen of exemplary virtue and public spirit, a man rarely equalled in all the gentler qualities which adorn social and domestic life. 218 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE His fame is indelibly written in the records of his country. His good deeds, impressed on beneficent public institutions, endure forever. He lived in the fear of God and died in the hope of salvation. "He who rests here was an early inhabitant and untiring friend of the City of Cincinnati with whose prosperity his fame was inseparably connected." In 1819 Cincinnati numbered twenty-two physicians and the list of their names, as published in the directory of that year, is as follows : Drs. John Selman, Daniel Drake, John Cranmer, Coleman Rogers, Daniel Dyer, William Barnes, Oliver B. Baldwin, Thomas Morehead, Daniel Slayback, John A. Hallam, Josiah Whitman, Samuel Ramsay, Isaac Hough, Edward Y. Kemper, John Douglass, Ithiel Smead, John Woolley, Trueman Bishop, Ebenezer H. Pierson, Jonathan Easton, Charles V. Barbour, and Vincent C. Marshall. These men's names appear frequently outside of their professional duties in this city in the earlier years of the place, for be it remembered that they were about the only persons possessed of good education, hence it was but logical that they should be called upon to hold places and offices of public trust. In 1825 there were twenty-six, only ten of whom (the first ten named below) were here in 1819: "John Selman, Lic., John Cranmer, Wm. Barnes, Josiah Whitman, Saml. Ramsay, Lic., Isaac Hough, John Woolley, Trueman Bishop, Ebenezer H. Pierson, Lic., Vincent C. Marshall, John E. Bush, Lic., Jedediah Cobb, Addison Dashiell, George W. Dashiell, Oliver Fairchild, Lic., Lorenzo Lawrence, Jas. M. Ludlum, John Moorhead, Saml. Nixon, Geo. T. Ratrie, Abel Slayback, Lic., Jesse Smith, Ed. H. Stall, Michael Wolf, Guy W. Wright, Danl. P. Robbins." (Directory of 1825.) Edward Mead was a native of England, but came to this country at an early age. He took up his residence in Columbus, Ohio, where he began to study medicine under the direction of the distinguished Robert Thompson, whose name has been mentioned in connection with the early struggles of the Medical College of Ohio. Mead finally matriculated at the Medical College of Ohio and graduated in 1841. He moved to Chicago where he had charge of an asylum for the insane and lectured in the Medical Department of Illinois College. In 1851 he returned to Cincinnati to assume the chair of obstetrics in the newly founded Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. During the second term he lectured on mental diseases and medical jurisprudence. He started the "American Psychological Journal" in 1853 and issued five numbers of it. It bears eloquent testimony to his ability and erudition. He resigned at the end of the second winter term, thoroughly convinced that medical teaching is not always an unalloyed boon. Mead was a man of high ideals in medicine. This probably accounts for some of his troubles during his association with A. H. Barker. He remained in Cincinnati until 1869. PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 219 He conducted a sanitarium ("Retreat for the Insane") beyond College Hill and later on in S. Mt. Auburn. He moved to Boston and devoted his time to practice and literary work. While on a vacation trip in 1893, the steamer was wrecked in the Azores and he was drowned. Mead was the author of the report on medical education published by the Illinois State Convention in 1844, and contributed to the report on preliminary education adopted by the National Medical Convention which met in New York in 1846. A significant utterance occurred in his farewell address to the students of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery : "Quacks may vaunt—they may increase and multiply upon the face of the earth. Colleges may vacillate—become iniquitous, engender dissent, pander to prejudice, feed vanity, seek pelf ; but the true science of medicine stands forth in its spotless purity, a beautiful superstructure, enduring as the rocky sea-girt isle that has through ages withstood the lashing billows of the foaming ocean in its maddened fury." Charles Woodward was born in Philadelphia, in 1803. He attended Princeton University, receiving the degree of A. B. in 1825, and matriculated as a student of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated in 1828 and began the practice of medicine in Cincinnati. He lived here until the time of his death in 1874. In 1857 he was elected president of the Ohio State Medical Society. For a short time he was the incumbent of the chair of physiology in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. Considering the quiet and comparatively uneventful life of a man like Charles Woodward who was naturally of a modest and retiring disposition, it is difficult to estimate the influence of his professional activity on the trend of medical affairs during his life. He gave tone, dignity and high respectability to medical practice and impersonated in all his dealings the type of the perfect professional gentleman. He was immensely popular in the profession and exercised a wholesome influence because of his tactful and conciliatory temperament. For many years he commanded what was considered the largest general practice in Cincinnati. P. S. Conner spoke of Charles Woodward as the best type of physician in Cincinnati. Marmaduke Burr Wright, M. D., was sketched as follows, in 1879, by Dr. A. G. Drury, in a paper before the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine: He was born at Pemberton, New Jersey, November To, 1803, the son of Barzilla Wright and soon after his birth the family moved to Trenton, New Jersey. The education of young Wright began in the school at Lanesville, New Jersey, but was principally obtained at the Trenton Academy under the guidance of Dr. Elijah Slack, who was subsequently professor of chemistry in the Medical College of Ohio. When only sixteen years old he began the study of medicine with Dr. John McKelway of Trenton, a graduate of Edinburgh. Wright attended lectures three 220 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE sessions at the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania and graduated there in the spring of 1823. In 1822 his father moved to Columbus. Ohio, where he died in the spring of 1823. Dr. Wright began practice on the day he was twenty-one years of age. He was a man well fitted by nature to succeed, and soon acquired a practice. During the earlier years his taste ran to surgery. He joined early the local and State medical societies, and often held positions of honor in these. Dr. Wright was married, February 4, 1835, to Miss Mary L. Olmstead, daughter of Col. P. H. Olmstead, of Columbus. In 1838 Dr. Wright was made Professor of Materia Medica in the Medical College of Ohio in Cincinnati. His associates were Drs. Morehead, R. D. Mussey, J. P. Kirtland. In 1840 Dr. Morehead resigned the chair of obstetrics, and Dr. Wright was transferred to it. This position he held until 185o when dissention occurred in the Board of Trustees of the College and Dr. Wright, with others, was removed. In 1852 he went to Europe, where he spent some time visiting hospitals of England and France. He was a prolific writer and at different times contributed to the Medical journals and occasionally to the daily press. In 186o he was reappointed to the chair of Obstetrics, and retained it until 1868, when he retired on account of advancing age and failing health. After his resignation he was made Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics. On account of his position as a member of the faculty of the Medical College of Ohio, he was a member of the staff of the Commercial (now Cincinnati) Hospital. He was a member of its staff for more than thirty years. In 1876 he resigned this position. He was health officer of the city in 1861. For many years he was a member of the Ohio State Medical Society, and at one time its president. For many years he was a member of the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati, and its president in 1874. He was a member of the American Medical Association, corresponding member of the American Society of Physicians of Paris ; honorary member of the American Gynecological Society of the Cincinnati Obstetrical Society ; and of the Academy of Medicine. He was for many years Dean of the College, and Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics. For fifty-six years Dr. Wright was actively engaged in the practice and teaching of medicine. "After life's fitful fever he sleeps well." He died August 15, 1879. Dr. Charles S. Muscroft was born in Cincinnati August 17, 1852, a son of the celebrated Dr. C. S. Muscroft. Young Muscroft studied in the old Miami Medical College where he graduated with honors. Throughout his life he sacrificed much for the good of the general public. In 1878-79, during the yellow fever epidemic in Cincinnati he was quarantine physician and was one of the medical heroes of that period. In 1880 he became Cincinnati's first police surgeon, and the next year was elected coroner and his term was the busiest one of any in the history of the city, as it was during the flood and riot seasons, including the courthouse riot. PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 221 He next became surgeon of the Chesapeake & Northern Railway, the Big Four Railroad and the Cincinnati, Lebanon & Northern Railroad. He also became surgeon for the Cincinnati Street Railway Company, and the Suburban Telegraphic Association. During Governor Asa Bushnell's administration Dr. Muscroft was a member of the Board of Managers of the Ohio Penitentiary, and for fifteen years was on the surgical staff of St. Marys Hospital. He was indeed a many-sided man and very popular. Death claimed him in his home at Walnut Hill, Friday, September 14, 1923, heart disease being the immediate cause of his death. Dr. Samuel T. Allen, whose home was East Walnut Hills, died suddenly, January 14, 1925, of pneumonia. He was born in Glendale in 1864, attended Yale Scientific School and then Columbia College, from which he graduated. He married, in 1886, Harriet Collins, daughter of Judge Collins. He first practiced medicine at Delaware, Ohio. After a few years general practice he specialized in eye, ear, nose and throat. In preparing for his great work he attended clinics at Vienna, Berlin and London. For many years he was on the staff of the General Hospital, in Cincinnati, but resigned. He remained, however, on the staff of the Jewish hospitals and also lectured at the Presbyterian Hospital. He was health officer for his home city in 1908-10. He was an honored member of the Business Men's Club and the Literary Club. He died at the age of sixty years, a well known, highly respected medical man and excellent citizen. Dr. Charles Sumner Rockhill, nationally known physician and authority on tuberculosis, died March 10, 1925, at the Jewish Hospital, following an acute attack of heart disease. Dr. Rockhill, who was sixty-two years old, was considered a national authority on tuberculosis, in the study of which he had passed the greater part of his life. During the World War and the period following, Dr. Rockhill performed invaluable service among army men, giving up nearly every private case that he might devote his entire abilities in the restoration of tubercular soldiers. He was born in Lebanon, Ohio, February 13, 1863. Dr. Rockhill went through the high school and university of that city. He then attended what is now the Medical College of the University of Cincinnati, being graduated from the institution with honors. He was the founder of the Rockhill Sanitorium on Indian Hill, overlooking the Little Miami Valley. Dr. Rockhill was superintendent for five years at one time, of the Cincinnati Tuberculosis Sanitorium known as the City Branch Hospital, on Lick Run Road. The hospital is now operated by the county. He was a member of the American Medical Association, the Ohio State Medical Association, the National Tuberculosis Association, the Ohio State Sanitorium Association, of which he was president, and the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. Dr. A. G. Kreidler, widely known Cincinnati physician and former 222 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE editor of the "Lancet Clinic," a medical publication, died at his home, 936 York Street, March 10, 1925, of blood poisoning. He was sixty years old. Through his various connections with the medical publication and hospital staffs and as a medical lecturer Dr. Kreidler became widely known in the medical profession of the city, with which he was associated for more than thirty years. Born in Cincinnati February 1, 1865, early in life he became editor and publisher of a country newspaper, the "Pink," Muncie, Indiana, and later the "Muncie Populist." In 1890 he abandoned the newspaper field and took a course in medicine at the Louisville Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1892. He took a post-graduate course at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, and began the practice of medicine in the East End section of Cincinnati. Not long afterwards he transferred his office to the West End section of the city, where he practiced his profession for more than twenty-five years. In 1910 Dr. Kreidler entered the field of medical journalism as editor of the "Lancet Clinic." For twenty-five years he was a member of the staff of St. Francis Hospital. During the last seven years he was a lecturer at the Eclectic Medical College on physical diagnosis. Dr. Lawrence C. Carr, for many years listed among the leading physicians of Cincinnati, was born March 10, 1855, in Cincinnati. He died suddenly December 5, 1921, in a room at the Hotel Browne, Sixth and Elm streets, Cincinnati, due to heart disease, as stated by the coroner. The doctor attended the Ohio Medical College, now a part of the University of Cincinnati. He worked his way through college by acting as a reporter on the "Enquirer," graduating in 1878. Many years he had his office in the Berkshire Building. In the autumn of 1888, during the awful yellow fever epidemic which spread through Jacksonville, Florida, Dr. Carr was one of five physicians who volunteered their services to the government and the city officials of Jacksonville to check the disease. He remained there a number of years until his service was no longer needed, then returned to Cincinnati and resumed his practice. When a tug-boat came up the river with every member of the crew suffering from yellow fever he went into voluntary quarantine on the boat which was not permitted to land in Cincinnati, but he aided those on board until cured. Dr. Carr was appointed major during the War with Spain in 1898, being chief surgeon at San Diego. There he met General Pershing when he was yet but a captain in his rank. In the Philippine Islands the two men became fast friends. The doctor was a member of the Cincinnati Literary Club and was at one time its president. He was never married or never held public office. He was the last surviving member of one of the most prominent families in Cincinnati. His father was Colonel John Carr, who was killed at the battle of Perryville, in Kentucky, in 1862. At the request of the doctor his remains were cremated. Dr. Stephen Cooper Ayers, eye and ear specialist in Cincinnati, was PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 223 born in Troy, Ohio, June 5, 1840, graduated from. Miami University, Oxford, in 1861, just in time to enlist in the loth Regiment of Ohio Volunteers. On account of typhoid fever he was invalided home. During 1862-63 he attended the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, and during the latter portion of the Civil War served as assistant surgeon, having charge of the State Barracks Hospital at New Orleans. After the end of the conflict he returned to Cincinnati and studied under Dr. Elkanah Williams, with whom he formed, a partnership later. He served on the staff at St. Mary's Hospital, and taught in the Medical College of Ohio. He was an honored member of the Grand Army of the Republic. At the time of his death he was eighty-one years old. Dr. Louis Domhoff, aged fifty-six years, died on August 5, 1924, as the result of receiving an electric shock from a high tension wire that had fallen to the street in front of his home on Elmore Street. The accident occurred more than a year prior to his death. The doctor was a half brother of the late Charles H. Domhoff. He was a successful physician and was taken from the medical circles just in the prime of his manhood. Dr. William Henry Dunham, aged seventy-nine years, died at his home on Auburn Avenue after a short illness, on October 27, 1925. He came to Cincinnati to engage in medical practice forty-six years ago. The doctor was a member of the Academy of Medicine, Cincinnati, and the American Medical Association. He was graduated from the old Cincinnati Medical School in 188o, after which he engaged in practice at once in Cincinnati. He was born in Clairsville, Ohio. Dr. Leo J. Fogel, of Cincinnati, collapsed August 15, 1923, at the corner of Fifth and Walnut streets at nine o'clock at night and was removed to the General Hospital where he died of heart disease. The doctor had been in ill health for four years before he died and had retired from his active practice. He was a member of the Board of Education for many years. He had practiced medicine here in Cincinnati for fifty years. In the early nineties he was editor of the "Random Notes" department of the Cincinnati "Enquirer," hence well known to newspaper men. He had been district physician in his ward for fifteen years and during the World War was chairman of the local Draft Board No. 6. He counted his friends by the thousands and was greatly missed from many a home circle. Dr. Isaac F. Tunison, a widely known and highly esteemed physician of Cincinnati, passed from earth on December 7, 1925, after an illness of eight months. His funeral was held at Wesley Methodist Chapel and was conducted under the rites of the Methodist Church and the Knights Templar fraternity. The doctor had practiced his profession in Cincinnati for thirty-one years. He graduated from the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. He held many memberships in medical and fraternal societies. Prior to his entering the profession the doctor had 224 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE been manager and traveling salesman for a large map-publishing house. During the construction of the Panama Canal Dr. Tunison was appointed examining officer for the Cincinnati district, and passed on numbers of applicants who later assisted in building the canal. Both within and without the profession this member of the medical fraternity became very popular and his death was much mourned in the community. Dr. J. C. Cadwallader, a member of Bethesda Hospital staff, aged fifty-eight years, died in a Michigan hospital on August 16, 1923, as the result of cerebral hemorrhage. He had practiced medicine in Cincinnati for thirty years and by reason of his fine personality and skill as a physician he was highly esteemed both in and outside of his profession. Dr. Sigmar Stark, Cincinnati's noted specialist, died at a European watering place, at Carlsbad, on July 15, 1925, aged sixty-three years. He was the director of the gynecological service at the Jewish Hospital, also of the College of Medicine of the University of Cincinnati as well as a member of the staff at the General Hospital of the city. Dr. Stark was born in Lowenberg, Saxony, and came from Germany to Cincinnati as an infant with his parents. He attended Bellevue Medical Hospital in New York City. He then continued his studies at Dresden, Breslau, Berlin and Vienna. In 1887 he returned to Cincinnati to engage in general medical practice. In 1901 he discarded the general practice to specialize in gynecology, in which field he won a national reputation. He was affiliated with the General Hospital and the College of Medicine for about twenty years. He was a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a member of the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, of the American Medical Association, of the Cincinnati Gynecological Association and the Gynecological and Obstetrical Association. His was a busy life and the scientific work he investigated for his chosen field was appreciated by his fellow surgeons and doctors who will ever profit by his experiences. Dr. E. Gustav Zinke, Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics, Medical College University of Cincinnati, was found dead in bed at his winter home at Palm Beach, Florida, in 1922. It was stated by near friends that the doctor "died of grief." He mourned the loss of his wife who died six weeks in advance of himself. The end came January 16, 1922, probably caused by heart disease. He had been associated with the Medical College since 1876, a year following his graduation from the Medical College. He was born in Brandenburg, Germany, in 1846, and attended the public school until he was fourteen years of age. Later he joined the Prussian Navy, serving eight years, then came to the United States and began work on the farm. He taught school and in 1872 began the study of medicine. Two months before he was able to take out his citizenship papers he graduated from the Medical College of Ohio, now the University, and a year later became a member of the junior faculty of his alma mater. For forty years he was an instructor and in 1896 became PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 225 full professor of obstetrics. Dr. Zinke's professional attainments were repeatedly recognized by his professional brothers in bestowing upon him the highest honor of his calling. He was a member of many high grade societies and a worthy Fellow of the American College of Surgeons. In Kansas City he was a member of the largest medical society east of the Rocky Mountains. The doctor was cremated and burial was in Spring Grove Cemetery. "Peace to his ashes." Dr. John W. Murphy, noted Cincinnati eye specialist and one of the most celebrated medical men in America, died suddenly at his summer home on Pickerel Lake, Michigan, August 3, 1923. The doctor was sixty-seven years of age, and was seemingly in the best of robust health when he left on his summer vacation for the North. He was a graduate of the old Miami Medical College and his entire professional career was spent in Cincinnati. He specialized in the treatment of the eye diseases and soon rose to great eminence in that branch. He was a former president of the American Academy of Opthalmology and also president of the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. For twenty years he served on the staff of the General Hospital, specializing "in diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat" says one of his obituary writers. Dr. George A. Fackler, a noted practitioner and president of the Cincinnati Board of Health died in a private room at the General Hospital in Cincinnati March 26, 1923, due to a general organic breakdown. He lived in the Verona Apartments, Walnut Hills, and was survived by his wife only. The doctor was born in Cincinnati in 1861 and received his education in the public schools, graduating from Woodward High School at the age of seventeen. In the autumn of the same year he entered the Ohio Medical College from which he was graduated with the degree of M. D. three years later. He at once entered the practice of his profession, with his office on West Seventh Street. In 1893 he took a post-graduate course in London, England, and later in Strassburg, Germany. Upon returning to America he specialized in internal medicines. In 1885 he was appointed assistant in the chair of Materia Medica in the Ohio Medical College. He was also made professor in the Women's Medical College of Cincinnati, which institution has gone out of existence. He was one of the chief workers in the movement that finally resulted in the establishment of the independent Board of Health in 1909, and was appointed to a membership on that board. Later he became president of such board and was holding the position at the time of his death. He was elected president of Academy of Medicine, 1892, when only thirty-one years old. He also served as secretary of the American Medical Association and president of the Ohio State Medical Association. Dr. William Jordan Taylor, a noted physician and one of the first in the country to make use of the X-ray in treatment of cancer, died at his Cin.-15 226 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE home on Madison Road recently. This doctor was the son of Dr. W. H. Taylor, who practiced in Hamilton County so many years. Dr. William Jordon Taylor never fully recovered from an operation for a tumor, and he realized fully his condition several days before he was released by death. He was one of the original twelve members of the American Roentgen Ray Society and it was through his efforts and those of Dr. W. H. Crane, that a Roentgen ray department was installed in the General Hospital of Cincinnati. He was also known for the wonderful success he had in treating seven hundred cases of influenza in one year and not one died. Dr. Taylor was a graduate of Hughes High School, Harvard College and the University of Cincinnati Medical College. He was an active member of the University Club, the Cincinnati Country Club, Sons of the Revolution and the Academy of Science, besides the State and National societies. Three generations of this Taylor family have left their good records in Cincinnati and vicinity, and their lives were not spent in vain. Dr. William A. Gillespie, of Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, died at Bethesda Hospital in June, 1925. Dr. Gillespie was born in Rising Sun, Indiana, April 28, 1868, the son of Dr. William Gillespie, a prominent physician, also the grandson of Dr. Robert Gillespie, Master of Surgery in Edinburgh University, Scotland. The latter Gillespie came to the United States in 1819. Dr. William A. Gillespie graduated from the Ohio Medical College in 189o, and was a partner with his father a number of years. He came to Cincinnati to specialize in obstetrics in 1896. He progressed so well that in 1916 he was made professor in obstetrics at the Medical College of the University of Cincinnati. At the opening of the World War he volunteered in the Medical Corps of the United States Army, receiving the rank of major. In 1918 he was promoted to Lieutenant-colonel, with Base Hospital 25, located at Allier, France. The outfit was composed largely of men from Cincinnati and vicinity. When the conflict had ended Dr. Gillespie returned to Cincinnati and resumed his practice. He also was a member of the Loyal Legion. Dr. Edward W. Walker, eminent surgeon and president of the Board of Health for Cincinnati, died October 7, 1925, after a long illness at his home on Observatory Avenue. He was a son of Judge Timothy Walker, born in Cincinnati, September 3, 1853. He was an uncle of Hon. Nicholas Longworth, present Speaker of the House of United States Representatives. Dr. Walker was the product of the public schools of Cincinnati and Chickering Institute ; he received his A. B. degree from Harvard in 1874 and his Medical College degree from the Medical College of Ohio in 1877. He began his practice in 188o and soon established his fame as a surgeon. He became professor of surgery at the Ohio Miami Medical College, now a part of the University of Cincinnati. For many years Dr. Walker was on the staff of the Cincinnati General and the German PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 227 Deaconess Hospitals. He was a past president of the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine and held membership in the various State and National medical associations. His charming personality won for him the esteem of his colleagues. Dr. John C. Mackenzie, distinguished diagnostician, once professor at Miami and City Hospital superintendent, passed from earthly scenes on September 20, 1923, after an illness of only two days. He resided in East Walnut Hills. He had not been in active practice for nearly twenty years prior to his death. He was born in 1842 in Scotland, coming to Cincinnati when seven years old. He received his education at Herron's Academy, then a leading school of Cincinnati for boys. He was graduated from Ohio Medical College in 1865 and began practice in the following year with Dr. John A. Murphy, with whom he was in all, associated for twenty years. In 1873 he was elected professor of physiology at the old Miami Medical College, on Twelfth Street. He was secretary of the college faculty many years and in addition to his teaching duties he served as a physician at the City Hospital for almost twenty-five years. At the height of his professional career he became a martyr to his profession through an infection which eventually disqualified him for work and forced him to retire Dr. Mackenzie never married, but made his home with his brother Robert and sister Miss Lottie Mackenzie. He rests in Spring Grove Cemetery. He died at the age of eighty-one years. Dr. Byron Stanton, noted physician and surgeon and Civil War veteran, died December 23, 1923, aged eighty-nine years. He was the only medical man to ever hold the position of Commander of the Ohio Commandery of the Loyal Legion. His illness was brief. Dr. Stanton was born in Salem, Ohio, August 14, 1834, son of the late Dr. Benjamin Stanton and wife. He attended the public schools and the Friend's Academy of Salem, and for a short time followed civil engineering. He studied medicine eighteen months with his father and entered Miami Medical College, graduating in 1857. He began practice with his father at Salem in 1859. In October, 1861, he joined the ranks of the Union Army as assistant surgeon of the 1st Regiment, Ohio Light Artillery ; became surgeon, in 1863, of the 120th Ohio Volunteer Regiment. From May, 1865, on he was a prisoner of war for two months, and for four months acting surgeon of the 11th New York Regiment. In 1865 he was made assistant surgeon of the United States Volunteers and assigned to duty at the U. S. General Hospital at Cleveland. Later was sent to the Harper Hospital at Detroit. After the close of the war he was appointed superintendent of the Northern Ohio Lunatic Asylum at Cleveland, remaining four years. Since 1869 he practiced in Cincinnati. He was consulting obstetrician to Christ Hospital since 1889. He held numerous city offices, including that of health officer from 1886 to 1890; was also member of the State Board of Health. He had been twice married- 228 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE first in 1862 and the second time in 1866, both companions being deceased before his death. Dr. George Mantell Allen, aged seventy-four years, of Mt. Auburn, died Friday, March 3, 1922, due to a stroke of apoplexy. He had just returned from making three professional calls at the Christ Hospital when death claimed him. Dr. Allen was born at Oberlin, Ohio. He attended the public schools and graduated from Oberlin College. After leaving college he went to Cleveland, where he entered the employ of a wholesale drug company. Four years later he came to Cincinnati and entered the Miami Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1881. After one year as interne at the Cincinnati Hospital Dr. Allen took up active medical practice. He served many years as instructor in Chemistry at the Miami Medical College and was member of the board of directors of that college until its merger with the Medical College of Ohio. He was also obstetrician at Christ Hospital and a member of the staff of the Episcopal Hospital for Children. Dr. Violetta Gilman Shelton, born in Chicago, Illinois ; graduate registered nurse ; graduated from University of Cincinnati class 1922, with degrees of Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Medicine. She was associated with Dr. Samuel Iglauer two years and three months ; now specializing in the diseases of the ear, nose and throat and plastic surgery of the face, with offices in Groton Building, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr. Shelton is a member of the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine ; Cincinnati Medical Women's Association ; Ohio State Medical Society ; American Medical Association ; National Medical Women's Association ; Kappa Alpha Theta Fraternity ; Cincinnati Business and Professional Women's Club ; Cincinnati Women's City Club ; Covington Art Club ; and is a member of Immanuel Presbyterian Church, of Clifton, Cincinnati. Dr. Prescott Tallman Mitchell, deceased, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, March 17, 1894, son of Edwin Waterman Mitchell, born in 1854. The father is a physician and surgeon of much note in Cincinnati, a graduate of the Medical College of Ohio in 1882; professor of Materia Medica and therapeutics, Miami Medical College, 1894-99; professor of medicine, medical department of University of Cincinnati 1914-16; member medical staff of Cincinnati General Hospital 1914-18. His wife's maiden name was Annie Roe, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Roe. Prescott Tallman Mitchell, the son and of whom this sketch treats, was educated at the public schools of Cincinnati ; University of Cincinnati ; Mercersburg Academy pre-medical course, two years, University of Wisconsin. He graduated from the medical department of the University of Cincinnati, 1923 ; took the degree of B. S. from University of Cincinnati, 1922; was an interne at University Hospital, Chicago, 1923-24, after which he engaged in active medical practice with his father, from June 19, 1924, to April, 1926. He was an instructor in medicine in the PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 229 medical department of the University of Cincinnati in 1925. Was also assistant medical director of the Columbia Life Insurance Company, 1926. The date of his death, which was very sudden, was April 1, 1926. He had been in medical practice only two years when death claimed him. He gave every promise of a highly successful career. Dr. Mitchell enlisted in the hospital service of the United States Navy, June, 1917; served in hospital at the Great Lakes Training Station ; was assigned to transport "De Kalb" and made eight sea crossings, serving as pharmacist's mate. He was a member of Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, Ohio State Medical Association ; American Medical Association. Was affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church and in his personal traits was scholarly, deeply interested in literature, wrote with facility ; was a lover of his fellow men. He was married, in Covington, Kentucky, March 17, 1926, to Pauline Sailer. Dr. Alexander Greer Drury, of Cincinnati, who has kindly furnished the data for much of this chapter, including the biographies of many members of the medical fraternity of the long ago, as well as more recent years, has failed to give the author anything concerning his own long, eventful career, hence we have taken the liberty to draw from the pages of the well-known work entitled "Daniel Drake and His Followers," portions of the biography of Dr. Drury, the same having been written in 19o9. It should be understood that Dr. Drury did not write this chapter, but consented to supervise the work and furnish the historian with many sketches and histories from which we have compiled the chapter. Dr. Drury is the son of Rev. Asa Drury, and was born in Covington, Kentucky, February 3, 1844. After attending the public and high school of his native town, he entered Center College, Danville, Kentucky, in 1861 and took his baccalaureate degree in the arts in 1865. In 1865 he also began his medical studies in the Medical College of Ohio. After two courses of lectures he matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in 1868. After a year and a half in Europe he entered the general practice in Cincinnati. In 1878 he received the ad eundem degree from the Medical College of Ohio. In 19o1 he was appointed lecturer on hygiene in the latter institution, in 1906 professor of hygiene. From 1891 to 1900 he was professor of dermatology in the Laura Memorial Medical College and dermatologist to the Presbyterian Hospital. In 188o he was elected president of the Academy of Medicine. Otto Juettner, A. M., M. D., author of "Drake and His Followers," remarks : Drury, owing to his modesty and retiring disposition, has never given the profession a large chance to know much of the splendid work which he has done in gathering and preserving historical material pertaining to medicine in the Ohio Valley. If it had not been for him, a large portion of the historical records of medical schools and affairs 230 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE in Cincinnati would have been irreparably lost. Whittaker's well known "History of the Chair of Practice in the Medical College of Ohio" was largely Drury's work, inasmuch as he furnished the material contained in Whittaker's paper. Drury's erudition and scholarship have made him a useful and productive member of the American Folk Lore Society. He has written many short historical sketches pertaining to medicine, and quite a few biographies, most of which appeared in the medical journals. He is a master of the art of biography. He is accurate and concise and draws the lines of a sketch with a firm hand. "The Story of the Apple" and other productions attest to his splendid literary ability. A good sample of painstaking and critical literary labor is his "Dante—Physician." Drury's pure devotion to the subject of historical research was beautifully shown by the many fine descriptions furnished the author, some of which had appeared before in sundry other compilations, while many were from his original writings. The superiority of Dr. Drury's work, both as a medical man and excellent writer, seems admitted on every hand. He has now passed his four score years and resides in the city, where he has spent so much of his life, surrounded by a vast multitude of friends, all of whom have been enriched, in a measure, by his splendid career in their midst. Present Physicians —At present the city and medical directories show that Hamilton County and Cincinnati now have more than one thousand physicians and surgeons. Some have been residents but a short period while others have grown old in the duties devolving upon them as medical men of the great municipality. The biographical sketches of a goodly number appear in the biographical section of this publication but the list of all is by far too lengthy to undertake to mention even briefly. They are here in practice and for the most part are an honor to the schools from which they graduated. They are modern-day medical men of whom the world has seen none superior. Women in Medicine —The Cincinnati "Enquirer" of February, 1926. in an article of Medical Societies and Physicians of the city gave statements from Dr. Bachmeyer from which we are at liberty to quote freely. Regarding to women in medicine he said : America, beginning with the graduation of Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849, was the pioneer in medical education for women. In 185o, the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, was organized. The London School of Medicine for Women was opened in 1874, and on the continent, the Swiss universities granted them admission to medical courses in 1876. Women are admitted to medical colleges in the United States and Canada now upon the same terms as men. The Woman's Medical College of Cincinnati, founded in 1887, graduated its first class in 1888, and its last class in 1895, when it joined with the Presbyterian Hospital and Woman's Medical College to form the Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College. The Presbyterian Hospital and Woman's Medical College was founded in 1891 and graduated classes each year until 1895, when it amalgamated with the Woman's College. The Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College, organized in 1895, graduated stud- PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 231 ents from 1896 to 1903, inclusive, when it became extinct. Subsequent to the latter date women were admitted to the Ohio and the Miami Colleges, and after their amalgamation to the college of Medicine of the University of Cincinnati. At the present time there are fifteen women enrolled as students in the College of Medicine, five of whom will in all probability graduate this year. Women's opportunities in the field of medicine are the same as those of men. At the commencement exercises last June the university recognized the exceptional work of a woman physician when an honorary degree was conferred upon Dr. Gladys Dick, who, with her husband, Dr. George F. Dick, is responsible for the development of a positive method of immunizing against scarlet fever. Women may be found in every medical specialty, though more of them probably choose to restrict their practice to the diseases of children and women. Inasmuch as women are admitted to medical colleges upon the same basis as are men, it naturally follows that their preliminary preparation must be the same. Colleges of medicine now require that the students must have at least two years of college training following graduation from high school before they can enter upon their medical studies. These years, devoted to study of cultural subjects, should include primarily attention to such subjects as chemistry, physics, and biology. When admitted to the College of Medicine the woman student is required to participate in all class work. Following the work in college, one year of interneship is required before the degree of doctor of medicine is conferred and before a license to practice can be obtained from the state. The number of women who actually practice medicine is said to be much smaller than the number that graduate from medical colleges. This condition is in all probability entirely due to the fact that many marry, for woman's ability to practice the profession is no less than man's, and she has the same opportunities today that he has to achieve success. Medical Societies and Colleges —In 1819 there were two societies organized that showed the increasing interest in medical and sanitary affairs. One of these was the Cincinnati Medical Society, and this claimed Elijah Slack for its president, 0. P. Baldwin for vice-president, John Woolley for secretary, and William Barnes for treasurer. The other organization was the Humane Society, which was established for the purpose of rescuing drowning persons from the river. There were about three hundred members in this society and it was equipped with what was at that time considered to he a complete apparatus for use in resuscitation, consisting of three large boats with four sets of drags for each boat, and three houses on the river bank in which the boats were kept. In addition to this there was a movable bed which could be warmed, and a bellows with several nozzles which were found to be of some value in restoring respiration. Among the officers of this society were the two most prominent men of the city, Jacob Burnet and Daniel Drake, who acted in the capacity of first and second vice-president respectively. What was known as the First Medical Society of Ohio was formed in 1825. It was made up of physicians and surgeons residing in Hamilton and Clermont counties and organized according to the provisions made by the State Legislature. John Selman was president ; Samuel Ramsay, 232 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE vice-president ; Jesse Smith, secretary, and Ebenezer H. Pierson, treasurer. It was stated in the law that any person who attempted to practice medicine in the district and could not show that he was a member in good standing of the medical society, was liable to a fine, and was also prohibited from collecting any fee for his services. In order to increase the knowledge of medicine among the members of the society a medical library was immediately started to which the doctors could turn for reference and study. But ahead of this society was the "First District Medical Society" authorized by the Legislature February 8, 1812, and included Hamilton, Clermont, Butler, Warren and Clinton counties. It first met in June, 1813. The next established was the Cincinnati Medical Society in 1819, with Elijah Slack as president and of which mention has already been made. Another medical society was organized in 1831, known as the Cincinnati Medical Society, the third of the same name. This lasted until 1858 when most of the members united with the recently formed Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati. The officers of the medical society formed in 1831 were : President, Landon C. Rives ; first vice-president, John F. Henry ; second vice-president, Charles Woodward ; secretary, C. Hatch ; treasurer, John T. Shotwell ; librarian, J. S. Dodge. In 1832 the Ohio Medical Lyceum was founded, with its meeting place in the Medical College of Ohio building. In 1837 the Hamilton County Medical Association was organized and in 1850 the Hamilton County branch of the Ohio State Medical Society, neither of which were very long-lived. The Miami Medical Society, including the counties of Hamilton, Clermont, and Warren, was established in 1853 and on March 3, 1857, the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati was founded, the fourth of this name. Medical Colleges —The first attempt at medical instruction in Cincinnati was in the autumn of 1817, when Daniel Drake, M. D., and Dr. Coleman Rogers undertook to instruct students and the following year conducted a course of lectures. By an act of the Ohio Legislature, dated January 19, 1819, the Medical College of Ohio was incorporated. This was the tenth medical college established in this country and the second west of the Alleghany Mountains, the first being Transylvania University at Lexington, Kentucky, in 1816. The faculty as originally projected, consisted of Samuel Brown, Elijah Slack, Coleman Rogers, and Daniel Drake. Really the first session, which was in 182o-21, was constituted as follows : Daniel Drake, professor of the institutes and practice of medicine, including obstetrics ; Jesse Smith, professor of anatomy and surgery; Elijah Slack, professor of chemistry. This class numbered twenty-five and the graduates, in 1821, seven. After the close of the second session PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 233 Dr. Drake was expelled, after which, by reason of dissentions, the school failed to grow. The first building occupied by this college was erected by State aid in 1826, on Sixth Street, between Vine and Race streets. In 1851 a new building on the same site was built and occupied until the fall of 1896 when the college became a department of the University of Cincinnati, and moved to the former University building on McMicken Avenue. In 1857 the Miami Medical College was united with the Ohio, but in 186o this consolidation ceased. A branch of the Miami University, of Oxford, Ohio, was established in Cincinnati in 1831. Dr. Daniel Drake, dean of the faculty and professor of the institutes and practice of medicine ; George McClellan, professor of anatomy ; John Eberle, professor of Materia Medica and Botany ; John F. Henry, professor of obstetrics ; Thomas D. Mitchell, professor of chemistry and pharmacy, and Joseph N. McDowell adjunct professor of anatomy and physiology. The next school was organized by Dr. Drake in 1835 and was known as the medical department of the Cincinnati College. Those associated with Dr. Drake were S. D. Gross, Joseph N. McDowell, Horatio G. Jameson, Landon C. Rives, John P. Harrison, and James B. Rogers. In 1839 this school was abandoned for want of funds and because Dr. Parker returned to New York and Dr. Drake went to Louisville. The Eclectic Medical Institute was the next school in Cincinnati. The Worthington Medical College, established at Worthington, Ohio, in 1832 was removed here in 1845 and given the name "Eclectic." Some of the most eminent Eclectic physicians in the West have been connected with it. The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery was organized in 1851 by Dr. A. H. Baker. Its sessions were held many years at the corner of Longworth Street and Central Avenue, then moved to George Street near John and later to Vine Street near Liberty. The Miami Medical College was next to organize. Its first session was held November 1, 1852, and five were graduated in 1853. Drs. Mussey, Judkins, Avery, Davis, White, Murphy, Mendenhall, were among the members of the faculty. After five sessions this school merged with the Medical College of Ohio, but in 1865 was reorganized with Profs. Mendenhall, Judkins, and Murphy among its able corps. The present University of Cincinnati has taken over most all of the medical school interests of long ago and present days in its medical departments. Interesting Items —From a former writer on medicine and medical colleges, in and for Cincinnati, the following is suitable at this juncture in this chapter, hence is inserted : With the growth of Cincinnati, there came an increasing demand for 234 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE medical colleges and lecture courses. Such rapid strides were being made in the profession, that it was necessary for the physicians themselves to keep in constant communication with members of the profession in remote cities and colleges, and in order to maintain the position of the city in its high rank as an educational center in the West it became imperative that the young medical students should be given every opportunity to attend lectures, clinics, and experiments. Perceiving that Cincinnati was taking the leading place in the valley in the practice of medicine, and offered better facilities than any other city in the region for instruction, both on account of its prominent physicians and on account of the hospitals there, the trustees of the Miami University established their medical department in this city. It went into operation in the fall of 1831, the lectures being given in the hall of the Mechanics' Institute, and also in a new building on Race Street. The professors appointed to positions in this department were Daniel Drake, dean of the faculty and professor of the institute and practice of medicine ; George McClellan. professor of anatomy and physiology ; John Eberle, professor of Materia Medica and botany ; James M. Staughton, professor of surgery ; John F. Henry, professor of obstetrics and the diseases of women and children ; Thomas D. Mitchell, professor of chemistry and pharmacy, and Joseph N. McDowell, adjunct professor of anatomy and physiology. However, the term of this medical department lasted only during the winter months, and as there were a great many young men in Cincinnati during the summer who desired instruction in medical matters, some of the physicians of the city voluntarily decided to organize a school for medical students, the object of which was the delivering of lectures on various subjects relevant to the profession. This school was styled the Academy of Medicine, and the lecturing physicians were James M. Staughton, institutes of surgery ; Isaac Hough, operative surgery ; Joseph N. McDowell, anatomy ; Wolcott Richards, physiology ; Landon C. Rives, institutes of medicine and medical jurisprudence ; Daniel Drake, practice of physic and Materia Medica ; John F. Henry, obstetrics, and Thomas D. Mitchell, chemistry and pharmacy. Thus it was that throughout the entire year medical instruction equal in almost every respect to any that could be obtained in the United States, was given at a very slight cost to any young man who was desirous of prosecuting the profession of medicine. The directory for 1831 gives the names of fifty-eight physicians residing in the city, but in the list of members of the First District Medical Society of Ohio there are but forty-seven names included. From this it appears that there were several so-called physicians living in Cincinnati who were not entitled to practice their profession under the law, being either quacks who were called physicians from habit or physicians who PHYSICIANS PAST AND PRESENT—MEDICAL SOCIETIES - 235 had abandoned the practice and taken up other means of livelihood. In that year also appeared the first mortality table, and it appears there that the total number of deaths in Cincinnati from all causes from May 1. 1830, to April 30, 1831, was 820, and as the population of the city was 28,000 in that year, the death rate was one in thirty-four. The infant mortality rate was high, more than one-third of all the deaths recorded being infants or children under two years of age. The highest number of deaths were recorded for the months of July, August and September, August heading the list with ninety-eight deaths. In order to prevent as far as possible the spread of diseases, a contagious disease hospital was erected at the extreme edge of the town near Mill Creek, and the danger from epidemics was greatly diminished thereby. In the meantime, the progress that had been made in the way of city sanitation was creditable to the efforts of the corporation officers, who were, of course, stimulated in their actions by the medical men of the city. Liberal appropriations were made for the paving of streets, filling in of low places, and draining off of stagnant ponds. Proper grading of streets was accomplished so that drainage and building were greatly improved. The Eclectic Medical Institute —This is the original and parent school of the American Eclectic System of Medicine. It is the direct successor of the Reformed Medical School of Cincinnati (1842-45). The last named was the successor of the medical department of Worthington College, of Worthington, Ohio, and denominated Reformed Medical College of Ohio, but more commonly known as "Worthington Medical College." The medical department at Worthington was the Western branch of the Reformed Medical College of the city of New York, the latter being the first reformed medical school in America, and the outgrowth of a reform medical movement started in 1825 by Dr. Wooster Beach. The Eclectic Medical Institute was founded by Dr. Thomas V. Morrow, who had previously conducted the school at Worthington. He associated with him a number of talented physicians, including Drs. Hiram Cox and James H. Oliver, of the first faculty. This college was situated at No. 1009 Plum Street and for many years fronted at No. 228 West Court Street. It was chartered by the Legislature, March 10, 1845. The old institute building was at least twice visited by destructive fires. Their last building was erected in 1851 and was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. During the first decade of this medical school's history it had graduated almost six hundred physicians. This school was the first to open its doors to women. Before 1877 thirty-six women graduated. To the date of 1902 the Institute had graduated 3,743 physicians. In connection with this school was the Seton Hospital and the Lloyd Library. CHAPTER XV. CINCINNATI HOSPITALS. Cincinnati's first hospital, of any kind, was established in 1815, when the township trustees rented a house on Vine Street, above Sixth, for the accommodation of the sick and injured persons of the community. It was a poorly conducted affair and only existed until 1823, when the Commercial Hospital Lunatic Asylum was chartered by the Legislature. In 1828 there were two eye infirmaries in Cincinnati. In 1829, Dr. J. M. Johnson opened his infirmary here. This was the first private hospital in all this section of the country. It was provided with apparatus for vapor and steam baths, fumigation, etc. It was in 1835 that Dr. Daniel Drake fitted up a small hospital in a house on the site of the present Gibson Hotel and named it the "Cincinnati Hospital." It represented the clinical department of Drake's College, which was located in the Cincinnati College Building. This hospital closed in 1839. In the same year Alva Curtis opened a private hospital in a building famous for its having been previously occupied by Mme. Trollope's bazaar. These were all small concerns, but the first real hospital was the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum, authorized by legislative act, dated January 22, 1821, which "established a commercial hospital and lunatic asylum for the State of Ohio." This institution was occupied in 1823 and it is best described by the following, published in the "Western Medical Gazette" of 1832: "The site is a four-acre outlot (No. 59) of the original plat of Cincinnati, bounded on the east by the Miami Canal, and is within one mile of the Ohio River, and cost the township $4,00o. The principal building is of brick, fifty-three feet front, facing southwardly, and forty-two feet deep, four stories high, including the basement, which is eight feet high, and the others nine and one-half feet clear, and over these is a convenient operating theatre, with seats for about one hundred spectators. This building is divided into eighteen apartments, with a hall and staircase in the center, and neatly furnished throughout. It was built in 1823, and cost $10,000 in depreciated bank paper estimated to be worth, at that time, about $3,500. The inclosures, additions and furniture have cost $7,877. The principal addition is a wing of brick, forty-four feet long and twenty-eight feet wide, two stories high, with a cellar under the whole ; it is divided into twenty-two apartments, eleven on each floor, adapted to the safe keeping of lunatics, etc.; those on the first floor for males and those on the second for females ; and was built in 1827. The whole lot is inclosed with a close board fence ; about two and a half acres of the west part of the lot is in grass, where the male inmates are permitted to walk ; about one acre is cultivated as a vegetable garden, where CINCINNATI HOSPITALS - 237 the females are permitted to resort for airing and recreation ; the residue of the lot is divided into convenient yards." Up to 1861 the staff was composed exclusively of professors in the Medical College of Ohio. The name was changed in 1861 to the Commercial Hospital of Cincinnati, and in April, 1868, to the Cincinnati Hospital. The old building was razed in December, 1866, and a new edifice constructed. The last-named building had five hundred beds. In its day the new hospital building was accounted one of the finest structures of its kind on the American Continent. It was commenced in 1866, after the needed funds had been voted by the people. In 1868 an additional $250,000 worth of bonds were floated. The Legislature changed the name to "Cincinnati Hospital." The building was first used in January, 1869. The magnitude of the work done by this great institution has been commensurate with the growth of the city. In 1872 it cared for 3,500 cases ; in 1876 over 4,500; in 1906 nearly 8,000. The work has covered every department of medicine and surgery. For many years a training school for nurses was in operation. The location appeared to be unsuitable for the growing city, so in 1909, was commenced the present Cincinnati General Hospital, in the suburb of Avondale. This is now the finest, largest municipal hospital in America of the pavillion type of construction. The tuberculous sanitarium, located in the western section of the city, first occupied in 1879, as a smallpox hospital, but converted in 1897 for use as a sanitarium, and now supported by the Board of Commissioners of Hamilton County, is under the same administrative control as is the Cincinnati General Hospital. Of the Good Samaritan Hospital, with twenty beds, etc., it was written a few years since : "It was opened on November 15, 1852, by the Sisters of Charity in a building at the corner of Broadway and Franklin Street, with the faculty of the newly-organized Miami Medical College as its medical staff. Three years later they removed to the corner of Plum and Third streets, where for more than eleven years 'St. John's Hospital' was maintained, with accommodations for seventy-five patients. During the war its capacity was taxed to the utmost, and, as the scene of much of Dr. Blackman's work, its reputation was widespread. In 1866 its name was again changed to 'The Hospital of the Good Samaritan' and it was removed in 1867 to Sixth and Lock streets, when its medical staff was chosen exclusively from the Medical College of Ohio. In connection with this hospital should be mentioned Sister Anthony, who for many years, while it was at Third and Plum streets, and later was the sister superior and the most noted 'nurse' Cincinnati had ; and it was largely due to her that the hospital so flourished. "St. Mary's Hospital was opened in 1858 by the Sisters of St. Clara 238 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE of the Order of St. Francis in a building on Fourth Street, between Central Avenue and John Street, and one year later removed to the present location on Betts Street." In 1925 the record shows the private hospitals in Cincinnati to be Bethesda, Christ, Deaconess, Good Samaritan, Jewish, Children's, Mercy, Opthalmic, St. Francis, St. Mary's, and several under private control, such as Vail's, Jews', etc. A new children's hospital is being erected at Elland Place, under the auspices of the Episcopal churches of the Southern Diocese of Ohio. This will excel every like institution extant. Before passing, the subjoined should here be inserted concerning "The Hospital of the Good Samaritan," the same being extracted from "Drake and His Followers": "In 1855 the St. John's Hotel for Invalids was moved to the northwest corner of Third and Plum streets, St. Peter's Orphan Asylum having found a new home in Cumminsville. The cost of making the necessary alterations in the building and fitting the latter up as a hospital was borne by Drs. Mussey, Mendenhall, Murphy and Foote. The new hospital had accommodations for seventy-five patients. It became a famous institution, whose name will for all time to come be associated with that of George C. Blackman, the great surgeon, and dear old Sister Anthony, who had charge at St. John's. One day, in the spring of 1866, a man in poor clothes and weak with fever, called at St. John's and asked to see the superior. Sister Anthony received the man with that smile with which she spread sunshine and mellowed sorrow everywhere. The man told here that he had taken sick, and, being a stranger in town, had applied to Mr. Joseph C. Butler, president of the Lafayette Bank, for aid. Mr. Butler had given the man a card to Sister Anthony with a request to take care of the man, promising that he would be responsible for any obligations incurred. The man was made comfortable and nursed back to health. A few weeks later he went to see Mr. Butler to thank him for the good he had received. Mr. Butler had forgotten all about the incident, and, being thus reminded, went to see Sister Anthony. When he asked what his obligation was, the good sister informed him that there was none, that 'our dear Lord would pay the poor man's debts.' Mr. Butler, who was a Protestant, was strangely moved by this demonstration of the purest form of philanthropy. He was shown through the institution, he asked many questions about the work that was being done, noticed the crowded condition of the place and heard Sister Anthony's sympathetic appeal : 'We could do so much more good if we had more room to take care of the many who apply for aid, only to be refused because we have neither the means nor the room to receive them !' Mr. Butler left. The Angelic face of Sister Anthony he could not banish from his mind, her plaintive words continued to ring in his ears. When he arrived in his office, he found Mr. Lewis Worthington there, waiting for him in a mat- CINCINNATI HOSPITALS - 239 ter of business. To him he entrusted what was perturbing his soul. Mr. Worthington became interested. The two wealthy men, both Protestants, and both husbands of Catholic wives, decided that so worthy a charity as Sister Anthony's work should be encouraged and aided. About this time the United States Government was anxious to dispose of the Marine Hospital, at Sixth and Lock streets, which had been a military hospital during the war. Messrs. Butler and Worthington purchased the property for $7o,000 and donated it to Sister Anthony and her associates. The conditions of the deed of gift were that it should be held in perpetuity as a hospital under the name of the 'Hospital of the Good Samaritan'; 'that no applicant for admission should be preferred or excluded on account of his or her religion or country.' " St. Mary's Hospital, so well known today, and of which this sketch needs only to refer to in passing, had its origin, according to the records found in "Drake and His Followers," page 421, as follows : "This institution was organized by a congregation of Catholic Sisters, called the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis. This congregation was founded in 1845 by Mother Frances Schervier at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen). In 1857 Archbishop Purcell, of Cincinnati, commissioned Mrs. Sarah Peter, a recent convert to the Catholic Church, and no less distinguished for wealth and social standing than for her superior qualities of mind and heart, when about to sail for Europe, to bring, if possible, German sisters to this diocese to care for the sick poor of German nationality. Whilst in Rome Mrs. Peter mentioned the Archbishop's request to Pope Pius IX, who had received her in the church during her visit to the Eternal City in 1854. The Holy Father referred her to Cardinal Von Geissel, of Cologne, who at once proposed the Congregation, founded by Mother Frances. Accordingly, on August 24, 1858, a little colony of six sisters sailed for America. Upon their arrival in Cincinnati the Sisters of the Good Shepherd kindly gave them temporary hospitality in their house until the gratuitous offer of a large building, a vacated orphanage, was made to them. This building, situated on the south side of Fourth Street, between John Street and Central Avenue, had been known as the St. Aloysius Orphange Asylum. The latter had been conducted by a German Catholic society, which generously placed the building at the service of the sisters for the time being. This occurred in September, 1858. It was the humble origin whence the growth and development of the "Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis" in America began, an abandoned and empty house, without furniture or any other conveniences. This, however, did not discourage the six pioneers. After some pieces of furniture, a stove, etc., had been solicited here and there, it gradually became known that there were some sisters in the city who had a hospital on Fourth Street. By the generous donation of Mr. Reuben Springer, the sisters were enabled to equip, in a reasonably comfortable manner, a 240 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE large room of forty beds for their patients, who were admitted cheerfully without question of creed or nationality. Several physicians then volunteered their services in the little hospital. Through their work and influence the ministrations of the sisters became more generally known. Before the close of the same year friends of the good cause asked the sisters to permit them to be on the lookout for a more suitable site to build a hospital. In March, 1859, they were able to purchase a few lots on the northwest corner of Betts and Linn streets, the site on which St. Mary's Hospital now stands. In May, 1859, the corner-stone for the new hospital was laid with appropriate ceremonies by Archbishop Purcell. In December of the same year the building was consecrated and thrown open for its purpose." The above sketch was written in 1908, prior to the renovation of the present building. The improvements since then have modernized the institution, which is performing a splendid service. The Longview Asylum at first was, in 1853, the old Commercial Hospital's annex and housed 147 insane persons. The crowded condition was many years a concern of the thoughtful people of Cincinnati. In response to a great popular demand the county commissioners appointed a committee to investigate the condition of the Annex, the same being Drs. J. J. Quinn, David Judkins and A. S. Dandridge, and this resulted in the old Ames Mansion in Lick Run (once the old woolen mills) being leased at $800 per year. J. J. Quinn became the first superintendent. This served its purpose until 1859, when the permanent home for the insane was ready for occupancy. The permanent home was located on a forty-acre lot in Mill Creek Township, near Carthage. It was named Longview Asylum, the name "Long View" being suggested by C. G. Comegys. While this institution is technically a State institution, it is to all intents and purposes under the control of Hamilton County. From time to time this institution has been enlarged and improved to meet the demand of the times. The grounds now cover one hundred acres and over 1,500 insane persons are being cared for there. The Jewish Hospital dates back to 1850, when the Jews of the city took care of their sick in small houses rented for that purpose. At the end of the Civil War, a movement was set on foot among the Jewish people which resulted in the opening of a hospital of better proportions. The location of this new hospital was at the corner of Baum and Third streets. Subsequently a larger, better structure was erected on Burnet Avenue, adjoining the splendid edifice of the Jewish Home for the Aged and Infirm. The new Jewish Hospital was dedicated in 1890, its capacity being forty beds. Since 1890 the premises have been greatly enlarged and improved. Its capacity increased to 125 beds. Within the last year a new addition was opened, so that today this hospital has over 200 beds CINCINNATI HOSPITALS - 241 in service. It offers service without regard to religious affiliation and its staff includes both Jewish and Gentile physicians and surgeons. The Ohio Hospital for Women and Children dates back to 1879, when a free dispensary was opened by a number of women placed in charge of Ellen M. Kirk and Martha M. Howell, homoeopathic physicians. The institution was chartered in May, 1882. Some years ago this hospital affiliated with Bethesda Hospital, and later passed out of existence, being absorbed by the latter institution. The home of the German Protestant Deaconesses originated in 1888 and it was then that the introduction of the deaconess nursing system was completed in America for the first time. In 1888 The German Deaconesses' Home was founded here and a hospital started at 533 East Liberty Street. Following that modest beginning came the splendid structure on Clifton Avenue, in sight of the university buildings. A new addition to this institution is now under construction. The Hospital of the Methodist Deaconesses (Christ Hospital) was founded in 1888 in a house on York Street, near John. At first there were but eleven rooms. Within two years thirty deaconesses were engaged in the work. Finally, James Gamble, Sr., bought the old Thane Miller Boarding School Building and, after fitting it up, donated it to the Methodist Deaconesses. In the month of June, 1893, the new Christ Hospital was opened with accommodations for sixty patients. This institution is situated on Mt. Auburn. In 1900 a large female ward was added, increasing the capacity to eighty beds. In 1908 a nurses' home was opened there. In 1917 a large addition was opened and plans are now under way to replace the older one. The Presbyterian Hospital was the outgrowth of a free dispensary for women and children, started in February, 1889, by Mary E. Osborn and Juliet M. Thorpe. In May, 1890, the hospital under the above name was opened with thirty beds. In October, 189o, a medical college for women was founded in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital for Women. The name of the college was the "Presbyterian Hospital Woman's Medical College." In 1895 it was merged with the Cincinnati Woman's Medical College. Alexander McDonald, a wealthy philanthropist of the city, endowed the Presbyterian Hospital liberally and gave to the college enterprise. The combined medical school was called "Laura Memorial College" to commemorate the name of the only daughter of Alexander McDonald, Mrs. Laura Stallo, whose untimely death occurred a short time previously. In 1905 the hospital passed out of existence. The buildings, in 1907, were purchased by the Sisters of Charity, and were turned into the Seton Hospital. The Laura Memorial College, after eight years, was abandoned in 1903. The Seton Hospital was abandoned in 1925 and combined with the Good Samaritan, which is erecting new buildings in extension of its present plant. Cin.-16 242 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE The Hospital of the German Methodist Deaconesses, founded in 1895, as a home, but later turned into a hospital and located near Hopkins Park. In 1898 the German Methodist bought Dr. Reamy's private hospital at Oak and Reading Road, for $55,000, and opened it as Bethesda Hospital. This institution, like the other hospitals, has had a progressive growth. Within recent years a maternity hospital, children's building and other additions and improvements have been added. On June 27, 1926, a one hundred bed surgical wing was dedicated. When this department is in operation this institution will have over two hundred beds available for service to the public. The Longview Asylum —From 1821 to 1854 there was what was called a "crazy ward" in the Commercial Hospital which, in fact, was organized in part for asylum purposes. For six years following 1854 the insane of Hamilton County were cared for in a large building in Fairmount, later styled the "Woolen Mill." Longview Asylum at Carthage was first occupied in 1861. The building, which required five years to build, had a frontage of i,000 feet, with a depth on the north wing of almost 30o feet and on the south wing of 375 feet. The grounds originally covered an area of one hundred acres. The hospital, which at the time it was built, was regarded as fully adequate for its purposes, but has long since proved of insufficient size and accommodation. It was never expected to receive over i,000 patients ; the average during the last years just before 1900 was between 1,000 and 1,100, when Dr. W. F. Harmon was superintendent. The grounds are beautiful to the last degree of description. The area of the grounds has been added to until at present there are a fraction over 364 acres, and the products from the land cultivated last season (1925) were valued at $40,000. The number of persons on the employees' pay roll is now 231, and these persons were paid the sum of $137,991. The present number of inmates or patients is 2,028, of whom 1,041 are men and 987 women. The operating expenses of this institution in 1925 was $385,542. The present superintendent is E. A. Baber, M. D., who took charge of the asylum in 1923, while H. T. Thornburgh, M. D., is the clinical director. The territory having access to this institution covers the counties of Brown, Hamilton, Clermont and Butler. These counties have been in the territory since October, 1925. An additional building was bonded for in 1913 to cost $5oo,000 and the structure was completed in 1924. It is a thoroughly modern three-story brick building, not many rods from the original asylum buildings, and has every known facility and appliance for hospital treatment. This is known now as the "Receiving Hospital," and there patients are kept until thoroughly examined and classified as to their true bodily and mental condition, after which other assignments and transfers are made to other sections of the institution. CINCINNATI HOSPITALS - 243 It should be made clear to the reader that originally this asylum, as well as the city infirmary, was situated on lands owned by Hamilton County, and were run by the county, but in 1911 the State of Ohio commenced to support the institution, but the property has never been legally transferred to the State, the same being in the courts at this date. The Legislature of last winter enacted a bill to purchase the entire plants for a certain sum, but an injunction was served on such proceedings, on the part of some of the citizens and taxpayers of Hamilton County, who deem the price offered by the State too small. The institutions both are still well cared for by authority of Ohio, while the real estate is still held by the county, subject to the court's final decision concerning the injunction issued recently. Ohio has paid a rental for the property since 1925 amounting to $5,000 annually. There seems little doubt that the Commonwealth will ere long acquire the whole property. The asylum is situated in that part of Cincinnati known as Carthage, while the city infirmary property is in that part usually styled Hartwell. If ever a hospital or asylum had charming, healthful surroundings, it is the present "Longview." Note—Since the above was written the courts have decided the case approving the purchase of Longview Hospital by the State at the sum of $1,500,000. The way is now cleared for a final transfer of the property in accordance with an agreement made between the State and Hamilton County nearly two years ago. By this act Hamilton County is to be placed on the same plane as other counties, in that it no longer is to have its money invested in buildings for care of insane persons. CHAPTER XVI. BANKS AND BANKING. Prior to the First Bank —The first settlers in these parts brought but little money with them, hence most of their transactions were in the form of barter. But little trading was done between pioneers here, as they were of a community of common interests, working together building each others' cabins, turn and turn about. Trading with the Indians brought in skins and furs of all kinds ; peltries soon became the standard value, a rabbit skin being worth six and a fourth cents, a 'coon skin twelve and a half cents, a fox skin twenty-five cents and a deer skin fifty cents. Traders came in mostly from Pennsylvania and exchanged for the above-named articles, with Indians, cloth, blankets, intoxicating liquor, beads, etc. The soldiers upon arriving at Fort Washington, were paid off in Spanish silver at first, thus bringing a little more real money into the community. Soon these dollars were actually cut into four pieces, then later into "eights." This was that change might be the more easily effected. These pieces of coins were called "sharp-shins." Not long after the troops were paid off in three-dollar bills of paper—the Continental Congress had provided this medium. The denominations were made three dollars in order to fit the amount promised to pay the soldiers for a months' work. These bills were styled "oblongs." In 1803, a charter was granted for forty years, by the first General Assembly, for the Miami Exporting Company. This charter also provided for mercantile business and banking, in addition to shipbuilding. The first directors were elected June 16, 1803, as follows: Martin Baum, Christian Waldsmith, Jesse Hunt, John Biggers, Daniel Symmes, William C. Schenck, Dailed Mayo, Israel Ludlow, Samuel C. Vance, Mathew Hueston, William Lytle. Hiram Baum was elected president of this corporation. Trading under such circumstances was indeed with great discouragement. The company owned a boat, which plied the waters of the great rivers to and from New Orleans, taking six months to make the round trip. It was soon deemed wise by this company to abandon boating and engage in the business of banking. Accordingly, in March, 1807, the Miami Exporting Company opened a banking office at the foot of Sycamore Street, opposite the commons, or public quay, with Martin Baum as president, and the Rev. Oliver M. Spencer cashier. It was easier to secure money to conduct a bank upon than it was to conduct a shipping business down the Ohio. This pioneer bank had a paid in capital of $150,000, with stockholders numbering one hundred and ninety. One writer said "The fame of this bank spread through the western country." BANKS AND BANKING - 245 The early dividends from this banking house were from fifteen to not lower than ten per cent. This bank was styled the "Miami Bank." By October, 1811, the town had grown to have a population of 2,500 souls and they demanded another bank, so in the autumn of that year the first meeting was held to organize such a concern. Nicholas Longworth, Sr., was elected secretary of a board of commissioners to establish the second bank in Cincinnati, and to obtain the needed charter, which was to run for a period of five years, and to be known as the "Farmers' and Merchants' Bank." The capital was limited to $200,000. One-half was quickly paid in. The board of directors was to be composed of one-third practical farmers, a like number of mechanics and the others representative men. The first board was chosen, consisting of : William Irwin, Stephen McFarland, Cave Johnson, Jacob Wheeler, Thomas D. Carneal, John Cranmer, Richard Williams, William Woodward, James C. Morris, Nicholas Longworth, Jacob Baymiller. William Irwin was elected president, Samuel C. Vance cashier, and the banking office was opened at 45 Main Street. The bank soon had its capital all employed, and its paper circulation, which was readily accepted. The dividends ranged from eight to fourteen per cent. for the first few years. The Organization of the Bank of Cincinnati —This concern was open for business in the early spring of 1814, but was not incorporated until 1816. It distributed its shares widely, having three hundred and forty-five shareholders, in 1815, and a paid up capital of $14o,000. Its president was Ethan Stone, Lot Pugh cashier. The first directors were : Ethan Stone, Hezekiah Saunders, Joshua Gibson, Jr., Thomas Graham, Oliver Martin, John S. Wallace, Thomas Glenn, Nathaniel Reeder, Elijah Pearson. The first issue of notes from this bank appeared in June, 1814. The new bank flourished well and paid a three per cent. dividend the first six months and four per cent. the next half year. In the fall of the year last named Martin Baum resigned as president of the Miami Exporting Company and O. M. Spencer was made president, Samuel C. Vance became cashier of the Miami Bank, and Samuel W. Davies became cashier of the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank. In the autumn of 1814 the three banks had issued a good many notes and the population had more than doubled in five years, being now over 5,00o people, and the actual specie in the district was really very low. A bankers' meeting was held in January, 1814, at which all three banks took part and appointed committees of business men for the object of planning to avoid paying out specie, only when absolutely needed. So it was that early in 1815 specie payment was discontinued for the time being. Gold and silver then was at a premium of ten per cent. in the East. Many mass meetings were held and many were greatly displeased with the idea of not getting specie from the banks, but better judgment obtained and 246 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE so long as it was necessary, the people stood by the system established, as it was needful to protect both the banks and the people. In the absence of metal money such as gold, silver and copper, small paper notes were issued by the local banks. Also what was styled "Necessity Money," a copper coin was issued privately for change making purposes in local trade. This was invented and patented by John Shillito, of Fourth Street, Cincinnati. This first appeared early in Civil War days. During the long years from 1816 to the time the government issued their bonds and first "Greenbacks," including the fractional currency, such as five, ten, twenty-five and fifty cents "Shin-plaster" script, the money affairs of the country were in a very uncertain state. The country was full of bank notes listed as to their value every day and sent out over the country in a pocket "Bank Detecter." These bank notes had such names as "Wild Cat," "Red Dog," "Stump Tail," "Shin-plasters," and were so known and rated by everyone. First Private Bank —The first private bank opened in Cincinnati was in 1816 by John H. Piatt and Company, a firm that had been in the mercantile business, supplying the United States Army, under contract, during the War of 1812. The silent partner with Mr. Piatt was his brother-in-law, Philip Grandin. The bank was on the south side of lower Market Street, east of Main. The first cashier was John Armstrong. This made the fourth bank in Cincinnati, all issuing paper money of about one-third the size of paper bills of today. Bank number five in the city was the Cincinnati Branch of the Second Bank of the United States, chartered by the United States in 1816 for twenty years, with a capital of $37,000,000, Gorham A. Worth being sent out from the home office in Philadelphia to serve as cashier. Jacob Burnet was appointed president, with local directors as follows : Judge Jacob Burnet, John H. Piatt, Thomas Sloe, Jr., Col. William Piatt, Gen. William H. Harrison, Martin Baum, Hugh Glenn, William M. Worthington, Joseph Perry, Gen. James Findlay, James Keys, Andrew Mack, Daniel Drake. The Office of Discount and Deposit was opened in April on the east side of Main Street, between Third and Fourth. This branch of the U. S. Bank brought some actual specie into the community of Cincinnati, most of the capital assigned to this branch being from the East, and in July of the same year the other banks in Cincinnati resumed specie payments. The established banking hours were from ten o'clock to one. It was the custom to leave all notes for discount the day before the funds were needed, except at the branch bank, which only discounted on Tuesdays. The condition of finances here at that date is well shown by extracts from the Cincinnati "Gazette" and from writings of a later date by the pen of John J. Rowe, from which the subjoined extracts are taken : Early in 1818 the Cincinnati banks found that the paper in circulation BANKS AND BANKING - 247 included all the banks except the U. S. Bank notes, that the notes of the local banks flowed into the branch bank, through the deposits made there by the Land Office, and that soon after the issuance of a note, it came back for redemption. The capital assigned to the Cincinnati branch in May of this year amounted to $2,401,000, and their loans in June were $5,825,000. During the same year almost $900,000 of paper money issued by the banks of Cincinnati and vicinity was sent out to the branch bank from the home office for redemption. Cincinnati bank paper had been widely distributed by this time, was quoted at six per cent. discount in Philadelphia, and Piatt's bank notes at four and one-half per cent. Thus the great amount of paper which had been accumulating at the offices of the various branches for sometime was finally sent to Cincinnati for redemption and could not be immediately redeemed. From this time on it was a struggle between the United States Branch Bank and the local banks in regard to redemption of their paper. The Land Office would only accept such paper as would be accepted by the branch ; this excluded several Ohio banks, which were not paying specie on their notes, but made all the Cincinnati bank paper acceptable. Suspended Specie Payment —November 5, 1818, the "Gazette" editorially remarked : "On Thursday last the banks of the town came to the resolution to suspend the payment of specie. The policy was forced on them by the hostile attitude assumed by the Bank of the United States. The cashier of the office here received orders last week to require immediate payment in specie or U. S. notes of the whole amount due from these banks to that institution, nor to receive in future in deposit or in payments to be made for lands in the receiver's office which it seems is thus far under the control of this institution." Later in that month there were shipped in two wagon loads ($120,000) of specie overland from the branch at Chillicothe to the home office of the United States Bank at Philadelphia, when the newspapers bristled with disdain and contempt. "Such are the blessed effects of our mammoth bank," one paper said. Then the local banks in Cincinnati were also forced to suspend specie payments. Statements of the Five Banks Down to 1821 —Below is given the public statements of Cincinnati's five banks existing between 1819 and 1821. From these figures it will be seen that the total circulation almost equalled the total capital, the deposits were one-seventh of the capital, and the actual specie on hand was but one-quarter of the circulation : RESOURCES.