Kind of Factory	Hands Employed	Annual Product
In wood, principally or wholly. Iron, entirely or chiefly Other metals Leather, entirely or principally, Hair bristles, etc. Cotton, woolen, linen and hemp Drugs, paints, chemicals, etc. The products from earth Paper industry Food Science and the Fine Arts Buildings Miscellaneous	1,557 1,250 461 888 198 359 114 301 512 1,567 139 1,568 1,733	$2,223,000 1,800,000 658,000 1,069,000 365,000 412,000 458,000 239,000 670,000 5,300,000 180,000 954,000 433,000

Ninety-nine per cent of all these products were made and sold in Cincinnati itself. In Cist's "Census Sketches" in 1841, he gives this on early enterprises, especially gives a good description of the making of bells : "There is no better proof of the excellence of Cincinnati bells than that this city supplies the whole valley of the Ohio and Mississippi, with bells of all sizes, and of every use. Orders are constantly in fulfillment here that are received from every point of the west, as far as Detroit to the north, Pennsylvania, beyond Pittsburgh, to the east ; and the reason why we are able to send bells to the very doors, as it were, of our rivals—Pittsburgh, for example—is that it is seen and felt there that we make a better article. The superiority of the Cincinnati manufacture consists in four particulars : INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 465 "First—The bells cast here are finished ; that is to say, they are all mounted on a stand or frame, ready for setting up. Of course all the iron work connected with the bells is completed before they are sent off. "Second—No other western bells are so accurately proportioned in their ingredients. This attribute is tested in the use of the bell, which, if defective in this respect, soon splits. "Third—To every large bell made here, there are springs by the action of which the tongue cannot touch the bell until it receives a full and distinct stroke on the upper side. This obviates all that irregular motion and sound, which is the result of the ordinary construction of bells. The credit of this invention, alike simple and ingenius, belongs to one of our Cincinnati mechanics. "Fourth—The hanging or mounting of one of our bells is also peculiar to Cincinnati. Those made in our eastern cities are designed to be hung on a huge, straight piece of timber, as a shaft which moves with every stroke of the bell. Not only do our mechanics dispense with such cumbrous machinery by the use of iron but, by accommodating the shape of the yoke to that of the bell, the journals are brought so far down that bells can be hung on this principle without exacting that weight and thickness of masonry in cupolas or belfries which, 0n the old plan, has been a source of expense, insecurity and disadvantage, on other accounts, for years past. "Besides the additional cost of transportation, the constant exposure to accident, which every additional shipment or change enroute, renders it a disadvantage to import bells from the Atlantic cities." Miscellaneous Factories —Besides bell casting there are eight shops in which (says Cist in 1840), philosophical instruments are made, including these : "A complete set of 'mechanical powers,' beautifully finished ; pneumatics, hydrostatics, and hydraulics combined ; optics—a set of fine models of the human eye, in three parts—prism, concave and convex mirrors ; acoustics—set of model for the ear ; astronomy—tide-dials and twelve inch globes ; electricity—a large beautiful machine, leyden jar, chains, jointed discharger, battery, insulating stool, plates for dancing images, electric saw-mills, chime of bells, thunder-house, etc. ; galvanism —a galvanic battery of one hundred pairs ; magnetism—horseshoe magnets, in pairs and large single ones ; chemistry—pneumatic cistern made of zinc, compound blow-pipe, lamp and retort stands, iron retorts, glass retorts, glass receivers, bell glasses, evaporating dishes, crucibles, tin reflectors, spirit lamps, thermometer, bottles, ground stoppers, test tubes." Steamboat Building —In 1840 in Cincinnati there were built thirty-three boats of 5,361 tons, at a cost of $592,000. "The Chieftain" and "Ben Franklin," by name, cost $40,000 each, while the "Joan of Arc" cost Cin.-30 466 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE $32,000. The least in expense was the schooner "The Hornet," costing $2,500. Some of the most important factory plants have been running for from fifty to seventy-five years. Today the city boasts of her 3,000 manufacturing plants, in which 112,000 workmen find regular and profitable employment. One fourth of this number are working in the metal trade. In the neighborhood of $650,000,000 of goods are produced annually. Soap, metal, meat packing, clothing manufacturing and printing plants represent five leading industries. These alone pay out annually $100,000,000 in wages. There are, out of the 3000 industries in the city, fully ninety in the major class. The Procter and Gamble Soap Industry —Among the great industries of Cincinnati, and one which has advertised the "Queen City" the world round more than any other factor, is the universally popular "Procter and Gamble Soaps." They began on a very modest, crude scale, but kept steadily pressing forward in the production of goods that are now known throughout the civilized globe for the real merit they possess—superiority will tell and integrity is necessary to final and permanent success. As a brief introduction to this sketch of the great soap-making industry in Cincinnati, it may be related : about a century ago two sturdy pioneers arrived on our shores from Europe in quest of their fortunes and happily for themselves as well as for thousands of others, who have since then found employment in an honorable, useful business over which they had control, succeeded. Reference is here made to James Gamble, who came from Ireland, and the other was William Procter, fr0m England. They came to Cincinnati, no one knows just what line of thought and reasoning brought the tw0 immigrants together. Probably, like many another pioneer, they came to what was then the "Far West" and to a growing town where brains and muscle were all atune, and where hard work and intelligence were most likely to repay them for their efforts. At any rate these two men decided to locate in Cincinnati and such decision proved their good fortune. William Procter had been engaged in business in London as proprietor of a draper's shop which had been burglarized and his small fortune built on a borrowed capital lost, and he left $8,000 in debt, but in after years he was enabled to pay every obligation off. In his youth he had been taught how to "dip" candles. He found, upon arriving here, that tallow candles were shipped from Philadelphia at a great expense for transportation. This caused him to reflect on the possibilities of making candles here from the raw material close at hand. It will be recalled that those days were long before the discovery and use of kerosene for lamp purposes, and that the candle business was mostly carried on around the home fire-side by the good housewife and not in regular factories. INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 467 It was not long before Mr. Procter made the acquaintance of James Gamble, who was then engaged in the manufacture of soap in a crude, small way, and arranged with him to dandle the sale of the soap as well as his own candles. The two young men married sisters, and this brought their interests closer. Their business was closely allied, both requiring tallow and grease as raw materials for their products. The father-in-law wisely suggested that they form a partnership and this was effected in 1837, eighty-eight years ago, and it marked the organization of one of the largest industrial concerns in the United States. At that time soaps were not put under brand names and sold in "bars" but made in huge chunks and sold by the pound, and cut off as one sees cheese cut today. There were no white soap products either at that time. The alkali used was then 0btained from wood ashes, this producing a soft potassium soap. A solid sodium soap was made from this by treating it with salt. One of the first soaps put on the market in Cincinnati was known as "The German Soap." This was chiefly made from red 0il. First Factory —The earliest soap factory of Procter & Gamble was a small place across the alley from Mr. Procter's home at Sixth and Main streets. It is interesting to know that the general offices of the great Procter & Gamble Company are located in the Gwynne Building, which occupies the site 0f the original factory. It was not many years, however, before larger quarters had to be secured and the soap industry moved to Central Avenue and York Street, then beyond the city limits. A downtown office was maintained on the north side of Second Street, west of Walnut Street. This historic old building is still standing and looks ab0ut as it did in those long-ago years. Interesting Reminiscence —One of the older executives of this company gives the public the following concerning the workings of the corporation in the seventies and eighties : "In 1878 the factory, consisting of rambling buildings between the old Canal and Central Avenue, with a warehouse across the street to which stock was taken in hand-trucks, someone going ahead with small pieces of timbers to lay in the car tracks so that the trucks might cross them. Everything that went into the factory, including coal, and excepting only water, had to be hauled there and every shipment had to he hauled from the factory to a railroad depot or a steamboat landing. "The sales force was small at that time and the shipping was done mostly by boat either on the Ohio River or the Miami and Erie Canal. The public wharf, on a busy afternoon, was a fine sight with its double rows of steamboats and with heavily loaded wagons and drays having their loads transferred by the stevedores to the boats. On Saturdays it kept us hustling to get two or three thousand boxes of soap and several hundred barrels on the New Orleans weekly packet, with other shipments for the daily boat to Louisville, the semi-weekly boats to Memphis and 468 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE Wheeling and weekly boat to Pittsburgh. Saturday was anything but a half-holiday. It was a big shipping day with all pushing to get the last box on John Regan's wagons flown to the river and onto the boats, to get the soap tallied, the arguments over the tally settled and the bills of lading signed. The second-hand barrels went to the oil mills, for that was before the days of tank cars, as well as before the running of trolley cars, automobiles, passenger elevators, telephones, electric lights, typewriters and stenographers." In the earlier days this company directed its greater attention to the making of candles, but later abandoned it as their chief business and made soaps their specialty. One of the earlier products made by this company was lard oil. This was made by pressing out the more liquid portions of lard, for which there was a g00d market, and the residue was used in soap-making. Later came the famous "Ivory Soap." James N. Gamble, vice-president and director of the company, and a son James Gamble, gives this account of the origin of Iv0ry Soap. It appears that at first it was their intention to make a soap of pure vegetable oils resembling castile soap. The firm purchased the rights to such a soap from a group of men who were doing very little business and desired to sell their formula. They proceeded and went to making a white soap. It sold as "White Soap," but it was found desirable to have some more distinctive name, so it came about that (one Sunday in church) Harley Procter, in the Episc0pal Church at Mt. Auburn, Cincinnati, heard this portion of the 45th Psalm read : "All thy garments smell of myrrh and aloes and cassia out of the ivory palaces whereby they have made thee glad." Immediately the thought flashed through his mind : "There is the name." He called the firm members together and the name "Ivory" was ad0pted and registered in Washington. The first cake of "Ivory Soap" was sold in October, 879. This immensely expanded business was finally turned over to the capable sons of William Procter and James Gamble and in the eighties s0 great had it become that it again had to hunt new quarters in which to operate. The city had grown arount its plants at Central Avenue. In 1885 ground was broken for a new, larger, more modern plant at what is known as Ivorydale. in the town of St. Bernard about seven miles from the down town section of Cincinnati. This, the present location, is one of beauty and its buildings are constructed of gray stone, with handsome brick trimmings. The tract of land there covers 112 acres situated along Mill Creek and adjacent to the Big Four and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads. Organization and Reorganization of the Company—When work commenced on the new buildings at Ivorydale, the firm consisted of the following: The William Procter estate ; William A. Procter and Harley A. Procter, sons of William Procter ; James Gamble, James N. Gamble, David B. Gamble and William A. Gamble, sons of James Gamble. In INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 469 1890 the corporation was reorganized with William A. Procter acting as first president. His son, William Cooper Procter, was made general manager. It was on September 9th of that year that the first soap was boxed at Ivorydale for shipment. William Cooper Procter, who has been president of the company since his father's death in 1907, was graduated from Princet0n in 1883, and immediately after leaving the university he commenced to master every detail in the soap-making and selling business. One innovation was the system of allowing the workmen full pay on Saturday but giving them a half-holiday. This was doubtless the first time this had ever been put into practice in America before. About the same date a successful "dividing profit" plan was instituted and is still in force. At one time Ivorydale was the only plant and there was a close contact among the employees. Profit-sharing checks were distributed twice a year on gala occasions, called "Dividend Days." With the growing number of employees this close contact is no longer possible. However dividend days are celebrated twice each year, in winter and summer, and bring the employees closer together and keep before them the ideals of the company. Pension and Benefit Plan —Partly by the company and partly by the employees there is now maintained a pension and benefit fund from which benefits are paid in case of sickness or disability, as well as pensions for permanent disability and old age. In case of death of the employee, insurance equal to a year's wages is paid. The latest move for the benefit of the employees is Guaranteed Employment. The employees, who are members of the profit sharing plan, are guaranteed a minimum of forty-eight weeks in a year. This was adopted after a trial of two and a half years and meant considerable change in the methods of manufacturing. This has come to be a signal success. Soap factories of Procter & Gamble are located at Cincinnati, New York, Kansas City and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Other plants are engaged in the manufacture of shortening are located in Cincinnati, Dallas, Texas ; Macon, Georgia. Ten oil refineries are located at strategic points in the South. District sales offices are located in Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Syracuse, Buffalo, Denver, El Paso, Dallas, Memphis, New Orleans, Atlanta, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, Baltimore, New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Milwaukee and Toronto, Canada ; also Montreal, Quebec. The company's products are sold and distributed from these great central points, the almost io,000 employees handling the immense business propositions. Scientific Methods —The science of chemistry was not far advanced in 1837, but it gradually came to the front with the passing years. In 1887, half a century after the founding of the business in question, the first chemist was employed at Ivorydale and given a small space in one 470 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE corner of the machine shop for a laboratory. The force was speedily increased and more space granted for such a department. The Chemical division library contains more than 2,000 volumes and in it is to be found every book of importance on the subject, of soaps, fats, and oils in the English, French and German languages. Besides producing its immense quantities of soaps of every grade and for every known use, Procter & Gamble manufacture and sell thr0ughout the world great quantities 0f Crisco, a vegetable cooking fat which takes the place of lard for cooking purp0ses. Vegetable c00king fats have come to be almost universally used for cooking purposes by many classes and races of people. To this corporation great credit must ever be given for the advancement made in the production 0f this article of household use. The immense amount of soap produced here and at the many branches of Procter & Gamble, cannot here be given, but the following hint will suffice for this article : "The capacity of a single soap kettle is from 200,000 to 300,000 pounds of soap, sufficient to make from 3,300 to 5,000 boxes of sixty pounds each. With the many great kettles in operation, each periodically completing a batch, the crutcher house is kept continuually busy. An endless procession of frames moves through each, each coming up empty, taking its place under the crutcher long enough to be carefully filled, and then being moved forward and attached to a cable running in a slot, by which it is conveyed from the crutcher house to the storage rooms. "The capacity of each stamping machine is 100,000 cakes daily. Girls are employed as inspectors to see that only perfect cakes are boxed for final shipment. The company has many locomotives and hundreds of cars of their own in service. They operate 0ver ten miles of their own track at Ivorydale, a suburb of Cincinnati." Cincinnati is Radio Capital of the World —This city has just been named the "Radio Capital of the World" and a recent article on the radio business of the city reads as follows : The radio was never in such a stable condition as it is now. Indications for the future are such as to make it possible to prepare for the greatest year that has ever been known in this industry, which has done s0 much to put Cincinnati on the map as the leading producer of radio apparatus. In no other city in the world is there a single manufacturer making as many pieces of radio apparatus as that of the Crosley corporation, which has doubled its capacity in the last year from what was being made last season. Cincinnatians should feel proud to know that the infant industry has brought the reputation of the "Radio Capital of the World," to their city by reason of the tremendous volume of business done and the fact that it has tw0 broadcasting stations. INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 471 Employment is given to nearly 3,000 people in this single radio producing plant, while several other concerns are contributing to the output by supplying cabinets for some 6,000 pieces of apparatus being made every day. Thousands of dollars are being spent with the local stores and aiding the general prosperity of the city and indications now p0int to an even greater employment of labor, with its resultant increase in bank deposits. In addition to this great output of receiving apparatus bearing the name of Cincinnati, the WLW super-power station broadcasts programmes daily, which are being heard in all parts of the country and in many foreign lands and with each announcement the name of the city is given. Interesting Points —Cincinnati is the center of the hard-wood lumber district of this country. It is the world's greatest radio receiving set manufacturing city in the world today. Cincinnati leads all other cities in America in the manufacture of wood-working machinery, prison and ornamental iron work, washing machines, office furniture, soap, harness, playing cards, trunks, engineering specialties, baseball supplies. Again Cincinnati is the center of the soft coal center of the world. The first United States Weather Bureau was installed in this city. This city had the first paid fire department in this country, if not indeed in the entire world. More manufacturing of fire-fighting apparatus is produced in Cincinnati than any other place. It also has the largest conservatory of music in the United States, and has one of the finest symphony orchestras in the world. Merchants and Manufacturers Association of Greater Cincinnati, which has helped make the city "greater," according t0 its secretary and treasurer, John W. Irvine, has a history as follows: The splendid location of Cincinnati at the crossroads of American commerce has made it worth while to super develop trade extensions that not only bring local business men into closer and more intimate touch with the farthest outposts of supply and demand in the United States, but shorten deliveries that formerly militated against seasonable opportunities. This subject has received the careful attention of experts who have devised ways and means to attract visitors and a greater commerce t0 the city by taking advantage of geographical position, transportation and scientific publicity which are the birthright of every local manufacturer or distributor. The Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, a most remarkable grouping of Cincinnati business men, was organized in 1887 for the legitimate purpose of singing the praise of the Queen City of the West, to advance the mutual interests of its affiliated members in particular and the entire body politic in general. 472 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE It proposed so many practical arguments in favor of the city and was successful in turning the tide of traffic and travel in this direction, that it was deemed advisable to formally incorporate the organization and enter more wholeheartedly into the movement. This was done in the year 1893 and the results have been so satisfactory that it is now regarded as one of the city's most useful and valuable influences making for the good of the city only and a deeper appreciation of those from abroad whose clientage is rated as an asset to our city. The principal tenet of the association is liberality, the next is enterprise and the next in point of importance is cooperation. It is the belief of every member of the association that it is not 0nly an advantage to himself but a benefit to the city to bring customers here where they may be entertained in the way our people understand so well and to make the genuine Cincinnati welcome more real they pay the railroad fares of buyers from any point in the United States. No argument could be m0re conclusive than this and no greater expression of confidence in their wares could be given. The advantages of this system are manifest and manifold, it gives the buyers a chance to examine at their leisure the many and diversified stocks before purchasing and is an education for both sides while the social communion engendered by this heart manner of doing business, is of the sort that gives stability to credits and creates a desire to centralize liabilities. The more successful and intellectual class who come to Cincinnati to buy stocks of goods add to their knowledge of up-to-date merchandising by observation, are courteously received and find no lack of entertainment during their stay in Cincinnati is famous f0r its high class recreations covering every field 0f desire and interest. A well organized effort is made several times each fiscal year to reach buyers by attractive literature and an especial invitation is sent out to a list of over 20,000 names collected from records of the association and from other reliable sources. These invitations which s0metimes reach more than 25,000 buyers located in every State in the Union, are sincere in tone and intent, are straight to the point and without idle bombast for faith demands a reason and there is no lack of good and sufficient reasons why it is an advantage to buy in Cincinnati. The merchants and manufacturers of this city believe in themselves and in their offerings, they also believe in prompt shipping service, hence the Merchants and Manufacturers Freight Bureau, a subsidiary organization cooperating with the transportation companies and insuring an uninterrupted delivery service to any and every commercial zone in the country. The package freight service out of this market is the best that can be devised and gives us a decided advantage over all other ship.. ping points, distance considered. INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 473 The 1925 officers of the Cincinnati Merchants and Manufacturers Association are as follows : Samuel Mayer, president ; John W. Irvine, secretary and treasurer. Among the long list of capable directors are such sterling business men as W. M. Anderson, Lawrence L. Bing, 0. Burger, R. F. Dohoney, Sidney J. Eisman, W. D. Gruber, John W. Irvine, Morris Isaac, Sol. G. Kahn, H. A. Lowes, Samuel Mayer, Harry Meiss, S. R. Meyer, Thomas W. Nelson, J. W. Norton, J. W. Ornstein, J. W. Often, J. Harvey Phillips, Julian Schwab, G. Schwartz, Edwin T. Settle, Carl Stix, Nathan Stix, Alfred I. Straus, Fred Wankelman, Sr. The object of this incorporation is briefly, to advance the mutual interests of its members by all lawful methods, to promote a general commercial activity in the city of Cincinnati and by continuous offers of legitimate inducements and attracti0ns, to encourage strangers to visit the city for commercial purposes. We refund the railroad fare of retail merchants. The Great Columbia Power Station —The recent dedication of the great new plant of the Columbia Power Company on the Ohio River just above the mouth of the Big Miami, marks an epoch in the industrial development of Cincinnati. This power station is one of the world's wonder works in the production of electric power. Of great capacity and embodying the latest ideas in electric development, it will make available in Greater Cincinnati a supply of electric energy that will tremendously increase the desirability of the community as a location for numerous manufacturing enterprises. In brief it was recently said : "This great power station at Columbia Park is the sort of thing of which great modern industrial centers are made." The daily "Times-Star" of December 8, 1925, mentioned this great power company in these words : The New Columbia generating station, located just five miles west of the city limits, at Columbia Park, is very rapidly nearing completion. The new station—a giant in size—will eventually have a capacity of 240,000 kilowatts, generating 120,003 kilowatts more than the present highly efficient plant. It will include the very latest equipment for efficient and economical production of electricity, representing the highest development of the art. This important addition to the power facilities available to manufacturers in the Cincinnati district will place the Queen City of the West in the very forefront of progressive communities with respect to industrial enterprises. The sale of factory sites on a 1,400-acre tract, in the immediate vicinity of the new power plant, is being promoted by the Columbia Industrial Company, a recently organized member of the Columbia system, and it is reported that a movement of industries toward Cincinnati is already well under way, which may suggest to factory executives that the available central station service is worth investigating from the standpoint of possible operating economies in individual enterprises now established in this district. The historian finds the street railroad mileage aggregates more than 282 miles, and, in addition, many motor busses have linked up the outlying districts with Cincinnati's downtown district. Under the heading of "Industrial Power" the historian says: 474 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE The Cincinnati district is one of the favored few, but highly fortunate, communities now served with natural gas. The Union Gas & Electric Company furnishes both the gas and the electric service in Cincinnati and is one of the seventeen subsidiary companies which make up the great Columbia system—these companies are either controlled or entirely owned by the Columbia Gas & Electric Company. By virtue of progressive development and expansion, the operation of the system of companies now extends over a very wide area, including the most prosperous and progressive communities in this country. This power plant is situated on a site that centuries ago was a fortress erected by the Moundbuilders. Portions of the ancient work still remain and many relics of the pre-historic race have been found, together with Indian arrows, tomahawks and spears. The 0ld fort has been the subject of study by geologists and other scientific students from all parts of the world, some of whom were invited to be present at the dedication of this plant. Over 50,000 people attended the formal opening of the plant ; special trains brought a large delegation from New York and other eastern cities. Miss Virginia Junggren, daughter of Oscar Junggren, who designed the huge turbines of the plant, turned on the hissing steam by pulling the throttle. Charles P. Taft, representing the directors, threw open the switch that turned on the current into the mains of the Columbia system. The new plant cost in round figures $15,000,000, 0ne of the earth's greatest power plants. It is situated on a 1,400-acre tract of land owned by the corporation. More than 1,400 men worked two years to construct this monster plant which begins its career with two huge turbine generators. Each has 45,000 kilowatt capacity. This is equal to 60,000 horse power. Engineers state that the energy to be daily generated is equal to the strength of 9,000,000 men. The plant is arranged to accommodate eight 45,000-kilowatt turbines. The other six will be installed later, as the business warrants. When all are installed the plant will produce 360,000 kilowatts, equal to 500,000 horse power. The process, in brief, is this : It takes the energy, the heat and light that the sun stored in the West Virginia and other coal during the course of unknown millions of years, probably, and makes it available to the people in their homes and factories, through the medium of the modern electric wire. The coal is shipped by rail or boat down the Ohio River now equipped with locks and dams, is turned into the finest of powder at the Columbia station. Great pulverizers grind the coal. It is then blown into the furnaces and burned like gas. This prevents the coal waste and gives highly increased heat and efficiency. The Columbia plant is the first large one around Cincinnati using this new method of burning coal. The steam that is created turns the carbines, and the electric generators attached to the same shaft are thus sent whirling at a rapid speed. Then the generators create the electricity from their mass of winding wires. '['he energy of the sun, always true to duty, put into the forests of the INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 475 coal belt, as known today, millions of years ago, is thus transformed to serve the varied needs of modern men and women. The following description of handling the fuel was given by a local Cincinnati paper of recent date : The coal, received by barges via the Ohio River, is unloaded by means of a four-ton grab bucket and deposited in the tower hopper. The bucket and trolley are controlled by a combination of variable voltage system and air-operated clutches and brakes. The entire equipment is handled by one operator under control of two hand-levers, assuring perfect and smooth operation at all times. With continuous digging, the crane will unload 375 tons an hour. When both units of the station are running full, approximately i,000 tons of coal will be used daily. Up from the river and railway dump-bins the coal is taken on a rubber belt-conveyor, mounted on steel rollers, to the central distribution towers. From there the coal is either piped out to the reserve fuel beds or sent directly to the pulverizing room before being blown into the burners. The conveyor belt, divided into three separate sections, has a total length of 4,000 feet. The coal is as fine as cement dust, dry as gunpowder and mixed with the proper amount of air when finally fed to the furnaces. In such form, the fuel ignites at once and permits very little smoke or waste to be discharged from the station's stacks. Thus the Columbia system has laid the cornerstone for a smokeless industrial community. The main transmission line, from C0lumbia Station, goes in a straight line to the terminal substation at Hartwell, Ohio, twenty miles distant. In this long power-arm, 198 towers, each 115 feet high, have been erected in pairs along the way and set 1,200 feet apart. These support four circuits of twelve wires, six on each structure. Out from every tower extends a set of three pyramid-shaped arms, on which the wires are fastened. By this form of construction greater safety of the line from the elements and, consequently, continuous service is assured. The great Columbia Power Station is a product of conservative, yet constructive capitalistic enterprise, under the far-seeing and constructive leadership of Mr. Philip Gossler, president of the Columbia Gas and Electric Company, and W. Winnans Freeman, president of the Union Gas and Electric Company. "It will enlarge the resources of Cincinnati and the Ohio Valley, speeding up diversified industries, vitalizing business, energizing every social activity with the touch of the lightning's invincible necromancy." R. G. Dun & Company, Mercantile Agency —"For the promotion and protection of trade," this agency was organized in Exchange Place, New York City, in 1841. In sixteen years it spread to England and to Canada and its march around the globe has begun. Today it has 178 offices in the United States, 17 in Canada, and 67 in foreign countries, making a grand total of 262 offices. In its 68 years of existence it has gathered together credit rating records going back to the founding of each firm 476 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE reported, even back of that to the previous records of the owners or partners. It was the first international credit agency in 1857. The Cincinnati office of this far-reaching mercantile agency was opened in 1849. At that time it was owned by William Pierce and Samuel Richardson and was located at No. 10 Main Street. Their branch or associate offices were located as follows : Tappan & Douglass, New York City ; Edward Russell & Co., Boston, Massachusetts ; William Goodrich & Co., Philadelphia ; J. B. Pratt & Co., Louisville, Kentucky ; Charles Barlow & Co., St. Louis, Missouri ; B. Douglass & Co., St. Louis, Missouri ; B. Douglass & Co., Charleston, South Carolina ; it was operated by William Pierce & Co. until 1855 when it was taken over by B. Douglass & Co., which firm was composed of Benjamin Douglass and William Pierce. In 1855 the office was removed to the bank building at the northwest corner of Third and Main streets and in 1858 William Reilly became the manager. In 1860 the style was changed to R. G. Dun & Co., and the office was moved to the Miller Building, located at the corner of Third and Walnut streets. In 861 Stephen Gano succeeded William Reilly as manager. He remained manager until January 1, 1863, when he was succeeded by A. J. King, who came from Cleveland, Ohio. Previous to coming to Cincinnati, Mr. King was the manager of the office of R. G. Dun & Co. at Cleveland. He remained as manager of the Cincinnati office until January 1, 1871, when he was transferred to the St. Louis, Missouri, office. On January 1, 1871, Joseph A. Scarlett became manager. He came from Richmond, Virginia, having been manager of the office of R. G. Dun & Co. at that place. Previous to assuming the management of the Richmond, Virginia, branch, Mr. Scarlett was employed in the Baltimore, Maryland, office. The office was located at the s0uthwest corner of Third and Walnut streets, until 1880, when it was removed to Nos. 56 and 58 Third Street. From that point the office was moved to the northwest corner of Third and Vine streets, in the Burnet House Building. It remained in that location until 1904, when it was moved to the Ingalls Building at the northwest corner of Fourth and Vine streets. J. A. Scarlett remained as manager until near January 1, 1913, when he was succeeded by Mr. W. D. Nixon, the present manager. In February, 1914, the office was removed to the First National Bank Building, at the southeast corner of Fourth and Walnut streets. On March 1, 1923, the office was moved back to the Ingalls Building, where it now occupies the fifteenth floor. A few points concerning the general business of this concern may not be out of place at this time. The first reference b00k gotten out by the founders of this unique system in 1849, was a quaint looking volume with its dark brown sheepskin covers with ornamental embossing, and handsome appearance, having neatly designed the name of the subscriber on its first cover page. This book was equipped with a lock and key to INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 477 preserve its precious contents from inquisitive prying eyes. Altogether it contained 20,268 names and ratings and was, even in the fifties, counted a very valuable, important book. The present day issues of this same system contain more than two and one-quarter million names and ratings embracing every State in the Union. The R. G. Dun & Co. Credit Rating Agency is the only one in the world having its own branch offices, all under one firm style and one proprietorship. All of its managers are selected from its own trained employees and they have had many years of practical experience. The first agencies over the seas were opened in 1857 at London, England. The first office in Latin-America was opened at the city of Mexico in 1897. There are now no less than six offices in the Republic alone, while branches in Latin America, established since that date, include the capitals of Cuba, Porto Rico, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. The American Book Company —One of the most widespread and creditable advertisements which the city of Cincinnati receives is the product of the American Book Company. The two manufacturing plants of this company, the largest publishing house in the world devoted exclusively to school books, turn out about 50,000 bound books every working day in the year. Every one of these books carries the name of Cincinnati on its title page. In practically every home in the land where there are children one or more of these books will be found, and usually they are seen quite often by every member of the family. The publicity value for this city is obviously enormous and of alt0gether a creditable kind. This company and its direct predecessors have been publishing school books in Cincinnati for ninety years. This practically represents the span of educational development in the United States. With this development the company has been very intimately and directly associated. The three great factors in teaching are the teacher, the physical equipment, and the textbooks. It is universally acknowledged that the textbooks of the United States are incomparably better than those 0f any other country in the world. For this superiority the local publishers are very largely responsible. The very names of its leading authors have become cherished household traditions. The famous McGuffey Readers were classics for two generations and are even yet regarded by many as the best readers ever made, particularly because of the fine ethical lessons which they carried. The organization of "McGuffey Clubs" throughout the Nation, but particularly in Ohio, is significant of the esteem in which these famous books are still held. The names of Ray's Arithmetics and of Harvey's Grammars are only slightly less well known. This preeminence of thirty and of sixty years ago is maintained in the 478 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE modern publications of the company. Their new ge0graphies have excited the admiration of the educational public throughout the world. The making of these books required six years time and over $100,000 investment before a cent was realized in return. The beautiful maps and illustrations in four, five and six colors are marvels of press work, and the text of these books is of model readability and good pedagogy. The profuse half-tone illustrations are both interesting and educative. These books are a delight to the pupil and a b0on to the teacher. In all other branches of elementary study also this company is constantly producing the very best textbooks ; and its high school books also are unsurpassed, many of them, particularly in English, history and science, being pioneers in the many changes caused by the new viewpoints in education. Apart from its advertising value to the city it is interesting to note that while this company has been taking out of Cincinnati only a few thousand dollars' business annually, it expends in this vicinity, and has been expending for many years, over a half million dollars annually for wages, supplies, taxes, etc. The company, through its naturally close relations with Cincinnati teachers, has also served as a medium of publication for many of them who produced textbooks. A score of such names might be mentioned including such well-known educators as Ray, McGuffey, Harvey, White, Jordan, Coy, Saunders, Burnet, and Steadman. It is also interesting to note the relation of this company to its employees. In all its history there never has been a lock0ut. No men have ever been "laid off" because of "lack of business" 0r "hard times." Through good times and bad, employment is always sure and certain to the efficient and faithful workman. In the Cincinnati office and factory there are more than fifty employees who have served the house over twenty-five years, and quite a number who have spent thirty, forty, and even fifty years in its employ. The plant itself is a model of efficiency, and the strongest proof of the mechanical perfection of the school books published by this company is furnished by a trip through the press r00m and bindery located at No. 300 Pike Street, and it is the policy 0f the management to welcome all interested visitors for that purpose. The Brewing Industry —For many years Cincinnati was noted as being the most extensive lager beer producing city in the entire country. An article compiled by the Board of Trade of the city and published in the "Cincinnati Gazette" in the nineties gave many of the facts herein narrated concerning the beer business of the city. In 1894 it was shown that the thirty-two breweries in and about Cincinnati paid into the United States Revenue Department, for stamps, yearly nearly a million and a half dollars. The breweries were then thoroughly up-to-date. The beer made here found sale in all States in the Union a quarter of a INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 479 century ago ; also in Canada, Mexico, South America, China, Japan and even far away Australia. The export brand of beer made here in Cincinnati found a market in many foreign countries, and made great inroads into the export trade of Germany. The "Gazette," in 1894, said : The Cincinnati brewers fear no competition, because the excellence and fame of their brews create a demand for them even in cities whose brewers have a greater aggregate capital invested. The trade has increased steadily, and all plants been enlarged and improved to meet the demand. There is not a brewery in this city and vicinity today whose plant is adequate to the demand for its product. Twenty years ago the aggregate output of the breweries here scarcely amounted to a half million barrels. In 1891-92 the aggregate output was 1,350,865 barrels, which record will this year be greatly increased. In 1872-73 the shipments of beer from Cincinnati breweries aggregated only 123,625 barrels ; in 1891-92, 600,000 barrels were shipped. This shows the enormous growth of the brewing industry of Cincinnati, a growth which is being maintained despite the competition from all sides. The local consumption of beer and ale is big enough to consume the product of many breweries, being last year s0me 815,000 barrels, representing 22,265,000 gallons, or an average of 5o gallons per capita for a population of 500,000. The amount paid by local consumers was approximately $10,000,000, or $20 per capita. The consumption of malt was about 2,200,000 bushels, and of hops 1,525,000 pounds. The breweries of Cincinnati employ a vast number of men. Wages are good, from that of the brewmaster at from $15,000 a year to $7,500, down to the common laborer, who gets $1.50 a day and all the beer he can drink. This industry of the city is one of its most progressive and valuable. Its wage rolls are immense, and this money finds its way into the various channels of trade. To notice all the brewing industries in detail would be impossible in the scope of this chapter, but a few of the firms will be described in brief for the purpose of showing more clearly the magnitude of the business. Among the brewing plants may now be recalled the Windisch-Muhlhauser Brewing Company, incorporated in 881, on a capital of $100,000. By 1893 this brewery was making five brands of beer—Lager, Pilsener, the Standard, the Lion Brew and the Lion Export. This plant was located on Liberty, Wade and Fifteenth streets. Work commenced by the original proprietors in 1867 during which year 20,000 barrels were brewed, but by 1892 it is shown that 175,000 barrels were made. Other firms producing excellent Cincinnati beer were The Herman Lackman Company, on Stone Street ; the elder Lackman began brewing in 1855. He leased the old Schneider brewery. He became a favorite because he refused to make anything but pure malt and hop beer. Other plants were the Moerlein Brewing Company, founded in 1853. In 1881 this concern was reorganized under a capital of 0ne million dollars. 480 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE Another plant was the Foss-Schneider Brewery, established in 1848-49 on Augusta Street. A new brewing plant was built by this concern on Freeman Avenue and it had a 250 foot frontage. There 350 barrels per day were made in the early nineties. The Gerke Brewing Company was among the oldest in Ohio, beginning in 1854, at the corner of Plum and South Canal, then thought to be "way out of the city." Here 150,000 barrels of beer were produced. Then the old timers relate the history and name over by list these brewing concerns : The John Hauck Brewing Company, incorporated in 1879; the Jung Brewing Company, organized in 1862; the John Kauffman Brewing Company, which was an extensive plant ; the Buckeye Brewing Company and right here let it be stated that the oldest of all breweries in Cincinnati was the Herancourt Brewing Company, established in 1840, located on Harrison Avenue with a street frontage of 645 feet with a depth of 350 feet. Others of a later date recalled were the Germania, the Banner Brewery, the Henry Adams Brewery, the J. Walker Brewery, the Bruckmarl Brewery, the Becker Brewing Company, and a dozen more concerns turning out its thousands of barrels annually. This industry grew to great and towering proportions until the majority of the American people decided that too much beer was not a safe and sound, healthful policy and hence, after States had legislated in the matter, finally the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States constitution prohibited the manufacture and sale of beer, after which of course this giant industry in Cincinnati and other large beer producing cities went down with much financial loss to the owners 0f these plants over which the prohibition war was fought so many decades until 1919. Manufacture of Barrels —The following appeared in a history of Cincinnati in 1894: Where so many millions of barrels and kegs of beer are produced annually, this review would not be complete without some reference to the manufacture of these vessels to contain it. In the village of Riverside, just outside the city limits, is found the vast plant of the Cincinnati Cooperage Company. Its buildings and extensive yards adjoin that of the Fleischmann distillery, and on the south is the broad sweep of the Ohio River and the Kentucky hills. It is a just claim made without boasting that the Cincinnati Cooperage Company is the largest concern of its kind in the world, as statistics will tell. So great is its business that it owns vast tracts of timber land in a dozen States, from which is derived the stave and heading supply. About one thousand men are kept constantly at work in the lumber camps getting out material ready for shipment to the Riverside factory. As the company uses none but thoroughly seasoned wood, an enormous stock is kept year by year in the yards. So enormous is it that at the present time fully fifteen million pieces of staves and headings are stacked up in the Riverside yards. Averaging the length of these pieces at thirty inches each, they would, if placed end to end, reach a distance of over six thousand miles, or a quarter of the earth's circumference. The company owns its own barges and steamboat for the transportation of mate- INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 481 rial from the timber districts, which are accessible by water, though a great deal of the wood supply comes by rail. There are eight stave and heading mills located in the various forest districts owned or operated by the Cincinnati Cooperage Company. At the Riverside shops five hundred men are employed, making a total of about fourteen hundred altogether who derive wages from this great company. The full manufacturing,. capacity of the plant averages six thousand packages a day, an indication of the immense business done by the concern. With the passing of the breweries of course the cooperage industry has been greatly depleted if not almost entirely ruined in this city. Other Industrial Elements in the "Fifties" —Another branch of manufacturing which passed the million dollar mark in the middle of the last century, was the one of publishing. There were three large printing houses in the city, mainly engaged in the publication of periodicals. These were the "Gazette," on Main Street, which was equipped with five power and cylinder presses ; Morgan & Overend, on the Miami Canal, with a capacity of 45,000 impressions daily from its presses ; and the Methodist Book Concern. There were twelve regular publishing houses, who had their printing done on the presses of the foregoing three, but chiefly by Morgan & Overend. All this was exclusive of several newspaper publishers who did their printing at their offices. The value of the books, periodicals and newspapers published in one year in the city at about that day amounted to $1,246,540, and 656 printers and binders were employed. As is usually the case, wherever are located large packing interests, will be found large soap and candle factories, and Cincinnati was no exception to this rule. Mr. Cist, in his book in 1851, says : "There are thirty-eight of these factories, some making soap principally, some making tallow candles and soap, and others star candles, either alone or in addition to what they produce in soap and tallow candles, or in the last article merely. These employed 710 hands ; value of product, $1,475,000 ; raw material, seventy-five per cent." Cincinnati was at that time the greatest whiskey market in the world, the liquor being distilled on every side of the city to the amount of 1,145 barrels a day. The value of this product was for the year, $2,858,900. During the next ten years the entire character of Cincinnati was changed, not only in a commercial and industrial sense, but also in its physical appearance, being immensely improved in its architectural features. The natural outward indication of the giant prosperity which enfolded the city. Transportation was vastly improved, and the rate was lower. River navigation was at its height, and the hundreds of steamboats and barges which plied the rivers of the west had for the center of their traffic the Queen City. The farmers of the Miami Valley had never before experienced such crops, and the fertile soil brought them returns for their labor hitherto undreamed of. All branches of Cin.-31 482 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE business in the city were thriving in 1860, and the city directory for that year showed between three and four hundred different classes of business in a population of about 200,000 citizens, who were surcharged with the spirit of commercial enterprise and the confidence that Cincinnati was and would continue to be the greatest manufacturing city of the United States. Then followed the dark years of the Civil War, which hung like a cloud over the Nation for four years, leaving disaster and depression in its wake. But while it endured, the manufacturing interests 0f Cincinnati prospered in an unparalleled manner, the exports of the city far exceeding any like period previous. The requirements of the army were great, and the manufacturers rose to the occasion in splendid fashion. The needs of the quartermaster department as regards clothing were supplied by Cincinnatians, large contracts being filled for the government. The boot and shoe manufacturers also met with unequalled prosperity, and, as is always the case in war, the producers of luxuries profited greatly owing to the propensity of the soldiers to spend their money for their personal pleasure. The manufacture of lead shot was extremely large during the war, as was that of many engine parts and machines. It was feared that at the end of the war there would be a decrease in all branches of trade correspondingly as great as the wartime increase had been, and this was in reality the case. However, this slump came so slowly, and high prices endured for so long a time after the cessation of hostilities, that people deceived themselves into believing that their prosperity was due not merely to the inflation of prices and trade during the war, but that a definite basis had been reached for their commercial prosperity, and one upon which they could estimate the expenses and profits of their respective businesses. Almost imperceptibly the retrogradation of prosperity closed in on the country, and what with the large decline in the price of gold, and the correspondingly high prices, the flooding of the market with cotton that had been stored in the regi0ns of the South not reached by the armies, all the manufacturers and business men eventually came to the realization that they were spending money faster than it was coming in, and a consequent morbid state of affairs existed over all. Then, as the South gradually reared itself from the wreckage which had been brought upon it by the desolation of war, and the stunning poverty that at first vitiated the life of its trade and commerce slowly gave way before the quickening spirit of industry, the need of a railroad south from Cincinnati began to be felt. The city was almost at a standstill, and the people realized that unless the States to the south, which were beginning to demand northern products, were opened to the manufacturers of the city, the opportunity of Cincinnati, its prosperity in INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 483 future years, and the present life of its great industries, would be lost through all time. It was at this time that the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce began to make itself felt as an influence in shaping the destinies of the city. It had been incorporated into a self-perpetuating and governing body by the General Assembly on March 23, 850, and had been gaining in strength for fifteen years. Now at this critical time in the city's life, this body began making strenuous appeals to the citizens to save the city from decay and inject new energy into its commercial life, and the result was the construction of the Cincinnati & Southern Railway. A Commercial and Industrial Review —From sundry authors, records and speakers, the following few pages on Cincinnati business interests have been compiled : The period between 1901 and 1910 opened with the industrial world still enjoying that prosperity with which the previous decade had closed. Prices were reduced on most articles, the average decrease amounting to perhaps five per cent. Foreign trade was still on the increase and the value of exports over imports was increasingly large, although the total value was slightly below that of 1900. Cincinnati was at this time producing more manufactured goods in proportion to her population than was any other city in the United States, and the aggregate output of the city in 1901 reached a value of $300,000,000 or nearly $1,000 per capita, as the population for Cincinnati was reported in 1900 as 325,902. At this time it became noticeable that less difficulty was experienced by those collecting data on the manufacturing interest of the city in obtaining the desired information, the majority of important establishments having no objections to giving the required figures. In this way, although the returns were far from complete, a rather satisfactory conclusion as to the comparative progress of the city's industry could be reached, a task of great difficulty in years gone by. In 1902, the city experienced the most prosperous year of any up to that time, the volume of its trade and manufactories exceeding that 0f any previous year, although the valuation placed upon the more important products fell about seven per cent below that of 1901. This decrease was partly accounted for by the increase in wages, the average rise being two and one-eighth per cent in comparison with 1901. Owing to the unusually large imports in the country as a whole, the export trade did not show such an excess. The agricultural pr0ducts were in excess of any previous year, and as the bank clearings continued to be as substantial as those of 1901, the year was one of great prosperity for the country at large, and this prosperity was reflected in the affairs of Cincinnati Business men, the value of manufactures for the year being $315,000,000, and the value of all commodities received, $545,000,000. The most important gains in the last few years in industrial operations were 484 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE made in leather, boots and shoes, soap, harness, and saddlery, machinery, vehicles, furniture and office furnishings, clothing and groceries, while the pig iron received and the sales of local dealers for direct shipment increased 118 per cent in five years. The year 1903 was quite generally satisfactory for Cincinnati from the viewpoint of the manufacturers, and the best indication that they were prospering was in the large amount of building that was being done at this time. Added to this there was an important extension in the electric interurban system, which materially bettered transportation to districts immediately in the vicinity of Cincinnati. The volume of business done by the manufacturers was comparatively large, and especially was this true in the important branches such as machinery and the other well known classes of manufactured products of Cincinnati. However, along with this increase shown by many industries there was a corresponding decrease in others, while many showed no change whatever, making the total valuation placed upon the year's production about the same as for the preceding year, $315,000,000. The next year, 1904, showed the city to be keeping pace with the good business conditions which were prevalent all over the country at the time. A good showing was made by almost all departments of the manufacturing business, and some of the more important ones especially showed marked improvement. Transportation facilities were being greatly improved around Cincinnati at the time, and it was agitated freely that the Ohio River should receive some attention so that it might be improved for navigation, in order that the river could carry a larger portion of the great burden of freight which was carried annually to and from the city by the railroads and which amounted in 1904 to about twenty million tons. The value of the product of the manufacturing establishments of the city for the year showed a slight increase over that of the year before, being estimated at $30,000,000. The year 1905 was characterized by the good demand which continued from the first to the last for the products of nearly all manufacturing establishments, which experienced a substantial increase in the volume of their output as well as of the value of it. The only feature of this year's business which marred its otherwise even tenor, was the occurrence of some slight labor troubles. Labor was well paid and well employed, and there was little or no reason for the demonstrations which occurred to interfere with the operations of the factories. Three to five per cent represents the increase in value of the products of the manufacturing establishments, the figure used for the basis of comparison with other years being $330,000,000. The commercial prosperity which had existed in 1905 continued to be experienced in 1906, practically all lines of manufacturing showing a decided advance over the year before, the value of the aggregate product being estimated at about $345,000,000. This era of prosperity continued throughout the first ten months of 1907, INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 485 but was brought to a sudden close by the financial panic which came at the end of that year. Its effects on the business of Cincinnati is best described for our purpose in a publication of the time relating to the commerce of the city. "In most of the lines of commercial and industrial activity there were satisfactory conditions in this city as the year 1907 progressed, until the occurrence of financial disorder in October, which developed in New York, the effect and influence of which reached all the sections of the country, in more 0r less degree of unfavorableness. This community, in common with other communities, suffered from these disturbances of confidence and restrictions upon financial facilities for the conduct of industrial operations, but the banking institutions of the city were not shaken, and they applied their ability and resources most creditably in meeting the exigencies of the situation. The interference with business operations represented by the October monetary panic is reflected in the comparisons of bank clearings for our city, which for the first ten months of the year made an increase of nine per cent over the record for the corresponding period of the preceding year, while the last two months of the year fell behind nineteen per cent in such comparison. This feature in the affairs of industry, investment and employment of capital furnishes explanation for a large part of causes for failure of the year's results to disclose a usual gain in the comparisons which investigation leads up to." In spite of the fact that retrenchments of magnitude t0ok place in the last two months of the year, the first ten months showed such a satisfactory increase as regarded the value of manufactured products that the total for the year was slightly above 1904, when there had been an uninterrupted flow of prosperity. The estimated value of all the products of Cincinnati and vicinity was $350,000,000 for the year. Industrial activity rebounded with unusual rapidity the next year from its state of depression to the accustomed conditions of confidence and prosperity, one of the principal causes for this splendid recovery arising in the splendid crops for the year. The prices on almost all manufactured goods ruled considerably higher during the year, having a stabilized effect on manufacturers, who became confident that their profits would not suffer as they had done following the panic of 1893. These higher prices, however, induced higher wages and an increase in the cost of raw materials, thus preventing the profits of the manufacturers from being as high as could have been desired. That money was far from free was shown by the decrease in bank clearings in the city of about ten per cent from 1907. The great depression which existed in the early part of the year was reflected in the greatly diminished value of the manufactured products for the year, those of Cincinnati being estimated at $250,000,000 in comparison with $350,000,000 for 1907. However, there was large general improvement in 1909, the valuation of products reaching $300,- 486 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE 000,000 in that year. This advancement continued during the next year, a total of $325,000,00o being quoted for manufactured g00ds. The following table will give a comprehensive comparison between the years 1901 and 1910 in regard to some of the more important products of local manufacture and their value :

Articles	1901	1910
Whisky made and received Beer made Boots and shoes manufactured Soap manufactured Clothing sold Vehicles manufactured Furniture Pig iron, receipts and sales	$37,553,000 8,500,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 24,750,000 9,000,000 7,500,000 25,500,000	$29,946,562 11,000,000 24,000,000 27,000,000 28,000,000 9,000,000 1,000,000 20,000,000

Acting on the advice of the committee of the Chamber of Commerce in 1900 appointed to investigate the question of selling the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, the citizens of Cincinnati voted in 1901 to re-lease the road. This was done, satisfactory terms being agreed upon with the New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway Company. The new lease was for a period of sixty years beginning in 1906, the first twenty years of which the annual rental to be $1,050,000, during the second twenty years, $1,100,000, and for the remaining period, $1,00,000. Reflecting the increase in export business, the railroads showed a decided improvement in the amount of freight moving outward from Cincinnati in the early part of the decade. This increase continued until 1907, when the panic and the subsequent diminishing of manufactures and commercial operation in 1908 reduced the tonnage and earnings of the railroads materially. By 1910 vastly better transportation facilities were afforded to Cincinnati merchants and manufacturers who had excellent rail communicati0ns with all parts of the country. In some respects the terminals were improved by the end of this decade, but the inability of many of the citizens to comprehend the advantages of good terminals, and their unwillingness to lay aside their personal objections in the matter, hindered many good plans from being carried 0ut. 1910 saw eleven railroads entering the city, and the freight tonnage for the year was estimated at about 33,000,000 tons. In additi0n to these eleven railroads there were a number of electric lines connecting Cincinnati with the surrounding district, greatly facilitating the question of short hauls. It cannot be definitely stated just what tonnage is to be credited to the river transportation. However, figuring the average tonnage of steamboats for the year at 467 tons and the total departures and arrivals for the year at 2,699, the estimate is that the steamboat tonnage for the year was over one and one-quarter million tons. This figure d0es not include the barge service on heavy freight which was many times larger than the steamboat tonnage. In the consideration of the progress made in manufacturing and commercial lines from 1910 down to the present, particular attention will be INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 487 paid to the effect of the World War ; what branches of trade suffered and which gained, the per cent of loss and the net gain. Cincinnati experienced unsatisfactory conditions in the business world in 1911, because the bright prospects held forth at the beginning 0f the year failed to materialize, causing a feeling of unrest and uncertainty. But owing to the diversity of manufacturers in the city many of the heavy losses suffered by some were offset by the gain 0f others, and the aggregate value of the year's production was slightly above that of 1910, reaching $331,000,000. The greatest per cent of gain for the year in the factory business was that shown by the automobile builders, who reported an increase up to 250 per cent, while the greatest decrease was forty per cent in one branch of the machine tool business. Little change was to be noted in volume of business done, prices obtained for the products, the cost of raw materials, or the wages paid, and in general the labor conditions were of the best, only one slight disturbance occurring in the year. 1912 was a record-breaking year in all departments of business, and that this should occur in the year of a presidential campaign of the most interest in many years, when the defeat of the conservative party was admitted before the election, and after a winter of such severity that at first the crop outlook was poor, was, indeed, little less than amazing. Practically every crop broke the record for magnitude, the products of the manufacturers, as well as the production of iron and steel surpassed all preceding years in volume and value. Cincinnati, with its three thousand manufacturing establishments prospered accordingly, and important steps were taken to improve the export trade with foreign countries. Realizing that the greatest profits were to be made in the foreign market, and the capacity of the factories was such as to create a vast surplus of manufactured articles, the Chamber of Commerce appointed a committee whose sole duty was the encouragement and development of this export business. Their most important act was the establishment of close trade relations with government institutions abroad and the most important foreign Chambers of Commerce, in order that the local manufacturers who could not go to the expense of establishing foreign offices for the sale and distribution of their goods. Through the efforts of this committee direct communication was established in many instances between Cincinnati merchants and the foreign buyers, and so great did the interest in foreign trade become that a club was formed in the Chamber of Commerce known as the "Export Club of the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce." Cincinnati at that time ranked second among inland cities in the amount of its foreign trade, being surpassed in this department only by Chicago, and the value of these exports helped not a little to swell the total valuation of Cincinnati's manufactures to approximately $350,000,000. There appeared in the report 0f the Chamber of Commerce for that year a number of interesting facts as to the city, 488 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE among which were : that Cincinnati was the nearest large city to the center of population, being within twenty-four hours of 76,000,000 people, the largest center of hardwood lumber in the world, the only city in the United States owning a railroad, manufactured more and better machine tools than any other city in the world, as was also the case in respect to wood working machinery and office furniture, largest distributing center for whiskey in the world, fourth or fifth in the manufacture of shoes, third in the manufacture of electrical machinery, and had the largest leather supply house and harness factory in the world. Cincinnati reflected the general conditions which prevailed all over the country in 1913, and a feeling of general timidity induced by bad weather and its effect on the crops, tariff, and currency legislation, the revision of railroad rates, and labor troubles caused a spirit of caution to prevail throughout the entire business world. Railroads brought the question of a five per cent increase in freight rates before the Interstate Commerce Commission, an increase which threatened to reduce profits still more, and yet in spite of all the unfavorable sidelights which shown upon the year's business, there was a general increase in the volume. This was accounted for by the large volume of manufacturing in the first six months of the year, only the last three months being what could be really termed poor. The export trade did not suffer from these conditions which prevailed at home, and not only did most of the houses engaged in this department of trade report a satisfactory increase in the amount of their business done, but several new firms entered the field. In view of the final results, the year may be looked upon as satisfactory from the standpoint of the majority of Cincinnati business men. 1914 was the most remarkable year which had ever been experienced by business men of the city. The feeling of nervousness and depression which preceded the government legislation had a retarding effect on manufacturing throughout the country, and when the World War broke out in August, a nation-wide disaster in commercial, and industrial life was averted only through the most heroic efforts of the administration. The lack of a merchant marine and the bottling up of the Central Powers by the British fleet which cut off one of the most important markets for cotton brought this country face to face with financial ruin. H0wever, the admission of foreign boats to American registry partially alleviated the ill effects of the first, and the establishment of a $130,000,000 fund by the government to carry and market the cotton crop relieved the depression caused by the second. Other beneficent measures taken by the government were the establishment of the War Risk Insurance Bureau with a fund of $100,000,000 to protect the foreign exchange market, and the putting into operation a new banking system which greatly aided the situation. Toward the end of the year there was a great increase in foreign trade, the results of which were reflected in Cincinnati, although INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 489 the upward trend of business came a little too late in the year to prevent some of the seventy business failures which occurred during the year. The greatest percentage of decrease in manufacturing in the city came in the department of machine manufacture, which suffered a reduction of about fifty per cent. The year 1915 was a year of splendid recovery in the business life of Cincinnati. The general conditions which brought this improvement about were the enormous demands by foreign powers for food, especially cereals, wire, machine tools, automobiles, clothing and munitions. The necessity for these articles was so pressing upon these nations that they paid almost unquestioningly the prices asked in this country. The surplus supplies of the country were soon exhausted, and it was found that the present capacity of the factories was not great enough to fill all the orders that were pouring into them. New factories and plants sprung up like mushrooms in the districts favored by transportation and raw material facilities. Such high wages were paid by some manufacturers whose products were in the greatest demand, that a scarcity of skilled labor in other branches of industry began to be felt with a consequent increase in wages for all labor. Exceptionally large crops and an enormous influx of gold from Europe made for unusual prosperity which steadily increased throughout the year, and mounted still higher in 196, making that year one of unparalleled advancement in volume of trade, industrial production, earnings of railroads, and import and export trade. Nothing could retard this tide of gain, and even the incidents connected with an unusually important presidential campaign and events of a discouraging nature in our foreign relations failed to stem it. Wages increased during the year from five to twenty-five per cent, but the additional profits accruing from an increase in selling prices from 100 to 250 per cent were eaten up in the added cost of raw materials which ranged in their increase from 10 to 300 per cent. The flood tide of prosperity continued until 1917, when this country entered the war, and the reason for its being retarded at that time was not on account of any doubt or uncertainty as to the outcome or lack of confidence in the government and the markets, but the government control of many of the important commodities of commercial life such as wheat, sugar, coal, pig iron and steel, exerted an unusual influence on industrial life. The greatly increased demand for some articles of manufacture needed for the army and navy, the withdrawal 0f millions of young men from active producing, increased taxes and government loans all created a feeling of some uncertainty. The manufacturer was at a loss to know what prices to quote the consumer in advance of the manufacture of his product because the fluctuating cost of raw materials might either make him wealthy or bankrupt him. There was a large increase of business for Cincinnati, but the profits did not keep step with the volume of the trade. Practically the same conditions prevailed during the year 1918. Restrictions by 490 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE government policy on some branches of manufacture were made up for in increased production of military articles. The entire resources of the country, financial, agricultural, military, and commercial were bent toward the winning of the war, and there was little room for conditions to be affected by the personal gain of private manufactures, or the manipulati0n of the market by unscrupulous traders. A Quarter of a Century Ago —From various sources the subjoined facts concerning Cincinnati and her industries have been compiled. Very many of these manufacturing and jobbing plants herein named are still operating, but are much larger than at that date : In 1899 the Chamber of Commerce reported grain receipts, 13,400,000 bushels, value $5,709,000; hay 113,000 tons, value $1,500,000 ; flour 2,154,000 barrels, value $5,709,000; wool 30,000 bales, $1,300,000; leaf tobacco, 68,600 hogsheads, 81,900 cases, $9,000,000; live stock, 1,575,000, $16,170,000 ; provisions (shipped) 167,000,000 pounds, $9,000,000; coffee, 325,000 bags, $3,415,000; sugar, 330,000 barrels, $6,315,000. Pig iron (sales) 1,658,000 tons, $29,850,000; manufactured iron, 262,000 tons, $11,775,000 ; lead, 6,600 tons, $1,480,000; coal, 78,791,000 bushels, $4,270,000 (shippers' price) ; petroleum (sales) 1,712,000 barrels, $7,020,000. Lumber received 0utside of boat receipts, 54,500 cars, $18,000,000. Whiskey produced and received, 22,400,000 gallons, value about $28,000,000; beer, 385,000,000 gallons produced, $8,200,000; carriages made $11,250,000; furniture, $8,500,000; machinery, $8,500,000; safes, $4,000,000 ; harness, $4,750,000. Grocery sales, $19,750,000; soap shipments, 2,000,000 boxes, $10,300000; dry goods (sales) $39,125,00o; clothing (sales) $23,150,000; boots and shoes (manufactured) $12,000,000; (received) 341,000 cases, total value, $21,40,000; leather made, $6,000,000. The article of flour alone makes a great industry—too long to here go into detail 0ver. It may be stated that the Foulds Milling Company, producers of high grade flour, was established in 879, with a capacity of 600 barrels daily. Other large flouring mills include those of Schneider & Son & Co., and the great wholesaler of flour has for many years been known as A. Schmidt & Co., on West Sixth Street. The total value of grain received in Cincinnati in 899 was, according to the Chamber of Commerce, $5,200,000; total number barrels of flour in that year, was 2,154,400, valued at $5,710,000. The total number of barrels of flour made here in 1899 was 453,000 barrels. The reports show receipts for mill feed at 35,400 tons, valued at $400,000. Other items of produce were during 899, 210,90o barrels, valued at $547,003; other green fruits, as peaches, peas, cherries, plums, 13,400 tons ; oranges, 122,000 boxes (very much greater now) ; bananas, 13,270 tons ; INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 491 total value three last named items, $1,412,000. Dried fruits, 6,000,000 pounds, valued at $677,000 ; potatoes, 775,000 barrels, $1,000,000 ; hops, 12,700 bales ; cheese, 112,000 boxes ; eggs, 390,000 cases ; butter 161,000 packages ; butterine, 2,300,000 pounds. A conservative estimate in 1900 of the amount of fruits and produce business in Cincinnati was $15,000,000. That of poultry and eggs even still a greater amount. The city' is a great distributing center for this kind of business. It is midway between the South and North, and controls a large business in early southern berries and vegetables. Surrounding it is a very compactly settled territory to be directly supplied by its commission merchants. It ranks as a produce market along with Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, and not far behind Chicago and New York. The orange is one of the great fruits handled in immense amounts by Cincinnati dealers. These come mainly from California, on account of so frequent failures of this crop in Florida. In May, 1900, notice was given in the local press of : "A great fruit auction house, an organization of the dealers, holds regular sales, three, three days each week, of consignments of California and southern fruits and tropical products. It is known as the Cincinnati, Florida and California Fruit Auction Company. An exchange with warehouses is occupied by it at the Panhandle freight yards, and there are desks for 200 buyers." The banana trade is wonderfully large and still advancing, were the Chamber's report in 1899. Receipts were then mainly from the Gulf ports and, as a rule, are next to those of Chicago in volume. In 899 there were received 1,327 cars and a million dollars worth were handled in the city annually for a number of years early in the twentieth century. As to melons, reports from commission men give the receipts of watermelons, mainly from the Southland, as 3,000 cars or about $400,000 worth. They went east from here as well as north and west. The famous Rocky Ford, Colorado, melons were largely handled here twenty-five years ago, and really first won their popularity in the "Queen City." Strawberries from the South, especially from Tennessee, forms n0 small item of fruit trade here ; peaches, plums, pears and grapes for the autumn and summer trade make a close second to any city in America. Potato, that standard vegetable on which Americans rely upon so much, finds a great distributing and consuming point in Cincinnati. The railroads maintain special yards for trading in potatoes. One vegetable yard has facilities for 200 cars. Cincinnati is a great intermediary, as it sends northern apples south and southern melons east ; it receives potatoes from Wisconsin and as far northwest as North Dakota and Minnesota, and peaches from Michigan and Georgia. It gets oranges from the Pacific Coast and from the West Indies. Its bananas come from Central America via Mobile and New Orleans. 492 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE Poultry, live and dressed, comes from all parts of the West and South by car and sometimes in train lots to local dealers. The fish and oyster trade is large. Cincinnati is known as one of the best fresh-water fish markets in the country. Only about one-tenth of the fish sold here are salt-water varieties. About five million pounds of fish enter the Cincinnati market every year, which, sold at six cents a pound, makes the fish product of the city amount to about $300,000 annually. The Chamber of Commerce reported, in 1899, that the city's packing business that year amounted t0 $12,000,000. The provision trade of this market for the same time was receipts, $9,888,000; shipments, $12,731,000. The receipts of hides in Cincinnati in 1889 were 631,000 or thirty-two per cent more than the average for the previous five years. The shipments amounted to 439,000. Local slaughtering provided 145,000, together with calf and sheep skins in amounts not recorded. The local tanners took about 35,000 hides and 150,000 skins. In value the year's receipts amounted to $2,334,000. The wool receipts are very changeable. One year large and others less in volume. In 1892 it was 79,000 bales; in 1898, only 6,900 bales. In 1899 the receipts were 29,600 and the total value was $1,295,000. The receipts of tallow was, in 1899, 90,600 tierces, and the shipments 20,900 tierces, the largest shipments ever recorded in Cincinnati. Of tobacco it may be said Cincinnati has been a great market in this commodity since the commencement of the Civil War when southern tobacco works were closed or destroyed by that conflict. Once this city was famous as a center for fine-cut chewing tobacco, which has nearly gone out of use. In 1900 it was safely estimated that between ten and twelve thousand tobacco growers shipped their crop to Cincinnati. This product then came in from the States of Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1900 there was a total of 7,345,000 pounds of smoking tobacco produced in Cincinnati. Chewing tobacco only in a small way, but on the Kentucky side of the Ohio in Covington and Newport, more than a million and a quarter pounds were pr0duced. In 1900 Cincinnati commercial statistics show a total of 11,000,000 pounds of chewing and smoking tobacco produced here at a value of $3,070,000. In 1898 there were made in Cincinnati and Covington with help of Newport, 299,000,000 cigars and 31,680,000 cigarettes. There were then sixteen large cigar factories in Cincinnati—those of great capacity—while there were several hundred lesser shops. In all there were employed workmen in the tobacco business amounting to 4,320, with a capital invested of $2,000,000. The hardwood lumber trade in Cincinnati and vicinity was at its crest in 1900, the receipts that year being 54,000 car loads and the outgoing shipments 40,000 car loads. This was by rail routes, but to that must be added 25,000,000 feet which came by river and 90,000,000 feet cut INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 493 by mills here and in Covingt0n, making the grand total of lumber handled 15,000 feet to the car, 917,110,000 feet, which, at $20 per thousand, is $18,342,200 in value. The pig-iron and steel trade of Cincinnati a quarter of a century ago was very extensive. Chamber of Commerce figures for that period show the trade amounted to $38,375,000 and the product was one-tenth of all handled in the entire United States. Cincinnati deals more largely in the sale of southern irons than any others. Cincinnati is largely interested through many capitalists in Southern furnaces. The receipts of manufactured iron and steel at Cincinnati in 1899 was 261,000 tons, valued at $12,000,000. The receipts of nails were, in 1899, more than 425,000 kegs. The total iron trade of the city at the opening year of the present century was placed at a value of $42,000,000. What is now almost a "lost art" in Cincinnati—the making of and sale of intoxicating liquors—in 1900 took second rank in its capital and number of persons employed in the hundreds of breweries, distilleries, rectifiers, blenders, etc., of liquors and cordials. Its annual business was then $6,300,000. There were then 130 wholesale liquor dealers. The capital invested in the liquor business was placed at $20,000,000. One distillery employed 987 men and produced annually 8,700,000 gallons of whiskey. A quarter of a century ago the mayor of Cincinnati was a distiller. The books show that in 1899 Cincinnati produced 9,466,800 gallons of distilled spirits. The United States Internal Revenue receipts in 1899 for this city was $12,000,000. At the last named year there were twenty-two breweries running full blast in Cincinnati, backed by $11,000,000 capital and employing 2,000 men constantly. But with the coming of prohibition in America there also came into action the hundreds of factories and sales depots for electric appliances and supplies, thus in a measure making up for the loss of revenue through the brewery and distillery—other avenues have been opened up by which men may obtain paying employment. Of bread and cracker-making in Cincinnati "there is no end," The business was referred to by the "Cincinnati Enquirer" in 1900 as follows : "There are now eight large bakeries and 350 smaller ones. They make a capital of $675,000 and employ 1,567 men. The wages paid to these men amounts to $1,286,000, while the product is $2,255,000." A writer of industries in Cincinnati in 1900, using facts gleaned from the local press, said : Other statistics of interest regarding this trade are also from the "Enquirer," It is estimated that the larger bakeries here produce 20,000,000 loaves annually and the scores of smaller ones about 11,000,000 loaves annually. To these figures may be added about 9,000,000 more for the output of restaurants and hotels, or 40,000,000 in all. About half of this is consumed here at home ; the remainder is shipped to out-of-town 494 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE places within a radius of say 15o miles, by express always, and on early morning trains. Special orders have been filled here for bread to go even greater distances—once to the Catskill Mountains, for instance—but this is unusual. As to the city trade, one house here disposes of ninety-nine per cent of its 0utput to consumer direct. The others sell the bulk of their goods to the grocery houses to be resold. Notwithstanding that the present-day dealers and manufacturers deny the writer of local history many statistics with which to write an intelligent article on a given industry, there are available Chamber of Commerce records made as long ago as 1900. For example the statistics referred to for a base for the subjoined paragraphs : The Candy Trade —There are nine concerns here manufacturing candy in a wholesale way ; about ten fashionable confectioners making a high-grade of goods for the local trade, and, perhaps, one hundred small candy stores making their own g0ods for sale over the counter. The wholesalers make about 31,500,000 pounds of candy annually, the larger retail confectioners, perhaps, 600,000 pounds, and the smaller ones, in lump, 500,000 pounds. The total value of this product is about $1,700,000. About 700 persons and, perhaps, $500,000 of capital are employed in the trade. The rank of the city in this line is about what it is in a general business way—say sixth or seventh, perhaps. The wholesale branch of this trade is by far, of course, the more important. Staple goods chiefly are made and sold by salesmen throughout the country. The manufacturers here are jobbers also, and handle much candy made in other cities. The business shows growth and increase, and of late has been especially prosperous. Several concerns are enlarging, and one new one has lately started. Soap Making —There are here seventeen regular soap factories, that is, concerns which make the soap themselves and do not have it made outside. Of these, twelve make laundry soap mainly, and five toilet soaps. Some of the larger concerns combine with soap-making, cotton-oil and lard-oil refining and the making of candles. In 1899 it was estimated that the trade here represents a capital of $7,718,000 and 2,000 employees, and an output of 185,000,000 pounds, valued at almost $10,000,000. Safe Manufacturing —About 1854 Charles Urban started the making of fire-proof safes in Cincinnati. Today there are more than a half dozen firms engaged in such business. These concerns manufacture all kinds of safes and locks, as bank safes, county officials' safes, United States Government safes, safety deposit vaults, fire and burglar-proof safes for INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 495 general business purposes and for residences. Many styles of safes have originated here ; a very popular and expensive safe made in Cincinnati is the one which is made with a screw door on the time-lock system. The material used chiefly for the construction of these safes is principally from the Cincinnati rolling mills and large iron and steel plants of this city. The territory over which these safes are sold is almost world-wide in its extent, the United States however, being the main field for sales. Salesmen for the Cincinnati safes are to be found operating in every State, town and village of this country. Products of the screw and tap industries of Cincinnati commenced to be known in 1874. The good material used in these works have established a big demand from coast to coast, with a large trade even in the New England States which used to furnish nearly all of such goods. As to wood-working machinery it may be said that 25 years ago there were more such machines built here than in any other city in the United States. Also more exported to foreign lands. Agents come in here from England, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, South Africa, and South America searching for this kind of goods, and it will be recalled by machinists that Cincinnati was awarded the Grand Prix for machinery of this class at the Paris 1889 and 1900 expositions. In 1900 there were six large wood-working machine plants, employing a capital of $2,695,000, and about 3,000 hands, with an annual output of $2,700,000. Their export trade alone in 1901 was $750,000. Cincinnati machine tools are the standard in the mechanical world today. At one time New England was the center of this trade, but for twenty odd years Cincinnati has been in the lead. A machine tool is one operated by machinery and used in a machine shop or works for making the various running machinery necessary. These are usually automatic and include drills, chucks, lathes, planers, shapers, and milling machines. They are all great labor-saving devices. Beginning in 1890 with five plants producing such products, in 1900 the number had grown to twenty-nine. The capital then invested was $1,805,000; number of men employed 2,900. The largest factory of this kind in the world in 1904 was the one owned by Cincinnati capitalists, with the head plant at Hamilton, Ohio. Machine tools are in part forged work and in part cast. It is in the designing and arranging and setting up of these tools that the Yankee excels, hence besides supplying the home country demand the tools and machines for making the same find sale in all parts of the mechanical world. Cigar molds and cigar machinery are produced in endless amounts in Cincinnati, and many of these articles having been patented are sold to European countries and even in the far off Orient. Bell Founders —The manufacture of bells—church, school and farm bells—so long made in this city have placed the municipality on the map 496 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE possibly as no other single article made here ever has. It was in 1837 that the Buckeye Bell Foundry of E. W. Van Duzen Company was established and in 1900 its books showed that it had cast 45,000 bells, including 346 sets of chimes. No accurate figures are at hand for this industry, but the following, taken from Chamber of Commerce statistics in 1901 gives one an idea of the magnitude of the bell casting business in Cincinnati at that date and it is no less today : One of the famous feats of this establishment was the making of the great bell for the St. Francis de Sales Church, Walnut Hills, this city, which weighs 26,000 pounds, and is the largest swinging bell in regular church mountings. The casting of this bell was notable ; it was a success at the first attempt ; whereas, sometimes as many as four or five efforts are made before a perfect casting is secured. This bell is nine feet in diameter at the base and seven feet high. The wheel by which it is rung is fifteen feet in diameter. It has roller bearings. Its mounting and poising, as well as the casting of it, constitute a mechanical achievement highly creditable certainly to the trade here. Furniture —That the manufacture of furniture in Cincinnati has long been accounted one of its vast enterprises it only need be stated that at the beginning of the present century there were no less than forty-five factories employing 1,630 hands and almost $2,000,000 worth of capital, giving an annual output of $3,000,000 valuation. The Chamber of Commerce, in 1900, gave out these figures for this industry : "Factories, 50; capital employed, $3,415,000; hands employed, 3,450 ; product, $8,500,000. Of this total, office furniture and furnishings and conveniences present for large concerns of 1,005 hands, capital $750,000, and an output of about $2,000,000. Cincinnati was favored highly by its near-by fine timber in the way of the raw material from which to make this beautiful furniture. Its cheap freights, and home-made wood-working machinery have all aided in the industry. The local production of furniture embraces, besides household wares, for which it has long had reputation, office, bank, restaurant, saloon, barber shop, and drug store fittings, and lines of more recent development. The household furniture industry grows slowly, although there are still many large concerns making and selling chairs, beds, and bedsteads (of wood and metal), bedroom suites, sideboards, wardrobes, bookcases, parlor and library furniture and specialties like refrigerators and rattan goods ; but the development has been along other lines, and this is rather a greater market for these goods than factory center. In household goods quality is now the base upon which the business is founded. Designs and ordered work are the backbone of the business. INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 497 Shipments of fine stock are made to all parts of the country, and a large proportion of the output goes to Europe—to London especially, and London and Glasgow in particular. It is said on good authority that two or three of the largest furniture factories here send almost their entire output to England, where the demand is steadily increasing. The local market takes about $1,500,000 of the output ; the remainder goes to other parts of the country and for export. Musical Instruments —In this line of industry the "Queen City" has long been a leader, as she is today. While the present-day dealers and manufacturers will not give out to the historian many needed facts concerning their business, the output can be fairly well estimated by referring to data published in the local newspaper press and later made use of by the publications made public by the Chamber of Commerce, one of which bears date 1901 which reads as follows : In the piano and organ and musical instrument business the Queen City has distinction both as a manufacturing and distributing center, the last of more than ordinary importance. It has been of note for years back as a distributing center, and for the last ten years has been growing fast in rank as a manufacturing place, for pianos especially. New York and Boston, with their environs, were first for very many years in the making of pianos, but of late years Cincinnati and Chicago—Cincinnati particularly—have been crowding them hard. Western cities have been first in the matter of distribution, however, the first four standing: Cincinnati, Chicag0, St. Louis, and San Francisco, in the order named, in that regard. This position, Cincinnati with its rapidly developing manufacturing business, bids fair long to retain. Three large piano factories have been flourishing here for some years, a fourth was added last year in Dayton, one of the city's Kentucky suburbs, and there is prospect of still another large one, report says, in the near future. Ten years ago (1890) only about 100 pianos were turned out here annually ; now the annual product is upwards of 8,000, and the gain has been such of late as to lead to the expectation of a product of 10,000 a year in the near future. The increase of 1899 over 1898 was 33 per cent, and 1900 will double the business of 1898. With the advance thus made this city is expected to produce about ten per cent of the whole number made in the country. The capital now embarked in the piano business here, as estimated by one of the prominent figures in it (quoted in an article in the "Enquirer" daily), is : Manufacturing, $550,000; distributing, $3,000,000 ; a total of $3,550,000. The annual product is valued at $2,500,000, and the number of employees, 650 in 1899, is probably, at this writing, nearer 1,000. Cincinnati capital is also represented as largely invested in one of the big Cin. —32 498 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE Boston piano factories, and in a piano factory and organ factory in Chicago. The Cincinnati dealers were forced into manufacture by changed and expanding conditions of the trade about ten years ago. In some respects they were better prepared than otherwise for this transition. They knew their field better than the Eastern manufacturers, for whom they were formerly agents. That is not to say that many pianos of eastern make are not still s0ld here ; opinions differ as to the merits of different instruments ; a name is valuable, and such instruments will very likely always have a market here. As to the quality of the Cincinnati make 0f instrument, the success met with by the local manufacturers fully answers all objections on that score. Some very fine and expensive instruments of local make are on exhibition in the piano warerooms along Fourth Street, where business of this kind still congregates. It would be invidious to mention names where all excel ; the illustrations of the more important concerns in the business here show for themselves. Cincinnati is also well to the fore in the manufacture and sale of small musical instruments, brass and string. Many band instruments, guitars, violins, mandolins, etc., are made here. One old house has been making fine violins here since 1850; another is said to supply nine-tenths of the snare drums used in the army. This latter house turns out fully 150,000 small instruments annually. The city is, if not first in this branch of the trade, assuredly second among its sister cities of the country. Other enterprising concerns in the way of manufactures may be seen in the prosper0us paper and wooden box factories where more than a thousand men are employed annually. There are a score and more such plants of large capacity and many more of lesser magnitude. Their annual product exceeds a million dollars each—for the paper and wooden-box factories. The Printing Ink produced in Cincinnati it is claimed, amounts to fully one-fifth of all the inks used in America. A quarter of a century ago there were made five million pounds of ink a year in Cincinnati. Then there was capital invested amounting to $800,000, and 100 hands were steadily employed, making an annual product of $1,000,000 worth. These inks are in tw0 classes—newspaper ink and book, lithographing, and color inks. Shirt-Making —From the reports of twenty-four years ago Cincinnati was a great shirt-making center. The great shirt cities are Troy, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago and Cincinnati. In 1899 the factories here turned out 183,000 dozen shirts-2,202,000 garments. The value was placed at one million dollars. There were, in 1901, nine large shirt INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 499 factories in this city, turning out over 4,000 dozen shirts, besides numerous small concerns whose figures are n0t to be had. Also tens of thousands of shirt-waists are made yearly. Cotton and Cotton Goods has long been represented by not less than six large corporations in Cincinnati. The total receipts for cotton in 1899 (according to the Chamber of Commerce) was 313,000 bales. But it should be understood that only 15,000 bales were for local consumption, the remainder being shipped out again to other places. One large house dealing in cotton alone twenty years ago did a business of one million dollars annually. The total value of the raw cotton received here in 1899 was $10,601,000. Leather and Tanning Interests —These twin industries have long been vast in their importance in Cincinnati. There are not only large receipts of leather for the use of shoe and saddlery trades, but the tannery business is one of the greatest industries. In 1899 these tanning plants produced in value $6,000,000 worth of leather. The receipts of leather in this market from other sources the same year were 193,000 bales or bundles ; value $6,555,000. This shows a total annual leather business of over $12,500,000. The same year 373,000 bundles of hides were tanned in Cincinnati. The output was mainly oak-tanned sole leather and harness leathers, including some patent leather. The census reports for 1900 gave Cincinnati the credit of having the largest single tannery in the world—that of the American Oak Leather Company, employing, at that date, 500 men, and covering a square of ground. The great tanning centers are Cincinnati, Louisville, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis. Among the four, Cincinnati takes the lead easily. The total capacity of the ten Cincinnati tanneries is 7,700 hides per week. Cincinnati markets its leather all over the country, as well as exports much besides. Hides from Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, and St. L0uis come here to be tanned. The amount of bark required in tanning this product in 899 was 45,000 cords, valued at $500,000. Closely associated with the tanneries may be named the saddlery, horse clothing and trunk factory business which are very extensive in Cincinnati. The United States census for 890 gave Cincinnati as being fifth in rank as a trunk-making city, Newark, New Jersey, coming first. Shoe Trade of the City —Lynn, Massachusetts, stood at the head of all American shoe producing cities in 1890 and second in rank came Cincinnati. Special returns to the Chamber of Commerce for 1899 gave the sale of boots and shoes for that year to be $17,250,000 and of this amount $12,000,000 was from local factories. With the passing of years trade varies in styles and varieties, but Cincinnati still produces a vast amount of men's and ladies' shoes, a large amount of which reaches the southern