Barrels of pork Pounds of bacon Pounds of lard

180,000 25,000,000 16,500,000

.  The buildings in which the .pork is put up are of great extent and capacity, and in every part thoroughly arranged for the business, They generally extend from street to street, so as to enable one set of operations to be carried on without interfering with another, There are thirty-six of these establishments, besides a number of minor importance, The stranger here during the packing, and especially the forwarding season of the article, becomes bewildered in an attempt to keep up with the eye and the memory, the various and successive processes he has witnessed in following the several stages of putting the hog into the final marketable shape, and in surveying the apparently interminable rows of drags which at that period occupied the main avenues to the river in continuous lines, going and returning, a mile or more in length, excluding every other use of those streets from daylight to dark, Nor is his wonder lessened when he surveys the immense quantity of hogs-heads of bacon, barrels of pork, and kegs of lard, for which room cannot be found on the pork-house floors, extensive as they are, and which are, therefore, spread over the public landing and block up every vacant space on the sidewalks, the public streets, and even adjacent lots otherwise vacant, These are the products, thus far, of the pork houses' operations alone, That is to say, the articles thus ref erred to are put up in these establishments, from the hams, shoulders, leaf lard, and a small portion of the jowls—the residue of the carcasses, which are taken to the pork-house, being left to enter elsewhere into other departments of manufacture, The relative proportions, in weight of bacon and lard, rest upon contingencies, An unexpected demand and advance in the price of lard would greatly reduce the disparity, if not invert the proportion of these two articles, A change in the prospect in the value of pickled pork, during the progress of packing, would also reduce or increase the proportion of barreled pork to the bacon and lard, The lard made here is exported in packages to the Havana market where, besides being extensively used, as in the United States, for cooking, it answers the purpose to which butter is applied in this country, It is shipped to the Atlantic markets also, for local use as well as to export to England and France, either in the shape it leaves this market or in lard oil, large quantities of which are manufactured at the East, The years of 1874 to 1877, inclusive, will long be remembered as constituting a period of great depressions in the pork trade, caused by the high price of hogs and the low price of manufactured products, The last year, that of 1876-77 was especially disastrous, on account of the remorseless speculation, which held firmly to the shrinkage in prices and caused 506 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE immense losses, and also from the general depression and shrinkage of the year. Mess pork, for example, which sold for $45 per barrel in war time, was sold at times in the late panic for $12.75 or $13.00 and in the year cited actually ran down to $7.50 and $7.75. There was a measurable recovery of the market in 1877-78. Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, however, secretary of the Pork-packers' Association of Cincinnati in his report to the annual meeting of that body October 4, 1880, said : The past year, to the pork-packers of Cincinnati, while free from disaster, has not fulfilled the expectations which were manifest in nearly all departments of business, the prospects of a year of general prosperity in the country and large wants in the Old World, hogs were purchased throughout the West at prices largely in excess of the preceding year. In Cincinnati the average price paid for the winter hogs was $4.36 per hundred pounds gross, compared with $2.83 in 1878-79, an increase of fifty-three per cent. The season had scarcely reached a conclusion before the consequences of thus largely adding to the aggregate cost of the product was manifest. There were foreign exports without a parallel, but there was also to be slaughtered during the year an enormous crop of hogs. The season, generally, save towards the close, was unsatisfactory to the packers. The closing months of the year brought a very favorable turn to affairs, but this occurred after most of the product had changed hands. It is true that the packers, generally, have come through with fair returns for the season's work, but it is traceable more to favorable purchases of the product, made at periods when prices were below what the winter prices for hogs would have warranted them, than to anything that was favorable about the actual packing of the year. With the passing years the pork-packing industry of Cincinnati has dwindled immensely, while other enterprises have forged to the front. It has been more than made up by modern factories. The pork-packers once flourished here, but the pig's squeal has been exchanged for the "honk" of the automobiles manufactured and sold in the city, since the coming in of the present century. Cincinnati Telephone History —The history of the Cincinnati and Suburban Telephone Company's activities runs back less than a half century—from 1873 to 1926. A span of fifty years is but a short space of time as we reckon with ages. Yet fifty years ago not a single leading scientific or literary paper had a word about the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell, the almost discouraged inventor of the telephone, was prevailed upon to exhibit his invention at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, 1876. He secured a small space under a stairway. Money was not plentiful and Professor Bell seldom attended the display. The fact is that his exhibitors pass shows that it was used but once. This occasion, however, was enough to bring him international fame over INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 507 night. The committee became impatient on a particular occasion when showing Emperor Dom Pedro through the buildings, passing Bell's way. The Emperor recognized him as a former acquaintance and stopped to greet him. Here the Emperor became interested in the bit of apparatus. He insisted, however, in having a demonstration, and with the exclamation, "My God, it talks," brought the committee to attention. The newspaper took up this incident and heralded the news all over the world, and the modest inventor came into his own. That incident was less than fifty years ago. What a, different story there would be in Philadelphia on that anniversary date in the same city in this year 1926. As this is the opening month of the Sesqui-centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, the foregoing has been deemed appropriate as a preface to this article, on Cincinnati's telephone history. Thomas Sanders, who had been supplying the funds until it hurt, came to Cincinnati with the name of Charles H. Kilgour in his memorandum book. He had an interview with that gentleman, who promised to take the matter up for consideration. That was in 1878, the exact date is not now certain. Mr. Kilgour and his brother, John Kilgour, owned the Franklin Bank at that time. They also controlled a local telegraph company that had been incorporated in 1873 for the purpose of doing a ticker business between the downtown offices of the large meat-packing houses and distilleries located in outlying suburbs of the city of Cincinnati. There were many of these as well as buggy factories and rolling mills. Naturally this telegraph company had its pole lines and wires covering all parts of the city. Several experimental sets of telephones were sent on from Boston. John Kilgour's residence was located in Mount Lookout. Wire running from the Franklin Bank to Mr. Kilgour's residence was installed and the telephone attached. As in the case of the experiment at the Centennial, in 1876, it was "possible" to carry on a limited conversation. From that time on the City and Suburban Telegraph Association added to its title "and Bell Telephone Exchange." Andrew Erkenbrecker was president of the association at that time, and the office where meetings were held was in the Franklin Bank. Naturally enough the Kilgours controlled the company. The first shipment of telephones was made to the company, "twenty-four hand telephones," numbered and lettered "H. 993 to 16 inclusive," for commercial use under date of July 20, 1878, and on January 21, 1879, "six Battery Telephones," were received from Boston. As early as July 1, 1878, the commercial community of Cincinnati was solicited for patronage in the new exchange soon to be opened. It was hard to convince the public that the telephone was a reality. The sum total of seventeen subscribers were obtained, and on September 10th this noble guard of 508 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE seventeen were all strung on one line and the new exchange came into existence. There was one operator who, besides making the "connections," carried a pair of pliers and connectors to make the necessary repairs to the apparatus when trouble became evident, which was frequent. Just then Cincinnati presented many bright men seeking to improve mechanism and methods of communication. Mr. Thomas Watson, who spoke the first words through a telephone to Mr. Bell, said some years afterwards that such was the fact, for he had visited Cincinnati at that time and worked with these pioneers of the craft. Naturally the growing publicity of the telephone was establishing its future. It likewise brought forth many claims of invention by experimenters. Cincinnati soon found this out with the establishment of the Edison Telephone Exchange, but this was soon eliminated by the absorption of the Edison plant and Cincinnati has never been troubled with a dual system since. As has already been stated there were numerous bright men in this city figuring on such problems, but chiefly on the best way to form the switch table. Of the original group of telephone stockholders besides C. H. and John Kilgour and Andrew Erkenbrecker, there were Ed. Armstrong, James 0. Shiras, 0. G. Gove and James Yardley. The fast growing list of subscribers with its limited income soon made more capital necessary. The new comers included A. D. Bullock, Charles T. Dickson, George N. Stone, Albert Clark, and a little later Henry Hanna, Briggs Cunningham and Charles P. Taft. So far as Cincinnati was concerned a "switch table," constructed by Charles E. and W. H. Jones solved the problem. These men entered into an agreement with the board of directors of the association to construct such a table, if it did not work it would cost the company nothing, if it did, they were to be paid for their work. The experiment was tried in Covington, Kentucky (a part of the company's territory). It worked to perfection and smaller boards were ordered for the main office, located on the southeast corner of Fourth and Walnut streets, the site of present First National Bank skyscraper. These new boards mentioned embodied a new system by which subscribers on one board could be connected up with other subscribers on other sections, which today has been developed into the multiple system. The telephone business had had many turns during its short existence. When the switch board problem was virtually solved and the demands for service began to pour in, more expansion became necessary. The wires were of the grounded or single circuit nature and these on poles began to create adverse criticism. Branch offices, as they were called, became necessary. Offices were established and apparatus installed in Front Street, Public Landing, Elm Street, Broadway, Freeman Street, the City INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS - 509 Hall and Brighton. It will be observed that these "exchanges" were all in the bowl of the city. They were comparatively small offices, for the idea prevailed that should fire occur it would effect but a small portion of the business community now dependent on the service. There was no such thing as a hill-top exchange. Those living in these exclusive suburbs could afford and did pay the rate demanded for the zoned service. This was but temporary and the destruction by fire of the Broadway Exchange hastened the contemplated exchange on McMillan Street, Walnut Hills. In the early history of our telephone business, Cincinnati was the home of the factories manufacturing bells for the fast growing trade. As far back as 1879 the Post Company received a cablegram from Birmingham, England, for a shipment of their product. Space will not permit a description of the various changes in the designs of switch boards and other apparatus. The progress in this field alone was so rapid that a board of the pattern installed a few years ago became obsolete and was junked when more facilities became necessary. In the beginning we were proud of the fact that we could give a "three minute service," while today the telephone user becomes impatient over a few seconds delay. Also it took a day and a half to cut over a new exchange and the subscribers would be without service during that period, while today the subscriber may call for a subscriber in the old exchange and talk to his party in the new one. Today we get a through connection with a correspondent in less time than we took to get the operator by turning the crank of the bell on a single magneto system. When the Bell Telephone Company of Boston was authorizing the use of the telephone, companies were organized in communities and licenses issued to use the instruments in proscribed territory. This brought into existence many small companies. In some instances a State would be alloted, while in other cases it would be confined to counties. As the scope of the use of the telephone expanded, these companies would meet each other at their boundary lines and connect up and arrange for interchange of conversations. This gave rise to the toll system, so generally in vogue today. For mutual benefit many of these companies consolidated until they finally crystallized into large companies controlled under one name, known as the Bell System. This company, although working strictly in harmony with this vast national system, is controlled locally. Passing over the intervening years, we come to 1913 when on December 22, of that year, Mr. Bayard L. Kilgour was elected president to succeed his father, who retired voluntarily, but remained a member of the board of directors. During the existence of the City and Suburban Telegraph Association (under the charter name of the Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Company, in 1903) up to the B. L. Kilgour regime, the company had had 510 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE but five presidents. These were as follows : Andrew Erkenbrecker, Col. Anthony D. Bullock, Henry Hanna, Captain George N. Stone and John Kilgour. These gentlemen have all passed away, however, leaving a record of progress indelibly impressed on the advance of the art of telephony in territory controlled by the Cincinnati Company. Bayard L. Kilgour became identified with the company in 1898, after a training in eastern institutions and broad experience as electrical engineer for the local traction interests. Upon the death of President Stone in 1902, Mr. Kilgour became general manager and a member of the board of directors. Then came an extensive program of expansion. New buildings were constructed and up-to-date apparatus was installed. To go back to 1892 in this sketch, the first underground cable was drawn into a sub-way. Intensive work has continued in that department ever since, with a plan for the future growth and business. Every office building erected was arranged for the care of the health and comfort of the girls at the switch-board, dining rooms, rest and quiet retiring r00ms. Sanitary notions based on modern theories have always obtained. This corporation maintains a sickness and disability department, with an efficient clinic. A pension system is also another feature for its employees. A personnel department is actively engaged with the competent welfare supervisors who encourage athletics, and all forms of activities. A vacation home—Hazelhurst—has been functioning for over ten years, where the girls can spend their vacations, each of a week's duration, is alloted each girl. In the company's dining rooms good substantial health giving food is served at cost. Kilgour Chapter, No. 3, Telephone Pioneers of America, has a membership of over 150, 95 per cent of which has been continuously in the service from 21 to 45 years with the company. The territory in which the Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Company operates, consists of Hamilton, Butler, and Clermont counties in Ohio, and a subsidiary company in Kentucky, covering Kenton, Campbell, Grant and Pendleton counties of that State. Its plant in all this territory is conceded to be second to none in the country through the progressive methods of its executives. "Courtesy" is the watch-word of the 3,300 on the pay roll of the company. All are imbued with the idea that Service is what the subscriber is entitled to and bend every effort to render it. The company is officered with Bayard L. Kilgour, president and general manager ; Benjamin T. McBurney, vice-president and assistant general manager ; Ransom C. Hall, secretary-treasurer, who with W. S. Gifford, Charles P. Taft, Alfred J. Becht, Charles W. Dupuis and George W. Lewis, constitute the board of directors. John J. Becker is the auditor. This company's headquarters office building, located on East Fourth Street, one of the attractive skyscrapers of the city—is one of the finest and most beautiful telephone buildings in America. CHAPTER XXXIV. NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI. Among the hundred and more quite well known editors, authors and correspondents once claiming their residence in Cincinnati, are readily recalled by the older citizens of today, either by acquaintance or by reading their productions. The Queen City has done worthy deeds in the field of letters, as well as in more material realms. Her men of intellect and scholarship have not only won their way in the professions and at mercantile and manufacturing employments, but have left enduring memorials illustrating many and important walks of literature. The books by Cincinnati authors would fill a large library. The story of the rise, development, and present state of literature in Cincinnati would itself easily fill a volume. We shall, in this chapter, merely attempt an outline of its beginnings, with some notices of the authors and works of the various periods of the city's history, particularly those less familiar to readers and inquirers of the present generation. The pioneer in Cincinnati literature was probably Dr. Daniel Drake, who came in 1800, a boy of fifteen, and early began literary labors, though he did not publish anything of importance until ten years after his arrival. when the notices concerning Cincinnati appeared. It is a little book, but deserves special mention as the first of an honorable line of publications illustrating the city in almost every decade of its existence, and as being altogether of local manufacture, in authorship, printing, and binding. Dr. Drake exhibited in this much ability to observe carefully and scientifically, and to arrange and record the results of his observations. He followed it five years later by his "Natural and Statistical View, or Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country," a work of similar character, but larger and fuller, and now more easily accessible, the "Notices" having become exceedingly rare, only three copies, it is said, being known to book collectors. Dr. Drake's professional and public life soon became too busy to allow him much time for literature, but he was more or less a writer during the rest of his life, which was prolonged until 1852. In 1842 a small work of his on "Northern Lakes and Southern Invalids" was published ; he prepared in part a popular treatise on physiology, and published several pamphlets or modest books of addresses, lectures, and other public efforts, among them a very interesting collection of discourses before the Cincinnati Medical Library Association, delivered only a few months before his death. Benjamin Drake was a younger brother of Dr. Drake and a lawyer by profession, but with a strong bent toward literature. In conjunction with 512 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE his brother-in-law, the late Edward D. Mansfield, while both were still young men, he prepared and published a work representing Cincinnati in 1826, which, besides securing a large local and some more distant circulation, had the honor to be republished bodily in London the same year, as an appendix to a book of travels and prospectus of a real estate speculation on the Kentucky shore, by a wealthy Englishman named Bullock. He later prepared a comprehensive work on the "Agriculture and Products of the Western States," an entertaining little volume of "Tales of the Queen City, and Lives of the Celebrated Indian Chiefs, Tecumseh, the Prophet, and Black Hawk." He also wrote much for the "Western Monthly Magazine," the "Southern Literary Messenger," and other periodicals of the earlier day of magazine literature in this country. He seems to have had a respectable place among the literati of his time, though he has not had much permanent fame. Charles D. Drake, son of Dr. Drake and late United States Senator from Missouri, was for a time (1830-34) among the rising young authors of the Queen City. He was a midshipman in the United States Navy for about three years, when he resigned to study law in Cincinnati, where he was admitted to the bar in May, 1833. While a student, and for some time thereafter, he wrote much in prose and poetry for the city papers ; but in 1834 removed to St. Louis, and wrote but little after getting into full practice. A series of papers on the "Legal Relations of Husband and Wife," published in the Cincinnati "Mirror" in 1836, and "Drake on Attachment," an authority well known to the legal fraternity, are, however, from his pen. He also edited the volume of his father's reminiscential letters before published, and prefaced it with an admirable biographical sketch of the famous doctor. Edward D. Mansfield, LL. D., who came to Cincinnati in the fifth year of the century and of his own life, was a quite prolific author. When but twenty-five years old he, in union with Mr. Benjamin Drake, also a young man of the period, prepared and published the valuable little work entitled "Cincinnati" in 1826. One of the first books on the science of government and the Federal Constitution, prepared for use in American schools, if not the very first one, was Mansfield's "Political Grammar," 1835, which is still in use under another name. Other books of his are a "Treatise on Constitutional Law," 1835 ; "Legal Rights of Women," 1845 "Life of General Scott," 1846; "American Education," 1850; "Memoirs of Daniel Drake," 1855 ; and "Personal Memoirs, 1803-48," 1879. Judge Jacob Burnet, foremost in early days in Cincinnati as a worthwhile citizen and professional man, was also a fine writer, especially along the line of history and jurist. One of the most important of his works was his letters relating to the early settlement of the Northwest Territory, published between 1837 and 1839, which later was printed in NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI - 513 a portly octavo of 500 pages. He wrote a speech for the National Whig Convention in 1839, including a sketch of General William Henry Harrison which was widely quoted in his day and generation. The Cists were among the true pioneer writers of this section. Charles rather furnished data for others to compile valuable histories from. He was appointed census-taker and thus came into close touch with every family. He also edited the "Western General Advertiser" in the forties. The material he left available for future men to write from was indeed a great legacy—he builded better than he knew. Lewis J. Cist, his eldest son, was a graphic writer both in prose and poetry. He later collected one of the finest autograph collections in the world. His business for many years was that of a bank clerk. A half century ago the best local historian of the Miami Valley was Robert Clarke, whose writings included "The Pre-historic Remains which were Found on the Site of the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, with a Vindication of the Cincinnati Tablets" ; and a valuable publication on the first sales and quotations of lots in Losantiville. The more important publications issued under his editorship are included in the Ohio Valley Historical Series in which his careful revision and editorial notes are among the best features of the books. They include ; 1. "An Historical Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in the Year 1764, Under the Command of Henry Bouquet." By Dr. William Smith. 2. "History of Athens County, Ohio," and incidentally of the Ohio Land Company, and the first settlement of the State at Marietta. By Charles M. Walker. 3. 'Colonel George Rogers Clark's sketches of his campaign in the Illinois, in 1778-79. 4. "Pioneer Biography" ; sketches of the lives of some of the early settlers of Butler County, Ohio. By James McBride. Two volumes. This is a perfect treasure-house of interesting facts relating to the Miami Valley in pioneer times, and we here acknowledge frequent indebtedness to it. 5. An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (now a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky), during his captivity among the Indians, in the years 1755, '56, '57, '58, and '59. 6. "Pioneer Life in Kentucky." A series of reminiscential letters addressed to his children.' By Dr. Daniel Drake. 7. Miscellanies containing— 1. "Memorandums of a Tour in Ohio and Kentucky," by Josiah Espy. 2. "Two Western Campaigns in the War of 1812-13," by Samuel Williams. 3. "The Leatherwood God." Hart's' "History of the Valley of the Mississippi" is also a Cincinnati Cin.-33 514 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE book, published by Moore, Anderson, Wilstach & Keys, in 1853. So are "Indian Wars of the West," by Timothy Flint, 1833, a work still held in high esteem ; the same author's "Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone." "Life and Exploits of Daniel Boone," the "History and Geography of the Mississippi Valley," in three volumes, 1828-33; and the "Shoshone Valley," a romance in two volumes. By far the greatest work that has been done in this direction, however, in this city or State, or perhaps in any State, is "Ohio in the War : Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Her Soldiers," in two large octavos ; which is truly a magnum opus in every respect. It is the production of several writers and compilers employed during the war and subsequently by the publishers, Messrs. Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, of Cincinnati ; but was carefully edited throughout by Mr. Whitelaw Reid, editor-in-chief of the New York "Tribune," and published in 1868. Its great value to the history of the State is amply recognized in the citations from it in this and other works of the kind. An entertaining book of Cincinnati's beginnings, dealing principally and very usefully with the Miami Purchase, and containing many before unpublished letters of Judge Symmes and his partners of the East Jersey Company, by Mr. F. W. Miller, was published in 188o by Peter G. Thomson. Mr. Thomson is also the publisher of "The Old Court House, Reminiscences and Anecdotes of the Courts and Bar of Cincinnati." Other publications, more or less local and historical in their character, are Mr. W. T. Coggeshall's "The Signs of the Times," comprising a history of the Spirit-rappers in Cincinnati and other places, with notes on clairvoyant revealments ; John P. Foote's useful and painstaking work on "The Schools of Cincinnati and its Vicinity," 1855 ; an anonymous "Brief Sketch of the History, Rise, and Progress of the Common Schools of Cincinnati," in the "Historical Sketches of the Public Schools of Ohio," published at Columbus in 1876; and "The Horrors of the Queen City," a crime-record anonymously issued, but known to be from the pen of Colonel W. L. De Beck, of Cincinnati ; and William F. Poole's "Essay on Anti-slavery Before I800," read before the literary club November 16, 1872. Antiquities of Cincinnati —These have been described and discussed in the pamphlet by Mr. Robert Clarke, already mentioned ; in papers by General M. F. Force on "Pre-historic Man and the Mound Builders," bound up in the same volume with an essay on "Darwinism and Deity"; another by the same writer, "To What Race did the Mound Builders Belong?" in the same book with a paper by Judge Force on "Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio ;" and in "A Discourse on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio," by General W. H. Harrison, 1839, a production which is warmly esteemed. A valuable pamphlet on "The Pre- NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI - 515 historic Monuments of the Little Miami Valley," with chart of localities, has been issued by Dr. Charles L. Metz, of Madisonville ; and three or four parts of Archaeological Explorations by the Literary and Scientific Society of Madisonville, by Mr. Charles F. Low, secretary of the society. In 1839 a remarkably handsome quarto for the time, was published here by N. G. Burgess & Company, entitled "An Inquiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of America," by John Delafield, which attracted the marked attention of the "North American Review" and other learned authorities. In 1879 Messrs. Clarke & Company published a neat duodecimo by a Butler County author, Mr. J. P. MacLean, on "The Mound Builders." Art Publications —A very respectable line of books in the department of fine art, of Cincinnati authorship or publication, has begun to appear. Colonel George Ward Nichols, of the College of Music, is author of two well-known works : "Art Education, Applied to Industry," and "Pottery : How It Is Made and Decorated"; which have been published in elegant shape elsewhere. Robert Clarke's firm publish "China Painting: A Practical Manual for the Use of Amateurs in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain," by Miss M. Louise McLaughlin, president of the Pottery Club, which has passed through several editions ; also, a beautiful little volume, a more recent work by the same author, entitled "Pottery Decoration." Medical Works —One of the most notable of these is the book of Dr. Drake on the "Diseases of the Mississippi Valley," mentioned early in this chapter, and a much later one is that on "Asiatic Cholera," already named. Another, not so largely of historical character, by Dr. William B. Fletcher, is on "Cholera, Its Characteristics, History, Treatment, Geographical Distribution of Different Epidemics, Suitable Sanitary Preventions, etc." An important work on etiology is from the pen of Dr. Thomas C. Minor, formerly health officer of the city ; also a treatise on erysipelas and child-bed fever, and a pamphlet giving the scarlatina statistics of the United States. Dr. Minor has also dropped into fiction, in the authorship of "Her Ladyship," a novel—a story of the late war, which evoked much attention and compliment at the time of its publication a year or two ago. Dr. Forchheimer, of the Ohio Medical College, has translated from the German Hoffman & Ultzmann's "Guide to the Examination of Urine," with special reference to the diseases of the urinary apparatus. Dr. James T. Whittaker, another professor in the college, is author of a duodecimo volume of twelve preliminary course lectures on physiology. Dr. Edward Rives has in print a chart exhibiting the physiological arrangement of the cranial nerves. Surgeon Tripler, of the United States Army, and Dr. George C. Blackman are joint authors of a "Hand-book for the Military Surgeon" ; and Dr. George E. Walton is 516 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE sponsor for the appearance in English of a French work on the "Hygiene and Education of Infants" by the Societe Francaise d' Hygiene, at Paris. Law Publications —A goodly number of these, some of them of high value, have emanated from the Cincinnati bar and Cincinnati presses. Among them are the Hon. Stanley Matthews' "Summary of the Law of Partnership," for the use of business men ; J. R. Sayler's "American Form Book," a collection of legal and business forms ; Florien Giauque's "The Election Laws of the United States, being a compilation of all the Constitutional provisions and laws of the United States relating to elections, the elective franchise, to citizenship, and to the naturalization of aliens, with notes of decisions affecting the same ; and M. D. Hanover's "Practical Treatise on the Law of Horses," embracing the law of bargain, sale, and warranty of horses and other live stock, the rule as to unsoundness and vice, and the responsibility of the proprietors of livery, auction and sale stables, innkeepers, veterinary surgeons, and farriers, carriers, etc., which has reached a second edition. Of religious books published in Cincinnati there is almost no end by all denominations. Uncle Tom's Cabin —While a greater part of this wonderful production in Abolition days, from the pen of Harriet Beecher Stowe, was written in New England, at Andover, and up in New Brunswick, Maine, its able author, with other members of Dr. Lyman Beecher's family, including the illustrious Henry Ward Beecher, resided in Cincinnati near the Lane Seminary. The old Beecher house still stands and is in perfect condition after all these eventful years. Many of the thrilling scenes in Uncle Tom's Cabin were laid along the Ohio near Cincinnati, hence in recalling merited authors of the city one naturally lists this gifted writer as one of her own children in literature, for remember this novel on slavery was translated into every known tongue of the globe. The Cary Sisters—Alice and Phoebe —These sweet writers of poetry and prose, by the beauty of their sentiment expressed in verse, especially, are accounted among the great writers of this country. Their home was once in Cincinnati. They were born near Mount Pleasant (now Mount Healthy), in Springfield township, this county, the fourth and sixth children of Robert and Elizabeth (Jessup) Cary, the former born April 26, 1820, the latter September 4, 1824. They descended from Sir Thomas Cary, a cousin of "Good Queen Bess," and a Pilgrim Father in New England. Robert, of the sixth generation from Sir Thomas, came with his father, Christopher, to the Northwest Territory in 1803, and in due time settled as a farmer near Mount Healthy, upon the site known as Clover-nook in one of Alice's stories. The following lines, by one of the sisters, descriptive of many another home in Miami Valley, as well as the Cary dwelling, fits in just at this point: NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI - 517 Our old brown homestead reared its walls From the wayside dust aloof, Where the apple-boughs could almost cast Their fruit upon its roof ; And the cherry-tree so near it grew That, when awake I've lain In the lonesome nights, I've heard the limbs As they creaked against the pane; And those orchard trees—O, those orchard trees ! I've seen my little brothers rocked In their tops by the summer breeze. The girl's mother died and later came to their home a step-mother recalled by one writer as a sweet-faced, gentle, old Danish lady by whom a conflict was started with the children of genius. The writer quoted from says : It is not necessary to place the fault at her door, for it is easy to see that to a practical mother of a family, anxious to do justice to her husband's own daughters, both of whom were strong willed and somewhat intractable, Alice and Phoebe Cary would present a problem difficult of solution. Alice Cary was determined to indulge her literary aspirations. During the daytime she and her sister were willing to aid to the full extent of their strength in the labors of the household, but when the day's work was done they persisted in a determination to study and write. To the average country woman living upon a farm there is no waste of time so absolutely without excuse as the time spent upon reading, unless it be of a religious character. Books always produce an atmosphere of unreality which unfits the reader for the practical work of life. Mrs. Cary the second was strongly imbued with the feeling that the girls entrusted to her care should let books and writing alone. However, the craving for literary stimulus, whether it be that for the so-called dime novels or the higher forms of literature, must be satisfied. Although Alice did work during the day, scrubbed, swept, milked cows, washed dishes and made beds, at night she read and she wrote. Not permitted to burn a candle, she and her sister Phoebe invented a light by aid of a saucer of lard with a rag wick. In the early fifties the Cary sisters moved to New York City and lived at the American Hotel which had been the home of Cooper, Washington Irving and Halleck. Alice collected thirty or more of her best poems and stories— studies of country life—under the title of "Clovernook, or Recollections of Our Home in the West." This book was published in 1851. This gave her a literary standing and at her home she soon became the friend of Horace Greeley, Bayard Taylor, Richard and Elizabeth Stoddard, Robert Dale Owen, John G. Whittier, T. B. Aldrich, Julia Dean, Ole Bull, Mrs. Mary E. Dodge, Rev. E. H. Chapin, Samuel Bowles, Anna E. Dickinson, Robert Bonner, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other celebrities. Mr. Greve, in his "Centennial History of Cincinnati," gives this paragraph concerning these noted sisters : "The last illness of Alice Cary was quite protracted and attended by great suffering. She was nursed by her sister Phoebe until the time of her death, February 12, 1871. Phoebe, apparently in robust health until the time of her sister's death, gave way immediately to intense sorrow, which, with the long strain of 518 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE nursing undermined her constitution and she died six months later, July 31, 1871. Much of the latter's work had been in collaboration with her sister Alice and she had also taken the larger share of household duties. She wrote very little prose, but her poetry was to many readers more attractive than that of Alice. One of her earliest poems, written in 1842, entitled 'Nearer Home,' and beginning 'One sweetly solemn thought comes to me o'er and o'er,' has achieved a world-wide reputation. Her verses in the main were more cheerful than those of Alice, and it is said that the verses of one sister were never wrongly ascribed to the other. Of the book of poems published by the two sisters, about one-third were written by Phoebe. She also published a volume of poems in 1854 and 1868 and contributed largely to the collection of hymns published in 1869 by Dr. C. F. Deems. " 'Clovernook,' the home of the Cary's, situated about eight miles north of the city, was informally dedicated to the memory of the sisters on Saturday, June 24, 1881, at a picnic party at which were present two of the brothers and a number of prominent citizens. It is at present, owing to the generosity of William A. Procter, occupied as a Home for the Blind, in charge of the Misses Trader." Noteworthy Cincinnati Writers —Aside from other authors of this vicinity, mentioned elsewhere in this work, should not be left out those named and briefly treated by the reliable writer of modern days, Historian Creve, in his work known as "Centennial History of Cincinnati." His account of home writers here follows : The literary life of the city has been referred to at considerable length in the treatment of the various epochs into which the earlier part of this work is divided. Much of the writing done by citizens of Cincinnati has been referred to in connection with the various narratives of the city and its journalistic phases. Such intellectual activity as existed in the earlier days centered around such men as Dr. Daniel Drake, his brother Benjamin, and at a later time his son, Charles, Edward D. Mansfield, Judge Burnet, Timothy Flint and the Cists (Charles and his son, Lewis J.). But few, however, followed literature as a profession except as members of the journalistic fraternity. We hear of "Horace in Cincinnati," who was a merchant, "Ohio's Bard," who was the cashier of the United States Bank (Gorham A. Worth), and the writings of W. D. Gallagher, an editor ; James H. Perkins, a clergyman, and of William H. Lytle, a lawyer. Not one of these men, however, regarded literature as a means of support. The work of Dr. Drake covers many phases of human knowledge. His earlier books, as we have seen, were quasi-historical and the great work of his life, that relating to the diseases of the interior valley of America, was purely medical in its character. His brother, Benjamin, wrote several volumes in which he combined history and fiction. Mans- NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI - 519 field was an economist and an historian. Burnet's "Letters" and "Notes" were simply the reminiscences of a man who had taken a large part in the history of his times. Charles Cist's books can hardly be classed as literature, valuable as they are from a standpoint in history. Lewis J. Cist, a bank clerk, wrote many trifles in verse. Robert Clarke, the well-known publisher, perhaps made as valuable contributions to the history of this section as any resident. His pamphlets, with relation to the prehistoric remains and the first settlers of Losantiville, are invaluable. Under his editorship appeared the "Ohio Valley Historical Series" in seven volumes, the most valuable set of works with relation to the pioneer history of this section that has ever been published. Mr. Clarke also reprinted the celebrated "Olden Time" of Neville Craig and a large number of other works with relation to the history of this section appeared from his press and bore the imprint of his house, for many years the most prominent storehouse of Americana in this country. The list of biographies relating to the city is almost endless. They include lives of Dr. Drake, Dr. Locke, Larz Anderson, James H. Perkins, Samuel Lewis, Mrs. Israel Ludlow, Rev. Adam Hurdus, Judge Burnet, Levi Coffin, Samuel E. Foote, General Hayes and General Harrison, Dr. Comegys, Rabbi Isaac M. Wise, and a large number of other prominent citizens. The antiquities, natural history, art, music, law and religion each have received full treatment. Such writers as Gen. Manning F. Force, Gen. Jacob D. Cox, Gen. Henry M. Cist, have contributed to the history of the war and our own Professor P. V. N. Myers has won distinction by his general historical work. It is impracticable, however, to mention all who in one manner or another have added to the literature of the country. There is a chapter in Ford's "History of Cincinnati," which is excellent as it shows that such an attempt results in little more than a list of names. Mr. Venable, in his admirable work "The Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley," covers as no other man could have covered the earlier period and the same writer, in his contributions on the "Ohio Literary Men and Women," published as part of the proceedings of the Ohio Centennial Celebration at Chillicothe in 1903, takes up a later period and gives practically a complete list of the publications and authors of recent years. During the present season the Cincinnati "Enquirer" published the following concerning an exhibit of books of people once residents of Cincinnati, the list being neatly displayed at the Public Library by Miss Avey. The article referred to reads : This display will include books and plays by former residents of the Queen City in addition to those who still live here. Many of the successful authors and playwrights—in fact a majority of them—were employed on the Cincinnati newspapers. There is one table in the main hall of the library where Lafcadio Hearn, considered by many to have been the greatest literary genius who 520 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE ever resided in this city, sat for hours and mulled over the strange, exotic fiction which his succeeding and quaintly-written beautiful works were to surpass. Hearn, half Irish, half Greek, and with a dash of Moorish blood, was a reporter on the "Enquirer" and "Commercial Tribune." Hearn acted for some time as secretary to the then librarian of the Public Library, Mr. Vickers. David Graham Phillips, whose vividly realistic novels may have been planned during the time spent as a reporter on the "Times-Star," also spent much time at the library. "The Fall and Rise of Susan Lenox," perhaps Phillips' best effort in realism, describes such spots of present and former interest in Cincinnati as the old Manhattan Restaurant, "The Little House Around the Corner" on Eighth Street, and Garfield Park. Phillips was shot by a Socialist who was incensed over what he termed the novelist's capitalistic ideas. The late George Randolph Chester, creator of J. Rufus Wallingford, the "get-rich-quick" champion, was a reporter and subsequently was Sunday editor of the "Enquirer." Irving S. Cobb, fresh from Paducah, Kentucky, was a reporter on the "Post." After a few months in this city, Cobb went back to Paducah, then to Louisville and finally to New York City, where he achieved fame only by the hardest efforts. It goes without saying that the Piatt families truly deserve a prominent place in the list of quite famous writers in prose as well as poetry. Of Donn Piatt it may be stated that he was an eminent lawyer and journalist of his day and generation. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 29, 1819, and died in Cleveland, Ohio, November 12, 1891. He was educated at St. Xavier's College, Cincinnati, and by private tutors. He studied law with his father and practiced with his brother. Much of his time was devoted, however, to newspaper writing. In 1852 he was appointed judge of the court of common pleas for Hamilton County, Ohio. In 1853 he went to France on account of the failing health of his wife. In 1854 he accepted a position as secretary of the legation at Paris, France, under President Franklin Pierce, and in 1855 returned to the United States and engaged in farming and also journalism and dabbled successfully in politics ; was an active supporter of Lincoln and John C. Fremont. At the opening of the Civil War he entered the Union cause as a private soldier but rose to Colonel and finally was assistant adjutant-general under General Schenck. In the fall of 1865 he was elected a member of the Ohio House. In 1868 became correspondent of the Cincinnati "Commercial." In 1871 he founded and began editing the Washington "Capital." In 1880 he retired to a farm north of Cincinnati and followed agriculture and journalism. He also wrote "The Memoirs of The Men Who Saved The Union" (Chicago, 1887) ; "Poems and Prose" (Cincinnati, 1893) ; "Sunday Meditations" (Cincinnati, 1893). NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI - 521 "Another poet of no less celebrity was John James Piatt, who was of the same family and wrote much for the Cincinnati "Commercial" and the "Chronicle" from 1868 on for many years. His published volumes were very many, among the lot may be recalled a volume on the "Poems of George D. Prentice." (Cincinnati, 1876.) Stephen Foster wrote many Negro songs and world-wide melodies which have been translated and sung in every part of the civilized globe, and for universal use have only been excelled in "Home Sweet Home," by John Howard Payne. Few adults there are today who are not familiar with "Old Uncle Ned," "Jim Crow," "The Old Folks at Home," "Old Black Joe," "I Hear the Angels Callin'," "Down On The Swanee River," etc., etc., but few are in possession of the knowledge that the author of these famous minstrel songs, Stephen Foster, once resided in Cincinnati, and that his brother was a prominent business man here in the forties and fifties, but such is the case. Other cities have honored him with monuments, remember him annually on his birthday, but, strange to relate, Cincinnati has no tablet or marker erected, nor have any of the many local histories ever mentioned him. The only mention found of him here is in the City Directory of 1849, in these few words : "Foster, Stephen, bookkeeper for Irwin & Foster, boards at Mrs. Griffin's." Foster is entitled to a much greater memorial at the hands of this people than this notice—a business directory reference. Outwardly Stephen Foster's life was uneventful. He was born July 4, 1826, came to Cincinnati from his home in Pittsburgh in 1846, and was employed by his brother, Dunning Foster, on Front Street. He remained in Cincinnati three years, returned to Pittsburgh in 1849, and one year later, married Jane McDowell, a prominent surgeon's daughter. In 1851 they removed to New York to be near his publishers. After a short stay there, however, they moved to Pittsburgh, where in a small home in Allegheny City he wrote many of his songs. In 186o his wife left him ; he returned to New York City where he died January 13, 1864, in an obscure hotel where he had been living alone and forsaken by his family and friends. In fact he died as the result of cuts received from falling against an ice pitcher in his room, while he was in a weakened condition. An artery was severed and he died from loss of blood. Drink was his ruin. In all he wrote 175 songs. A popular Civil War song was "Willie, We Have Missed You," being the one of which 150,000 were sold up to 1880. At twenty years of age he worked for the firm of Irwin & Foster, steamboat agents, Cincinnati; they were also commission merchants and gave young Foster employment. In a biography by his brother, Morrison, appears these words : "While in Cincinnati he met Sophie Marshall, the granddaughter of Michael P. Cassilly of that city, a former Pittsburgher, who was an 522 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE old friend of our family. Miss Marshall possessed a beautiful soprano voice and sang with much grace." Williams' Directory of 1849-5o shows Michael P. Cassilly as living on the east side of Broadway, between Third and Fourth streets, which is believed to be the building next to the University Club of today. Stephen Foster himself lived around the corner on Fourth Street with his brother Dunning M. Foster, and both boarded at Mrs. Jane Griffin's on the south side of Fourth Street, between Broadway and Ludlow, probably where the Guilford School now stands. From a well-written paper on this famous poet, read before the Literary Club of Cincinnati several years ago by E. Jay Wohlgemuth, we are drawing (with his permission) largely for the statements herein made. Some of the paragraphs of his paper read as follows : "Cincinnati divides with her sister river, city of Pittsburgh, the honor not only of producing Stephen Foster but of developing negro minstrelsy. There is a peculiar interweaving of the threads that go into the making of negro minstrelsy and native writing in the western environments of these two cities which, connected by the Ohio River, were the centers of the development of the inland empire of American frontiers in the forties and fifties when Foster lived among us." "It was the publication of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" by a Cincinnati publisher, W. G. Peters, who had formerly taught music in the Foster family in Pittsburgh, which caused him to give up the thought of continuing in business and to become a song writer. Incidentally the success of his songs published by Mr. Peters enabled the latter to establish, in Cincinnati, one of the largest musical publishing houses in the West." Another paragraph says : "It is a great thing for the millions who love his songs that Steven Foster was not born into a stratified society but in a period of the West's history when society was yet in the making; he was not born too late to miss the freshness, variety and bloom, as well as the essentials of democracy in a forming and richly elemental society. He came into wonder country of river life, of western energy and southern romance, a stripling of twenty years, naturally diffident and timid nature made him still less conspicuous than his position as a bookkeeper for one of the numerous shipping firms and steamboat agencies of the town warranted. He never lived among the negroes, but from his northern home in Pittsburgh and from his bookkeeper's desk in Cincinnati he drew song pictures of their poetic life with such insight that had he been a prose writer his master pen would have depicted life among the lowly as truly and as greatly as did Harriet Beecher Stowe, his contemporary in Cincinnati while he was here." "I wish that I might picture our young poet as he sat keeping accounts NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI - 523 in his brother Dunning's office in those early days. His brother Morrison, in his sketch of him, says that some of the books, still preserved, which he kept, show evidence of the greatest diligence and care, but no doubt his poet's eye many times strayed from its task to the picturesque landing and river before him with the Kentucky hills in the distance. "There he sat over his tedious bookkeeping, visioning the music and lights at night on the great boats as they chugged their way towards the South, the land of his dream ; drinking in the wonder and beauty of the world that lay like a splendid dream pictured before him ; a world of plantations and bayous, of darkies and their banjoes, singing their plantation songs of their loves and their woes, their burdens and their chains. It is easy to picture the effect of the contrast, in the mind of this imaginative, repressed lad from stern Calvinistic stock, intensely practical and freedom-loving, which southern life presented with the life of the "Western Puritans," as they had been called, to which he had been accustomed in Pittsburgh. And we can well understand how, in Cincinnati, he could write the rollicking song, "Way Down South Whare de Corn Grows." And when the cruel realities of life had killed his hopes, one by one, in later days, he wrote the song "I Can Not Sing Tonight." He was perhaps thinking of the old happy days in Cincinnati, after the shadows of despair had cast their wings of impenetrable darkness over the dreams of a poor genius whose best claim during his life to the favor of the world and his friends was that he was a writer of 'popular and ephemeral ditties and plantation melodies. "Foster's life was spent and historic interest centers in the three cities of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and New York. It was my privilege a few months ago to spend an entire day and evening in Pittsburgh—one of the most delightful I have ever spent—when I secured or verified much of the data here presented. I went to the Foster homestead, talked with his daughter and grandson, visited the Carnegie Library and went through the newspaper clippings and other references there on file ; and had a pleasant hour with Erasmus Wilson, the veteran editor of the "Gazette-Times," who is local authority on Foster and who intimately knew "Billie" Hamilton, the life-long friend of Foster, as well as many of the Foster circle, including his wife. "In going into the past of our cities, we find traces of the settler, battling with the rude conditions of frontier life. Col. William B. Foster, father of Stephen, was one of these early pioneers and a man of parts. The rest of the family, except for his great son, hardly measured up to him. It seems the family has rather traded on the name and fame of the father. Good, honest followers of Calvin, it is hard to find anything of the poet in the Foster family, though they were musical in a churchgoing, Psalm-singing way. Foster's early environment consisted of the best home and religious influences of those sturdy days. After he was 524 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE dead and his fame began to come home to Pittsburgh his brother and his daughter, I was told, rather contested for the honor of acting before the public as the executor of his literary remains. His daughter resented his brother's writing the book and even talked of taking steps to prevent his bringing it out. His great-grandchildren have sold his book on the streets and in the office buildings of Pittsburgh as a means of making a livelihood. "The home is practically neglected, as the spasmodic interest of the council of aldermen and the maintenance of an attendant paid for by the city represents about all the public interest that is displayed in the great song-poet except for the occasional visitor like myself. Foster's granddaughter, who was reared in the home of his wife, Mrs. Matthew B. Wiley, who, after his death married again, with her husband and children elected to live in the old Foster Homestead where Stephen was born, as custodians, but gave up the labor of love in despair and moved into a house of her own. The home is now occupied by the only daughter, Mrs. Marion Foster Welsh, a widow, and her son. The large room at the right as you go in is a relic room." Concerning Foster's drink habit it should be said that he was not a social drinker ; he cared nothing for the conviviality of the cup. Whiskey did not seem to stimulate him. In his mind it seemed to be linked up in some other obscure fashion with the insidious mastery of him by his own muse, which like the fabled Lotus, made him forget the world and caused him to lose all desire to return to it. So far as the known incidents of his life go, his life-current apparently ran along as smoothly as one of his own songs, and as simply, except for his fatal habit. Was there in his life some unsolved mystery, some hidden tragedy as difficult to fathom, as it is to understand what there is in these almost absurd little pieces of his that touch the heart of the world and open doors that are closed to the greatest masters? Foster's drinking cannot be associated with the causes for his production of poetry and music. This must be ascribed to the romance, the human sympathy which he possessed for the lowly, and the divine chord of melody which was a part of his soul. His songs are soothing as the water bubbling out of a spring, as a mother's croonings to her babe, or the song of the sea to the heart of a mariner. The above paragraph is the opinion expressed by Mr. Wohlgemuth after giving the case much thought and investigation. Continuing in his paper he remarks : "His songs written in the forties and fifties 'carry on' in their influence in the songs written down to the present day. In each realm in which he wrote, whether plantation melodies, sentimental lyrics or even war songs, the trace of his hand is seen. And no man has been more greatly plagiarized and also neglected by those who have profited from him than Foster. Only a short time ago in the "Literary Digest" NOTED WRITERS OF CINCINNATI - 525 appeared an article, "Two Wars In Song," comparing the songs of the Great War with those of the Civil War. I quote : "Over There" was surely the great song of this war, as "John Brown's Body" was of the other. George M. Cohan is entitled, not for the first time, to the credit of having his hand on the people's pulse, of being a real interpreter of their moods. "The Yanks Are Coming, The Yanks Are Coming, and We Won't Come Back Till It's Over, Over There," and the gay but threatening melody epitomize the whole struggle from the American viewpoint. In the earlier song he struck the national note, as George F. Root struck it is the old war with his "Rally Round The Flag." Root, too, had his song of a single phase, "We Are Coming Father Abraham, Three Hundred Thousand More." We may call Cohan the Root of this war. There are four songs mentioned in this paragraph. Two of them can be traced back to Foster. The music for "John Brown's Body" the great Civil War song, was taken from Foster's "Ellen Bayne." The other great Civil War song, "We are Coming Father Abraham," belongs not to R00t but to Foster. The story is told of Foster's "Old Folks at Home," that during the Civil War a northern regiment was so long delayed in being mustered out that most of the soldiers, in a state bordering on mutiny, broke through the sentry lines, made for a town near camp and at night returned in such a condition of riotous inebriety that the Colonel was unable to control them. The band master called a few of his musicians together and in a few moments the strains of "Old Folks at Home" were heard above the shouts of the obstreperous soldiers. Within twenty minutes the half drunken crowd wept itself to sleep. Foster's real life, like that of Edgar Allan Poe, whom he resembled in some respects, and with whose legible hand-writing there was a quite remarkable resemblance, remains a closed book. He had the heart of a child (says Wohigemuth) except for his song writing he never seemed able to get beyond childhood, to assume his natural responsibilities and to grapple with the world, although he had everything in his favor. There appears to be no evidence of any tragedy in his early life and yet from the melancholy that haunted him and caused him to drink himself to death at an early age, we must conclude that the real story of Stephen Foster has not yet been written. In Pittsburgh his bronze statuary stands just inside the main gateway to Highland Park and the sculptor Moisetta has represented him sitting with pencil and paper ready to jot down some immortal melody, while "Old Uncle Ned" strums happily on his banjo. CHAPTER XXXV. THE INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS. Original Militia —In almost the earliest days of Cincinnati and Columbia, provisions were made for an organized militia. One of the first acts of Governor St. Clair, after the erection of Hamilton County, was the appointment of officers at these two places for a battalion of militia ; and the protection and defense of the settlements, and the punishment of the marauding and murdering savages, which had before proceeded in an irregular though effective way, was henceforth under the eye of the territorial government. Some of the officers and men of the early companies greatly distinguished themselves afterwards in the battles of Indian warfare and the War of 1812, and not a few laid down their lives upon the bloody fields. Since the date of their enrollment, years ago, Hamilton County has never been without an organized military force of her own. Harmar's Campaign and Defeat —About the middle of the year 1790, Governor St. Clair, upon his return to Fort Washington from a protracted tour of official duty in the more distant parts of the Territory, beginning with the creation of Hamilton County at Cincinnati the previous January, had a prolonged consultation with General Harmar, who had shortly before, in April, led an unsuccessful expedition against the Indians of the Scioto Valley. As a result of the council, it was determined to send a force against the Indians of the Maumee, whose depredations upon the settlements along the Ohio had become persistent and exceedingly annoying. St. Clair accordingly issued circular letters to the militia commanders in Kentucky, Virginia, and Western Pennsylvania, calling out their troops to reinforce the regular army for this campaign. The latter formed but two small battalions, commanded by Majors Wyllys and Dought, with an artillery company of three field guns. The Pennsylvania and Virginia militia formed another battalion, under Col. John Hardin ; and the Kentuckians mustered three battalions, commanded by Lieut.- Col. Trotter. Virginia seems not to have sent enough troops to form a separate organization, and the whole force for the expedition consisted of but 1,453 men, of whom only 32o were regular soldiers. They were very poorly equipped, having few of the necessities of military life, as camp kettles and axes, and their arms were generally in bad condition, many of them absolutely unfit for service. Some of the Pennsylvanians had no arms whatever. Not a few old and infirm men and mere boys appeared among the militia. The temper of the volunteers, too, was by no means good. They were averse to act with the regular troops, and manifested considerable jealousy of them, giving the commander of the expedition, General Harmar, a deal of trouble. There were also unfortunate quarrels INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS - 527 for precedence among the principal officers of the volunteers, in which they were stubbornly backed by the men of their respective commands. On the 22d of September, Major Wyllys arrived with his detachment of regulars from the garrison at the falls of the Ohio ; on the 25th came Major Doughty with part of the Fort Harmar garrison, and Lieut. Forthingham followed soon after with the remainder. The last of the Pennsylvanians came on the 25th. The Kentuckians had not all arrived when the march began ; but, as the tardy volunteers were dragoons and mounted riflemen, they were able to overtake the moving column, which they did on the 5th of October. About the 13th of the previous month, General Harmar moved his force from Fort Washington by a route represented to him by his guides as the shortest and best to the objective points of his campaign, and encamped about ten miles from the fort. Had he been able here, as Wayne afterwards was, in the Mill Creek Valley, to halt for better organization and equipment of his motley command, and for drill and other necessary preparation for the field, a happier story might be told of the result. He decided to go on at once, however ; and on the 13th of October the little army neared the Maumee villages. Colonel Hardin was detached with a company of regulars and 600 militia as an advance party to find the enemy and keep them engaged until the main body could get up. He found the town abandoned ; and when the remainder of the column arrived, on the morning of the 17th, they were destroyed, with a large quantity of corn, estimated at 20,000 bushels, standing in the fields. This was the only real damage inflicted upon the savages by the campaign, and alone redeemed the movement from absolute failure. Colonel Trotter was then sent with 300 men to scout in the woods, but to no effect ; and Colonel Hardin, on the 19th, led another reconnaissance in force. Falling in with a much smaller party of the enemy and being fired upon, the whites, without even stopping to form line of battle, disgracefully retreated in disorder, losing nine militiamen and twenty-four regulars killed. Two days afterwards, the whole army began to retire ; but on the night of that day, the 21st, Hardin obtained permission to lead another detachment the next morning back to the site of the Indian villages in hopes of finding and punishing the enemy. He did so, and was again defeated with much loss, when further aggressive operations were suspended. The scene of these disasters was near Kekionga, an Indian village opposite the subsequent site of Fort Wayne. The army returned in an orderly way, by slow and easy marches, to Fort Washington, pursued cautiously by the red men, who did no serious injury. Arrived at the fort, the militia were disbanded and dismissed, and the regulars sent again to their garrisons. Harmar hastened to Fort Washington, resigned his commission and demanded a court of inquiry, which was ordered. Its findings substantially vindicated him, and put the blame of the failure 528 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE of the expedition mainly upon the inefficiency of the militia force and the insufficiency of their equipment. Wilkinson's Expedition —In July following, at Governor St. Clair's suggestion, the Kentucky board of war—a body of leading citizens and militia officers authorized by Congress— determined upon an expedition against the Elk River Indian towns, in the present Indiana country. It was to rendezvous at Fort Washington and be under command of Colonel Wilkinson of that post. On the loth of July the Kentuckians duly arrived and mounted, and provisioned for thirty days, began to assemble at the fort, and on the first of next month a column of 525 men began the movement. It marched first upon the Maumee villages, but without provoking an engagement, Wilkinson intending merely to feint in this direction, and on the sixth, after some skirmishing, reached an extensive Ouiatenon village called L'Anguille, on the- Eel River, near its junction with the Wabash. It was captured and destroyed, together with 200 acres of corn in the milk, a number of Indians being killed and others taken prisoner. Among the latter were the son and sisters of the Ouiatenon chief or king, as Wilkinson calls him in the official report. Advancing to the prairies of western Indiana a small Kickapoo town was burned and the standing corn destroyed, and on the 21st of the month, after a march of 451 miles from Fort Washington, he reached safely the falls of the Ohio where the expedition was disbanded. St. Clair's Campaign and Defeat —The Indians derived great encouragement from the retreat of General Harmar, although thoroughly exasperated by the destruction of their villages and crops, and they harried the frontier settlements worse than before. Another expedition became necessary to punish them, and also to establish a military post at an important strategic point, near the junction of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, at the head of the Maumee. Governor St. Clair, having been made a major-general in the regular army and commander-in-chief of the forces in the northwest, was entrusted with the command in this campaign, with General Richard Butler second in authority. They began preparations early in 1791, and by the middle of July the first regiment of the Federal troops, numbering 269, reached Fort Washington. Two thousand and three hundred militia and regulars, most of whom were raw recruits, were soon gathered there, and after encamping for a season at Ludlow's Station (now Cumminsville) six miles from the fort, along which is now "Mad Anthony" Street, the army marched, September 17th, to the Great Miami, where the city of Hamilton now stands, and where Fort Hamilton, named like this county, from the then Secretary of the Treasury, was built by St. Clair's men, a strong well-constructed work, about 1,000 feet in circuit. Leaving a sufficient garrison and resuming the march 44 miles farther, the troops halted again for 12 days to build INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS - 529 Fort Jefferson, six miles south of the present site of Greenville. October 24, the final advance into the Indian country began, but under many difficulties. St. Clair was seriously ill with the gout, having to be carried on a litter ; the men were deserting singly and in large parties, the trails were exceedingly difficult for artillery and wagons, provisions were scant and the march proceeded very slowly and toilsomely. Only about 1,400 men and 86 officers remained when the scene of action was reached on the 3d of November. This was upon a branch of the Wabash River, just south of the headwaters of the St. Mary of the Maumee, which was the stream to which St. Clair supposed he had arrived. Fort Recovery was afterward built upon the battlefield, and a town of the same name still perpetuates its memory. The next morning at daybreak the Indians attacked in great force. The first pressure came upon the militia who, as in Harmar's defeat, speedily gave way, and in their retreat threw two of the regular battalions into much disorder. The enemy was, however, checked and temporarily driven back, but their fire was heavy and very deadly, particularly among the officers, and the raw troops were soon in precipitate flight, abandoning the camp and artillery, and strewing the line of retreat with their arms and accoutrements. Major Clark's battalion courageously covered the retreat, and prevented the absolute destruction of the columns. The race to the rear was maintained without halt until Fort Jefferson, 29 miles distant, was reached about sunset of the same day. 890 men and 16 officers, more than 16 per cent of the whole number engaged, were left dead or wounded in this engagement. It is accounted the most terrible reverse the American arms ever suffered from the Indians—even more disastrous than Braddock's defeat. It was but a feeble remnant of the expedition that finally, four days after the defeat, found rest and shelter within the walls of Fort Washington. Among the killed were General Butler, the hero of Ft. Finney treaty, and second in command of the expedition, Lieutenant-Colonel Oldham, and other prominent officers. The wounded included Colonel Winthrop Sargent of Cincinnati, secretary of the Northwest Territory, and the Viscount Malartie, a foreigner of distinction, serving as a volunteer aid upon St. Clair's staff. He had been a captain in the guard of Louis XVI, but left it to join the Gallipolis colony, and volunteered as an aid-de-camp to St. Clair when his expedition reached that point on its way down the river. After the defeat and his wound, which was severe, he had no stomach for more Indian fighting, and soon made his way to Philadelphia, and thence back to France. Colonel Wilkinson succeeded St. Clair as commandant at Fort Washington, and in the following January, the troops being idle, he called for volunteers from the surrounding country to reinforce his 200 regulars Cin.-34 530 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE for an expedition to the scene of defeat to bury the dead, and bring off the cannon and other public property that might have been left by the Indians upon the field. The yeomanry of Hamilton County and some of the neighboring Kentuckians promptly responded, and rendezvoused at the fort. The snow lay two feet deep upon the ground, deeper than had been known since the white man's occupancy of that region ; and the ice was so thick on the Ohio that the Kentucky volunteers could not ferry their horses over, and had to cross them upon a still stronger tract of ice about the mouth of the Little Miami. On the 25th of the month Wilkinson moved out upon the trail opened by St. Clair, and encamped the first night upon the hill south of Mount Pleasant, afterwards occupied by Cary's Academy, and the second night at Fort Hamilton. By the time he reached Fort Jefferson the difficulties and hardships of the march were telling severely upon the detachment, and he determined to send back the regulars, retaining the mounted volunteers and the public sleds whereon to bring off the guns. With these he reached the theatre of St. Clair's disaster on the 1st of February, finding the snow there also deep, but not completely concealing the remains of the dead. As many of these as could be conveniently found under the circumstances were collected and buried in pits, but so many remained unburied that persons with Wayne's expedition 18 months afterwards reported, doubtless with exaggeration (since the Indians carry off their dead), that 600 skulls were found upon the field, and that it was necessary to clear the tents of bones before beds could be spread upon the surface. Three gun-carriages were found and brought away, with some small arms ; five others had been so damaged as to be useless. The cannon had disappeared ; but as the adjacent creek was covered with thick ice and snow, a thorough search in it, where it was believed they had been thrown, was not practicable. They were subsequently found, however, and mounted on Fort Recovery, where they were used with effect during Wayne's occupancy of the battleground. Evidences were observed of great cruelties inflicted by the savages upon the unfortunates of St. Clair's expedition who had been left wounded upon the field. Wilkinson was not disturbed by the enemy during his brief campaign of humanity, and he returned quietly to Fort Washington when its object was accomplished. Wayne's Campaign and Victory —The most vigorous measures on the part of the General Government were now necessary to preserve the frontier settlements in the Northwest from destruction and to prevent the early reflux of the advancing wave of civilization. A competent leader was first in demand. From a number of able officers of the army, most of them Revolutionary heroes, whose names were submitted to President Washington, he selected the hero of the storming of Stony Point, the brave "Mad Anthony Wayne," he who showed so much method, withal, INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS - 531 in his madness. In June, 1792, Wayne reached Pittsburgh, with ample powers, and set about the slow, yet, as the sad experience of Harmar and St. Clair had proved, the indispensable preparations necessary to success. He addressed himself at once to the recruiting and drill of the new "Legion of the United States" which was presently, by a bloody victory, to pacify the savages of the northwest. Establishing a camp on the Ohio, 22 miles below Pittsburgh called "Legionville" from the title of his army, he gathered, by December, a considerable force there. About the last of April, 1793, he moved it down the river to Fort Washington, and thence, as it was too numerous to occupy that work, out to a camp he formed in the Mill Creek Valley, near the village of Cincinnati, about the spot upon which the gas works were long afterwards erected. This camp was designated as "Hobson's Choice," since it was the only one in the vicinity which the high water of that spring made eligible for the purpose. Here the work of organizing and drilling the soldiers went steadily on through the summer. Washington wrote to Wayne : "Train and discipline them for the service they are meant for ; and do not spare powder and lead, so the men be made marksmen." One of Wayne's sentinels at this time was posted upon the lofty ancient mound which stood until 1841 at the intersection of Fifth and Mound streets. The force suffered much from fever and influenza and by desertion. Wayne also found it difficult to obtain the mounted volunteers he wanted from Kentucky, as the militia of that State retained the old prejudices, and disliked to serve with regulars. All obstacles were, however, gradually overcome, and on the 7th of October the faithful and directed, efforts of the Government to secure peace by diplomacy having so far failed, the army began an aggressive campaign. It numbered 2,600 regular troops, 36o mounted militia and 36 guides and scouts. One thousand Kentucky volunteers, under General Charles Scott joined it soon after at Fort Jefferson. A strong position six miles in front of this work was occupied on the 13th and held for several months, while the "peace talks" with the Indians were renewed by the commissioners of the Government. On the 6th of November the Kentucky mounted infantry had a sharp affair with the Indians not far from Fort St. Clair, a work constructed near the present site of Eaton, Preble County, in which the whites lost some men and nearly all their horses. Wayne's army, now called the "Northwestern," wintered at the new camp on the Stillwater branch of the Miami. It was fortified, and many cabins put up during the season. Wayne gave the group of huts and fort the name of Greenville, which was retained for the flourishing town that now covers its site. Here he awaited the arrival of the convoys with provisions, and continued his preparations for the struggle. About the last of December a detachment was sent forward to the field of St. Clair's defeat, which built and garrisoned Fort Recovery there. Under the walls 532 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE of that work an escort of 150 men, commanded by Major McMahon, was attacked by 1,000 Indians, led by Little Turtle, the noted Miami chief ; but they were beaten off, after a severe action, with great slaughter. The next month Wayne was joined by 1,600 mounted volunteers from Kentucky, and on the 28th of July, 1794, he began his first movement against the enemy. August 8th the army reached Grand Glaize, near the union of the Auglaise and Maumee where Fort Defiance was built, and Wayne dispatched a firm but conciliatory message to the Indians. In reply they sent word that if he would wait ten days longer at Grand Glaize, they would decide for peace or war ; but he would not wait, and continued his movement until the 18th of August, when he reached a place 41 miles from Grand Glaize, where, ascertaining that he was almost in the presence of the enemy, he began to throw up a light work called Fort Deposit, to cover the trains and heavy baggage of the army. On the morning of the loth, moving cautiously down the north bank of the Maumee about five miles, the advance guard was ambuscaded by the Indians, and received so severe a fire that it was driven back upon the main body. The enemy was very favorably posted in high grass and among trees felled by a tornado, which gave the action the name of "The Battle of the Fallen Timbers." Among these it was impossible for the cavalry to operate with effect on a comfortable part of the line of battle. They were promptly moved against the enemy's flanks, however, while the front line of infantry charged the savages, which it did with much impetuosity as to oust them speedily from their coverts, and in less than an hour to drive them more than two miles and disperse them so thoroughly that the battle was not renewed. The brunt of this gallant affair was borne by less than 900 of Wayne's men, opposed to more than twice their number, representing the Miami, Delaware, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot tribes, and led by several of their bravest chiefs. A number of Canadian militia and British regulars, with their officers, were also in the field as auxiliaries to the savages ; and some of them were killed in the fight. In the spring of this year a fortification had been constructed by the British in the neighborhood of the battle ground, upon the territory of the United States. To the vicinity of this (Ft. Miami) Wayne now moved, and while engaged in a spirited correspondence with its commander, in regard to the intrusion of the British upon Federal territory, occupied his army with the devastation of the Indian villages and cornfields above and below the British post. Included in the destruction were the buildings and other property of Colonel McKee, the British Indian agent and "principal stimulator," as Wayne calls him, of the war on the side of the savages, having been personally present on the field of the Fallen Timbers. Having laid waste the country for miles about the fort, Wayne returned to Fort Defiance, and on the 14th of September moved toward INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS - 533 the junction of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's, where the Government had for years desired to plant a military work, and where he built one whose name is perpetuated by the city of Fort Wayne, at the same place. About the middle of October the Kentucky contingent, which had become mutinous and troublesome, was marched back to Fort Washington and mustered out of service. On the 28th the remainder, except a sufficient garrison for the new fortification, moved to Fort Greenville, where it wintered. The several tribes, notwithstanding constant British instigation to the contrary, one after another decided to sue for peace. Messages to that effect were received in December and January by the commanders of Forts Wayne and Greenville ; prisoners were exchanged ; and in the summer of 1795 a great gathering of the leading men of the tribes at the latter place resulted in the treaty of Greenville, bearing final date August 3d, of that year. It was ratified by the Senate of the United States in December, and so, through Wayne's fearlessness and foresight in preparation, his masterly strategy in the construction and occupancy of a chain of military posts in the hostile country, and the bravery of his "Legion," the terrible Indian wars of the eighteenth century in this country were closed. A peace lasting until the temporary outbreak 16 years afterward, under Tecumseh and the "Prophet" was secured by the great convention of Greenville. A Minor Expedition —In the spring of 1794, while General Wayne was for a time in or near Fort Washington, he was directed by President Washington to dispatch a force to Fort Massac, on the Mississippi, to intersect an irregular, filibustering army, understood to be in preparation in Kentucky, and expected to invade Louisiana for the conquest of the province, then under Spanish denomination. Wayne detached Major Doyle, with a company of infantry and artillery, to perform the service which, with other energetic measures undertaken by Washington, effectually broke up the schemes and intrigues mainly instigated, in Kentucky and elsewhere, by the agents of M. Genet, then the Prime Minister to this country. The "French party" had enlisted the sympathies of the governor and other prominent men in Kentucky and arranged for the rendezvous of 2,000 men at the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville), to constitute an army of invasion ; so that the movement thus checked, in part from Fort Washington, was really somewhat formidable. A very short campaign seemed to be made necessary in southwestern Ohio at one time during the latter part of the first decade of this century by the suspected hostile conspiracies of Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, who resided at Greenville from 1805 to 1809. They were visited there by many Indians of influence and martial prowess ; who were roused almost to frenzy by the intrigues of the Prophet and the eloquent appeals of Tecumseh. So strong became the signs of hostility 534 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE at last that war was confidently expected. The militia of this region were called out and rendezvoused at Dayton, supplies gathered, wagon and pack-trains organized, and other preparations made. The scare was shortly over, however, and the troops, after about a fortnight's service, were disbanded. One regiment was out from Hamilton County, commanded by Colonel John S. Wallace, of which Dr. John Blackburn, of Cincinnati, was surgeon. The Tippecanoe Campaign —It is probable that many other men of Hamilton County, besides the gallant commander, General William Henry Harrison, were out with him in the campaign of 1811, against the Indians of the Indian country ; but their names are not now ascertainable. The sole note of the history of the campaign, connecting Cincinnati and the county with it, which we find, is in Mr. E. D. Mansfield's personal memoirs. He was then a little boy, residing with his father at Ludlow's Station, on the Hamilton Road, upon which he remembered seeing the Fourth Regiment of Infantry march from Cincinnati on a pleasant morning in May, on their way to the ultimate victory of the campaign of Tippecanoe the following November, where they found the main body and chief hope of the American army. The renown won by General Harrison in the campaign also reflects from it honor upon Hamilton County, although he was then residing in Vincennes as governor of Indiana Territory. Indian warfare was made much less serious by reason of the influence of two great chiefs. These were Mr. Chicago, of whom all tribes in the Illinois country were subordinates, and Mr. Twightwee, who held sway over the tribes occupying the territory south of these. These two great chiefs held each other off during their life time and neither seemed to get much the best of it. After their death the city of Chicago took the name of the northern chief and finally the station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, some 22 miles from Cincinnati, was honored by receiving the name of Mr. Twightwee. The War of 1812-1815 —Early in the spring of 1812, before this struggle had been fully enlisted, the President made a requisition upon the State of Ohio for 1,200 militia. More than enough to fill the quota were soon raised, many of them from Hamilton County. They were ordered by Governor Meigs to rendezvous at Dayton, on the 29th of April. By the 4th of May, 1,400 troops, mostly volunteers, were encamped at Camp Meigs, three miles above that place, and 10o more were added within a week. Generals Cass and Gano, the latter a Cincinnatian, were in command, under the governor, who was commander-in-chief. The force was divided into three regiments, led, respectively, by Lewis Cass, Duncan McArthur and another Cincinnati soldier, James F. Findlay, who, although a general in the militia, consented to take a colonel's place. INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS - 535 May 25th, the equipment of the troops being measurably complete, Governor Meigs formally surrendered the command of the Ohio contingent to General Hull of the United States Army, who was to lead it away to the disgraceful surrender at Detroit. Upon the outbreak of the contest Governor Meigs had called on the 1st Division of Ohio Militia, which rendezvoused in Hamilton County, at Hutchinson's tavern (later Jacob Hoffner's in Cumminsville) on the road from Cincinnati through Colerain. Mr. Mansfield says the volunteers presented a motley appearance, dressed as they were in a great variety of apparel, some with hunting shirts, some with butternut jackets, and others in more fantastic costumes. Many of the men had rifles or other arms ; but most of them drilled with sticks and cornstalks in place of firelocks. When the governor's call was made, the response was generous from this county, as from other parts of the State. Two companies volunteered at once in Cincinnati. One was of mounted infantry, commanded by Captain John E. Mansfield, a nephew of Jared Mansfield, the surveyor-general. He was in the Hull surrender with his command, but was presently released. He was extremely mortified by the terrible disgrace, and also taking a fever while crossing Lake Erie, he died soon after his return to Cincinnati "of fever and a broken heart" says his cousin, Mr. Mansfield, in his "Personal Memoirs." Captain Mansfield is thus further eulogized by his distinguished relative, Hon. E. D. Mansfield, in his "Memories of Dr. Drake" : "He was a most extraordinary young man, whose character produced a more intense and enduring impression upon those who knew him than did any one of whom I have ever heard. The impression made upon others—an impression deep and durable—is the highest testimony to the reality of a great and noble character. The fleeing effort of brilliant genius, or the doubtful applause given to talent without virtue may be possessed by many, but it is seldom we find that perfection of character which demands a praise which never wavers and which no time destroys. Still more seldom do we find in it such kindly affection as draws within its embrace the hearts of both strangers and friends. Such was the character of Captain Mansfield, and I judge it only by the concurrent testimony of a large number of persons, from the passing citizen to the near relatives, from the soldier who served with him to the officer who commanded. Another company that went out from Cincinnati during the war, that of Captain Carpenter, and Captains McFarland and Hugh Glenn are said to have had Hamilton County companies in this service, but we are unable to present a copy of their rolls of honor. The entire regiment, commanded by General Findlay, was from Miami Country. The two companies first enlisted marched to join Hull's army with the 4th United 536 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE States Infantry, which had crossed from Newport Barracks to take the road northward. August 5, 1812, orders were sent by Governor Meigs to General John S. Gano, at Cincinnati, to march immediately with 300 men of his division to Urbana, in charge of Captain Sutton. They were to be "under the command of a major" and furnished with a blanket and knapsack, arms and ammunition. "Volunteers under the law of Ohio will be preferred" wrote the governor. No public money was in hand for the purpose of recruiting or equipment ; the credit of the government was low ; and many of the military and naval operations of the war were conducted only under pledges or pecuniary obligations for which private persons became responsible. On the 6th of September, 1813, when the events of the war were rapidly thickening, Colonel Henry Zumalt, of Cincinnati, was ordered by General Gano to march his regiment of militia, near 800 strong "this evening if possible" to Dayton, thence to Franklinton, the present western division of Columbus. He was to be joined on his way by two companies from Hamilton and two from Lebanon. Extra pay was offered if the troops should be called into actual service. He was instructed to procure musicians if possible ; and an order was given to Major Morton for 50 stands of arms and accouterments. The story of the war needs not be recounted here. It will be sufficient if some mention of the deeds of Hamilton County's sons is made. This was admirably done by General Harrison in an after-dinner speech at the celebration of the forty-fifth anniversary of the settlement of Cincinnati and the Miami country, held in Cincinnati on the 26th of December, 1833, by natives of Ohio. We extract in full that portion of his address referring to their exploits. Your young orator, Joseph Longworth, has mentioned the performance of our own Buckeye population in the late war, in terms as eloquent as they were just. I could not think of trespassing upon the patience of the company by recounting the merits of all who distinguished themselves; but I cannot resist the gratification of informing the citizens of Cincinnati that they have amongst their number some who were as conspicuous for their gallantry as any from Ohio or elsewhere. As those who are truly brave are always backward and retiring I think it probable that the anecdotes I shall relate are unknown to the greatest portion of the inhabitants of this city. To do full justice to my gallant friend whom I perceive at some distance on my right [Major Gwynne] I must necessarily recount the circumstances which afforded the opportunity for distinguishing himself to which I have referred. The siege of Fort Meigs had continued some days, when the enemy despairing of making an impression upon our works from their position in front, took possession of one on our right flank, on which in the night, they erected two batteries with the view of enfilading our lines. It became necessary to dislodge them, and a sortie for that purpose was ordered. I had no means of ascertaining the force by which these batteries were defended. But it was impossible to suppose it very small, and allow their commander the possession of any military knowledge, as a large river separated them from his main body. It became necessary, therefore, to make the detachment ordered on this INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS - 537 duty as strong as circumstances would permit. It was composed of the companies of the 17th and 19th Regiments of the line then in the fort, the former raised in Kentucky, the latter in Ohio. The whole rank and file of both regiments was about 350. To these were added the battalion of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Petersburg, Virginia, volunteers of about 100, and a small company of Boone County, Kentucky, militia for flankers. The aggregate of the detachment being about 500 rank and file, were put under the command of Colonel John Miller, of Ohio, the commandant of the 19th Regiment. These troops were drawn up in a deep ravine which flanked the fort, to prevent if possible, the enemy from knowing the object they were intended to accomplish. Before the advance was ordered the troops were addressed, and the necessity of their succeeding and the motives for every one to perform his duty pointed out. They were ordered to advance with trailed arms, to prevent their fire from being expended before they reached the enemy, and the most positive directions given to put to death any man who should fire before orders were given to do so. The advance was made in line, the regular troops on the left, their centre directly opposite the batteries of the enemy, on their right the Pittsburgh and Petersburg volunteers, and the Kentucky company of militia still farther on that flank. From the shape of the ravine from which the advance was made, the regular troops had reached the summit before the volunteers, and the latter were in some measure masked by the hill, when the whole of the enemy's fire was poured upon the regulars. The meditated attack was discovered by the enemy, who looked into the ravine by climbing trees, and were of course prepared to receive it. The effect of the fire was dreadful, as may well be supposed, from a thousand Northwestern Indians and upwards of two hundred British troops in position, delivered from the corner of a wood upon troops in line marching through an open plain. I have always been of opinion that the loss was greater for the numbers engaged, and for the period that the firing lasted, than has ever occurred before or since in America. A moment's halt was necessary to close the ranks and to disencumber them of the killed and wounded. This was done with the precision and coolness of a parade exercise. In another moment the "march! march !" was given by the gallant commander, and the whole line, regulars and volunteers, rushed upon the enemy. They did not remain to receive the shock, although still possessing the advantage of position, and then outnumbering the assailants by three to one. With the exception of the extreme left flank of Indians, their whole line, British and Indians, and Tecumseh, the commander of the latter, fled; the British to their boats and the Indians to the swamps. The company to which your fellow-citizen, Major Gwynne, then a lieutenant of the 19th Infantry was attached, was on the right of the line of regulars. The battle being over in front, he discovered that on the right the Kentuckians were still engaged with the Indians who had composed the enemy's extreme left, and that they had cut them off from our line. Seeing that the danger was pressing, without waiting for orders he changed the front of his company, charged the Indians on the rear, relieved the brave Kentuckians, and, with their assistance, completely routed them. That Major Gwynne by this bold and prompt movement saved many valuable lives, there can be no doubt. The highest reward bestowed upon a Roman soldier was given to him who saved the life of a Roman in battle. But I perceive that there is another Buckeye at the table who merited well of his country under my command in the late war. I am persuaded that a relation of the circumstances will not be unacceptable to the company. When the enemy was first discovered advancing on Fort Meigs, and their Indians had already encircled the fort, it became necessary to send orders to Brigadier-General Green Clay, who was, as I knew, advancing with a brigade of Kentucky militia to join me. As it would have been improper to send a written order, when there was so many chances of its falling into the hands of the enemy, a person was wanted who, to the qualities of sagacity, bravery, 538 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE fortitude, and perseverance, united unquestionable patriotism. For a service of that character it is not unusual to command its performance by an officer, Your fellow-citizen, Major Oliver, at that time an officer of the commissariat, proffered his services, They were accepted, and he performed the duty to my entire satisfaction, The hazard of the undertaking was very great, and it was of that kind that even the bravest men would dislike to encounter, The fame which is acquired by such a death, is one of the strongest motives to distinguished actions in the field, If Major Oliver had perished on this occasion, and the chances were greatly against him, he certainly would have been "wept" by his numerous friends, but to requote what has been already given, he would have been "unhonored and unsung," What have been the rewards of Major Gwynne and Major Oliver from their country for their services they rendered, I cannot say, Indeed, it appears that the Buckeyes have been rather unfortunate in that respect, although always in the hour of danger and on the day of battle they appear to have been frequently overlooked in the division of the spoil. A glance at the president of the day (Major Daniel Gano) reminds me of the important services rendered by his father ; and as he is the proper representative of that father, it is within the rules that I should mention them, When I first saw the late Major-General John S. Gano, it was in the hard winter of 1791-92, at the head of some forty or fifty volunteers, united with a body of regular troops, on an excursion to the scene of the disastrous battle front of the preceding fourth of November, An uncommon fall of snow made it necessary for General (then Colonel) Wilkinson, who commanded the detachment, to leave the infantry and proceed with the mounted volunteers, The great depth of snow prevented the accomplishment of the pious purpose of burying the dead, for which the enterprise was undertaken, In a few weeks from this time, Captain Gano again joined us on the hazardous expedition to erect the fort which was named St, Clair, With similar small bodies he was ever on the alert—ever ready to afford any assistance in his power toward the protection of the frontiers, until the general peace with the Indians in 1795. In the last war he served under my command as major-general at the head of the Ohio quota of militia, and during my absence on the northern frontier he commanded the Ninth Military District as general-in-chief, I can state with confidence that in all of these situations, whether at the head of forty men or of some thousands, he discharged his duty with the strictest fidelity, usefulness and honor, It is unnecessary for me to speak of the military services of my long tried and valued friend immediately on my right (General Findlay), It is well known that at the head of a gallant regiment of volunteers, disciplined by himself, he served on the first northwestern campaign of the late war, It is equally well known that, if his advice and that of his gallant compeers (the other colonels of the army) had been adopted, the campaign would have had a different result, and the honor of our arms would not have been tarnished by an inglorious surrender, Upon the requisition of the President, under an act of Congress approved May 13, 1846, Ohio was called upon to furnish three regiments of infantry to the army being prepared for the invasion of Mexico, They were promptly raised and forwarded, notwithstanding many citizens of the State were opposed to the war, and one of them said, upon the floor of Congress, that, were he a Mexican he would welcome the Americans "with bloody hands to hospitable graves," Colonel Curtis, George W, Morgan and A, M, Mitchell, commanded the first regiments dispatched, The next year a fourth regiment was called out, and sent to the field INDIAN AND OTHER EARLY WARS - 539 in command of Colonel Charles H. Brough, who died some years after in Cincinnati. Of the entire Ohio contingent, however, the roll of but one company is on file in the adjutant-general's office at Columbus. It is that of Captain Otto Zirckel's command, in the 4th Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, commanded by Colonel Brough. The regiment was mustered into service at Cincinnati May 27, 1847, by Colonel Ewing, United States Army, and mustered out at the same place July 1, 1848. The rendezvous at Cincinnati was at Camp "Washington" established for the purpose of this war in a convenient locality near Mill Creek, upon ground now covered, in part, by the city workhouse and the house of refuge. The headquarters of the camps are still shown in a long low building, now used for residence, and not far south of the workhouse. The district yet bears the old name, though not in a corporate capacity, it now and for many years past being a part of the city. CHAPTER XXXVI. CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS. The greatest conflict ever seen in this country was that of the Rebellion of States from 1861 to 1865—commonly known as the Civil War. The feeling of the community around Cincinnati with regard to slavery was that of passive tolerance rather than that of active approval. The various riots against anti-slavery printing presses, anti-slavery meetings, anti-slavery speakers and the negroes were simply the result of the fear of the awakening of the public conscience. As had happened so many times in the history of the world, the people knew perfectly well what was right, but feared the disagreeable consequences to their interests if that right should prevail. This may not be a complimentary view of the conditions of the character of Cincinnati people of those days, but there is very little doubt that it is a correct one. After all, the position of the community was never subject to the criticism of cowardice or a direct approval of injustice, for the moment the issue was made the community arose with a wave of patriotic fervor that swept before it all considerations of self interest and washed out the last lingering doubt from the minds of the do-nothings. In no city of the Union and in no State of the Union was the response to the country's call for aid in preserving its integrity more immediate and more effective. The news of the firing on the "Star of the West," which took place January 9th, caused great excitement in the city. This was regarded by the people of Northern sentiments as a declaration of war and the papers of January nth warned their readers that the opening of the conflict might be expected at any moment. Fort Sumter —News of the bombardment of Fort Sumter reached Cincinnati on Friday evening, April 12th, and was posted on the bulletin boards of the city. Despite the progress of events throughout the country there can be no question that in Cincinnati, as elsewhere, this news was a most violent shock to the people. The game of brag had been for some years played with such dexterity by the politicians of the country that very few had any real belief in the sincerity of the threats that had been made. Of course there were many exceptions to this general confidence in the improbability of war. It is said that the German population, especially those who had engaged in the Revolution of 1848, scented the strife from afar. Of course many of the officers of the army who were more familiar with the conditions and who had consulted with many of their fellow officers as to their future conduct in case of war realized the possibilities. Notable among these was Captain John Pope, who, in the previous fall, had read before the Literary Club, a gathering CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS - 541 including many of the most distinguished men of the city, a paper on the subject of "Fortifications." This paper, which had criticized the policy of President Buchanan, had subjected its author to a court-martial, which, owing to the intervention of Postmaster General Holt, had resulted in nothing. The story is told that upon the reception of the news of the fall of Sumter, he predicted that it was the beginning of a long and bloody struggle. "The first note of war from the East threw Cincinnati into a spasm of alarm. Her great warehouses, her foundries, and machine shops, her rich moneyed institutions, were all a tempting prize to the Confederates, to whom Kentucky was believed to be drifting. Should Kentucky go, only the Ohio River would remain between the great city and the needy enemy, and there were absolutely no provisions for defense." (Ohio in the War.) The historian of Ohio's share in the war says of this : "So clear and unshrinking was the first voice from the great conservative city of the Southern border, whose prosperity was supposed to depend on the Southern trade. They had reckoned idly, it seemed, who had counted on hesitation here. From the first day that the war opened the people of Cincinnati were as vehement in their determination that it should be relentlessly prosecuted to victory as the people of Boston. "They immediately began the organization of home guards, armed and drilled vigorously, took oaths to serve the Government when they were called upon, and devoted themselves to the suppression of any contraband trade with the Southern States. The steamboats were watched ; the railroad depots were searched ; and, wherever a suspicious box or bale was discovered, it was ordered back to the warehouses. "After a time the general government undert00k to prevent any shipments into Kentucky, save such as should be required by the normal demands of her own population. A system of shipment permits was established under the supervision of the collector of the port, and passengers on the ferry-boats into Covington were even searched to see if they were carrying over pistols or other articles contraband of war ; but, in spite of all efforts, Kentucky long continued to be the convenient source and medium for supplies to the southwestern seceded States. "The day after the Cincinnati meeting denouncing his course relative to Kentucky, Governor Dennison, stimulated, perhaps, by this censure, but in accordance with a policy already formed, issued orders to the presidents of all railroads in Ohio to have everything passing over their roads in the direction of Virginia or any other seceded State, whether as ordinary freight or express matter, examined, and if contraband of war, immediately stopped and reported to him. The order may not have had legal sanction, but in the excited state of the public mind it was accepted by all concerned as ample authority. The next day similar instructions were sent to all express companies." (Ohio in the War.) 542 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE The scenes throughout the city were very striking and left but little doubt as to the attitude of the population generally. In front of the "Gazette" office a man, who was expressing Southern sentiments, was driven from the streets by a cheering crowd after an egg, dexterously thrown, had been broken in his very teeth. In spite of the alarm, however, the city was literally covered with flags and in every direction threats loud and deep against the enemies of the country were coupled with protestations of loyalty. Mr. Lincoln's call for 75,000 troops, issued on Monday, April i5th, met with an immediate response. The first Union meeting was held on April 15th at the Catholic Institute Hall, at which addresses were delivered by T. J. Gallagher, Judge Storer, Judge Stallo, E. F. Noyes, Judge Dickson, Dr. M. B. Wright, and Judge Pruden, and resolutions drawn by Rutherford B. Hayes, announcing to the people of Cincinnati assembled, without distinction of party, in favor of asserting the rights of the United States against the rebellious South, were carried unanimously. What had so long been feared had come to pass and the rich Queen City of the West was almost in the hands of the victorious marauders from the South. Something had to be done and done at once. The council of course met and passed resolutions pledging the faith of the city to pay expenses. The mayor was authorized to suspend business and summon every person within the city, whether alien or citizen, to its defense. General Wright was assured of the desire of every One within the limits of the city to assist in its protection. By nine o'clock in the evening the man who was to save Cincinnati, even at the expense of much adverse criticism, Gen. Lew Wallace, presented himself and was met at the Burnet House by the mayors of the three cities, Cincinnati, Covington and Newport. Wallace was known as a vigorous, active, young volunteer officer never afraid to take responsibility and entirely confident of his own resources. He had risen to the highest rank attainable in the army. He was supposed to be as well qualified as any man in the service to cope with such a situation. Cincinnati Under Martial Law —By two o'clock in the morning after the conference with the mayors and a few army officers in the towns, a proclamation was issued which placed the city under martial law and to which, severe as it may seem, the city was in a large measure indebted for its preservation. This proclamation, which was read by the citizens at their breakfast tables, was as follows : "PROCLAMATION." "The undersigned, by order of Major-General Wright, assumes command of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport. "It is but fair to inform the citizens that an active, daring and power- CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS - 543 ful enemy, threatens them with every consequence of war ; yet the cities must be defended, and their inhabitants must assist in preparations. Patriotism, duty, honor, self-preservation, call them to the labor, and it must be performed equally by all citizens. "First. All business must be suspended. At nine o'clock today every business house must be closed. "Second. Under the direction of the Mayor, the citizens must, within an hour after the suspension of business (ten o'clock A. M.), assemble in convenient public places ready for orders. As soon as possible they will then be assigned to their work. This labor ought to be that of love, and the undersigned trusts and believes it will be so. Anyhow, it must be done. The willing shall be properly credited, the unwilling promptly visited. The principle adopted is, citizens for the labor, soldiers for the battle. "Third. The ferry-boats will cease plying the river after four o'clock A. M., until further orders. "Martial law is hereby proclaimed in the three cities; but until they can be relieved by the military, the injunctions of this proclamation will be executed by the police. "Lewis Wallace, "Major-General Commanding." Hamilton County War Camps —Other camps formed in the county during the war were Camp Clay at Pendleton ; Camp John McLean, near Cincinnati, which, named for Justice McLean, quartered the 75th Ohio Infantry commanded by Col. N. C. McLean, a son of the Justice ; Camp Corwine, named for Major Richard M. Corwine ; and Camp Colerain, ten miles north of Cincinnati. United States Sanitary Commission —Shortly after the surrender of Fort Sumter in the early days of the Civil War, this "Commission" was organized and the Cincinnati branch did its full share of work. As early as May, 1861, associate members were appointed in Cincinnati but the real branch was not perfected until the autumn of that year. Through the assistance of Dr. W. H. Mussey, the United States Marine Hospital, a building originally intended for western boatmen, was set apart by Secretary Chase for the purpose of this society. Mrs. Caldwell became the first matron. In November, 1861, it was reorganized at the house of Dr. Mussey by the election of Robert W. Burnet as president ; George Hoadly, vice-president ; Charles R. Fosdick, secretary, and Henry Pierce, treasurer. From 1861 to 1864, in the month of August, this branch had received, in round figures, $400,000 and had on hand at that date $122,000, Also had received 300 different varieties of articles by donations, with food supplies sent in from all parts of the country amounting to half a million dollars. The branch continued to work until February, 1866. 544 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE The State Orphan's Home contained then 209 orphans of soldiers and to them was given over $10,000 at the war's close. Great Western Sanitary Fair —In November, 1863, was held this wonderful fair, the same having been duplicated in Chicago. Mrs. Elizabeth Mendenhall, wife of a well known physician in Cincinnati, started the local movement. General Rosecrans, retired at the time, was at home here and was made president of the fair. Mrs. Mendenhall was the worthy vice-president. The whole of southwestern Ohio cooperated in the undertaking. November 7 the fair opened in Mozart Hall. A huge building, 64 by 400 feet, was erected on Government Square. There were sixteen committees and 76 sub-committees in charge. There was an art gallery furnished by loans of pictures and works of art generally. The real fair opened December 21, and continued through the holidays. The receipts were $260,000, of which $235,400 was turned into the treasury of this branch. It will be recalled by old pioneers that New Years day, 1864, was the coldest known since the discovery of the Ohio Valley by white men. Notwithstanding that severe cold week the ladies stood by their post at the Sanitary Fair. The fair continued to run until in April, 1864. Another organization of the same character was the Cincinnati branch of the United States Christian Commission, which disbursed more than $170,000 and stores to the value of $202,000. The president of this organization was A. E. Chamberlain ; vice-president, H. Thane Miller ; secretary, J. F. Marlay ; and Rev. Chidlaw, general agent. Cincinnati Soldiery —The 5th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was one of the three months' organizations, and was made up of young men from Cincinnati and vicinity. It went into camp near the city April 20, 1861, and was mustered into the United States service May 8th. May 23 they were sent to Camp Dennison. By consent of the men on June loth they were mustered for three years and were soon sent to West Virginia. The first colonel of this regiment was Samuel H. Dunning, who resigned August, 1862. The number of enrolled militia in Hamilton County, including the city of Cincinnati, was 41,960. Under the 75,000 and 300,000 calls by Lincoln, Hamilton County furnished 8,192 men. The total number of men furnished, including drafted soldiers, up to October, 1862, from Hamilton County were : Enrollments, 39,966; volunteers up to September 1, 1862, 14,795 ; number ordered drafted, 1,175. Another important regiment of soldiers from Cincinnati district included in the above last named commands making up the grand total of men sent to the front was the 10th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Soon after the fall of Fort Sumter the city of Cincinnati promptly responded to the CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS - 545 call for volunteers including the 10th, which was mustered into service May 7, 1861, and a few days later marched to Camp Dennison, a distance of seventeen miles in three and three-quarters hours. Some of these men had seen service in European wars, while not a few had been engaged in the War with Mexico in 1846-48. General George B. McClellan inspected the regiment and declared his admiration for their fine appearance. It was within a few weeks after being mustered in that the regiment was ordered to reconnoiter the enemy's position in West Virginia and its color bearer, Fitzgibbons, had his right hand shot off at the wrist, but immediately picked up the colors with his left hand and, while advancing thus was mortally wounded, exclaiming as he fell : "Never mind me boys. Save the flag." Our forces were successful at that engagement but lost heavily. Of the great number of men who went forth in the days of the Civil War, there are but few surviving in and around Cincinnati. The once large Grand Army of the Republic posts are fast disbanding on account of the small number of old veterans left to meet in such capacity. A Confederate Spy —An incident of war that excited much attention at the time was the trial at Cincinnati by court martial of a relative of the Confederate President on the charge of being a Confederate spy. In 1864 Lieutenant Samuel B. Davis, a young officer about twenty-four years of age, of great intelligence and prepossessing appearance, was sent by Jefferson Davis on a secret mission to Ohio. Prior to his appearance in this State he had served upon the staff of General Winder in charge of Andersonville Prison and as a result was known to some of the Union soldiers in prison there. Disguised in citizens clothes, with dyed hair and equipped with a British passport, under an assumed name, he made his way from Richmond, Virginia, to Baltimore, and thence to Columbus. The length of his stay at that point and his proceedings there never became fully known, although enough developed to justify the placing of a number of persons at that point under surveillance. From Columbus, Davis traveled on the cars to Detroit, where he crossed to Windsor, Canada, to communicate with Jacob Thompson and other confederates sojourning there remote from any point of danger. After remaining in Canada several weeks, he crossed over to Detroit and returned to Columbus. A few days later he took the cars for Baltimore on the way to Richmond. Fortune had indeed favored him up to this time and he was almost at the end of his perilous mission when at Newark, Ohio, two private Union soldiers who had been prisoners at Andersonville recognized him. They accosted him and for a moment he denied his identity but in a very short time he realized that any further concealment was impossible. He was placed in charge of the provost marshal at Newark, who committed him to the Newark jail. He was searched but nothing Cin.-35 546 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE incriminating was found upon his person. After the provost marshal had left him, he opened the lining of his coat, took out a number of dispatches and drawings written on white silk and threw them into the blazing fire of the jail stove. He was subsequently removed to Cincinnati and confined in the old prison known as the McLean Barracks. In this city he was tried on the charge of being a spy. The court martial convened in the old building nearly opposite the National Theatre on Sycamore Street and Major Lewis H. Bond, from whose account this narrative is taken, acted as judge advocate. Davis pleaded not guilty of being a spy but guilty of being a bearer of dispatches, but offered no testimony to explain the documents he had burned or in any way to throw any light upon his mission. He did offer to show by testimony of President Davis and Secretary of State Benjamin that he had been sent as bearer of dispatches and not as a spy but the court martial held that this testimony, even if true, could not change the admitted facts of the case and declined to await the proferred testimony. The conclusion of the trial was quite dramatic. The prisoner, a young man of highest character and position, in the prime of life, about to be convicted, as he realized, of the most serious offense that can be charged against a hostile soldier, addressed the judges, all of them veterans of the Union Army, in words that showed the highest courage. Major Bond gives a portion of his address. He said : "I fear nothing on this earth. I do not fear to die. I am young and would like to live ; but I deem him unworthy who should ask pity of his foemen. Some of you have wounds and scars. I can show them, too. You are serving your country as best you may. I have done the same. I can look to God with a clear conscience ; and whenever the chief magistrate of this nation shall say 'Go,' whether upon the scaffold or by the bullets of your soldiery, I will show you how to die." Before the court martial retired for consultation upon their verdict and sentence, he shook hands with each member saying that he did not expect to meet them again on earth. He was found guilty of being a spy and sentenced to be hanged. The day was set for his execution and he was taken to Johnson's Island to await the end. The circumstances of his trial and the high spirit of his remarks attracted great attention and as a result many citizens, particularly W. T. McClintick, the president of the Cincinnati & Marietta Railroad Company, interested themselves in an appeal to President Lincoln for suspension of the sentence. Senator Saulsbury, of Delaware, also intervened, likening the speech of the young officer to that of Robert Emmet. Davis requested that one or more of the members of the court should witness his execution in order that they might realize his bravery. On the night before the day of the execution, the commandant on Johnson's Island was aroused from his bed by an order from President Lincoln directing the suspension of the execution and the removal of the prisoner to Fort Warren. There he CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS - 547 remained until the end of the war, when he was released. He never disclosed the secret of his mission to Ohio. (Lewis H. Bond, in Sketches of War History, Ohio Commandery, Loyal Legion, Vol. II, p. 153.) Lincoln's Visit to Cincinnati —One of the three visits made by Abraham Lincoln at Cincinnati was February 12, 1861, on his way to the National capital. As he boarded the cars at Indianapolis he was met by a Cincinnati committee who, represented by Judge Este and Major T. J. Toohey, welcomed him to the city. The crowd about the Indianapolis & Cincinnati depot was very large and for a time it was thought that some accident would occur. As the train came in, it was welcomed by the booming of cannon and cheering of the assembled multitude. As Mr. Lincoln stepped from the car, accompanied by Mayor Bishop, a procession was formed in front of the depot. The grand marshal, Miles Greenwood, Mayor-General Lytle and Brigadier-General Bates were each surrounded by a gorgeous staff; after them came the Steuben Artillery, in charge of Captain Annis, and the Cincinnati Battalion under Major Kennet. This included the Lafayette Guards, German Yagers, Rover Guards and the Cincinnati Zouaves. A company of the 2d Battallion was in charge of Captain Pendery. The Continental Battalion was in charge of Colonel Jones and the Guthrie Greys under Major Bosley. A special guard for the carriage of the President-elect was from the Washington Dragoons under Captain Pfau. Mr. Lincoln rode in an open carriage drawn by a team of six white horses. Mayor Bishop sat beside him and opposite were the mayors of Covington and Newport. The line of march was along Front and Freeman to Sixth, up Sixth to Mound, thence to Eighth, thence to Elm, thence to Fifteenth, thence to Vine and ended at the Burnet House. Many of the houses which were passed were covered with decorations and mottoes. R. M. Corwine's house, on Sixth Street, proclaimed "Welcome to the President of Thirty-four States." The Gibson House was most elaborately decorated. A large transparency, 60 by 20 feet, contained at one end a portrait of Lincoln, and at the other one of Hamlin and in the center one of Washington. Intervening were many mottoes of a patriotic character and below the names of all the 34 States. At the Orphan Asylum the children sang "Hail Columbia," and at the Banner Ward House, on Vine Street, 3o white-clad girls sang "The Star Spangled Banner." One little girl handed Mr. Lincoln a flower, in return for which he gave the child a kiss. At the Burnet House Mr. Lincoln appeared from a balcony, where he was welcomed by the mayor. Mr. Lincoln, in his speech, referred to his remarks delivered at Cincinnati two years before, in which he had specially addressed the people of Kentucky. He reiterated what he had said at that time. In the evening 2,000 German workingmen marched to the Burnet House where an address was delivered to the President-elect. A supper was given by the young men of Cincinnati in honor of Master 548 - GREATER CINCINNATI AND ITS PEOPLE Robert Lincoln. Fred Hassaurek presided and fifty people participated. Mr. Lincoln, himself, by reason of fatigue, was unable to be present, but many toasts were drank in his honor and many speeches made, full of patriotic determination to support him. The spring election, held on April 1, 1861, resulted disastrously to the Republican party and George Hatch, the Democratic candidate, was successful in defeating Charles F. Wilstach for the mayoralty. Rutherford B. Hayes was one of those on the defeated ticket. The cause of the defeat, according to the "Gazette," a Republican organ, was the dissatisfaction of the Republicans with what was regarded as the hesitating policy of the new National administration. The "Gazette" served notice that the Republicans "dissatisfied and discouraged had no heart to work, and had surrendered without seriously contesting the field." The special cause of complaint was the failure to reinforce Fort Sumter. The newly elected mayor of the city, George Hatch, probably represented "the extreme sentiment of deference and concession to the Southern people," but neither he nor any of the citizens was conscious of the critical condition of affairs. As late as April 5, 1861, some cannon consigned from Baltimore to Jackson, Mississippi, directed to "The Southern Confederacy," were allowed to pass through the city, and on the very day before this a slave had been remanded to the custody of his master by the United States commissioner. (The above facts have been taken from the account by Greve in his "Centennial History of Cincinnati.") Morgan Raiders in Kentucky —In the early part of the summer of 1862 the news from across the river became most disquieting and the fear became general that the city, which so far had been spared any actual sight of war, might become a seat of conflict. It is said that in the South children were brought to terms by the mention of the name of "Abe" Lincoln. However true this may be, there can be no question that in the minds of the young people of this neighborhood in the early "sixties" the names of John Morgan and Kirby Smith were more terrifying than the mention of the arch fiend himself. For a time those of maturer years were not much less affected by these names than were the children. From time to time rumors of Morgan's achievements had come to Cincinnati. He became noted for his sudden cavalry dashes, even beyond the picket lines of the enemy. First he would carry off some outlying artillery ; then he would burn an important bridge ; next a supply train or a drove of cattle would fall into his hands ; finally he became bolder and would cut out whole squads of soldiers within sight of their camps ; he would seize telegraph stations and obtain such news as he desired and move on to another field of activity ; Northern sympathizers would lose their cotton and their other crops and such property as could be carried away. His character was such as to excite the most widely different CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS - 549 emotions in the bosoms of his friends and his enemies. To the former he was Prince Rupert himself and to the latter he was Captain Kidd reincarnated. There can be no question, however, that among his daredevil young "rough-riders" were many of the best people of Kentucky and the progress of his band through the State was usually greeted with enthusiasm by his friends and neighbors. The first excitement of the war had died down, the defeats had become as familiar as victories and calls for troops had been repeated with embarrassing frequency when suddenly the news came that John Morgan was in Kentucky. By Friday evening, the 11th of July, 1862, it was known that Tompkinsville with its entire garrison had been taken and the prisoners paroled. Immediately afterward he was at Glasgow and communication between Louisville and Nashville was cut off. A proclamation calling upon the Kentuckians to arise in behalf of the South added to the excitement. By the evening of the next day it was reported that Morgan was marching on to Lexington and General Boyle, commanding at that time in Kentucky, telegraphed to Mayor Hatch for militia to assist him. On the 13th of July a public meeting was called and by nine o'clock in the evening several thousand citizens met in the Fifth Street market space to hear the alarming dispatches from Boyle. As was usual in such cases, these did not always accord with each other. In one, Morgan's troops numbered 2,800 and in another 1,500. He had burned Perryville and was marching on to Danville. He was perilously near Louisville and Boyle must defend that city, which left Lexington to the care of Cincinnati. Speeches were made by the mayor and other prominent citizens and finally a committee, consisting of Mayor Hatch, George E. Pugh, Joshua. H. Bates, Miles Greenwood, J. B. Stallo, J. W. Hartwell, Peter Gibson and Thomas J. Gallagher, was appointed to take some action looking to the protection of the city. Governor Tod ordered down a thousand stand of arms and the convalescent soldiers from Camp Dennison and Camp Chase. Two hundred men of the 52d Ohio arrived a little later and the city took on the appearance of war. The streets were thronged all night and by nine o'clock in the morning it was thought that the time had come for more speech-making. George E. Pugh, Benjamin Eggleston and Thomas J. Gallagher addressed the throng in the Fifth Street market space. Charles F. Wilstach and Eli C. Baldwin took charge of the matter of food for volunteer companies, which it was determined to organize, and the City Council appropriated $5,000 and agreed to pay any necessary expenses incurred by the committees appointed at the public meetings. In the afternoon some 1,100 men from Camp Chase, soldiers of the 85th and 86th Ohio, passed through on their way to Lexington ; a special train carried the police force under Colonel Dudley, their chief, and a company of artillery, with a single gun, organized from the fire department by Captain William Glass. The news that