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CHAPTER XII.

MEDICAL.

[By P. S. CONNER, M. D.]
PIONEER PHYSICIANS---THE FIRST FACULTY OF CINCINNATI--- DANIEL DRAKE AND OTHERS - LATER ARRIVALS -SANITARY ORDINANCES - BOARDS OF HEALTH-- MEDICAL. COLLEGES -DENTAL SCHOOLS HOSPITALS ASYLUMS- CINCINNATI TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES MEDICAL SOCIETIES - MEDICAL JOURNALS -MEDICAL LIBRARIES - BRIEF SKETCHES OF SOME EMINENT PHYSICIANS. PHYSICIANS.

AMONG the early settlers of the " Miami Purchase " was Dr. William Burnet, of New Jersey; and with his arrival, and that of Dr. John Hole and of Dr. Richard Allison, of the Array, who accompanied the first detachment of troops sent to garrison Fort Washington, begins the medical history of Cincinnati and Hamilton county. Dr. Burnet's stay in the West was a brief one (less than two years), and for ten years the settlements on the Ohio and the lower Miamis were largely compelled to look for medical aid to the army surgeons. These were here in tinusual numbers, since for "seven years the young village became the headquarters for all the armies which fought against the Indians under Harmar in 1790, St. Clair in 1791, and Wayne in 1794." Among then were Allison, Carmichael, Phillips, Sellman, Elliot and Strong, and Gen. Harrison, whose early professional training then and later " enabled him frequently to afford relief to those who could not at the moment command the services of a physician." Sellman and Allison resigning from the service, the former in 1797, the latter in 1798, became permanent residents of this county.

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Richard Allison, born near Goshen, N. V., in 1757, had been a medical officer during the Revolution. On the re-organization of the army in 1789, he was appointed surgeon of the regiment of infantry (there was but one), and as suet became the ranking medical officer of the army up to the time of his resignation. Living for a few years on his farm "on the east fork of the Little Miami," he returned to the, city in 1805, and continued in practice until his death, March 22, 1816, Drake called him the "Father of our local profession," and wrote of him that, " though not profound in science, he was sagacious, unassuming, amiable and kind."

John Sellman, a native of Annapolis, Md., was in active and reputable practice for more than ten years longer, dying in 1827 at the age of sixty-three years. The doctors unconnected with the army, and settling here prior to 1800, were Hole, Morrel, McClure, Cranmer and Goforth.

John Hole who was here early enough to take part in the second assignment of town lots, in May, 1789, could not have produced much impression upon the people during the five years that he lived in Cincinnati, notwithstanding the fact that he practiced inoculation at the time of the first outbreak of smallpox in the winter of 1792-93, since Drake was unable to learn where he was born, or where and when he died. It is quite likely that he moved to Franklin county, as the name appears on the list of those from that county selected to serve as members of the Medical Society organized by Act of Legislature February 8, 1812.

Calvin Morrel, who organized the first Masonic Lodge in Ohio, soon left the county, and spent the later years of his life with the Shakers at Union Village.

John Cranmer coming here in 1798, "attained to a position of considerable personal and some professional respectability; supporting his family by his practice, and continuing to advance in reputation up to the time of his death, which occurred from cholera in 1832." [Drake.]

William Goforth, with Sellman and Cranmer, "constituted the whole Faculty of Cincinnati in the first year of this century." A native of New York City, at the age of twenty-two he carne to Maysville, Ky., and, after eleven years of successful practice there, in 1799 removed to Columbia, where his father, Judge Goforth, was living. The next year found him in Cincinnati, and for eight years he was a most popular and peculiar physician, " having," as Drake says, " the most winning manners of any physician I ever knew, and the most of them." First in the Nest, he in 1801 secured through Dr. Waterhouse, of Boston, some of the " Jennerian lymph," and began vaccinating the people of the town and neighborhood. '' Fond of schemes and novelties, in the spring of the year 1803, at a great expense, he dug up at Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky, and brought away the largest, most diversified and remarkable mass of huge fossil bones that was ever disinterred at one time or place in the United States; the whole he put into the possession of that swindling Englishman, Thomas Ashe, alias Arville, who sold them in Europe and embezzled the proceeds." [Drake.] He was much occupied with the business of collecting ginseng and shipping it to China, and the preparation of what he thought to be the columbo root. All the glittering specks that were found in the country about, and believed to be gold, were brought to him for examination, the finders generally contriving to " quarter themselves on his family," at the Peach Grove House that Dr. Allison had built just east of Fort Washington, and near the present corner of Fourth and Lawrence streets. Too restless to long remain in any one place, he had serious thoughts of moving to the upper Mad River country, but finally decided to go to Louisiana, that had recently become United States territory; and in 1807 he took up his residence there, Nine years later, after having been prominently connected with the political affairs of the now State, he returned to Cincinnati, and again began the practice of his profession. He had continued it, however, but a few months when in the spring of 1817 death brought to a close his checkered career. Medi-

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cally, the most important fact in his history was that he was the preceptor of Daniel Drake, the first medical student in the West, the first of such students to receive the degree of Doctor of Medicine, the earliest of our medical writers and teachers, and professionally and socially the most influential physician who has ever lived in our city, county, State or section.

Daniel Drake, coming to Cincinnati December 18, 1800, a boy fifteen years old, for fifty-two years was a leader in all professional, educational, literary and scientific movements in Cincinnati and the West. After three years of association with Dr. Goforth as " medical student or apothecary's boy and lad of all work," he was taken into partnership, an arrangement yielding little comfort, and less money. A year later he received from his preceptor " Surgeon General of the first division of Ohio militia " an " autograph diploma setting forth his ample attainments in all the branches of the profession, the first medical diploma ever granted in the interior valley of North America." The following winter was spent in attendance upon lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, he returning to Cincinnati in April, 1800. After practicing for a time at his old home at Mayslick, Ky., on April 10, 1807, he established himself permanently in our city, in succession to Dr. Goforth, who had left for Louisiana. He busied himself for a number of years not only in professional work, but in careful study of the botany and geology of the country, and of its archaeological remains, in observing and recording the direction of the winds and the state of the weather, and in preparing his "Notices of Cincinnati," published in 1810, and his " Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country," issued in 1815. In 1814 he reports himself as " much employed in the business of the Lancaster Seminary (the original foundation of the Cincinnati College), and in that of the Library Society," of which he was president.

In the winter of 1815-16 Ire was again a student in Philadelphia, graduating from the University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1816, receiving "the first medical degree ever conferred orr a citizen of Cincinnati." The following year he became a member of the first Faculty of the -Medical Department of Transylvania University at Lexington, Ky., the pioneer medical school of the West. Having, as he always had, a strong attachment to Cincinnati, he felt that this city, not Lexington, should be the medical center, and after much delay, and in spite of great opposition, he secured in 1819 the passage of an Act of the State Legislature establishing the Medical College of Ohio, having previously, in the autumn of 1818 and the following winter, carried on, in association with Dr. Coleman Rogers, a preparatory school of medical instruction. In 1822 his connection with the Medical College of Ohio was abruptly terminated, to be temporarily renewed in 1831, in 1849 and in 1852. In 1824 he was a second time appointed professor in Transylvania. Two years later he was back again in Cincinnati, where the following year he established an eye infirmary, and assumed editorial charge of the Western Medical and Physical Journal. During the winter of 1830-31, he was in the Faculty of the Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia, and in 1835 organized the medical department of the Cincinnati College, in which he held the chair of Theory and Practice, a school which four years later suspended for want of proper endowment. In 1840 he went to the University of Louisville, remaining there until 1849, returning a year later after a winter's connection with the Medical College of Ohio. Two years after, he was once more elected to a professorship in the Medical College of Ohio, but his death (on November 5, 1852) occurred before he was able to enter upon its duties. "He had resigned more professorships, and been oftener expelled, than any other medical teacher in the United States. His appointments amounted to not less than ten, and he was connected with five schools, two of which were of his own projecting."

His professional writing began as early as 1809, and his great work, which is his real monument, a " Treatise on the principal diseases of the interior Valley of

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North America," was published in part two years before and in part two years after his death. Its preparation occupied much of his time for thirty years, and in collecting materials for it he traveled from the lakes to the Gulf, from the Alleghanies to the Rockies. His literary, historical and scientific publications were numerous and of great value. To him was largely due the credit of the establishment of the earliest Collegiate institution in Hamilton county, and of the first Museum in this section of the country. As far back as 1815 he "pointed out distinctly all the canals which have since been made in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, connecting the waters of the lakes and the Ohio," and in 1835 "became specially interested in the construction of a great railway which should connect the Ohio Valley at Cincinnati with the Atlantic at Charleston." From an early date he was prominently connected with the politics of the West, and was the friend of many of the leading statesmen of the day. As physician, writer, teacher and citizen, he was the most influential medical man who has ever lived here. His life was in many respects a stormy one; his antagonisms and antagonists were many. But with it all, his genius, his industry, his high moral principle and his devotion to duty earned hire, what he will always have, the respect, esteem and kind remembrance of those familiar with our medical history during the first half of the century.

Another of Dr. Goforth's students, who was long in practice in the county, was Dr. Edward Young Kemper. Born in Fauquier county, Va., January 11, 1783, he came to Cincinnati with his father, Rev. James Kemper, in 1790. He probably never graduated in medicine, though it is believed that he attended one course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. It is likely that he practiced on a certificate given him by Dr. Goforth similar to the one given to Dr. Drake, or perhaps a license received from the District Medical Society. As a medical officer of volunteers be was at Hull's surrender at Detroit. For many years he was in practice at Montgomery, in this county, but the latter part of his life was spent at the old Kemper homestead on Walnut Hills, where he died June 10, 1863, aged eighty; probably the last survivor of the little band of medical students gathered in Cincinnati prior to the establishment of the Medical College of Ohio.

Beginning with the opening of the School of Preparatory Instruction in 1818, the after medical history of Cincinnati and Hamilton county is mainly that of its colleges, its hospitals, its societies and its journals; and its physicians of eminence have been, with but few exceptions, those connected therewith. .

The number of practitioners increased but slowly for many years; in 1821 there were but twenty-one in the city; in 1827, as appears by the records of the Common Pleas Court, where they wore registered for taxation, but twenty-six in the county; in 1831 the Medical Society had a membership roll of forty-seven. To-day the number can not be less than six hundred and fifty, nearly or quite six hundred of them being in the city and the adjacent, villages.

Very few of the practitioners, prior to 1840, were of foreign birth and education. Dr. John Moorhead was born in Ireland and was a graduate of Edinburgh, as was his brother Robert, who after some years of service in the British army settled hero in 1830, and died February 9. 1845. A third brother, Thomas, was for a time a practicing physician here, but later became an attorney at law. The Doctors Bonner, Hugh and Stephen, were also natives of Ireland, but they came to America as boys, and received their medical degrees at Transylvania, the one in 1825, the other in 1834. The earliest physician here of German birth and education, was Dr. Mundhonk, who came in 1815 and left a few years later, removing, probably, to Montgomery county; little is known about him. Following him was Dr. F. J. C. Oberdorf, who settled here in 1810, at the age of forty-three. Born Dear Heidelberg, he commenced his medical studies at Montpellier but soon entered the medical service of the French army, serving under Napoleon in Italy, Egypt, Germany and Russia, leaving the army in 1815. After thirty seven years residence in Cincinnati,

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he removed to Kentucky, where he died November 21, .1800, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. So far as can be learned, he was, after Dr. Mundhenk had Jeff, the only German physician in the city or county until 1827, when Dr. Frederick Bunte, who had been educated at Marburg and Wurzburg, came to Cincinnati. Not succeeding well in practice, he in a few years turned his attention to teaching. In 1860 he went to Brookville, Ind., where he died.

During the ten years after 1830 there were settled in the city Drs. Schneider, Tellkampf, Huber, Paul, Topp, Wilhelmi, Wocher, Emmert and Homburg. Of these Dr. Schneider after an unusually long professional life retired from practice only a few years ago, and is still living in the city. Dr. Theodore A. Tellkampf removed to New York City in 1845, returned to Germany in 1881, and died at Hannover in 1883. He was a man of much learning and influence, and an extensive writer on medical and scientific subjects, especially upon the effect upon health of prison and asylum life. Drs. Wilhelmi and Homburg were residents here but a few years.

Our section has never been a very unhealthy one, and now has an annual mortality rate of about twenty per thousand; but few cases of yellow fever have ever occurred here; cholera prevailed, epidemically, in 1832, .1840, 1850, 1866 and 1873.

As far back as 1802 sanitary regulations began to be established, an ordinance passed by the select council on July 17 of that year requiring the speedy removal from the streets, lanes, alleys and commons of the town, of all dead animals, and forbidding any one exercising the trade of butcher within certain portions of the town. except in a slaughter-house already established. On December 10, 1804, inoculation for smallpox was forbidden under penalty of not less than $20 nor more than $20, to such penalty being liable not only the inoculator but the one inoculated, if knowingly and willfully receiving it; and a fine of from $2 to $10 was imposed on any one who having been in a room or house where there was smallpox should within twenty-four hours thereafter go into any house where there were persons who had not had the disease; the owner or occupant of an infected house being required to display before it a red flag. This ordinance was repealed two weeks later because of a want of vaccine virus. An ordinance of date May 10, 1813, required physicians to prepare, in every case of death, a certificate showing the name,, age, sex, and cause of death, and made it the duty of the master or mistress of the house to file such certificate within five days with the president or recorder of the. Council to be permanently retained by the clerk for general inspection.

An ordinance of date of March 20, 1810, made it the duty of the mayor to prepare a "penthouse," and to cause the removal thereto of cases of smallpox. The, office of health officer was created by ordinance of May 10, 1821, such officer being required to make inspection of the streets, lanes and alleys at least once a week from April 1 to October 1, and as often as might be expedient during the rest of the year, and to cause the removal of everything prejudicial to health. On November 20, 1823, the city Council forbade the excavating, as in brick making, of any holes or ponds which might become reservoirs of stagnant water, and directed the health officer to see to it that any such existing holes be filled up by the owner, or, if he did not do it, by the city, the expense becoming a lien on the property.

A smallpox scare, in 1820, caused the establishment of a Board of Health by ordinances passed April 26 and 29; such board being composed of five members, the mayor being one, and ex-officio president of the board. This board was required to weekly report in the newspapers the number of cases of smallpox in the city. By June. 1827, the membership of the board had been increased to seven, and its duties and powers much enlarged; the first being to prevent the introduction into the city of smallpox, yellow fever and other contagious, malignant or infectious diseases, and to recommend to council such measures as might be deemed necessary to promote and secure the health of the city. In 1831 was passed the first ordinance regulating the care of dogs. Since the organization of the original Board of Health,.

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many similar ones have been in turn created and abolished, according to the apparent necessities of the time and the demands of party. For twenty-seven years last past the " Department of Health" has had a continuous existence; and now has charge of the collection of vital statistics, the abatement of nuisances, the inspection of milk, dairies, meats and live-stock, the regulation of public markets, the medical care of the outdoor poor, and the official oversight of contagious and infectious diseases. Its working force is made up of a health officer (Dr. J. W. Prendergast), one registrar, six clerks, thirty physicians, thirty druggists, one chemist, one legal clerk, three superintendents, twelve inspectors, seventeen sanitary policemen, eight market masters and four market watchmen. The total expenditure for the year 1892 was seventy two thousand seven hundred and thirty-three dollars and forty cents.

MEDICAL COLLEGES.

Cincinnati for three-quarters of a century has been a center of medical instruction. As early as 1818, Dr. Drake, who had been a lecturer at, Transylvania during the previous winter, had in association with Dr. Coleman Rogers conducted a recitation and lecture course. In the following year a charter was obtained for the Medical College of Ohio. At the present time there are in the city seven institutions conferring the degree of M. D., two of which are for the instruction of women.

The Medical College of Ohio was incorporated y Act of the Legislature January 19, 1819, and organized a year later. In the circular (written by Dr. Drake) announcing a prospective session of the second medical school established west of the Alleghanies-Transylvania had been started at Lexington, Ky., three years earlier it is stated that "the considerations which originally suggested the establishment of a medical college, and which doubtless induced the General Assembly to give its sanction were, first, the obvious and increasing necessity for such an institution in the western country; and, secondly, the peculiar fitness and advantages of this city for the successful execution of the project. These are its central situation, its northern latitude, its easy water communications with most parts of the western country, and, above all, the comparatively numerous population. This already exceeds ten thousand, more than double the number of any other inland town in the new States; and, from the facility of emigrating to it y water, the proportion of indigent emigrants is unusually great. The professors placed on this ample theatre will, therefore, have numerous opportunities of treating a great variety of diseases, and thus be able to impart those principles and rules of practice which are framed from daily observations on the peculiar maladies which the student, after the termination of his collegiate course, will have to encounter." The Faculty at the opening of the first session was composed of Daniel Drake, M.. D., professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine, including Obstetrics, and the Diseases of Women and Children; Jesse Smith, M. D., professor of Anatomy and Surgery; Elijah Slack, A. M., professor of Chemistry.

Alone of the Medical Colleges of the country, its course was of five-months duration, and, to stimulate students to secure a higher preliminary education, a prize medal was offered for the best inaugural thesis written in Latin.

The class numbered twenty-five, and the graduates in the spring of 1821, seven. The next year the class was slightly larger, thirty students being in attendance, and the school seemed to be on a fair road to success. But with the close of this second session trouble arose in the Faculty, and Dr. Drake was summarily ejected by the abolition of his chair. For fifteen years thereafter the history of the college was one of internal dissensions and outside opposition. The Faculty underwent frequent changes, some of its members were of very ordinary ability, though some, as Godman and Eberle, were of high professional standing; the classes were generally small; and the college in no proper degree commanded the respect and had the confidence and support of the profession of the State and neighborhood. Its charter

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was amended in the winter of 1822-23, and a board of trustees appointed; and in 1825 the State Legislature directed that for five years there should be paid over to the college one half of the tag on auction sales in Hamilton county. The whole amount of money received from this source was a little less than twenty-five thousand dollars, which was invested in a building, a library and a museum. This is the only pecuniary aid ever received from the State, which even until now retains nominal control of the college, since its board of trustees is appointed y the governor once in ten years. The building in the erection of which. much of this money was expended was located on Sixth street between Vine and Race streets, the ground bring purchased at a cost of fifteen dollars par foot, and was first occupied in the winter of 1826-27. From 1838 to 1851 the school flourished, and in its Faculty were men of great ability and high repute, among them being Mussey, Moorhead, Locke, Wright, Kirtland, Harrison, Oliver and Shotwell. Moorhead, who had been in the city since 1820, resigned his chair in 1819, returned to Ireland, his native country, succeeded to the family Baronetcy and, as Sir John Moorhead, lived in dignified ease until his death in 1873, In 1851 a now building was erected, the one now occupied, than which at the time there was none better arranged and appointed in the United States. The next ten years was another period of trouble, of quarrels and of changes.

In 1857, the Miami Medical College, organized in 1852, was merged in it. In 1860 this consolidation was broken up, and the Faculty reorganized. For two years during the war, two graduating sessions were annually held. Since this last reorganization the history of the college has been one of prosperity; during the last twenty-two years there have been but two resignations and two deaths of members of the Faculty; the classes have been large; the facilities for teaching much increased; and the graduates have shown themselves to be well educated and competent to discharge their professional duties. The teaching, force now numbers thirty-one: ten professors; four adjunct professors; eight lecturers and demonstrators, and nine assistants. The class of 1.892-93 numbered 226, and the graduates sixty-one. The entire number of graduates is about four thousand.

Cincinnati College.-In 1835 Dr. Drake organized a medical department of the Cincinnati College, with Drs. McDowell, Rives, Harrison, Jameson, Gross and Rogers as his colleagues. A year later Dr. Willard Parker succeeded Dr. Jameson in the surgical chair. The school continued in active operation for four years, having large classes (114 were in attendance in the winter of 1838-39), and commanding the respect and confidence of the profession of the country. Its suspension in 1839 was because of its want of endowment and its limited clinical advantages.

Eclectic Medical College.-In 1843 the Worthington Medical College, established at Worthington, Ohio, in 1832, was removed to Cincinnati, and in 1845 it was incorporated under its present title. Connected with it as teachers have been many of the most eminent eclectic physicians of the West, amon;; them being Drs. Morrow, King, Newton, Cleveland, Cox, Hill, Buchanan, and howe, all now dead. In 1856, owing to dissensions in the Faculty, there was organized the Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery, which was united with the original school in 1859. For a number of years past it has been under the financial control of Dr. John M. Scudder. Two sessions a year have been and are still given. Its Faculty, professors, lecturers and assistants, numbers. fifteen, and its graduates, to date, 3,237. In the year 1892-93 (two sessions) there were 288 students matriculated, of whom forty-seven graduated.

Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery.-Organized tinder Act of the Legislature of date of March 7, 1851, this college, of which Dr. A. H. Baker was the founder, has a Faculty of seventeen professors and five assistant professors. Holding its sessions for many years at the corner of Longworth and Central avenues, and for many years more on George street, between John and Smith, it is now

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located on Vine street, above Liberty. Its Faculty during the forty-two years existence of the college has included a number of teachers afterward connected with other colleges of the city.

Miami Medical College.-On November 1, 1852, the first course of this newlyorganized college commenced, the Faculty being composed of Drs. R. D. Mussey, Jesse P. Judkins, C. L. Avery, John Davis, John F. White, George Mendenhall, John 'A. Murphy, C. G. Comegys and John Locke, Jr. The class numbered thirty-five, and five graduated in 1853. The lectures were delivered in the building still standing at the northwest corner of Fifth and Central avenue. Regular annual sessions were held until the spring of 1857. In that year the school was consolidated with the Medical College of Ohio; such consolidation continuing until the spring of 1860. In 1865 the school was revived, and the Dental College building was secured, and a class of 154 students gathered together, of whom twenty-six graduated in the following spring; no charge was made for tuition.

In the autumn of 1866 a new building on Twelfth street, between Elm and Plum, was erected, and in it the college sessions have since been regularly held. Its Faculty has had in it, and still includes, many of the distinguished physicians of the city, among them being Drs. W. H. Mussey, E. Williams, George Mendenhall and William Clendennin, no longer living. The present Faculty embraces eleven professors, as many lecturers and demonstrators, and fifteen clinical assistants.

The College Museum contains the large and valuable collections of the late professors, Mussey and Shotwell. There were eighty-eight students in attendance upon the lectures of the sessions of 1892-03, and twenty-eight were graduated at its close. The entire number of its graduates is 1,153.

Pulte Medical College.-This institution, located at the southwest corner of Seventh and Mound streets, was organized in May, 1872, the lecture session beginning in the following October. An outgrowth of the Homeopathic Dispensary inaugurated three years earlier, the College started with a cash fund of $4,600 (the balance remaining of $14,000 raised by a fair held in 1869), and $5,000 furnished by Dr. Pulte (J. H.) for incorporation purposes. There were thirty-eight matriculants during the first session, and ten students were graduated at its close. For a number of years the financial condition of the College was an unsatisfactory one, but after many years of litigation there was secured from the estate of the late Dr. John H. Pulte $25,000 in compromise satisfaction of a touch larger claim for endowment of the college bearing the name "Pulte." The present Faculty is made up of eighteen professors, lecturers and assistants; the last class numbered thirty-seven, with twelve graduates; and the entire number of graduates is 536. The Specified requirements for graduation are four years study with attendance upon three courses of lectures. "No discrimination is made on account of sex in attendance on the lecture!' or clinics."

Cincinnrati College of Pharmacy.-Originally chartered in 1850 as a Society of Pharmacists, the College of Pharmacy as a teaching institution dates from December, 1871. Steadily growing in numbers and enlarging its curriculum, the College now takes high rank among the Pharmaceutical Schools of the country. Its Faculty is made up of six instructors; it has a graded course of two annual sessions of six months each, and is one of the allied departments of the Cincinnati University. Its present class numbers about seventy-five, and it has graduated 392 of its students. For several years past it has occupied a very conveniently arranged building on Court street, west of Mound. A. Wetterstroem is president of the college, and Dr. Charles T. V. Fennel, dean of the Faculty.

Woman's Medical College.-This college was organized in 1887 as a female department of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. In 1890 this union with the Cincinnati College was dissolved, and the college was incorporated under its present, title. Its corps of instructors numbers twenty-six, fifteen professors_

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and eleven assistants: and its course of study is a thorough one. A convenient building at No. 262 West Eighth street, is occupied, in which have been fitted up rooms for lecture, laboratory and clinical purposes. The whole number of students in attendance since the original organization is 155, of whom twenty-one have been graduated.

Presbyterian Hospital Woman's Medical College, a college for the medical education of women, was opened in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital in October, 1890. Its students to date have numbered forty-nine, and its graduates six. The Faculty includes sixteen professors, two lecturers and two assistants.

DENTAL SCHOOLS.

The Ohio College of Dental Surgery was incorporated January 24, 1845, the second dental school in the world; that at Baltimore having preceded it by four years. Its founder was Dr. James Taylor, for years the most eminent dentist of our city. The first course of lectures was given in the following winter (1845-46), four students graduating at its close. The session of 1851 " was opened in a building on College street, near Seventh, owned by the profession, and especially dedicated for all time to the cause of dental education." This building was torn down three years later, and the one at present occupied built. The school hay had. and has, a high reputation; a large number of students have attended its lectures, and it has conferred the degree of D. D. S. on 938 of them. Its present Faculty includes five professors, two lecturers, and four demonstrators. Since 1888 the college has been the Department of Dentistry of the Cincinnati University.

HOSPITALS.

Cincinnati Hospital.-For its first hospital, as for its first medical college, Cincinnati is indebted to the wisdom and labors of Daniel Drake. An Act of the Legislature January 22, 1821, established the "Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum for the State of Ohio," and appropriated for that purpose $10,000 in depreciated funds in the State Treasury, which yielded, when disposed of, about $3,500. The trustees of Cincinnati township, to whom the money was paid over, were required to provide grounds, not less than four acres in extent, and to erect suitable brick buildings. City property on Twelfth street, between Plum and Central avenue, was set apart for that purpose, and a building 53 x 42 feet, three stories high, erected in 1823, to which in 1827 was made an addition for the confinement of lunatics, and in 1833 another building accommodating 150 patients was built. By the original act the medical care of the hospital was entrusted to the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio, who were to " furnish all the medical and surgical services necessary, and have the privilege of admitting the students of their college to the hospital practice upon such terms as they might choose to prescribe."

From 1821 to 1853, inclusive, the hospital received one-half of the duties on auction sales in the city, amounting, it has been stated. to the sum of $100,000, and. the balance of the funds required for its maintenance was supplied by taxation. Boatmen and the indigent poor of the township were entitled to care in its wards, and until 1838 such " idiots, lunatics and insane persons " of the State as might be brought to it. Patients having smallpox and other infectious diseases were treated in the "pesthouse," at first located on the ground now occupied y the Music Hall, later on what is to-day known as Lincoln Park, and yet later on Roh's Hill. With the organization of the Cincinnati College efforts were made to take the hospital out from under the exclusive control of the Medical College of Ohio, and in 1839 (February 26) the Legislature authorized the Faculty of that college to share equally in the medical and surgical care of the hospital; but the " Act " remained inoperative. Similar efforts at displacement were made during the " fifties," and in 1860 the students of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery petitioned the city

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council for the privilege of attending the hospital practice. A special committee to which this application had been referred reported favorably, and presented a resolution calling upon the city solicitor to petition the State Legislature to grant to the city full and exclusive control of the hospital. As the result of the long continued agitation which had been going on, the Legislature, March 11, 1861, passed an act transferring the control from the Infirmary board to a special board of trustees, composed of seven members, one appointed y the Governor, two by the Superior Court of Cincinnati, two by the Court of Common Pleas, the mayor and senior infirmary director ex officio.

The name was changed to "Commercial Hospital of Cincinnati," and later to that of "Cincinnati Hospital." For a number of years the unfitness of the buildings for hospital purposes had been fully recognized, and in 1866 a commission was appointed to secure plans and attend to the construction of a new hospital, such commission being composed of the hospital trustees and three members of the city council. Under orders from this commission of date of December 12, 1866, the old buildings were vacated: the male patients being sent to St. John's Hospital, corner Plum and Third streets, the females remaining at the Orphan Asylum on Elm street, near Fourteenth, where they had been for nearly two years before. The new hospital was ready for occupation very early in 1869 (January 7), its wards being in six pavilions, three on a side, the administration and general service buildings completing the quadrangle. On October 1, 1871, the medical staff was re-organized, all medical teachers being excluded ; but the resolution of the trustees under which this change was effected was rescinded December 26, 1873. The active medical staff is now made up of sixteen members: four surgeons, four physicians, four obstetricians and gynecologists, two oculists and two pathologists. There are also four curators of the museum, a resident receiving physician and seven internes. A training school for nurses is in operation. For the year ending October 1, 1893, 4,267 patients were under treatment.

During the sessions of the Medical Colleges in the city daily clinics are held in the amphitheater, open to any student on payment of five dollars, the amount received from the sale of the clinic tickets going to the support of the hospital library. The "Branch Hospital," for the reception of cases of contagious diseases, which were removed from Roh's Hill in pursuance of an Act of the Legislature May 10, 1878, is located at Lick Run in the western portion of the city, and has accommodations for 150 patients.

Good Samaritan Hospital.-On November 15, 1852, the Sisters of Charity opened a twenty-bed hospital in a building at the corner of Broadway and Franklin streets, with the Faculty of the newly organized Miami Medical College as its medical staff. Three years later they removed to the corner of Plum and Third streets, where for more than eleven years "St. John's Hospital " was maintained, with accommodations for seventy-five patients. During the war its capacity was taxed to the utmost, consequent upon the large number of sick and wounded soldiers received, and, as the scene of touch of Dr. Blackman's work, its reputation was widespread. On August 16, 1866, Messrs. Lewis Worthington and Joseph C. Butler donated to the Sisters the Marine Hospital property, corner Sixth and Lock streets, which they had just purchased from the United States at a cost of 870,500. The conditions of the deed of gift were that it should be held in perpetuity as a hospital tinder the name of "The Hospital of the Good Samaritan;" "that no applicant for admission should be preferred or excluded on account of his or her religion or country, and that, with the exception of cases of contagious or chronic diseases, any and all afflicted requiring medical or surgical treatment should be admitted if there was room for their accommodation; that one half of the rooms or wards should be kept for the destitute sick, the preference being always given to women and children, and if practicable one ward should be devoted especially to sick children,

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and as far as practicable, consistent with the object of the trust, rooms should always be kept for receiving those victims of accidents occurring in shops, on railroads, or from fires and other causes; that when the resources from paying patients, donations or endowments should afford revenue sufficient to support the institution as an entirely free hospital, it should then become such, and should be devoted exclusively to the use of the destitute sick, except. that the managers might receive persons who were able to pay for special medical or surgical treatment to the extent of one-third the capacity of the institution, such persons paying or not, as their sense of right might dictate, provided that all the funds received after securing an endowment sufficient to make the hospital a free one should go toward extending the buildings and accommodations: provided always that any patient, should be at liberty to send for any medical adviser he or she might desire, though not employed y the institution, but such medical attendance was to be without charge or cost, to the institution; that a portion of the ground might be used for the erection of a dispensary, medical or surgical lecture room or a building devoted to the promotion of medical or surgical science, but such building or buildings must always belong to the institution and estate, and no portion of the funds derived from the hospital should be appropriated to such improvements."

In October following, "St. John's" was given up, and the "Good Samaritan" occupied. The medical charge of the hospital was as it had been for some years before, largely under the control of the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio, and a few years later became entirely so. The capacity of the house was about one hundred and fifty, and, with the erection of the new buildings in 1890, was decidedly increased. The records of the hospital show that the whole number of patients under treatment from November 13, 1852, to October 1, 1893, has been 34,832 (Franklin Street, 1,500; St. John's, 6000; Good Samaritan, 27, 382), a large number of them pay patients occupying private rooms.

Early in 1873 Sister Anthony, then and for many years before and after the Sister Superior in charge, appreciating the great want of a hospital here devoted to the care of lying-in women and foundlings, consulted Joseph C. Butler as to the propriety of the Order purchasing property near the city for that purpose. On May 20, of that year, Mr. Butler secured at a cost of $15,000 a very desirable piece of property on the Reading road about four miles out, and presented it to the Sisters of Charity for the establishment of a branch hospital of the Good Samaritan. His letter of notification to Sister Anthony closes with the following words: " That it may be of some service to the poor and afflicted, and soften the burdens of a few wounded hearts through many generations, through the self-denying ministrations of your Sisterhood, is the earnest hope of your friend Joseph C. Butler." This " St. Joseph's Maternity Hospital and Foundling House " was at once opened. The building on the property secured soon proved to be too small to accommodate the number of those seeking admission, and in 1884 a first, and in 1888 a second, enlargement of it was made, so that now over one hundred women arid as many children can be cared for.

Of the various gifts that have from time to time been made to our people by generous citizens, none probably have been, are and will continue to be such great service as those of Mr. Worthington and Mr. Butler, and those of the Messrs. Emery and the Gamble family for a like purpose to be noticed later in connection with the Children's and Christ's Hospitals. From the first the hospital has been a school of clinical instruction, for more than a third of a century, an important and integral part of the organization of the Medical College of Ohio.. In 1875 an amphitheater with a seating capacity of over four hundred was erected on the Good Samaritan grounds, and in it clinics have ever since been regularly held during the lecture terms.

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St. Mary's Hospital.-This hospital, under charge of the Sisters of St. Clara of the Order of St. Francis, was opened for the reception of patients on Christmas Day, 1859, a temporary hospital on Fourth street, near Central avenue, having been occupied since the 21st of September of the previous year. Though receiving patients without regard to nationality or creed, the large proportion of those under care have been and are German Catholics. By the erection of new buildings from time to time its capacity has been gradually brought up to 200 beds, chiefly in public wards, and at the latest report there were 190 patients in the house, the whole number treated since September, 1858, being 37,112. On the medical staff at present are two surgeons, six physicians, two gynecologists, two oculists and one pathologist. Clinical instruction of medical students is not permitted.

St. Francis Hospital is a branch of St.. Mary's, intended chiefly for chronic and incurable cases. It, was opened in 1889, and has at the time of writing 240 patients, attended y four physicians.

St. Luke's Hospital. In November, 1865, the "St. Luke's Hospital Association," of the Episcopal Church, opened its hospital at the southwest corner of Broadway and Franklin streets, in a building which had previously been used as a "Hotel for Invalids," Dr. Taliaferro's private hospital, and the first home of the Sisters of Charity, before their removal to "St. John's." Ten of the leading physicians and surgeons of the city were on the staff of "St. Luke's," its wards were open to all, its patients in the first two years numbered 531, and its work was well done, and seemed to be well appreciated; but for want of funds the institution was crippled from the start, and after an existence of about four years its doors were closed.

Jewish Hospital.-In 1866 the "Jewish Hospital" was opened at the corner of Third and Baum streets, its accommodations being quite limited. In 1890 it was re-organized, and a new and well appointed hospital erected on Burnet avenue, Avondale, in close relation with the Jewish Home of the Aged and Infirm. Its present capacity is forty beds, and the whole number of patients treated in the year ending September 1, 1893, was 44'l. Its visiting staff is constituted of twelve of the Jewish physicians of the city. Connected with it is a training school for nurses, with seven pupils in attendance.

German Hospital.-Under the direction of a society of citizens of German birth there was opened in 1888, at No. 138 East Liberty street, a non-sectarian charitable hospital to be supported by subscriptions, donations and bequests, and to receive any proper patients, except those having incurable diseases. The nursing has from the beginning been done by "deaconesses." There are now accommodations for twenty-five patients, fifteen being at present under care; 842 in all have been treated. The medical staff numbers six.

Presbyterian Hospital.-This hospital, located at No. 424 West Sixth street, originated in a free dispensary for women and children, started in February, 1889, by Drs. Thorp, Osborn and Bogle. It was opened for the reception of patients May 2, 1890, has a capacity of twenty seven beds, and has received in all 338 patients.

Children's Hospital, --Established through the efforts of a number of ladies resident in and near the city, the "Children's Hospital of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the diocese of Southern Ohio" was incorporated in November, 1883. In part, at least, it was the successor and heir of St. Luke's Hospital, which had suspended in 1870. In March, 1884, a house was taken on Walnut Hills, and the hospital for children opened. On November 23, 1887, removal was made to the new building on Locust street, Mt. Auburn, donated by the Messrs. Emery, in every way fitted for its purpose and containing forty-five beds. From November, 1885, to November, 1892, 839 patients were tinder treatment, the greater part of them surgical cases. On its attending staff are two surgeons, two physicians, one oculist and one dentist.

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Christ's Hospital. -Through the liberality of the late James Gamble and his family, there was established in September, 1889, a hospital under the management of the Deaconesses Home Association to be known as Christ's Hospital. Located for several years in a row of private houses on York street, it was removed February 21, 1893, to the Female Institute Building on Mt. Auburn, which had been purchased, altered and properly equipped for hospital use by the Messrs. Gamble. Up to the time of writing 714 patients have been under treatment, the present capacity of the house being eighty beds. The medical staff numbers twenty-nine: one director, nine consultants, nineteen active physicians and surgeons.

ASYLUMS.

Lunatic Asylum.---The original Act of the Legislature January 22, 1821, establishing the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio was the first official recognition in the West of the duty of the State to care for its lunatics. For thirty yeas after the opening of the hospital, the insane of Hamilton county, if cared for at all, were chiefly so in the "crazy wards" in the rear of the hospital building proper on Twelfth street. The provision was very inadequate, and little or nothing could be done for other than the safe keeping of the patients. The over-crowding became so great and the conditions so had that professional and popular clamor compelled the county commissioners in 1854 (June 10) to remove the insane from the wards of the Commercial Hospital, and place them by themselves in a building on Lick run, now, and for many years past, known as the " Woolen Mill.'! This place proving for many reasons unfit, a tract of land was purchased near Carthage, buildings were erected, and in March, 1860, "Longview Asylum " was occupied. Its original cost was over a half million dollars, and its entire cost to November 1, 1892, has been but a trifle less than one million two hundred thousand dollars, " all of which has been paid by the county of Hamilton." " The frontage of the building," says Dr. Harmon in his last report, "measures 1,010 ½ lineal feet, while the north and south wings have a depth of 283 feet, and 374 7/l0 feet, respectively. It was originally built to accommodate 400 patients. With the additions now completed, 955 patients can be comfortably cared for." In all, 6,706 patients have been admitted, of whom 2,616 have been discharged recovered, and 1,562 have died. The asylum is under the charge of a board of directors, five in number, appointed y the Governor of the State. While at Lick run it was under the charge of Drs. J. J. Quinn, William Mount and O. M. Langdon in succession, and since the removal has had five superintendents: Dr. O. M. Langdon. 1860--1870; Dr. J. T. Webb, 1871-75; Dr. W. H. Bunker, 1874-77; Dr. C. A. Miller, 1878-90; Dr. F. W. Harmon, 1891 to date. The asylum is well administered, though the medical staff is altogether too small for the number of patients tinder treatment, the superintendent having only two medical assistants; and because of such number of patients comparatively little can be done except to provide for their care and protection.

Private Asylums.-Of these there have been at least two-the Cincinnati Retreat for the Insane and the Cincinnati Sanitarium. The former, located beyond College Hill at a distance of about seven miles from the city, was established in 1852 by Dr. Edward Mead, a native of England, who graduated at the Medical College of Ohio in 1841. For ten years afterward be had. charge of a private asylum at Chicago, coming to our city in 1852 and continuing in residence here until 1869. At one time he was a lecturer in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, and during the year 1853 edited the American Psychological Journal. The later years of his life were spent in Boston, his death June 28, 1893, being caused by shipwreck in the Azores while on a vacation trip.

The Cincinnati Sanitarium was opened in 1873 under the superintendency of Dr. E. C. Beckwith, followed later by Dr. Peck, previously at the Columbus (Ohio) asylum, and yet later by Dr. W. S. Chipley, of Lexington, Ky., who died February

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10, 1880, and was succeeded by Dr. Orpheus Everts, still in charge of the institution. The original building at College Hill, previously occupied as a female college, has been at various times enlarged, and at present a new building is in process of erection to take the place of the one burned on April 0 last. The Capacity of the Sanitarium has of late years been about seventy, and its patients have been not only lunatics, but also inebriates, and those having the morphia. chloral or cocaine habit. Up to the date of the last annual report, November 30. 1892, 2,290 patients have been under treatment. 223 during the year ending at the time stated.

CINCINNATI TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES.

In the spring of l889 a number of ladies in the city. recognizing the value of trained nursing, organized a society, under the direction of which a training school was established, with Miss Annie hurray as superintendent. On January 1, 1889, the nursing in a ward in the Cincinnati Hospital was entrusted to their care, the working force being the superintendent, a head nurse and five pupil courses. In the following; May four other wards were opened to the school ; in December four others, and in October, 1890, all the wards of the hospital, with two exceptions. Though the nursing done was excellent and to the entire satisfaction of the medical staff, circumstances rendered it advisable for the school to retire from the hospital in January, 1893. The National military homes at Dayton, Ohio, and Marion, Ind., have been supplied with nurses by the Society, the former since April, 1891, the latter since April, 1892. Up to the present time sixty-one pupils have been graduated, and are now employed in private or public nursing. Since August, 1891, the Society has maintained a "Directory for nurses," which has been found of great value.

MEDICAL SOCIETIES.

By legislative enactment of date of February 8, 1812, seven District Medical Societies were organized in the State, the first district embracing the counties of Hamilton, Butler. Clermont, Warren and Clinton. This society, which was a Board of Medical Examiners for the counties named, first met in June, 1813. But that it was something more than an examining board is shown by the fact that the act of establishment directed that "it shall be the duty of the several members of the Medical Society aforesaid, according to their abilities, to communicate useful information to each other in their respective district meetings ; and said district meetings shall from time to time transmit to the convention aforesaid such curious cases and observations as may come to their knowledge ; and it shall be the duty of the said convention to cause to be published such extraordinary cases and such observations on the state of the air and on epidemical and other diseases as they may think proper for the benefit of the society and of citizens in general."

Early in 1819 the Cincinnati Medical Society was organized, Elijah Slack being its president. It slid not outlive the year of its formation, and on January 3, 1820, was succeeded by the Cincinnati Medical Society. At the time of its organization it adopted an elaborate "Code of Medical Police and Rules and Regulations," which had originally been prepared by Dr. Jesse Smith, professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, together with a "fee bill." The list of names appended to this code is eighteen in number.

In 1824 the First District Medical Society was revived, and maintained a more or less active existence for ten years when, in common with all the other District, Societies of the State, it ceased to exist. Again, tinder the name of the Cincinnati Medical Society, a society was organized in 1831, which survived until 1858, its members at that time or soon after joining the recently organized Academy of Medicine. During the following year, 1832, the Ohio Medical Lyceum was founded, meeting once a week to listen to a lecture delivered by some one of its

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members. Its life was a short one. In 1837 the Hamilton County Medical Association was organized, and in 1850 the Hamilton County Branch of the Ohio State Medical Society, neither of which long continued in active existence.

The Miami Medical Society, in the membership of which are to be found many physicians of Hamilton, Clermont and Warren counties living in or near the valley of the Little Miami river, dates from March 26, 1853.

On March 5, 1857, the Academy of Medicine was organized, largely through the efforts of Dr. R. R. McIlvaine, and it soon absorbed all the other societies of the city. In 1874, after a long, acrimonious, ethical controversy, a number of its members seceded and organized The Cincinnati Medical Society (the third of that name), which continued in active operation until the present year, when it was reunited with the Academy of Medicine, now the only regular general Medical Society here, with the exception of the Walnut Hills Society. The present membership is 301, and its meetings are held weekly.

The Cincinnati Obstetrical Society has been in existence seventeen years (since December 23, 1876), holding monthly meetings and having a membership roll of twenty-three, with a maximum limit of thirty.

The walnut Hills medical Society was organized in 1886, and, as its name indicates, is a local organization of those regular physicians residing in the northeastern portion of the city. It now has a membership of thirty-five, and its meetings are held semi-monthly.

MEDICAL JOURNALS

Of the journals that have been published in this city the first (the first as well in the West) was the Western Quarterly Reporter, which appeared in March, 1822, under the editorship of Dr. John D. Godman. But six numbers appeared. "Three years later, in the spring of 1826," writes Dr. Drake, "Dr. Guy W. Wrightt and Dr. James M. Mason, western graduates, commenced a semi-monthly under the title of the Ohio Medical Repository. At the end of the first volume I became connected with it in place of Dr. Mason. The title was changed to Western Medical and Physical Journal, and it was published monthly. At the end of the first volume it came into my exclusive proprietary and editorial charge, and was continued under the title of the Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, with the motto, at that time not inappropriate, of `E sylvis nuncius.' My editorial associate was Dr. James C. Finley ; then next was Dr. William Wood ; then Drs. Gross and Harrison. After the dissolution of the Medical Department of the Cincinnati College in 1839 it was transferred to Louisville

" In the autumn of 1832 the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio projected a semi-monthly journal under the title of the Western Medical Gazette. It was edited by Profs. ,John Eberle, Thomas D. Mitchell and Alban G. Smith. At the end of nine months it was suspended. Five months afterward Silas Reed revived it as a monthly, and Dr. Samuel D. Gross, then demonstrator of Anatomy in that school, was added to the editorial corps. It was continued to the completion of the second volume from the beginning; then in April, 1835, the editors withdrew, and Dr. Reed united it with the Western Journal, the history of which has just been given. In the following autumn, September, 1835, Dr. James M. Mason, already mentioned, recommenced a new publication, to which he gave the name Ohio Medical Repository, the same with that of which he was one of the editors and publishers in 1826. Like that, also, it was issued semi-monthly. It did not, I believe, continue through its first year."

In 1842 Dr. L. M. Lawson began the publication of the Western Lancet, a journal which under various names has regularly appeared until the present time. In January, 1858, it absorbed the Cincinnati Medical Observer, for twenty years afterward being known as the Lancet and Observer ; then it was united with the Clinic

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in July, 1878, and its title was the Lancet and Clinic, later the Lancet-Clinic, its present name.

The Clinic, the issue of which began in August, 1871, was the first weekly medical journal in the West, and up to the time of its union with the Lancet and Observer was under the control of the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio.

Since 1847 there has been regular publication of the Dental Register (Dental Register of the West prior to 1866), and since 1843 of the Eclectic Medical Journal, which for seven years before had been published at Worthington, Ohio. The Cincinnati Medical Journal, originally known as the Cincinnati Medical and Dental Journal, has been in existence since 1885, and the Ohio Medical Journal (for two years known as the Journal of 'the Medical College of Ohio) since 1890.

A number of journals, general and special, have from time to time appeared in our city, and after awhile suspended publication. Among these may be named the Obstetric Gazette, the Cincinnati Journal of Health, the American Psychological Journal, the Cincinnati Journal of Medicine, the American Medical Journal, the Cincinnati Medical Recorder, the Cincinnati Medical News, the Cincinnati Medical Repertory, the Journal of Rational Medicine, the Physio Medical Recorder, the Cincinnati Medical Gazette and Recorder, and the Cincinnati Medical Advance. The last named, a Homeopathic journal, first appeared in 1873; in 1880 its title was changed to The Medical Advance, and in 1888 its publication was suspended.

MEDICAL LIBRARIES.

Though there have been small libraries, chiefly of current journals, in connection with several of the Medical Societies in existence at various times, beginning with the Cincinnati Medical Society of 1819, there have been but three collections of books and journals of any considerable size open to the profession at large-that of the Medical College of Ohio, that of the Drs. Mussey, and that of the Cincinnati Hospital. The first composed of about two thousand volumes was for nearly fifty years locked up in the library room of the college, and could not be readily consulted, though it contained many rare and valuable books. Since 1875 it has b )en on deposit at the Public Library. The second, also a part of the medical collection of the Public Library, through the generosity of the late Dr. William H. Mussey, contains at the present time 6,008 volumes, and 3,760 pamphlets. The third, which has year y year been supported y the fees paid in by students for clinical instruction, is at the Cincinnati Hospital in a commodious room opened on May 11, 1892. Its collection now numbers 8,087 volumes, and about 1,500 pamphlets, any of which may be consulted y any physician during eight hours of each week day. This library was created y Act of the State Legislature March 1, 1870, and owes its establishment to the long-continued efforts of the late Dr. John H. Tate.

BRIEF SKETCHES OF SOME EMINENT PHYSICIANS.

Of the many eminent physicians whose home has been in our county, special notice can be taken of but a very few in addition to those already mentioned; and selection has been made of representative men in the several departments of medical practice: Mussey and Blackman in surgery, Graham and Woodward in medicine, Wright and Mendenhall in obstetrics, and Williams in ophthalmology.

R. D. Mussey.-Born in Pelham, N. H., June 23, 1780, and a graduate of Dartmouth College in 1803, Dr. Mussey began his medical studies under the preceptorship of Dr. Nathan Smith, graduated as Bachelor of Medicine at Dartmouth in 1805, and as Doctor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1800. After a few years of private practice in Massachusetts, he was, in 1814, appointed a professor in the Dartmouth Medical School, and for twenty-four years resided at Hanover, N. H.,

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holding at one time or another every chair in the medical school. For four years he was also a professor of anatomy and surgery at Bowdoin, Maine, and for two years lectured on surgery at Fairfield, N. Y. In 1838 he accepted the chair of Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, and continued to hold it until 1852, at which time he passed over to the newly organized Miami Medical College. In 1859 he retired from active work, and spent the remainder of his life with his daughters in Boston, in which city he died June 21, 1866, aged eighty-six years. He was elected president of the American Medical Association in 1850, and was made au LL.D. Dartmouth in 1854. As practitioner, teacher and citizen Dr. Mussey exercised a strong influence upon the communities in which he lived, and that always for good. As a. surgeon he was well and very favorably known on both sides of the Atlantic, and in the execution of several operations of magnitude he was the pioneer.

George C. Blackman, -Born in Newtown, Conn.. April 21, 1819, and graduating in medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1840, Dr. Blackman came into the Medical College of Ohio as professor of Surgery in 1855. and continued in that posit ion until his death July 19, 1871. The years after graduation, and prior to coming to Cincinnati, had been spent in private practice in New York City and in Newburgh, N. Y., in study in London and Paris, and as surgeon of air Atlantic liner, in which latter capacity he crossed the ocean thirty-six times. During these fifteen years, as indeed throughout his whole life, he was an indefatigable student, and entered upon his professorial career with an extraordinary acquaintance with the literature of his profession, which passing years only served to increase. As an operator he was bold and brilliant, second to none in the land. As early as 1842 he began writing on medical subjects, and his published reviews, reports and lectures were very many. He edited Mott's Velpeau's "Operative Surgery," translated " Vidal on Venereal," and together with his friend, Dr. Tripler of the army, brought out a hand-book of military surgery. A long-time student in England and France, and counting among his personal friends the ablest surgeons of those countries, he " vindicated the honor of American surgery on all occasions, and wrested from foreign pretenders claims to priority which justly belonged to American surgeons." As early as 1847 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society of London.

James Graham.--- As a teacher of medicine (in contradistinction to surgery), especially at, the bedside, the superior of James Graham has never been in our city. A native of Ohio, and a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Graham was for thirty years in practice here, dying October f1, 1879, aged sixty-one. Possessed in a high degree of a clear analytical mind, almost intuitive in his perception of the nature of a disease coming under observation, imparting information in language at once plain and forcible, for more than a quarter of a century he was respected and followed y medical students, and looked to for counsel by his fellow practitioners. Whatever peculiarities there may Lave been of life and manner, whatever may have been lacking of scholarship and study, his twenty years of active work in the Medical College of Ohio were recognized by all as productive of great good to the profession and the community at large, and for a long time he was a citizen of wide influence.

Charles Woodward.-During nearly fifty years Dr. Woodward was one of the leading family physicians here, and his geniality, his faithfulness and his skill endeared him to a large number of bur citizens. Born in Philadelphia, September 9, 1802, a graduate of Princeton in 1822, he came to Cincinnati very soon after receiving his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1825. Well read in his profession and fond of its practice he from the start devoted himself to family work, neither seeking nor accepting any college position, nor busying himself in writing. For many years his practice was large and lucrative, and his popularity within and without the profession certainly as great as that of any of his associates.

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The last years of his life were spent in ease and comfort; and, possessed of troops of friends, he quietly passed away on August 16. 1874, leaving behind him the remebrance of a long life of usefulness.

Dr. M. B. Wright.-alt the opening of the session of 1838-39 there came into the Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio, as professor of materia medica and therapeutics, Dr. M. 13. Wright, of Columbus, who for forty years thereafter was one of the most active, influential and distinguished of our medical citizens. A native of Pemberton, N. J.. where he was born November 15, 1803, and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1823, he began his active life at Columbus; soon becoming as well known politically as professionally. In 1840 he was transferred to the chair of Obstetrics in the college, and for ten years afterward was a leader in the school. Put out in 1850, he was brought back ten years later, and continued his teaching until 1868, when he resigned. His active connection with the Cincinnati Hospital, which began with his entrance into the college, was continued until 1876. He died August 15, 1879, in his seventy-sixth year. All through life a man of great activity, a leader in everything with which he was connected, a born controversialist, he was at the time he retired by far the most widely known physician in the city. As a lecturer he was able and instructive, and his practice was for years all that he could desire. His writings aside from addresses of more or less miscellaneous character were not numerous, but his paper on "cephalic version," for which he received the gold medal of the State Medical Society, gave him a world-wide reputation.

George Mendenhall.-A native of Beaver county, Penn.. where he was born May 5, 1814, and a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1835, Dr. Mendenhall came to Cincinnati in 1843, and remained a resident of the city up to the time of his death June 4, 1874. Very soon after settling here he became one of the physicians of the Cincinnati Dispensary, and shortly afterward was a lecturer in a summer school of medicine which was carried on for several years. In 1852 he was one of the organizers of the Miami Medical College, taking the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. In 1857, upon the consolidation of the school with the Medical College of Ohio, he was appointed to a like professorship, and held it until the union of the colleges was dissolved in 1860. Five years later, upon the reorganization of the Miami Medical College, he resumed his former chair, which he continued to fill up to the time of his death. In 1869 he was elected president of the American Medical Association, and in 1872 was honored by election to the Fellowship of the Obstetrical Society of London. For two years (1850-52) he was an associate editor of the Western Journal, and early published a " Vade Mecum " for students which ran through many editions.

Elkanah Williams.-As the first physician in our country to strictly confine his practice to that of diseases of the eve and ear, and the first professor of Ophthalmology on this side of the Atlantic (at the Miami Medical College in 1865), Dr. Williams deserves to be kept in remembrance. A native of Lawrence county, lad., and a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Louisville in 1850, he began the practice of medicine in his native State, but two years later came to Cincinnati. In a few months (November, 1852) he left for Europe, where for two and a half years he was a diligent student, returning in May, 1855, to begin his life work as an ophthalmologist, a work continued for thirty-one years. In 1886 ill health compelled him to retire, and death came to his relief October 6, 1888. Accomplished in his specialty, an earnest worker, a pleasing instructor, and a voluminous writer, Dr. Williams enjoyed through many years the respect and esteem of the medical profession, and the confidence of a very large number of patients. The Medical Society of Athens (Greece) elected him an honorary member in 1880, the Ophthalmological Society of Great Britain, one of its three honorary members in 1884; he

HISTORY OF CINCINNATI AND HAMILTON COUNTY. - 239

was president of the Ophthalmological Congress in 1876, and held the same office in the American Ophthalmological Society (of which he was one of the founders), and the Ohio State Medical Society.

Of a number of physicians at various times resident her,-, who have achieved distinction in the scientific rather than the medical world, the two most eminent are John Locke and Daniel Vaughan.

John Locke was born at Bethel, Maine, February 19, 1792. Circumstances preventing his having a college education, and native inclination leading him toward the natural sciences, especially botany and chemistry, at the age of twenty-four he began the study of medicine, completing his course at the Yale Medical School, having before graduation held, for a short time, a commission as assistant surgeon in the United States navy. Failing as a young doctor to secure a living practice, he turned to teaching, at first at Windsor, Vt., and later in 1821 at Lexington, Ky. He had already become favorably known as a teacher, lecturer and writer on botany. In 1822 he came to Cincinnati, and opened a young ladies institution which for many years was the leading school of its kind in this section of the country. In 1835 he was appointed professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Ohio, continuing as such for fifteen years. During this time he was largely occupied with geological investigations, in the course of which he conducted the first geological survey of the State.

His study of the phenomena of electricity and magnetism was close, and prolific of discoveries, and his great mechanical skill enabled him to devise apparatus of much value. To him the astronomical world owes its electro-chronograph, or magnetic clock, for these many years in regular use everywhere. The last six years of his life, one of which was spent at Lebanon, Ohio, were troubled ones, his mental and physical powers becoming enfeebled. He died of paralysis July 10, 1856. "In the death of Dr. Locke," says his friend and long-time colleague, Dr. M. B. Wright, "the world has lost a philosopher, science a tireless and original thinker, the medical profession a cautious and wise observer, and the Queen City a bright jewel from her diadem."

Daniel Vaughan.-At the Good Samaritan Hospital, April 6, 1879, died of exhaustion, it might well be said of starvation, the most learned man and the most profound scientist who has ever been a resident of Hamilton county. Born near Cork, Ireland, in 1821, or about that time, Daniel Vaughan came to America when sixteen years old, and for some years taught school in Kentucky. While so occupied "he studied in seclusion, and made great proficiency in the highest branches of scientific study, but famishing for books and intelligent associates he left there," and for more than a quarter of a century was a resident here. For two sessions he lectured on chemistry at the Eclectic Medical College, and for twelve sessions at the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. An extensive writer upon astronomical and geological subjects, and those of most abstruse character, he was wellknown to and highly regarded by the leading scientific men of Europe and our own country. At home comparatively few were acquainted with him y name or by sight. A recluse by long habit, if not by nature, morbidly sensitive and that in the extreme, as proud as he was poor, regardless of personal appearance, absorbed in study and philosophic thought, he, perhaps of all men here, was in the world but not of it. Only the very few whom he permitted to know him recognized the gentle spirit that was lodged, in the worn, stooped, feeble body, that year after year passed along our streets. Viewed from the ordinary standpoint, his life was a failure, but ho deserves to be remembered for his profound intellect, his marvelous memory and his great learning.