HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY, CHAPTER I. THE SCOTCH-IRISH IN HARRISON COUNTY. There is, perhaps, no one subject taught in our schools and institutions of learning to-day on which more misinformation has been imparted to the students than that of American history; and probably there is no part of that subject concerning which American people are more in ignorance than the part relating to their own racial origin. Good Americans, generally, approved of the spirit of Mark Twain's rejoinder to Max O'Rell, when, in the course of a recent international exchange of compliments between the French and the Missouri humorists, the latter, to the charge that the average American did not usually know the name of his own grandfather, allowed that such might be the truth; but thought that Brother Jonathan was more apt to be sure of the name of his own father than were some others. The oft-repeated story of the observation made by a successful American gentleman travel, ing in Europe, who, when shown by an English lord the pictures of the latter's illustrious ancestors for. some hundreds of years back, admitted that he had nothing of the kind at his home in America, because he was an illustrious ancestor himself, is a characteristic illustration of the spirit in which, until quite recently, matters of race and family history have generally been regarded by the busy American workers of the present day. Nevertheless, there is one class of our fellow citizens which has never been negligent in preserving the traditions and histories of their fathers; and never backward in letting America and the world at large know all about their merits and accomplishments. These are the people of New England a people who, from the time of their first settlement 2 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY in America, have preserved written records of most of their communities, and of almost every member living in and making a part of those communities; so that, as a consequence, there are few persons of New England descent living in the United States to-day, but who can find pages and volumes of history and eulogy in print as perpetual monuments to the virtues of one or several of their more or less remote progenitors. Another and much more important consequence of this habit of committing to writing the history of men and communities in New England, is, that nearly all of our so-called histories of America have been written by New England men, are based chiefly upon New England records and examples, and have necessarily had to pass over in silence, or in a cursory way, the history of those other portions of our country and our citizens, of whom none of these written records have been preserved. It is not strange, therefore, that in most of our schools to-day, and, I venture to say, in the public schools of Harrison county, American history is taught chiefly from books written by New England men, or their descendants; is viewed in these books from the conventional New England stand-point; and is based largely upon New England traditions, prejudices, and, in some cases, misrepresentations. The chief misrepresentation to which attention may be called at this .time, is the one so repeatedly made in certain of the newspapers and reviews, and by certain orators, and after-dinner speakers, that all the progress made by America since it was first colonized, and all the glorious history of which Americans are so proud, has been made because its people are of the Anglo-Saxon race, and in their progress are only continuing in the new world what their English forefathers had begun in the old. Now, as a matter of fact, no such thing is the case. And while there should be no just praise withheld from the descendants of Englishmen for what their forefathers have done for America, it would be as great a wrong to them if we were to say that they had done nothing whatever, .as it is to other Americans, of non-English origin, for the descendants of Englishmen to claim that the English have done it all. How, can these claims that the great. men of American history are of exclusively English origin be considered in face of the fact that, of Washington's hundred generals, more or less, not half of them were of English blood;, or, that of the .great generals of the civil war on both sides, but little more than one-third were of English extraction; or, that of our twen- THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 3 ty-four presidents, less than half the number have been of that stock; or, that of our great editors, three-fourths have been non-English in origin, or, that of our great judges, less than half have been English; or, that of American inventors of world-wide fame, about three out of every four have been of another race than English; or, that of the great leaders in the National congress, not half of them have been English by descent; or, that in our population to-day, nearly one-half are of other races than English. Yet these facts are all capable of ready demonstration, and can be verified by any one who will take the trouble to consult any standard biographical and statistical dictionary. In the State of Ohio, for instance, if the English are to have the sole credit for all the good that has come to America, what would become of the fame of Arthur St. Clair, of Jeremiah Morrow, of Allen Trimble, of Duncan McArthur, of Joseph Vance, of Wilson Shannon, of Mordecai. Bartley, of Reuben Wood, of Rutherford B. Hayes, of Seabury Ford, of William Medill, of James E. Campbell, of Thomas L. Young, of Joseph B. Foraker, of Charles Foster, of William McKinley, and of some few others who have been governors of the State? Or, of Presidents Grant, Hayes, Garfield, and McKinley ? Or, of certain supreme court judges, such as Jacob Burnet, John McLean, Joseph R. Swan, John C. Wright, Thomas W. Bartley, W. B. Caldwell, William Kennon, Hocking H. Hunter, George W. Mcllvaine, W. J. Gilmore, Rufus P. Ranney, Josiah Scott, John Clark, W. W. Johnson., and John H. Doyle ? Or, of certain well-known journalists, such as Whitelaw Reid., W. L. Brown, John A. Cockerill, Joseph Medill, Samuel Medary, W. W. Armstrong, the Farans and McLeans, and Richard Smith ? Or, of Bishop Simpson, of John A. Bingham, and of Salmon P. Chase ? Or, of William Dean Howells and of John Q. A. Ward? Or, of Generals U. S. Grant, Phil Sheridan, Quincy A. Gilmore, James B. Steadman, Irvin McDowell, John Beatty, O. M. Mitchell, James B. McPherson, Henry W. Lawton, and the fighting families of the McCooks? No, the truth of the matter is, that a vast proportion of American "people, sometimes classed by the historians as British, have had their hard-earned laurels transferred to the brows of the so called Anglo-Saxons, or English; and very much of the honor and glory which are so frequently claimed for the English in this country, really belong to the people of another, and a distinctly different race. These people are the Scotch-Irish, as they have come to be called, who have done vastly more in the settlement and development of the cen- 4 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY tral and southern portions of our country than the English, and yet a people who have been too busy making history to spare the time to write it; and one whose early annals, for this reason, have been, until recent years, so far neglected as to be well-nigh forgotten. This is the race to which belong, with the exception of those of Howells, Garfield, and Sheridan, probably all of the names given above; and to the same race, also, belong, it is safe to say, at least seventy-five per cent. of the sturdy farmers and substantial citizens of Harrison county. It is needless to ask in addition, therefore, what would become of the fair name and fame of Harrison county, if the English were the only people who have made America what it is to-day. Nevertheless, the Scotch-Irish communities and people of Harrison county, as a rule, have few traditions or remembered history back of the time when settlements were first begun there, in the early years of the present century. These people know in a general way. that their respective fathers or grandfathers 'came from the East—from Pennsylvania usually—and in most cases from the territory originally included in the counties of Washington, Westmoreland, Cumberland, York, or Chester. The majority of them know that they are of Scotch-Irish descent; without understanding clearly what that term, in its American sense, signifies, some having the impression that it means the descendants of a married couple, of whom one parent is Scotch, and the other Irish. It may be that this feeling of belonging to a mixed nationality deters them from making any inquiries as to what are the real sources of the Scotch-Irish blood. If the facts are ascertained, however, they will find that they have a race history than which no other nation or people can boast one more proud, whether it be English or German, Roman or Castillian. The Scotch-Irish are not, nor have they ever been, of Irish blood—using the latter word in its racial sense; but are purely Scottish. Their emigrant ancestors in this country, to whom the name was first applied, were people of unmixed Scotch descent, who came to America from their Scottish communities in the North of Ireland; and all the glorious history and ancestral traditions of their Scottish forefathers belong to their descendants in Harrison county to-day, just as much as the history and ancestral traditions of the English belong to people of early New England stock. And, truly, it is a noble heritage, and one that will not suffer a whit by comparison with that of the English. It begins in the time of Agric- THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 5 ola, the Roman general, who, when he had conquered all the present territory of England, and carried his victorious banners north to the Grampian hills in Scotland, found there a foe who could effectually hinder his further advance, and cause him for the first time to acknowledge that here was at last an unknown and unconquerable race beyond his own conquered ULTIMA THULE. It continues in the plundering forays and invasions of the Scots! and Picts, who carried their dreaded arms from one end of the island to the other, unchecked; and, later, in the piratical incursions of the Vikings, who came westward from their safe retreats within the Norwegian fiords, to fight, to plunder, to destroy, and eventually to settle, among the sea-girt islands and peninsulas of western Scotland. Its dark and bloody deeds are instanced by the tragic history of Macbeth; and its bright and chivalrous actions are shown by incidents like that of the Battle of Otterburn, so spiritedly set forth in the glowing pages of Froissart, who says of it, that "of all the battles that have been described in my history, great and small, this was the best fought, and the most severe." Scotland's early glory came in the days of William Wallace and Robert Bruce, when its independence was won from the English by the sword; and continued through the two centuries following, because kept fresh by the blood of opposing Scots and English shed on more than two hundred battlefields. Its high ideal of freedom was realized first in the days of Knox and of Melville, when those men bid defiance to tyrants, and dared declare that rulers were amenable to law, and could be punished by law; and was again vindicated in the days of their successors, the Scots clergy, who, "when the light grew dim, and flickered on the altar, . . . trimmed the lamp, and fed the sacred flame," and kept alive for themselves, for their children, and for all mankind, the precious heritage of human liberty. The Scotsman is of composite race. The forefathers of three-fourths of the Scotch-Irish in Harrison county lived in the western Lowlands of Scotland, and their blood was of various strains, blended into what finally became that of the Scottish race. The basis of the race was the Romanized Briton (and from this line the Lowland Scot gets his Celtic blood, and not from Ireland), with more or less marked departures, occasioned by intermarriages, first with the Picts and Scots, then with the Angles, the Danes, and the Norsemen. From the lastamed stock comes most of the Teutonic blood of the western Scot; while the Angles occupied and largely peopled the east coast. After 6 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY the eleventh century, the Normans- came into Scotland in large numbers, and occupied much of the land; so that many families can claim Norman descent. Long before the seventeenth century, when the emigration to Ireland began, the various race groups had become fused into one composite whole, having the attributes of the Celt, the Norse, the Angle, and the Norman; thus typifying many centuries ago the identical race which we are beginning to recognize here as the American—a combination of the Teuton and the Celt. Let us hope the type may include all the virtues of both without the defects *of either. The real history of the forefathers of that part of the American people who live in Harrison county, therefore—with a few individual exceptions--is not to be found in the pages of the historians and writers of England; but of those of Scotland. Their lives and spirits have been not unworthily portrayed by the wizard hand of Scott, and their joys and sorrows have been divinely sung in the inspired notes of Burns. And it is in the heart-touching stories of MacLaren, and Barrie, and Stevenson, that we find the true prototypes and the doubles of ourselves and our friends in Harrison county. The history of Scotland as a country, and of Scottish men and institutions, however, is as a sealed book to ninety-nine out of every hundred students in most of our high-schools and colleges; and it is partly because of the entire absence of any information to the contrary in the ordinary historical text-books, that the erroneous impression has gained ground in so many places outside of New England, that our American colonies and American institutions are almost entirely of English origin. Now, to bring the matter nearer home to the readers of this history, let us take a few of the family names that are so well known in Harrison county, and see how many of them are English, and how many are Scotch. In 1898; Mr. Orville Dewey contributed some interesting articles to the Cadiz Republican, giving an account of the early history of his own family, and from this we learn that the Deweys came from Connecticut. They were English, although there were many of the early Scotch-Irish who settled in New England. The Hollingsworths were originally Pennsylvania Quakers, tracing back through the North of Ireland to England. The Browns were also. English ; likewise, the Scotts, Arnolds, Laceys, Reams, Woods, and others. But the early representatives of nearly all of these families having intermarried with the Harrison county Scotch-Irish, their descendants living there to-day are more Scotch than English.. Other originally English families from the North of Ireland may be mentioned, THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 7 of whom were the Hammonds, the Phillipses, and the Haverfields; but their forefathers lived and intermarried amongst the Scotch for so long a time before coming to America that their descendants in Harrison county to-day can hardly be said to retain more than a trace of the English blood, or traits, or anything else English but the names. The Cunningham family originated in the district of Cunningham, in Ayrshire; as did likewise the Carrick and Kyle families in the other two districts of that county. Other Ayrshire family names represented in Harrison county are those of Aiken, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Barclay, Blair, Boggs; Boyd, Caldwell, Cannon, Clark, Cochran, Collins, Coulter, Crawford, Culbertson, Dunlap, Ervin, Ferguson, Fullerton, Fulton, Hamilton, Hunter, Jackson, Jamison, Kennedy, Logan, McCready, Mitchell, Montgomery, Moore, Morrison, Patton, Porter, Rankin, Rea, Richey, Rogers, Simpson, Thompson, Vance, Wallace, Watson, Welch, Wiley, Wilson, and a great many more besides. The McFaddens are first mentioned in history in connection with their residence on the Island of Mull, off the coast of and belonging. to Argyleshire. All the "Macs" living in Harrison county, it may be safely said, are of Scottish descent, and usually Celtic or Highland Scots. The prefix "Mac" (meaning "son of"), is of Celtic origin, and in early times it was rarely found in connection with the names of the Lowland clans, except in the cases of McCulloch and McClellan, and a few other ancient Galloway families. Later in Scotland's history, however, the "Macs" were carried pretty much all over the country, and into Northern Ireland, as the clans continued to migrate and to intermarry with the Lowlanders. The name, McConnell, is corrupted from McDonald, or McDonnell, at one time the largest and most powerful of the Highland clans. From the counties of Wigtonshire and Kirkcudbrightshire (once forming the ancient principality of Galloway, and from whence .come the Galloway cattle,) besides the McCullochs and the McClellans, come also the Agnews, Boyles', Douglasses, Carnahans, Carsons, Glendennings, Gordons, Hannas, Herrons, Kerrs, McCreas, McBrides, McMaths, McMychens, McMillans, Maxwells, Ramseys, Stewarts, and others. James Hogg, the " Ettrick Shepherd," and poet, was from Selkirk-shire, and the name also occurs in Perthshire. From Fifeshire come the Bealls, the Hendersons, and also some of the Gillespie families. 8 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY From Dumbartonshire, just north of Glasgow; come the Calhouns and the Macfarlands. From Elginshire come the Birnies. From Inverness, in the Highlands, come the McBeans, McKinleys, and Finlays, (all septs of the once powerful Clan Chattan, of whom the chiefs were McIntoshes and McPhersons); also the Davidsons and Grants. From Lanarkshire, the Biggars. From Forfarshire, the Lyons and the Ogilvies. From Stirlingshire, the Buchanans, Forsythes, and Pattersons. From Edinburghshire, the Craigs, Kerrs, Gilmores, Ramseys, and Waddells. From Sutherland, 'in the northern Highlands, the McKays, McCoys, McKees, etc., many of whom are also found in Galloway. From Dumfriesshire, south of Glasgow, the Carothers', Elliotts, Dicksons (and, possibly, also the Dickersons), the. Johnstons, and the Kirkpatrick& From Caithness, the most northern county of Scotland, the McRaes (and, possibly, also the Raes, Reas, or Rays, although many of this name lived in Galloway and Ayrshire). From Renfrewshire, the Knoxes. Nearly all the Scotch who settled in the North of Ireland at the time of the first plantation of Ulster (1606 to 1625), came from the western Lowland counties of Scotland, lying on the opposite coast and less than thirty miles distant from county Down. The greater part of them came from Ayrshire and Galloway, and those two districts in Scotland were the nesting-places of the early Scottish ancestors of the majority of the people living in Harrison county to-day. The scene of Scott's " Guy Mannering " is laid in Wigtonshire (the western half of Galloway), as is also that of much of S. R. Crockett's " Galloway Herd." All readers of Burns, and of Stevenson's "Master of Ballantrae," are familiar with Ayrshire. The places and people of these districts are also well known to those who have read of the persecutions and sufferings of the early Scottish Covenanters. The story of the Scottish emigration to Ulster may be outlined in a few paragraphs. It begins near the close of the year 1602, when Con McNeale O'Neale, of Castlereagh, got into serious trouble, by reason of not having his wine-casks full at the time when he had invited some of his relatives to have a "wee drop" with him. Con ruled the Upper Clannaboye, the north half of County Down; and happened to be, holding high state in THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 9 his halls of Castlereagh with his brothers, and cousins, and relatives of near degree. They were all "proper" men—to use a Celtic term of respect—and quite naturally drank Con's cellar dry; whereupon he despatched retainers to Belfast, two miles distant, for a fresh supply of wine. There his servants had a quarrel with certain soldiers of Queen Elizabeth, who were stationed at Belfast Castle, and they came back to their master without the "drink." This naturally roused Con to fury, and he threatened dire vengeance on his clansmen if they did not return to the fight, punish the English, and recover the wine. The second encounter proved more serious than the first; an English soldier was killed, and the Irish Government took the matter up. Con was charged with "levying war against the Queen," and thrown into the Castle as a prisoner, from whence he seemed likely to escape only by the loss of his head. In this extremity, Con's wife appealed for help to Hugh Montgomery, Laird of Braidstane, in Ayrshire, whose home lay on the Scottish coast, across the Irish channel. Montgomery, for a "consideration," agreed to help Con to escape; and to that purpose immediately sent his relative, Thomas Montgomery of Blackston, who was the owner of a trading-sloop, to Carrickfergus Castle. Arriving there, the canny Thomas, without loss of time, proceeded to make love to the keeper's daughter; and to such good effect, that having been admitted to the Castle, he contrived to get the prison-guard to drink a very large quantity of what was possibly some of the same wine over which the fight had arisen. Con was then furished with a rope, by which he let himself out of a window, found Thomas Montgomery's sloop waiting for him in the Lough, and was across to Braidstane and safety within a few hours: Here, Con entered into an agreement with Hugh Montgomery, by which he agreed to cede to him half his lands in Clannaboye (the proportion afterwards eing increased to two-thirds), on condition that the latter should procure him a free pardon from King James for all his offences, and get Con admitted to the King's presence, and allowed to kiss the King's hand. Through the assistance of Mr. James Hamilton, an influential courtier, this pardon was later obtained, and Con admitted to His Majesty's presence; and two-thirds of Con's estates were in due time confirmed to Hamilton (who also required a "consideration") and Montgomery by -the Crown. As soon as the patents were issued by the Irish Council, Con's beneficiaries crossed into Scotland again, to call upon their whole kith and kin 10 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY to aid them in the plantation of their estates, it having been a condition imposed by the King, in confirming the grant, that the lands were to be 'planted" with English and Scottish colonists; and to be granted only to those of English and Scottish blood, "and not to any of the mere Irish." To Hamilton fell the western portion of North Down, to Montgomery', the eastern; and both seem to have added to their estates, as Con O'Neale was forced to sell the third which he had reserved for himself. Both were Ayrshire men, and both from the northern division of the county. Hamilton was of the Hamilton family of Dunlop; and Montgomery was from near Beith. The former founded the towns of Bangor and Killyleagh, and raised churches in each of the six parishes embraced in his estate—Bangor, Killinchy, Holywood, Ballyhalbert, Dundonald, and Killyleagh. Montgomery's estate embraced the country around Newton and Donaghadee known as the Great Ards. He belonged to a family having numerous connections throughout North Ayrshire and Renfrew-shire, and to them he turned for assistance. His principal supporters were his kinsmen, Thomas Montgomery. his brother-in-law, John Shaw, son of the laird of Wester Greenock, and Colonel David Boyd, of the noble house of Kilmarnock. With.their help he seems to have persuaded many others of high and low degree to join in trying their fortunes in Ireland, among them being the Montgomeries, Calderwoods, Agnews, Adairs, Cunninghams, Shaws, Muirs, Maxwells, Boyles, Harvies, and many others with good west-country surnames. The success of this settlement made by Hamilton and Montgomery was immediate; for four years after the foundation of the colony—in 1610—Montgomery alone was able to bring before "the King's muster-master a thousand able fighting men to serve, when out of them a militia should be raised." Four years after this time, in a letter written from North Down by the Earl of Abercorn to John Murray, King James's secretary of state, he says, in referring to the same colonists: "They have above 2,000 habile Scottis men well armit heir, rady for his Majestie's service as thai sail be commandit." This muster of 2,000 men able to bear arms, represented an emigration of at least 10,000 persons. Meantime, across the river Lagan, in county Antrim, a plantation had been made by Sir Arthur Chichester, then Lord Deputy of Ireland. This, though not at first peculiarly Scottish, was soon to become so. In 1603, Chichester obtained a grant of the Castle of Belfast, and .around this fortress a village soon sprang up. The Commissioners' Survey, taken in the year 1611, reports that "the town of Belfast is plotted out THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 11 in a good forme, wherein are many famelyes of English, Scotch, and some Manksmen already inhabitinge, and ane inn with very good lodging." The Settlement Commissioners passed along the north shore of Belfast Lough, finding everywhere houses springing up, and in every part of the Lord Deputy's lands, "many English families, some Scottes, and dyvers cyvill Irish planted." While South Antrim was thus "planted," mainly by English settlers, the northern half of the county was opened up for settlement, without the violent transference of land from Irish to Briton, which was carried out in other parts of Ulster. The northeast corner of Ireland had been long held by the MacDonnells (the Highland pronunciation of this name is MacConnell), a clan which also peopled the island of Jura, and Cantyre on the mainland of Scotland. The chief of these Scoto-Irishmen, Randall MacDonnell, after the Earl of Tyrone's rebellion, resolved to throw in his lot with the Government, and turn loyal subject. This he did, and as reward received a grant of the northern half of county Antrim, from Larne to Portrush, and the honor of knighthood. He set himself to the improvement of his lands, letting out to the natives on the coast, and also to the Scottish settlers, such arable portions of his lands as had been depopulated by the war, for terms varying from twenty-one to 301 years. These leases seem to have been largely taken advantage of by the Scottish settlers,who allowed the natives to keep the "Glynnes," or Glens, and themselves took possession of the rich land along the river Bann, from Lough Neagh to the town of Coleraine, near its mouth. Thus, in time, county Antrim, from north to south, became nearly as Scottish as the portion of county Down lying north of the Mourne mountains. The plantations in counties Down and Antrim, however, were limited in scope in comparison with the "Great Plantation in Ulster," for which James L's reign will be forever remembered in Ireland. About the year 1607, O'Neill., Earl of Tyrone, and MacDonnell, Earl of Tyrconnel, with a number of the lesser Irish chiefs, having rebelled against the King and been proclaimed traitors, their lands were confiscated by the Crown; and all of northern Ireland—Londonderry, Donegal, Tyrone, Cavan, Armagh, and Fermanagh—passed into the hands of the King. The plan adopted by James for the colonization of these six "escheated" counties, was to take possession of the finest portions of this great tract of country (amounting in all to nearly four millions of acres); to divide it into small estates, none larger than two thousand acres; and 12 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY to grant these to men of known wealth and substance. Those who accepted grants were bound to live on their lands themselves, to bring with them English and Scottish settlers, and to build for themselves and for their tenants fortified places for defence, houses to live in, and churches in which to worship. The native Irish were assigned to the poorer lands and less accessible districts; while the allotments to the English and Scots were kept together, so that they might form communities, and not mix or intermarry with the Irish. The purpose was not only to transfer the ownership of the land from Irish to Briton, but to introduce a British population in place of an Irish one. James seems to have seen that the parts of Scotland nearest Ireland, and which had most' intercourse with it, were most likely to yield proper colonists. He resolved, therefore, to enlist the assistance of the great families of the southwest, trusting that their feudal power would enable them to bring with them bodies of colonists. Thus, grants were made to Ludovick Stewart, Duke of Lennox, who had great power in Dumbartonshire; to James Hamilton, Earl of Abercorn, and his brothers, who represented the power of the Hamiltons in Renfrewshire. North Ayrshire had been already largely drawn on by Hamilton and Montgomery, but one of the sons of Lord Kilmarnock, Sir Thomas Boyd, received a grant; while from South Ayrshire came the Cunninghams and Crawfords, and Andrew Stewart (Lord Ochiltree) and his son. But it was on Galloway men that the greatest grants were bestowed. Almost all the great houses of the time are represented—Sir Robert MacLellan, Laird Bomby, as he is called, who afterwards became Lord Kirkcudbright; John Murray of Broughton, one of the secretaries of state; Vans (Vance) of Barnbarroch; Sir Patrick McKie of Laerg; Dunbar of Mochrum; one of the Stewarts of Garlies, from whom Newtown Stewart takes its name. With the recipient of 2,000 acres, the agreement was that he was to bring "forty-eight able men of the age of eighteen or upwards, being born in England or the inward [i. e., southern] parts of Scotland." The progress of the colonies in the different counties is very accurately described in a series of reports by Government inspectors, at various periods between the years 1610 to 1620, and in the letters of Chichester himself, which are to be found in the Calendar of State Papers for Ireland, and in the Carew Papers (both published by the British Government). The most interesting of these reports are those regarding "undertakers" (as the grantees were called), who took possession in the year 1610, made up their minds to remain and to thrive in Ulster, and who THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 13 founded families whose names were afterwards to be well known in Ireland. In Donegal, on Lough Swilly, will be found on the map the names of two villages, Manor Cunningham and Newtown Cunningham. The men who introduced so Scottish a name into so Irish a county are thus noticed in the report of 1611: "Sir James Cunningham, Knight, Laird Glangarnoth, 2,000 acres, took possession, but returned into Scotland. Three families of British residents preparing to build . . . John Cunningham of Cranfield, 1,000 acres, resident with one family of British . . . Cuthbert Cunningham, 1,000 acres, resident with two families of British; built an Irish house of coples, and prepared materials to re-edify the Castle of Coole-McEtreen." In county Tyrone, "The Earl of Abercorn, chief undertaker in the precinct in the county of Tyrone, has taken possession, resident with lady and family, and built for the present near the town of Strabane some large timber houses . His followers and tenants have since May last built twenty-eight houses of fair copies, and before May by his tenants, who are all Scottish men, the number of thirty-two houses of like goodness." "The Lo. Uchelrie [Lord Ochiltree] 3,000 acres in the county of Tyrone, being stayed by contrary winds in Scotland, arrived in Ireland at the time of our being in Armagh, upon our return home, accompanied with thirty-two followers,. gent. of sort, a minister, some tenants, freeholders, and artificers." In 1618, the Irish Government instructed Captain Nicholas Pynnar to inspect every allotment in the six "escheated" counties, and to report on each one, whether held by "natives" or "foreign planters." Pynnar's report (published in the Irish State Papers), presents a very exact picture of what had been done by the settlers in the counties inspected—Londonderry, Donegal, Tyrone, Armagh, Cavan, and Fermanagh. He states that, " there are upon occasion 8,000 men of British birth and descent for defence, though a fourth part of the lands is not fully inhabited." Of these, fully three-fourths must have been Scots; and if there. be added the great colonies in Down and Antrim, there must have been an immigration from Scotland of between 30,000 and 40,000 in these ten years. The only county in which the Scottish settlers failed to take firm root was Fermanagh, for there, in 1618, when Pynnar reported, a large number of the Scottish proportions had been sold, and were held by Englishmen. The result is seen in the small number of Presbyterians in comparison to Episcopalians to be found at the present day in county Fermanagh. 14 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY The most exact account of the emigration to Ulster is contained in a. book of travels in Scotland and Ireland, by Sir William Brereton, of Cheshire, England. He states that he came to Irvine, in Ayrshire, on July 1st, 1635, and was hospitably entertained by Mr. James Blair, and that his host informed him that "above ten housand persons have within two years last past left this country wherein they lived, which was betwixt Aberdine and Enuerness [Inverness], and are gone for Ireland; they have come by one hundred in company through this town, and three hundred have gone hence together, shipped for Ireland at one tide. None of them can give a reason why they leave the country; only some of them who make a better use of God's hand upon them have acknowledged to mine host in these words, 'that it was a just judgment of God to spew them out of the land for their unthankfulness! One of them I met withal and discoursed with at large, who could give no good reason, but pretended the landlords increasing their rents; but their swarming in Ireland is so much taken notice of and disliked, as that the Deputy has sent out a warrant to stay the landing of any of these Scotch that come without a certification." The closing sentence of the foregoing extract gives us a brief and characteristic description of Scottish motives and methods in the colonization and settlement of a new country, that may well be applied to every one of their successive migrations, or "swarmings," from that day to this. It was the spirit of unrest, the thirst for adventure, and, chiefly, the desire to better their worldly condition, that led them into the Land of. Promise in that day, and at numerous periods since. They came without regard to the jealous forebodings of the governing few, already on the ground, who feared they themselves would be outnumbered by the strangers; they likewise paid no regard to the official restrictions by which the rulers of Ireland at that time, and the Councils of American colonies a century later, sought to prevent their entry. The emigration from Ireland to America of the grandchildren and great-grandbhildren of these Scottish colonists of the sixteenth century began soon after 1700; and for more than three-quarters of a century afterwards, Ulster poured into America a Continuous stream, sometimes reaching the dimensions of a flood, of people of Scottish birth or descent. In 1718, several hundred of them came together from the Valley of the Bann, south of the town of Coleraine, in county Londonderry, landing at Boston. Here, they were not permitted by the Puritans to remain, but were obliged to go out to the frontiers, forming colonies along THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 15 the coast of Maine, at Londonderry, in New Hampshire, and at Worcester, in Massachusetts. In the latter place, they built a church, and contemplated having Presbyterian services, after the manner of their fathers; but the bigoted Puritans, then in the majority, tore down the building in the night; forced them to abandon the project, and taxed them to support their own State Church. Many of these settlers were thus obliged to move further out towards the frontier, where they founded the towns of Pelham and Coleraine, in Massachusetts. A great many Scotch and Scotch-Irish also emigrated to New York, to New Jersey, and to Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. But it was to Pennsylvania, the Quaker Colony, that the great bulk of the Ulster migration came. They began to reach there before 1710; and before 1720, thousands had come into the colony by way of Newcastle, Del. (then included in Pennsylvania). At first, they generally settled near the disputed Maryland boundary line. Before 1730, they had occupied much of the lower lands in the townships of East and West Nottingham, Cecil county, Maryland, and Mill Creek and White Clay Creek in. Newcastle county, Delaware. In Pennsylvania they settled in the townships of London Britain, New London, Londonderry, London Grove, East and West Nottingham, Upper and Lower Oxford, East and West Fallowfield, Sadsbury, East and West Caln, and the newer townships between, in Chester county; Little Britain, Colerain, Bart, Sadsbury, Salisbury, Drumore, Martie, and Donegal in Lancaster county; and Derry, Paxtang, and Hanover, in Dauphin county. They had also gone into Bucks county in large numbers, settling in Warwick and Warminster townships, along Neshaminy creek; and in Northampton county, in Allen and Hanover townships. James Logan, then secretary of the province, and himself a Scotch-Irish Quaker, writing of them to the Penns in 1724, states that they had generally taken up the southern lands (towards the Maryland line); and as they rarely approached him with proposals of purchase, he calls them "bold and indigent strangers, saying as their excuse, when challenged for titles, that we had solicited for colonists and they had come accordingly." They were, however, understood to be a tolerated class, exempt from quit-rents by an ordinance of 1720, in consideration of their being a frontier people, and forming a cordon of defence about the non-fighting Quakers. They thus served to protect them, if need be—and the necessity often arose—from the murderous incursions of the Indians, and 16 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY from Maryland and Virginia invaders who claimed part of the land as within the bounds of their own colonies. In 1729, Logan expresses himself as pleased to find that Parliament is about to take measures to prevent the too free emigration from Ulster to America. "It looks," he writes, "as if Ireland is to send all its inhabitants hither, for last week not less than six ships arrived, and every day, two or three arrive also. The common fear is that if they thus continue to come they will make themselves proprietors of the Province. It is strange that they thus crowd where they are not wanted. . . The Indians themselves are alarmed at the swarms of strangers; and we are afraid of a breach between them—for the [Scotch-] Irish are very rough to them." In 1730, he writes and complains of the Irish as having in an "audacious and disorderly manner" possessed themselves about that time of the whole of Conestoga Manor, a tract of about 15,000 acres, which had been reserved by the Penns for themselves, as it contained some of the best land in the Province. In taking this land by force, he says, they alleged that "it was against the laws of God and nature, that so much land should be idle while so many Christians wanted it to labor on, and to raise their bread." This same spirit on the part of the Scotch-Irish led them in after years (1745-50) to settle in the Tuscarora and Path Valleys, where their cabins were burned by the provincial authorities, and later (1763-8), along Redstone creek in what is now Fayette county, where they were warned off by the Quaker Assembly, "under pain of death;" and later still (1779 and 1784-7) along and near Short creek, in what is now the territory of Jefferson, Belmont, and Harrison counties, Ohio, where they were repeatedly driven off by United States troops, their cabins burned, and their improvements destroyed; but to which localities they as persistently returned and rebuilt, and remained on the land, improving it, until the Territory was thrown open for settlement. In another letter written by Logan, about the same time (1730), he says: "I must own, from my own experience in the land-office, that the settlement of five families from Ireland gives me more trouble than fifty of any other people. Before we were broke in upon, ancient Friends and first settlers lived happily; but now the case is quite altered." Logan's successor, Richard Peters, had a somewhat similar experience with the Scotch-Irish emigrants of his day. In a letter written by him in 1743, he states that he went to the Manor of, Maske, to warn off and dispossess the squatter settlers. This was another choice tract of 'upwards of 40,000 acres, located in the wilderness by the Penns as a THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 17 reservation, lying on both sides of Marsh creek, then in Lancaster, now in Adams county, being the site of Gettysburg, and including the bottom lands southward to the Maryland line. On that occasion, the people who were settled there, to the number of about seventy, assembled and forbade Penn's surveyors to proceed. On the latter persisting, the settlers broke the surveyors' chain, and compelled them to retire. Peters had with him at the time a sheriff and a magistrate; and many of the settlers were afterwards indicted; but a compromise was effected, by which the squatters were permitted to lease and purchase the Penn titles for a comparatively insignificant consideration; and they were left in possession. The reasons for the emigration of the Scotch from Ulster to America are in part the same as those given to Brereton by the emigrant from Scotland to Ireland in 1635, which are noted above. But there was another and more cogent reason in addition. In Ireland, notwithstanding the fact that they had saved that country to Protestantism and to the Crown in the revolution of 1688, the Scots were grievously and unjustly discriminated against in the matter of their religion, which was, of course, generally of the Presbyterian form. These discriminations took the form of certain enactments by the Bishop's party in the Irish Parliament (which was then entirely ruled by the ecclesiastics of the Episcopal or State Church). These enactments deprived Presbyterians of the right to hold office in Ireland, required them to pay tithes in support of the Episcopal clergy, prohibited marriages from being performed by any but a Bishop-ordained priest, either of the Roman or Episcopal Church; and annulled marriages theretofore performed by Presbyterian ministers, declaring illegitimate the children of such marriages. Adding to these the economic causes arising from a discriminating tariff levied against Irish woollens and linens, in favor of the English manufacturers, and the raising of rents by the landlords, to whom a great majority of the Ulster Scotch-Irish were but tenants, and we have a sufficient explanation of the reasons for the exodus which took place from Ireland to Amenca during the eighteenth century. Archbishop Boulter, Primate of Ireland, writing to the Bishop of London in 1728 concerning the emigration to America, says: Dublin, March 13, 1728„ My Lord—As we have had reports here that the Irish gentlemen in London would have the great burthen of tithes thought one of the 18 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY chief grievances that occasion such numbers of the people of the north going to America, I have for some time designed to write to your lordship on that subject. But a memorial lately delivered in here by the Dissenting ministers of this place, containing the causes of this desertion, as represented to them by the letters of their brethren in the north, (which memorial we have lately sent over to my lord lieutenant), mentioning the oppression of the ecclesiastical courts about tithes as one of their great grievances. I found myself under a necessity of troubling your lordship on this occasion with a true state of that affair, and of desiring your lordship to discourse with the ministry about it. The gentlemen of this country have, ever since. I came hither, been talking to others, and persuading their tenants, who complained of the excessiveness of their rents, that it was not the paying too much rent, but too much tithes that impoverished them; and the notion soon took among the Scotch Presbyterians, as a great part of the Protestants in the north are, who it may easily be supposed do not pay tithes with great cheerfulness. And indeed I make no doubt but the landlords in England might with great ease raise a cry amongst their tenants of the great oppression they lay under by paying tithes.. What the gentlemen want to be at is, that they may go on raising their rents, and that the clergy should still receive their old payments for their. tithes. But as things have happened otherwise, and they are very angry with the clergy, without considering that it could not happen otherwise than it has, since if a clergyman saw a farm raised in its rent, e. g., from 10 to 20 1. per annum, he might be sure his tithe was certainly worth double what he formerly took for it. Not that I believe the clergy have made a proportionable advancement in their composition for their tithes to what the gentlemen have made in their rents. And yet it is upon this rise of the value of the tithes that they would persuade the people to throw their distress. In a conference I had with the Dissenting ministers here some weeks ago, they mentioned the raising the value of the tithes beyond what had been formerly paid, that a proof that the people were oppressed in the article of tithes. To which I told them, that the value of tithes did not prove any oppression, except it were proved that that value was greater than they were really worth, and that even then, the farmer had his remedy by letting the clergy take it in kind. And there is the less in this argument, because the fact is, that about the years 1694 and 1695, the lands here were almost waste and unsettled, and the clergy in the last distress for tenants for their tithes, when great numbers of them were glad to let their tithes at a very low value, and that during Incumbency, for few would take .them on other terms; and as the country has since settled and improved, as those incumbents have dropped off, the tithe of those parties has been considerably advanced without the least oppression, but I believe your lordship will THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 19 think not without some grumbling. The same, no doubt, has happened where there have been careless or needy incumbents, and others of a different character that have succeeded them. I need not mention to your lordship that I have been forced to talk to several here, that if a landlord takes too great a portion of the profits of a farm for his share by way of rent (as the tithe will light on the tenant's share), the tenant will be impoverished; but then it is not the tithe but the increased rent that undoes the farmer. And indeed, in this country, where I fear the tenant hardly ever has more than one-third of the profit he makes of his farm for his share, and too often but a fourth or perhaps a fifth part, as the tenant's share is charged with the tithe, his case is no doubt hard, but it is plain from what side the hardship arises. Another thing they complain of in their memorial is, the trouble that has been given them about their marriages and their school-masters. As to this I told them, that for some time they had not been molested about their marriages; and that as to their school-masters, I was sure they had met with very little trouble on that head, since I had never heard any such grievance so much as mentioned till I saw it in their memorial. Another matter complained of is, the sacramental test, in relation to which I told them the laws were the same in England. As for other grievances they mention, such as raising the rents unreasonably, the oppression of justices of the peace, seneschals, and other officers in the country, as they are of no ways of an ecclesiastical nature, I shall not trouble your lordship with an account of them, but must desire your lordship to talk with the ministry on the subject I have now wrote about, and endeavor to prevent their being prepossessed with an unjust opinion of the clergy, or being disposed, if any attempt should be made from hence, to suffer us to be stript of our just rights. The spirit of emigration—fostered no doubt by the accounts sent home by their countrymen who had preceded them—seized these people to such an extent that it threatened almost a total depopulation. Such multitudes of husbandmen, laborers, and manufacturers flocked to the other side of the Atlantic, that the landlords began to be alarmed, and to present ways and means for preventing the growing evil. Scarce a ship sailed for the colonies that was not crowded with men, women, and children. It is stated by Proud, in his history of Pennsylvania, that by the year 1729, six thousand Scotch-Irish had come to that colony, and that before the middle of the century, nearly twelve thousand arrived annually for several years. In September, 1736, alone, one thousand families sailed from Belfast, on account of the difficulty of renewing their leases. 2 20 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY The first extensive emigration took place from about the year 1718 to the middle of the century. A second emigration occurred from about 1771 to 1773, although there was a continuous current westward between these two periods. The cause of this second emigration was somewhat similar to the first. It is well known that a greater portion of the lands in Ireland are owned by a comparatively small number of proprietors, who rent them to the farming classes on long leases. In 1771, the leases on the estate of the Marquis of Donegal having expired, the rents were so largely advanced that many of the tenants could not comply with the demands, and were deprived of the farms they had occupied. This roused a spirit of resentment to the oppression of the large landed proprietors, and an immediate and extensive emigration to America was the result. From 1771 to 1773, there sailed from the ports in the north of Ireland, nearly one hundred vessels, carrying upwards of 25,000 passengers, nearly all of whom were Presbyterians. This was shortly before the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, and, as has been often remarked, these people, leaving the old world in such a temper, became a powerful contribution to the cause of liberty, and to the Independence of the colonies. The Scotch-Irish emigrants landed principally at Newcastle and Philadelphia, and thence found their way northward and westward into the eastern and middle counties of Pennsylvania. From thence, one stream followed the Cumberland and Virginia valleys into Virginia and North and South Carolina, and from these colonies, passed on into and settled Tennessee and Kentucky. Anether powerful body went into western Pennsylvania, and settling on the head waters of the Ohio, became famous, both in civil and ecclesiastical history. The Pennsylvania Scotch-Irish began to settle west of the Blue Ridge mountains before 1750, where up to that time the Indians held undisputed sway. Fear of an Indian outbreak led the Penns in that year to send the justices of Cumberland county over the mountains into the Tuscarora, Aughwick, and Path Valleys, where the settlers were dispossessed, their cabins burned, and their bonds taken that they should return to the older settlements. Some of them did return for a brief period, but soon went back, while others hid themselves away in the woods, and after the justices had departed, built themselves new cabins, and continued to improve their "claims." Before 1760, small settlements were made by members of this hardy and adventurous race around the the military posts of Forts Bedford, Redstone, and Ligonier; and in 1768, THE SCOTCH-IRISH - 21 Rev. John Steel and others were sent by the Provincial authorities to warn off the settlers at Redstone (in Fayette county) and Turkey Foot (in Somerset county). In 1769, however, the land having been ceded by the Indians, all of southwestern Pennsylvania was thrown open to settlement, and within the next ten years more than 25,000 people were living in the territory now comprising the counties of Westmoreland, Allegheny, Fayette, and Washington. In 1790, the population of these four counties amounted to upwards of 63,000, Washington county alone containing nearly 24,000 inhabitants. In his "Introductory Memoir to the Journal of Braddock's Expedition," Winthrop Sargent gives an estimate of the character of the Scotch-Irish, which, although properly objected to by some as exaggerated, is not an unfavorable description of many of the early pioneers of Pennsylvania: They were a hardy, brave, hot-headed race, excitable in temper, unrestrainable in passion, invincible in prejudice. Their hand opened as impetuously to a friend as it clinched against an enemy. They loathed the Pope as sincerely as they venerated Calvin and Knox; and they did not particularly respect the Quakers. If often rude and lawless it was partly the fault of their position. They hated the Indian while they despised him, and it does not seem, in their dealings with this race, as though there were any sentiments of honor or magnanimity in their bosoms that could hold way against the furious tide of passionate, blind resentment. Impatient of restraint, rebellious against everything that in their eyes bore the semblance of injustice, we find these men readiest among the ready on the battle-fields of the Revolution. If they had faults, a lack of patriotism or of courage was not among the number. 22 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY CHAPTER, II THE FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS, IN HARRISON COUNTY. The founder of the society of Friends was George Fox, who was born at Drayton in the Clay, in Liecestershire, England, in July, 1624. His father was a Puritan weaver, and the son, originally intended for the church, was apprenticed to a shoemaker and dealer in wool. "In 1643," he says, "I left my relations, and broke off all familiarity with young or old." For the next few years, he was in spiritual darkness, and groped after the light. He dates the beginning of his Society from Liecestershire, in 1644. The course of Quakerism was at first toward the north of England. It appeared in Warwickshire in 1645; in Nottinghamshire in 1646; in Derby in 1647; in the adjacent counties in 1648, 1649, and 1650. It reached Yorkshire in 1651; Lancaster and Westmoreland, 1652; Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland, 1653; London, and most other parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in 1654. In 1655, Friends went beyond sea, "where truth also sprung up," and in 1656 "it broke forth in America, and many other places." (Fox's Journal, II., 442.) The Society of Friends was not organized by the establishment of meetings to inspect the affairs of the church until some years after Fox began preaching, and then a prominent part of the business of these meetings was to aid those Friends who were in prison, for persecution followed hard upon their increase in numbers. In 1661, 500 were in prison in London alone; there were 4,000 in jail in all England; and the Act of Indulgence liberated 1,200 Quakers in 1673. But Quakerism flourished under persecution. They showed a firmness which has been seen nowhere else in the annals of religious history. Other Dissenters might temporize, plot against the Government, or hold meetings in THE FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS - 23 secret; the Quakers, never. They scorned these things. They received the brutal violence of the Government in meekness; they met openly, and in defiance of its orders; they wearied it by their very persistence. Nevertheless, the simplicity, the earnestness, the devotion, and the practical nature of this system of theology, when contrasted with the dry husk of Episcopacy, and the jangling creeds of the Dissenters, won them adherents by the thousands. They came mostly from the lower ranks of society, but from all sects. Quakerism is distinctively the creed of the seventeenth century. Seekers were in revolt against the established order. It gave these seekers what they were looking for. In theology, it was un-Puritan; but in cultus, modes, and forms, it was more than Puritan. The Quaker was the Puritan of the Puritans. He was an extremist, and this brought him into conflict with the established order. He believed that Quakerism was primitive Christianity revived. He recognized no distinction between the clergy and the laity; he refused to swear, for Christ had said, swear not at all; he refused to fight, for the religion of Christ is a religion of love, not of war; he would pay no tithes, for Christ had said, ye have freely received, freely give; he called no man master, for he thought the terms, Rabbi, Your Holiness, and Right Reverend connoted the same idea. He rejected the dogmas of water baptism and the Puritan Sabbath, and in addition to these, claimed that inspiration is not limited to the writers of the Old and New Testaments, but is the gift of Jehovah to all men who will accept it, and to interpret the Scriptures, men must be guided by the Spirit that guided its authors. Here was the cardinal doctrine of their creed, and the point where they differed radically from other Dissenters. Add to this the doctrine of the Inner Light, the heavenly guide given directly to inform or illuminate the individual conscience, and we have the corner-stones of their system. In July, 1656, Ann Austin and Mary Fisher, the vanguard of a Quaker army, appeared in Boston from Barbadoes. They were the first Quakers to arrive in America. They were imprisoned and shipped back. In October of the same year, a law was passed, which provided a fine for the shipmaster who knowingly brought in Quakers, and obliged him to carry them out again. The Quaker was to be whipped, and committed to the house of correction. Any person importing books, "or writings concerning their devilish opinions," or defending their "heretical opinions," was to be fined, and, for the third offense, banished. Nor was any person to revile the magistrates and ministry, "as is usual with the 24 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Quakers." The law of October, 1657, imposed a fine for entertaining a Quaker. If a Quaker returned after being sent away once, he was to lose one ear; if he returned the second time, the other ear; and the third offense was punished by boring the tongue. The law of October, 1658, banished both resident and foreign Quakers, under pain of death. In Massachusetts, Quakers had their ears cut off; they were branded; they were tied to the cart-tail and whipped through the streets; women were shamefully exposed to public gaze; and in 1659-60, three men and one woman were hanged on Boston Common. Such was the welcome of the first Quakers to American soil. Pennsylvania, the Quaker Colony, was founded by William Penn, in 1681, under a patent granted by Charles II. on March 4th of that year. The .first colony left England in August, 1681, in three ships, the John and Sarah, from London, the Amity, from London, and the Factor, from Bristol. The John and Sarah is said to have landed first; the Amity was carried by a gale to the West Indies; and the Factor, having proceeded up the Delaware as far as the present town of Chester, was, on December 11th, frozen up in the channel, and its passengers obliged to pass the winter there. William Penn had sent his cousin, Captain William Markham, with the colonists, as deputy governor, and did not emigrate himself until the month of August, 1682, when he embarked on the Welcome. After a passage of some two months, during which smallpox broke out among the emigrants, and carried off one-third of their number, Penn and his fellow colonists landed at Newcastle, Del., on October 27th. Of the history of Penn's colony, and of the Quaker government during the next ninety-three years, and until it was finally overthrown in 1776 by the Revolutionary Scotch-Irish, it is not necessary here to speak. Much of this is familiar history to every school-boy. But the influence of the Quakers in the settlement and growth of the states south of Pennsylvania, has never been sufficiently recognized; and as it was from these states that most of the Quaker emigrants to Harrison and adjoining counties came, it will be appropriate to inquire into the history of the Quaker in the South. "They appeared in Virginia," says Dr. Stephen B. Weeks (from whose work on Southern Quakers and Slavery much of this sketch is condensed), "soon after their organization; they were in the Carolinas almost with the first settlers; they were considerable in number and substance; they were well-behaved and law-abiding; they maintained friendly relations with the Indians; they were industrious and frugal; they were zealous missionaries; and through their   THE FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS - 25 earnest and faithful preaching became, toward the close of the seventeenth century, the largest and only organized body of Dissenters in these colonies. "They have always been zealous supporters of religious freedom. They bore witness to their faith under bodily persecution in Virginia; under disfranchisement and tithes in the Carolinas and Georgia. By reason of their organization and numbers, they were bold and aggressive in North Carolina, in the struggle against the Established Church. They took the lead in this struggle for religious freedom in the first half of the eighteenth century, as the Presbyterians did in the latter half. They continued an important element in the life of these states until about 1800, when their protest against slavery took the form of migration. They left their old homes in the South by thousands, and removed to the free Northwest, particularly Ohio and Indiana. These emigrant:. composed the middle and lower ranks of society, who had few or no slaves, and who could not come into economic competition with slavery. They were accompanied by many who were not Quakers, but who were driven to emigration by the same economic cause, and so great was this emigration that in 1850, one-third of the population of Indiana is said to have been made up of native North Carolinians and their children. "Soon after 1800, Quakers disappeared entirely from the political and religious life of South Carolina and Georgia. They now number only a few hundred in Virginia. They are now relatively less important in North Carolina than in colonial days, but are still an important factor in the making of that state." Under the Ordinance of 1787, passed by Congress for the government of the Northwest Territory, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for crime, was to be allowed in any part of this territory; and with a legal guarantee in the organic law of the territory, it became a fit home for men who found themselves driven to migration by the institution of slavery in the South. When we come to study these Quaker migrations in detail, there is little to differentiate those of one state from those of another. They went in substantially the same way, but owing to difference in location, pursued different routes. At first, North Carolina Quakers went very largely to Tennessee, while Virginia Quakers, being nearer, went directly to Ohio. In this way, Virginia Quakers took possession of Ohio, while North Carolina Quakers pressed on to Indiana. The first settlers going West, after the opening of the Northwest. 26 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Territory to settlement, stopped naturally in Ohio. As there were then no Friends' meetings in that territory, Quaker emigrants left their certificates at Redstone (in Fayette county) and Westland (in Washington county), Pennsylvania. The first certificate to Westland meeting is dated June 24, 1785. Most of the certificates to Westland and Redstone came from Virginia meetings. The migrations of Carolina Friends to this part of the West were few, until after the establishment of the Ohio meetings. After 1785, certificates from Virginia monthly meetings to Redstone and Westland became numerous; about half of them represent families, some of them being young couples who turned to the West for their fortunes. Those Friends who took certificates to Redstone and Westland were but the advance guard of the western migration which set in about the year 1800. They continued to go to these meetings for a year or two longer; thus South River sent twelve to Westland in 1801, and the southern Goose Creek sent fifteen in 1801 and 1802, of which thirteen were families, besides a considerable number sent before the beginning of the present century. Meetings were soon established within the Northwest Territory, and then Westland soon disappears as a stopping-place. Thus, in 1802, we find certificates from South River to "Concord Monthly Meeting, Northwest Territory;" but this name almost immediately gives place to "Concord Monthly Meeting, State of Ohio," and the migrations at once become very numerous. Mr. Williams' very full account of the emigration of his own family from North Carolina to Concord settlement (in. Colerain township, Belmont county) will be found in the Chapter on Harrison County Pioneers. During the first ten years of the century, most of the emigrants from Virginia went from Crooked Run, Hopewell, South River, and the two Goose Creek Monthly Meetings; during the second decade they went from Hopewell, South River, and the southern Goose Creek Monthly Meetings. The migration from the northern Goose Creek and Hopewell became ,active again about 1825, and continued so until 1836. The meetings in Virginia which belonged to Baltimore Yearly Meeting were the first to send out settlers, for they were nearer the western country, and had less to hold them in the way of local associations. From 1812-16, there was a considerable migration from the lower meetings of the Virginia Yearly Meeting. Of the meetings belonging to this Yearly Meeting, South River furnished the greater number of emigrants. From this meeting there went eighty-six families, and forty-three single persons, their removal covering the forty years from 1801 to 1840. In the same way, THE FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS - 27 migrations from the southern Goose Creek began with the century, were to Westland first, and then to Ohio. These removals sapped the life of the Meeting, and it was laid down in 1814. In 1811, the movement began among all the lower meetings. Emigrants from Virginia went largely to Ohio. Those who took certificates to the Indiana meetings belong to the later period. The first migration from North Carolina to the West was made directly over the Allegheny mountains, by the adventurers who laid the foundations of Tennessee. The first considerable movement of Friends from North Carolina to the Northwest was made from the Contentnea Quarter. It was emphatic and sweeping in its character. It was literally a migration. A letter written from Concord, Belmont county, Ohio, (the Quaker settlement a few miles southeast of New Athens), by Borden Stanton, one of the leaders of this migration, to Friends at Wrightsborough, Ga., who were also thinking of going West, and who did so at a later date, has fortunately been preserved. It reveals to us the motives, the troubles, and the trials of these modern pilgrims to an unknown land. It is dated 25th of 5th month, 1802, and reads as follows : Dear Friends—Having understood by William Patten and William Hogan, from your parts, that a number among you have had some thoughts and turnings of mind respecting a removal to this country; and . . . as it has been the lot of a number of is to undertake the work a little before you, I thought a true statement (for your information) of some of our strugglings and reasonings concerning the propriety of our moving . . . I may begin thus, and say, that for several years Friends had some distant view of moving out of that oppressive part of the land, but did not know where, until the year 1799, when we had an aceptable visit from some traveling Friends of the western part of. Pennsylvania. They thought proper to propose to Friends for consideration, whether it would not be agreeable to best wisdom for us unitedly to remove northwest to the Ohio river,—to a place where there were no slaves held, being a free country. This proposal made a deep impression on our minds . . . Nevertheless, although we had had a prospect of something of the kind, it was at first very crossing to my natural inclination; being well settled as to the outward. So I strove against the thoughts of moving for some time . . . as it seemed likely to break up our Monthly Meeting, which I had reason to believe was set up in the wisdom of Truth. Thus, I was concerned many times to weigh the matter as in the balance of sanctuary; till at length, I considered that there was no prospect of number being increased by convincement, on account of the oppression that abounded in that land . . . 28 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Under a view of these things, I was made sensible, beyond doubting, that it was in the ordering of wisdom for us to remove; and that the Lord was opening a way for our enlargement, if found worthy. Friends generally feeling something of the same, there were three of them who went to view the country, and one worthy public Friend. They traveled on till they came to this part of the western country, where they were stopped in their minds, believing it was the place for Friends to settle. So they returned back, and informed us of the same in a solemn meeting; in which dear Joseph Dew, the public Friend, intimated that he saw the seed of God sown in abundance, which extended far northwestward. This information, in the way it was delivered to us, much tendered our spirits, and strengthened us in the belief that it was right. So we undertook the work, and found the Lord to be a present helper in every needful time, as he was sought unto; yea, to be as "a pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night;". and thus we were led safely along until we arrived here. The story of their departure from their old homes can be given substantially in their own words (records of Contentnea Quarterly Meeting): It appears by a copy of the minutes of a monthy meeting on Trent river, in Jones county, N. C. held in the ninth and tenth months, 1799, that the weighty subject of the members thereof being about to remove unitedly to the territory northwestward of the Ohio river, was and had been before that time deliberately under their consideration. And the same proposal was solemnly laid before their Quarterly Meeting, held at Contentnea on the ninth of the tenth month; which, on weighing the matter and its circumstances, concluded to leave said Friends at their liberty to proceed therein, as way might be opened for them; yet the subject was continued till their next Quarter. And they having (before the said Monthly Meeting ceased) agreed that certificates be signed therein for the members, to convey their rights respectively to the Monthly Meeting nearest to the place of their intended settlement, showing them to be members whilst they resided there; such certificates for each other mutually were signed in their last Monthly Meeting, held at Trent aforesaid, in the first month, 1800; which was then solemnly and finally adjourned and concluded, and their privilege of holding it, together with the records of it, were delivered up to their Quarterly Meeting, held the 18th of the same month, 1800. They stopped first at the settlements of Friends on the Monongahela river, in Fayette and Washington counties, Penna., to prepare for their new settlement over the Ohio. They brought their certificates with them, laid their circumstances, with extracts from the minutes of their THE FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS - 29 former monthly and quarterly meetings in Carolina, before Redstone Quarterly meeting, and received the advice and assistance of Friends there. Thus they proceeded, and made their settlement in the year 1800; and were remarkably favored with an opportunity to be accommodated with a quantity of valuable land at the place which was chosen for their settlement by the Friends who went to view the country, before the office was opened for granting lands in that territory. Borden Stanton continues (Friends' Miscellany, XII., 216-223): The first of us moved west of the Ohio in the ninth month, 1800; and none of us had a house at our command, to meet in, to worship the Almighty Being. So we met in the woods, until houses were built, which was but a short time. In less than one year, Friends so increased that two preparative meetings were settled; and in last twelfth month a monthly meeting, called Concord, also was opened, which is now large. Another preparative meeting 'is requested, and, also, another first and week-day meeting. Four are already granted in the territory, and three meeting-houses are built. Way appears to be opening for another Monthly Meeting; and, I think, a Quarterly Meeting. . . . I may say that as to the outward [i. e., worldly possessions], we have been sufficiently provided for, though in a new country. Friends are settling fast, and seem, I hope, likely to do well. This seems to have been the first considerable migration from North Carolina to the West. It seems also to have been the only case on record' where a whole meeting went in a body. But it was not the only case of removal from Contentnea Quarter. Removals from this Quarter either to the West, or to upper meetings of the same Quarter, continued until Carteret, Beaufort, Hyde, Craven, and Jones counties were depopulated of Quakers, and the meetings there laid down. Friends in these counties now reported. to Core Sound Monthly Meeting, in Carteret county. Migration from Core Sound began in 1799, when Horton Howard, secretary of the monthly meeting, took a certificate to Westland. Josiah Bundy and Joseph Bishop also removed to Westland that year. In 1802, ten parties asked for certificates; no destination was given, but we are justified in assuming that it was Westland or Concord. In 1802-04, the movement was to Concord, Northwest Territory. There was then no more emigration from there until 1831. Migrations began from Contentnea Monthly Meeting in 1800. Between 1800 and 1815, we find thirty-six certificates issued. Two were to Redstone, one to Indiana, and all the rest to Ohio, most of them to Concord. 30 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY In the following list, an attempt has been made to give the names of those families which were the leaders in the westward migration, or which furnished the most recruits to it, from the various monthly meetings in the East. The names of the meetings to which the particular families went have also been given, with an approximation of the date: Hopewell Monthly Meeting, Va., sent to Concord (1803-05), members of the families of Lupton, Piggot, Jenkins, Pickering, Miller, Ellis, Steer, Bevin; to various other monthly meetings in Ohio (1804- ): McPherson, George, Walter, Wickersham, White, Walton, Wilson, Allen, Adams, Branson, Cope, Crampton, Faucett, Hackney, Janney, Lloyd, Little, Lupton, Pickering, Steer, Smith, Swayne, Townsend, Taylor. Fairfax Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Short Creek, Harrison county (1803-22): Lacy, Ball, Hague, Rattekir, Wood, Schuley; to other Ohio meetings (1867-44): Wright, Richardson, Connard, Wilkinson, Wood, Swayne, Janney, John, Myers, Wilson. Goose Creek (northern) Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Concord (1805- 08): Evans, Pancoast, Sinclair, Spencer, Gregg, White, Whiteacre, Canby, Dillon, Smith; to other meetings, nearly all in Ohio (1820-54): Talbott, Buchanan, Rose, Hampton, Hughes, Nichols, Bradfield, Trehern, Ail end, Wilson, Birdsall, Brown, Shoemaker, Taylor; to Salem, Columbiana county (1806-07): Craig, Smith, Canby, Janney, Gilbert. Crooked Run Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Concord (1803-06): Faucett, Pickering, Wright, Lupton, Piggott, Holloway, Branson, Como, Smith, Wright, Sharp. Goose Creek (southern) Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Concord (1802- 06): McPherson, Bond, Coffee, Broomhall, Pidgeon. South River Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Concord (1802-05): Pidgeon, Gregg, Bloxom, Wildman; to Salem, (1805-07): Stanton, Carle, Macy, Gurrell, Fisher; to other meetings, mostly in Ohio : Redder, Milliner, Holloway, Fisher, Ferrell, Early, Moorman, Stratton, Johnson, Preston, Burgess, Ballard, Terrell, Lea, Cox, Cadwalader, Butler, Morgan, Bailey, Lynch. Cedar Creek Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Salem (1812-23): Stanley, Blackburn; to Short Creek (1813-41): Moorman, Terrell, Maddox, Hargrave, Creek. White Oak Swamp Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Ohio meetings, not specified (1811-36): Ratcliff, Crew, Ladd, Harrison, Bates, Hockaday, Hargrave, Terrill, Andrews, Binford, Johnson, Ricks. Most of these went to Short Creek. THE FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS - 31 Western Branch Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Concord (1805-33), Bond, Morlan, Curl, Johnson, Anthony, Lewis, Larow, Moorland, Perdue, Howell, Powell, Butler, Stanton, James, Draper, Ricks, Chapel, Hunnicutt, Trotter, Lawrence. Mount Pleasant Monthly Meeting, Va.—To Concord (1805): Vimon, Davis, Bundy, Woods; to other Ohio meetings (1804-24): Thomas, Lundy, Bond, Ballard, Sumner, Beek, Pierce, Stalker, Scooly, Green, Gray, Williams, Robinson, Pierson, Wildman, Ward, Johnson, Pike, Lewis, Cary, Hunt, Anthony, Hiatt, Betts, Bundy, Jones, Chew, Davis. Piney Grove Monthly Meeting, S. C.—To Ohio meetings (1805-12): Stafford, Mendenhall, Beauchamp, Thomas, Marine, Moorman, Harris, Morris, Lingagar, Almond. Piney Woods Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Ohio (1806-28): Goodwin, Smith, Harrel, Bamb, Elliott, Thornton, Bogue, Moore, Newby. Rich Square Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Short Creek (1805-11): Patterson, Maremoon (or Moreman), Taylor; to other Ohio meetings (1805-12).: Patterson, Maremoon, Hicks, Crew, Reams. Contentnea Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Concord (1802-05): Hall, Edgerton, Outland, Doudna, Albertson, Dodd, Bailey, Morris; to other meetings in Ohio (1805-34): Copeland, Bundy, Collier, Cox, Price, Hollowell, Hobson, Spivy, Thomas, Peele, Hall, Jinnett. Bush River Monthly Meeting, S. C.—To Ohio meetings, not specified (1805- ): Galbreath, Marmaduke, Mendenhall. Wrightsborough Monthly Meeting, Ga.—To Ohio meetings, not specified.: Butler, Hollingsworth, Moore, Jay, Pearson, Killey, Henderson, Williams, Brooks. Gravelly Run. Monthly Meeting, Va.—To. meetings chiefly in Ohio (1822-30): Butler, Thomas, Peebles, Binford, Wrenn, Johnson, Hunnicutt, Sems, Watkins. Core Sound Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Concord (1802-04): Harris, Thomas, Scott, Williams, Mace. Cane Creek Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Ohio meetings, not specified (1805-09): Stanton, Haydock, Cox, Hadly, Baker, Clark, Hussey, Hasket, Moffit, Hale, Ratcliff. New Garden Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Ohio meetings, not specified (1803-31): Hines, Hodgson, Perkins, Starbuck, Williams, Thornburgh, Planner, Macy, Bunker, Low, Brown, McMuir, James, Jenkins, Russell, Knight, Swain, Blizzard, Jessop, Coffin, Hunt. Springfield Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Ohio meetings, not speci- 22 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY fled (1803-32): Pidgeon, Reece, Newby, Kersey, Bundy, Tomlinson, Mendenhall, Wright, Kellum, Beard, Harlan, Millikan, Spears, Spencer, Hoggatt. Deep River Monthly Meeting, N. C.—To Ohio meetings, not specified (1811-37): Pike, Pegg, Cook, Jones, Stafford, Hubbard. Many of the first comers to Concord and Short Creek, Ohio, emigrating before those meetings were definitely established, left their certificates with the nearest meetings in Pennsylvania, being those of Westland, in Washington county, and Redstone, in Fayette county. The following families came to one or both of these places : From Hopewell, Va. (1786-1803) : Faulkner, Perviance, Townsend, Sidwell, Berry, Mills, Blackburn, Branson, Hodge, Lewis, Brock, White, Bailey, Smith, Roberts, Wells, Morris, Finch, Antrim. From Fairfax, Va. (1785-1833): Smith, Stokes, Wharton, Davis, Hough, Ward, Mitchner, Plumber, Shine. From Crooked Run, Va. (1787-1803): Cadwalader, Reyley, Hank, Russel, Berry, Wright, Hunt, Richards, Mullen, Updegraff, Lupton, Wood, Evans, Cleaver, Yarnell, Painter, Dillhorn, Taylor, Holloway, Penrose, Miller. From Goose Creek (southern), Va. (1801-03): Oliphant, Erwin, Lewis, Morlan, Richards, Whitaker, Pidgeon, Schooley, Wright, Parsons, Sinclair. From South River, Va. (1801-02) : James, Hanna, Baugham, Harris, Holloway, Terrell, Stratton, Ferrall, Carle, Via, Tellus. From Core Sound, N. C. (1799-1802) : Howard, Bundy, Bishop, Dew, Ward, Mace, Stanton, Williams. From Contentnea, S. C. (1800): Thomas Arnold. From Mt. Pleasant, Va. (1802) : Bradford. From Bush River, S. C. (1802-03) : Pugh, Jay, Kelly, O'Neal, Mills, Peaty, Homer, Wright. The locations of the various monthly meetings named in the foregoing list are as follows : Bush River.—Newberry county, S. C., eight miles northwest from Newberry. Cane Creek.—Alamance county, N. C., fourteen miles south from Graham: Cedar Creek.—Hanover county, Va. Contentnea.—Wayne county, N. C., fifteen miles north from Goldsboro. Core Sound.—Carteret county, N. C., six miles north from Beaufort. Crooked Run.—Warren county, Va., nine miles south from Winchester. Deep River.--Guilford county, N. C., twelve miles southwest from Greensboro. THE FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS - 33 Fairfax.—Loudoun county, Va., seven miles west of north from Leesburg. Goose Creek (northern).—Lincoln, Loudoun county, Va. Goose Creek (southern).—Bedford county, Va., ten miles southeast from Bedford City. Gravelly Run.—Dinwiddie county, Va., about four miles east from Dinwiddie. Hopewell.—Frederick county, Va., six miles north from Winchester. Mount Pleasant.—Frederick county, Va., nine miles southwest from Winchester. New Garden.—Guilford county, N. C. Piney Grove—Marlborough county, S. C., nine miles north from Bennettsville. Piney Woods.--Davidson county, N. C., twelve miles north of east from Lexington. Rich Square.—Northampton county, N. C. South River.—Campbell county, Va., near Lynchburg (?). Springfield.—Guilford county, N. C., near High Point. Western Branch.—Isle of Wight county, Va., seven miles, nearly southeast from Isle of Wight Court House. White Oak Swamp.—Henrico county, Va. Wrightsborough.—McDuffie county, Ga., thirty-six miles northwest from Augusta. 3 34 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY CHAPTER III. THE GERMANS AND THE VIRGINIANS IN HARRISON COUNTY. That industrious, thrifty, patriotic, and generally intelligent portion of the population of Harrison county, familiarly known as the PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH, but more properly the Germans, are descendants of those hardy pioneer settlers who immigrated to Pennsylvania and Maryland from various German states, commencing as early, at least, as the year 1683. Perhaps there is no people who were more frequently the subject of remark in the early history of Pennsylvania, and during the last century, than these Germans, whose numerous descendants are now to be found in every State west and south of Pennsylvania. Though more than twenty-five thousand names of German immigrants are recorded in the Pennsylvania Archives from 1725 to 1775, few of those are recorded who arrived in Pennsylvania prior to 1700. In volume seventeen of the Archives, Second Series, may be found the names of all who took the oath of allegiance between 1727 and 1775, comprising about thirty thousand names, with the names of the vessels in which they came to America, ports from which they sailed, and dates of departure. Probably four-fifths of the Germans living in Harrison county to-day can find the names and dates of arrival of their emigrant ancestors in that volume. In 1683, some Germans arrived in Pennsylvania, and commenced a settlement at what is now Germantown. Among these, were Pastorious, Hartsfelder, Schietz, Spehagel, Vandewall, Uberfeld, Strauss, Lorentz, Teliner, and others. About the year 1684 or 1685, a land company was THE GERMANS AND VIRGINIANS - 35 formed at Frankfort-on-the-Main, which bought 25,000 acres from William Penn. Those who left their Fatherland from 1700 to 1720, the Palatines, so-called, because they came principally from the Palatinate States, along the Rhine, whither many had been forced to flee from their homes in France, and other parts of Europe, endured many privations before they reached the Western Continent. In 1708 and 1709, upwards of 10,000, many of them very poor, arrived in England, and were there for some time, in a starving, miserable condition, lodged in warehouses, with no subsistence beyond what they got by begging on the streets; until some sort of provision was made for them by Queen Anne. In 1709, 3,000 of them were sent to Ireland, but of this number many returned to England, on account of insufficient provision having been made for them by the Royal Commissary. In the summer of 1710, several thousand of these Palatinates, who had been maintained at the Queen's expense in England (and for sometime afterwards in America), were shipped to New York; and of these, many came to Pennsylvania. Among these German emigrants were Mennonites, Dunkards, German Reformed, and Lutherans. Their number was so great, that James Logan, Secretary of the Province of Pennsylvania, wrote in 1717, "We have, of late, a great number of Palatines poured in upon us without any recommendation or notice, which gives the country some uneasiness, for foreigners do not so well among us as our own English people." Those who arrived between 1700 and 1720, settled in the lower parts of Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, and Lancaster counties. In 1719, Jonathan Dickinson wrote, "We are daily expecting ships from London, which bring over Palatines, in number about six or seven thousand. We had a parcel who came out about five years ago, who purchased land about sixty miles west of Philadelphia [the Pequea settlement, in Lancaster county], and prove quiet and industrious. Some few came from Ireland lately, and more are expected thence.” From 1720 to 1730, several thousand landed at Philadelphia, and others came by land, from the province of New York. The latter settled in Tulpehocken, having left New York because they had been ill-treated by the authorities of that province. The influx now became so great as to cause some alarm. It was feared by some that the numbers from Germany, at the rate they were coming in during the last three years of this decade, would soon produce a German colony here, and perhaps such a one as Britain once received from Saxon-land, in the fifth century. Jona- 36 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY than Dickinson went so far as to state, that it was apprehended Sir William Keith, a former governor, with two of his friends, had sinister projects of forming an independent province in the West, towards the Ohio, to be peopled by his friends among the Palatines. In 1727, six vessels arrived at Philadelphia with Germans; three in 1728; three in 1729; and three in 1730. From 1710 to 1740, about sixty-five vessels, filled with Germans, arrived at Philadelphia, bringing with them ministers and schoolmasters to instruct their children. A large number of these remained in Philadelphia; others removed seventy to eighty miles from that city—some settling in Lebanon county, and others west of the Susquehanna, in York county. From 1740 to 1755, upwards of one hundred.vessels arrived with Germans; in some of them, though small ships, there were from 500 to 600 passengers. In the summer and fall of 1749, not less than twenty vessels, with German passengers to the number of twelve thousand, arrived. At first, the immigration of Germans into Pennsylvania was confined to the Sectaries, the Quietists, and the other religious denominations, who, on account of their extremity in doctrines and practice, found it difficult to get along with their more conservative Protestant brethren. The Labadists, for instance, were followed by the Mennonites, who took up much land, and formed many communities in the counties of York, Lancaster, and Adams; by the Seventh Day Baptists, the followers of Spener, who established their monastery at Ephrata; by the Voltists, and the Cocceians; and by the hundred other sects of the day. But after these Sectaries came the Deluge. The Germans had found out that there was a land of peace on the other side of the Atlantic; and they knew by sad experience that their own country was a land of war. A man was deprived, practically, not only of the enjoyment of his own religion; but he was also robbed incessantly of the fruits of his labor. This was a state of things which he naturally rebelled against, and emigration afforded him the only relief. The religious fanaticism of Louis XIV., which so long desolated the low countries, and which, when he revoked the edict of Nantes, deprived that monarch of his best and most thrifty subjects, broke in upon the Palatine in the shape of one of the most desolating wars of which there is any record in history. Turrenne, Saxe, Vendome, Villars, Villeroy, Taillard, Marsin, Berwick, Noailles, and Luxembourg, each in his turn, helped to desolate the Palatine, and to contribute immigrants to THE GERMANS AND VIRGINIANS - 37 the colonies. The homeless and ravished peoples of Germany sought and found homes in the new land of peace and plenty. At one time the immigration of German Palatines into Pennsylvania and Maryland was in excess of all other immigration. Many hundreds thus came into Maryland, many thousands into Pennsylvania. They came chiefly from the harried Palatinate, but also from Alsace, Suabia, Saxony, and Switzerland. There were Wittenbergers, and people from Darmstadt, Nassau, Hesse, Eisenberg, Franconia, Hamburg, Mannheim—all classed as "Palatines." In 1700, there were nearly 145,000 Germans in Pennsylvania, the total population then not  exceeding 435,000. These included the Sectaries above referred to, the Dunkards, and the Hessian soldiers, who had been taken prisoners by Washington's army, and preferred not to be exchanged after the Revolution. A great proportion of this latter class settled in Somerset county, Pennsylvania, from whence many have come into Harrison county. These German subsidiary troops were bought in Brunswick, Hanau, Anspach, Waldeck, Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Brandenberg, etc., in large numbers. They cost George III. the sum of $8,100,000, and 11,000 of them died, or perished in battle. The other immigrants were German Calvinists, Moravians, Schwenkenfelders, Omishites, Dunkards, Mennonites, and Separatists (or Seventh Day Baptists). Up to about 1760, the Germans in Maryland were supplied from these plentiful sources, by way of Pennsylvania. A good many Palatines came in by direct consignment to Chesapeake Bay, but the great majority of the Germans drifted down from York and Lancaster counties, Pennsylvania, and occupied the land along Antietam creek, and about Hagerstown and Frederick in Maryland, and the lower Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. THE VIRGINIANS. The first settlers of the Virginia Panhandle were mainly of the Cavalier class, many of them coming from the northern and eastern counties east of the mountains, and a few from the Virginia valley, the latter usually being of Scotch-Irish descent. In later years, when the Scotch-Irish occupied Washington county, many of them crossed the line and settled in Ohio (now Brooke) county, Virginia, in the vicinity of. Wellsburg. Some of the early settlers in Harrison county were from that section; and not a few were of the old tide-water, horse-racing, gambling, and cock-fighting class, which before the middle of the century, formed the aristocracy and much of the middle-class population of Virginia. Dr. 38 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Joseph Doddridge, although himself born in Bedford county, Penna., belonged to this latter class, his father, originally from Maryland, having settled near West Middletown, in Washington county, about 1773. The son became first a Methodist, and later, an Episcopalian clergyman, and settled at Wellsburg, where he died in 1826. Two years before his death, he wrote a book, called "Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, from 1763 to 1783," which contains the best written account we have of the early customs, habits of life, and occupations of those pioneers, many of whom were the forefathers of Harrison county citizens of the present day. In reading Dodd-ridge's account, it must be borne in mind that he wrote of two very different classes of settlers, that class amongst which he spent his life being for the most part of the cavalier type—the jolly, rollicking, careless, lawless, and often shiftless character so long associated with the development of the slave-holding South.. The other class was the Scotch-Irish sometimes erroneously called the Puritans of the South, sober-minded, God-fearing, Psalm-singing Presbyterians, for the most part, whose only relaxation after a week of hard toil in the forest or field was to ride or walk from one to fifteen miles to meeting of a Sabbath, there to listen to a series of dry theological dissertations, lasting from morning until night, with but a brief intermission for lunch. Some unfriendly and untruthful writers about the Scotch-Irish, have sought to apply Doddridge's description of the least law-abiding of his fellow pioneers as a general condemnation of this race; maliciously misrepresenting the facts as to the class about whom the description was written. A direct testimonial as to the character of the two classes, given by an eye-witness more than a century ago, has but recently come to light, being an extract from the Diary of Rev. David McClure, published in 1899. David McClure was the first Presbyterian minister to labor in the settlements west of the Alleghenies, having come out as a missionary in 1772, traveled among the Indians of Ohio as far west as Coshocton, and ministered to the scattered settlers of Western Pennsylvania for a period of six months or more. Under date of December 17, 1772, Mr. McClure writes: Attended a marriage, where the guests were all Virginians. It was a scene of wild and confused merriment. The log-house, which was large, was filled. They were dancing to the music of a fiddle. They took little or no notice of me, on my entrance. After setting awhile at the fire, I arose and desired the music and dancing to cease, and requested the bride and bridegroom to come forward. They came snicker- THE GERMANS AND VIRGINIANS - 39 ing and very merry. I desired the company, who still appeared to be mirthful and noisy, to attend with becoming seriousness, the. solemnity. As soon as the ceremony was over, the music struck up, and the dancing was renewed. While I sat wondering at their wild merriment, the lady of a Mr. Stevenson sent her husband to me, with her compliments, requesting me to dance a minuet with her. My declining the honor, on the principle that I was unacquainted with it, was scarcely accepted. He still politely urged, until I totally refused. After supper, I rode about three miles, to the house of a friend. The manners of the people of Virginia, who have removed into these parts [Fayette county, Penn.], are different from those of the Presbyterians and Germans. They are much addicted to drinking parties, gambling, horse-race, and fighting. They are hospitable and prodigal. Several of them have run through their property in the old settlements, and have sought an asylum in this wilderness. Doddridge states that the first settlements along the Monongahela were commenced in 1772. In 1773, they extended to the Ohio. The first settlers came mostly from Maryland and Virginia, and generally traveled by way of Braddock's route. Some from Pennsylvania came by the military road, passing through Bedford and Ligonier. Their removals were generally on horses with pack-saddles. Settlement entitled the settler to 400 acres of land, free. Their claims were usually located by means of the tomahawk, with which they blazed the trees marking their boundary lines. Hence, such claims came to be called "Tomahawk Rights." They usually chose ground in a hollow or depression, for their houses and barns; so that whatever came to the house might come down hill. Generally, the male members of the prospective settler's family came over the mountains in the spring, and after clearing a plot of ground, planting a small patch of corn, and sometimes erecting a rough log cabin, they went back for their families, and brought them out in the fall. They depended much upon lean venison, wild turkeys, and the flesh of the bear at times, for food. They awaited with much anxiety for the first growth of the potatoes, pumpkins, corn, etc., and when the young corn came, it was made a time of jubilee, and the green ears were roasted for a feast. When the corn hardened and was gathered in the fall, it was customary to provide meal for the family Johnny-cake ("journey-cake," it was then called) by grating the ears on a tin-grater. The original settlers were usually their own mechanics, and each man made everything needed by himself, that could not be conveniently 40 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY brought along from the older settlements. The hominy-block and hand-mills were found in most of their houses. The block was hollowed out at the top by burning, and the play of the pestle ground the corn. Sometimes a sixteen-foot sweep was used to lessen the toil, in pounding corn into meal for mush or cakes. The hand-mill was another and a better contrivance, made of two circular stones, the under being the bed-stone, and the upper, the runner. These were enclosed in a wide hoop, or band, having a spout to discharge the meal. The "runner" was 'moved by a long staff, or pole, passing through an upright fixed in the stone. Such mills are still used in the Holy Land, as they were in the time of Christ. Their water-mills were tub-mills, readily made, and at small expense. This mill consisted of an upright shaft, at the lower end of which a waterwheel, four or five feet in diameter was attached, the upper end of the shaft passing through the bed-stone, and carrying the runner, secured to its top. Sifters were used in lieu of bolting cloths, made of deer-skin parchment, stretched over a hoop, and pierced with small holes, by means of a hot wire. The material for their clothing, aside from deer-skins, was spun by the women of the household. Almost every pioneer woman could weave linsey-woolsey cloth, and make the family clothing. Every family tanned its own leather. The tan-vat was a large trough, sunk in the ground; bark was shaved and pounded; wood-ashes were used in lieu of •lime, for removing the hair; bear's grease, hog's lard, and tallow served for dressing the leather, instead of fish-oil; the currying was done with a drawing-knife; the blacking made of hog's lard and soot. Most families contained their own tailors and shoemakers. Those who could not make shoes, easily learned to make shoe-packs, which were made, like moccasins, of a single piece of leather, fitted to and removed from the foot by. means of a cord gathering. In cold weather, these moccasins were stuffed with dried grass, deer's hair, or dried leaves, to keep the -feet warm. Plows were made of wood; harrows, with wooden teeth; and cooper-ware of staves. Fights were of frequent occurrence among the younger male members of the community; and the method of fighting was very dangerous to the participants. Although no weapons were used, fists, teeth, and feet were employed at will; and the favorite mode of disabling an antagonist was to gouge out one of his eyes. The furniture for the tables, for several years after the settlement of the country, consisted of a few pewter dishes, plates, and spoons, but chiefly of wooden bowls, trenchers, and noggins. If these last were scarce, THE GERMANS AND VIRGINIANS - 41 gourds and hard-shelled squashes made up the deficiency. The iron pots, knives, and forks, were brought from east of the mountains, with the salt and iron, on pack-horses. For a long time after the first settlement of the country, the inhabitants married young. There was no distinction of rank, and very little of fortune; on this account, first love usually resulted in marriage; and a family establishment cost but a little labor, and nothing more. Marriages were celebrated at the house of the bride, and the announcement of a prospective wedding created a general sensation; it was looked upon by young and old as an occasion for frolic, feasting, and fun; and vas more efficacious in gathering a crowd of people together than even a log-rolling, house-raising, or hunting expedition. The groom usually started early from his father's house so as to reach the home of the bride by noon, the hour generally set for the ceremony—as it was always followed by a bountiful dinner. The assembled company were all pioneers, and there being no store, tailor, or dress-maker within a hundred miles of the trans-Allegheny settlements, they all came dressed in home-made garments. The men wore shoe-packs or moccasins, leather breeches, usually made of buck-skin, linsey hunting shirts, and leggins. The women dressed in linsey petticoats, and linsey or linen bed-gowns, coarse shoes, stockings, kerchiefs, and buckskin gloves, if any. The horses were caparisoned with old saddles, old bridles or halters, and pack-saddles, with, a bag or blanket thrown over them; a rope or cord formed the usual girth. The; wedding procession, on such occasions, marched in double file, where the horse-paths permitted—for they had no roads. Such paths were sometimes barred by fallen trees, and sometimes barred with mischief aforethought, by interlocking grapevines and saplings, to intercept the progress of the procession. Sometimes a party of neighbors would :wait in ambush, and when the procession came up, fire a blank charge from their rifles, which covered the party with clouds of smoke, created surprise and shrieks amongst the ladies, and chivalrous bluster on the part of their escorts. As the procession neared the house of the bride, it sometimes occurred that two or more young men would start for the domicile on horseback, full tilt, to win the bottle of whiskey, which it was previously understood would be hung out from the entrance to the cabin as a prize for the first arrival. The start of the race was announced by an Indian-like yell; and the more the route was encumbered by fallen logs, brush, and muddy hollows, the better opportunity it gave the rival swains to show their horsemanship. The bottle gained, the winner returned to 42 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY the party, first handing it to the groom, and thence it went from one rider to another, in the manner of a loving cup, each taking a draught, the ladies included. For the wedding dinner, the table, made of a large slab of timber, hewn out with a broad ax and set on four sticks, was spread with beef, pork, fowl, and sometimes deer and bear steak. Sometimes, there were a few old pewter dishes and plates, but the majority of the guests ate from wooden bowls and trenchers. A few pewter spoons were generally to be seen, but the most of them were made of horn. If knives were scarce, the men used their scalping-knives, or hunting knives, which they always carried in the belts of their hunting-shirts. After dinner was over, dancing commenced, and it usually lasted until the following morning. The figures danced were reels, quadrilles, and jigs. The dance always commenced with a quadrille, which was followed by a jig; none were allowed to steal away for sleep and if the girls became tired, they were expected (as chairs were very scarce) to sit upon the knees of the gentlemen. About nine or ten o'clock at night, some of the young ladies would steal away with the bride, and see her safely tucked in bed. The bridal chamber was frequently a loft or attic, above the dancers, to which access was gained by climbing a ladder, and such a chamber was floored with clap-boards, lying loose, and without nails. Some of the young men, in the meantime, would lead away the groom, and send him up the ladder to join his bride; followed later in the evening by refreshments, of which the chief constituent was a huge flash of whiskey, called by the frolickers, "Black Betty." These entertainments sometimes lasted for several days, none desisting until the party was thoroughly fagged out. If any of the bride's neighbors felt themselves slighted by not being bidden to the festivities, it sometimes occurred that they would show their resentment by cutting off the manes, foretops, and even tails of the horses belonging to the wedding-party. FIRST SETTLERS IN OHIO - 43 CHAPTER IV. THE FIRST SETTLERS IN EASTERN OHIO. In 1888, there was held in the city of Marietta a Centennial celebration, to commemorate what was said to be the first settlement of the territory northwest of the Ohio. Properly speaking, it was the first settlement only in the sense of being the first authorized by the United States Government. This settlement was made in 1788 by a colony of New England families from Connecticut and Massachusetts, mostly officers or participants in the War of the Revolution; and no colony in America was ever planted by a more liberal and estimable body of men and women than were these Marietta colonists. They included the Meigs', the Putnams, the Cutlers, the Danas, the Sproats, the Whipples, and many other famous New England families. Their purchase embraced about 1,500,000 acres of land lying along the Ohio River from Marietta, west, and including Meigs, much of Athens, and portions of Washington and Gallia counties. The first settlements in the territory west of the Ohio river were made by families from Pennsylvania and Virginia, nearly ten years before 1788; and there were more white settlers living in eastern Ohio as early as 1785 than the whole number comprised in the Marietta colony of 1788. These pioneer settlers had established two or more towns, and set up courts of justice before 1785, and, although some of them were occasionally driven off their lands by soldiers sent out by Congress for that purpose, the majority seem to have continued as permanent settlers, and in some instances their descendants are living in the same localities today. In 1902-3 it is proposed to hold another Centennial in Ohio, in com- 44 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY memoration of the admission of the State into the Union; and the year 1904 will witness the hundredth anniversary of the laying out of the town of Cadiz. The Centennial of the settlement of Harrison county would nominally be about 1900,-1800 being the year in which the land office was opened at Steubenville for the sale of lands in the territory now included in Harrison. The records of that office during the five years following. that date show, among others, entries of land titles in what is now Harrison county by the following named settlers : James Arnold, Arthur Barrett, Thomas Barrett, James Black, Robert Braden, George Brown, George Carnahan, John Carnahan, Samuel Carnahan, Joseph Clark, Robert Cochran, John Craig, Thomas Dickerson, Samuel Dunlap, James Finney, Samuel Gilmore, Eleazer Huff, John Huff, Joseph Huff, William Huff, James Hanna, James Haverfield, Thomas Hitchcock, Joseph Holmes, William Ingles, John Jamison, Joel Johnson, Joseph Johnson, William Johnson, Absalom Kent, George Layport, John Love, John Lyons, William McClary, John McConnell, Robert McCullough, William McCullough, John McFadden, Joseph McFadden, Samuel McFadden, John Maholm, Samuel Maholm, Robert Maxwell, Thomas Maxwell, William Moore, Samuel Osburn, Baldwin Parsons, John Pugh, Rev. John Rea, John Ross, Jacob Shepler, Samuel Smith, Martin Snyder, John Taggart, Thomas Taylor, Hugh Teas, Robert Vincent, Thomas Vincent, John Wallace, Michael Waxler, Daniel Welch, James Wilkin, Thomas Wilson. Of these, it is known that the McFaddens, Craigs, Jamisons, Gilmores, Hannas, Reas, Welches, Moores, and Lyons' came from Washington county, Pennsylvania; the Arnolds, Dunlaps, Dickersons, and Maholms, from Fayette county; and most of the others were without doubt from the same districts. The probability is that many of these settlers were in Harrison county before 1800; as the date of their recorded title is not necessarily the date of their first settlement on the land; and it was the custom of that day, as it is in the western states to-day, to make improvements, and to reside on pre-empted land for some months or years before acquiring title from the Government. It is reasonably certain that Alexander Henderson occupied the land near Cadiz, until recently known as the Walter Jamison farm, as early as April, 1799; having removed from Washington county, Pennsylvania, with his family, about that time; and that Daniel Peterson then resided with his family at the forks of Short creek. In an article printed in the Cadiz Republican, Oct. 31st, 1895; Rev. FIRST SETTLERS IN OHIO - 45 R. M. Coulter stated that the first white child born within the present limits of Harrison county was Jesse DeLong, born in what is now Short Creek township, about 1776; he died at the age of 106, leaving descendants who are still residents of Tuscarawas county. The following letter, from one of these descendants, will be found interesting in this connection: Midvale, Ohio, May 20, 1898. Charles A. Hanna, Chicago : Dear Sir—I am in receipt of your letter sent to me at Station Fifteen, Ohio. I have moved from Harrison county, April 1st, 1897. In regard to the DeLongs as early pioneers of that county, I will give you all the information I am in the knowledge of, which is not very much; but am willing to state the facts as far as I know. Solomon DeLong, the father of Jesse, comes of French descent, having emigrated from France to Maryland, near Baltimore, from thence to Pennsylvania near Philadelphia; from there they went to West Virginia, before Wheeling was built, there being nothing there but a block-house where Wheeling now stands. They crossed the Ohio river and built their cabin on Short creek, where Bridgeport now stands. At that time, there being no other white families on the Ohio side of the Ohio river, they were quite frequently driven back to the block-house for refuge, from the hostile Indians. His wife's maiden name was Lamasters. To their union quite a family was born, the exact number is not known, but Jesse was the fifth child in order of birth. The DeLong family have always been noted as warriors. Solomon and his brothers, as well as his older sons, took part in the Revolutionary War, and also the War of 1812. He settled at Bridgeport, on Short creek, about the year 1775. His son, Jesse, was born there the first of May, 1776. The length of time they lived there is not exactly known. From there they came to Little Stillwater about two miles east of Dennison, and entered a tract of land of 160 acres—that, at the present time, is owned by Mr. Kinsey—that being the place of his death; the date I do not know. After his death, the widow went back into Harrison county to live, near Franklin, or Tappan. Their pioneer life in Harrison county was before the counties were divided as they now are. Jesse DeLong was a pioneer of Tuscarawas county, being one of its first settlers. He entered the land east of Dennison, now Thornwood Park. He was accidentally shot in a bear hunt by Dan Iler, in Harrison county, on the land now owned by William McCauley, near Station Fifteen. By that, he was crippled for life, became quite an invalid in his old days, dying May 8, 1882, at the age of 106 years. His mother also lived to near the age of 100 years. The DeLong family in politics were Whigs, and Republicans of the staunchest kind, and were also strong believers in Methodism. He was united in marriage with 46 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Nancy Wagner. To them twelve children were born, and of that number there are but two now living, One son, Jesse-William, of Oreana, Macon county, Ill., and Espy, who was a resident of Harrison county for twenty-five years. I purchased a farm and moved on it the first of April, 1872, and left April 1, 1897, and have lived in Midvale since that time. I believe that the DeLong family would be termed pioneers of Tuscarawas, more than of Harrison county. I have given about all I can think of at present. Hope this will be satisfactory, and of some good to you in your work. Yours, ESPY DELONG. From this letter, it would appear that Jesse DeLong was not born in Harrison county at all. It may also be remarked, that, if he was born on Short creek, he could not, as his son states, have been born at the site of Bridgeport, in Belmont county; for Short creek runs through Warren township, Jefferson county, and enters the Ohio at Warrentown. If he was born as early as. 1776, it would seem very improbable that he could have been born in Ohio at all, unless it was during the temporary sojourn of his parents west of the river. Two Or three years later than 1776, however, a number of settlements had been made in Ohio. There are traditions in Harrison county of early settlements along Stillwater creek; but whether these have ever been. verified or not, the writer does not know. However, there are good reasons for believing that in the territory now composing the counties of Mahoning, Columbiana, Jefferson, Stark, Carroll, Harrison, Belmont, Guernsey, and Monroe, were scattered cabins of pioneer settlers as early as the Revolutionary War. What these reasons are may here be presented: To the Salt Springs in the present county of Trumbull, white hunters had resorted as early as 1754, and salt was made there by Pennsylvanians some twenty years later. From the old settlement of Wheeling and its vicinity a number of adventurers crossed the river from time to time and erected cabins. A number who came out with General McIntosh to Fort Laurens in 1778, as axemen, scouts, hunters, etc., are supposed to have remained and built homes on several of the branches of the Ohio and the Muskingum. The first attempt to drive out the squatters northwest of the Ohio was made in October, 1779, when Captain Clark, of a Pennsylvania regiment, with sixty soldiers, was sent to Wheeling by Colonel Brodhead, then in command of Fort Pitt, with orders to cross the river and apprehend some of the principal trespassers, and destroy their huts. Captain Clark did not succeed in finding any of the trespassers, but destroyed sev- FIRST SETTLERS IN OHIO - 47 eral huts, and reported that many improvements had been made along the Ohio from the mouth of the Muskingum to Fort McIntosh (Beaver, Pa.) and thirty miles up some of its branches. General Brodhead's report of this expedition will be found in two of his letters printed in volume twelve of the Pennsylvania Archives (First Series), pp. 176-177, which read as follows : Pittsburgh, Oct. 26th, 1779. To His Excellency, John Jay, Esq.: Sir—Since I did myself the honor to address you by a former letter, some of the inhabitants from Youghagenia and Ohio counties [the western portion of Washington county, Pennsylvania, and the Panhandle of West Virginia], have been hardy enough to cross the Ohio river, and make small improvements on the Indian lands, from the river Muskingum to Fort McIntosh, and thirty miles up some of the branches of the Ohio river. As soon as I received information of the trespass I detached a party of sixty men under command of Captain Clarke, to apprehend the trespassers and destroy their huts, which they have in a great measure effected, and likewise dispatched a runner to the chiefs of the Delawares, at Cooshocking, to prevent their attacking the innocent inhabitants, but as yet have received no answer from them. Capt. Clarke informs me that the trespassers had returned, and that the trespass appeared to have been committed upwards of a month ago. It is hard to determine what effect this imprudent conduct may have on the minds of the Delaware chiefs and warriors, but I hope a favorable answer to the speech I. sent them. I presume a line from your Excellency to the Governor and Council of Virginia, will tend to prevent a further trespass and the murder of many innocent families on this frontier. I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, your Excellency's most obed't and most humble servant, D. BRODHEAD, Col. Commanding. Pittsburgh, Oct. 26th, 1779. To His Excellency, General Washington: Dear Gen'l—Immediately after I had closed my last (of the 9th of this instant), I received a letter from Colonel Shepherd, Lieutenant of Ohio county, informing me that a certain Decker, Cox, and Company, with Indians, had crossed the Ohio river, and committed trespasses on the Indians' lands; wherefore, I ordered sixty rank and file to be equipped, and Capt. Clark, of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment, proceeded with this party to Wheeling, with orders to cross the river at that part, and to apprehend some of the principal trespassers and destroy the huts. He re- 48 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OP HARRISON COUNTY turned without finding any of the trespassers, but destroyed some huts. He informs me some of the inhabitants have made small improvements, all the way from the Muskingum river to Fort McIntosh, and thirty miles up some of the branches. I sent a runner to the Delaware Council at Coochoching, to inform them of the trespass, and assure them it was committed by some foolish people, and requested them to rely on my doing them justice, and punishing the offenders, but as yet have not received an answer. I have the honor to be, with perfect regard and esteem, your Excellency's most Obed't Humble Servant, D. BRODHEAD. After the treaty of Fort McIntosh, it was feared that there would be such a rush of squatters into that portion of the territory bordering on Pennsylvania and Virginia, that evil results would ensue, and, accordingly, means were taken both to drive out the intruders already there and prevent the entrance of others. June 15, 1785, Congress ordered the following proclamation published and circulated in the territory: Whereas, it has been represented to the United States, in Congress assembled, that several disorderly persons have crossed the Ohio, and settled upon the unappropriated land's; and, whereas, it is their intention, as soon as it shall be surveyed, to open offices for the sale of a considerable part thereof, in such proportions and under such regulations as may suit the convenience of all the citizens of the United States, and others who may wish to become purchasers of the same; and, as such conduct tends to defeat the object they have in view, is in direct opposition to the ordinances and resolutions of Congress, and is highly disrespectful to the federal authority, they have heretofore thought fit, and do hereby issue this proclamation, forbidding all such unwarrantable intrusions, and enjoining all those who have settled thereon to depart with their families and effects, without loss of time, as they shall answer the same at their peril. The intrusion was confined principally to the territory now forming the counties of Columbiana, Jefferson, Stark, Carroll, Harrison, Belmont, Guernsey, and Monroe, and the names of the intruders in 1785, were as follows: George Atchison, Jonas Amspoker, Albertus Bailey, William Bailey, John Buchanan, Henry Cassil, Walter Cain, Jacob Clark, James Clark, John Castleman, Charles Chambers, William Carpenter, Henry Conrad, John Custer, Thomas Dawson, Nicholas Decker, Solomon DeLong, Daniel Duff, Zepaniah Dunn, Hanamet Davis, Jesse Edgerton, John Fitzpatrick, Henry Froggs, John Goddard, Joseph Goddard, Archibald Harbson, Robert Hill, Adam House, Wiland Hoagland, Thomas Johnson, William Kerr, Frederick Lamb, FIRST SETTLERS IN OHIO - 49 Jacob Light, John McDonald, Thomas McDonald, William McNees, William Mann, Jonathan Mapins, Daniel Menser, Daniel Matthews, John Nixon, John Nowles, John Noyes, James Paul, Haines Piley, Jesse Parremore, Nathaniel Parremore, John Platt, Michael Rawlins, Joseph Re- burn, Benjamin Reed, George Reno, John Rigdon, Joseph Ross, William Shiff, John Tilton, Thomas Tilton, William Wallace, Charles Ward, James Watson, James Williams. In March, 1785, Colonel Harmar, commandant at Fort McIntosh; had sent out troops to dispossess the squatter settlers whose names are given above. The squatters actually banded together to resist the United States troops; but a compromise was effected; whereby they were allowed to prepare temporary houses on the Virginia side before leaving their homes in the Northwest Territory. Some of them retired from the Ohio country, temporarily, but subsequently most of them returned, and their descendants are now numerous in Eastern Ohio and in the valleys of the Tuscarawas and the Muskingum. The extent and location of these settlements at that early period within the limits of what was then Jefferson county (including Belmont) are shown by the report of Ensign Armstrong, who was sent by Colonel Harmar down the Ohio river from Fort McIntosh, with a detachment of soldiers, for the purpose of enforcing the Government's orders; and, also, by the Journal of General Richard Butler, one of the Commissioners appointed by Congress to treat with the western Indians. Ensign. Armstrong's report is as follows : Fort McIntosh, 12th April, 1785. Sir :—Agreeable to your orders, I proceeded with my party, on the 31st of March, down the river. On the fitst instant we crossed Little Beaver, and dispossessed a family. Four miles from there, we found three families living in sheds, but, they having no rafts to transport their effects, I thought it proper to give them until the 31st inst., at which time they promised to demolish their sheds and remove to the east side of the river. At Yellow creek [south of the site of Wellsville], I dispossessed two families and destroyed their building. The 2d inst., being stormy, nothing was done. The 3d, we dispossessed eight families. The 4th we arrived at Mingo Bottom, or Old Town [Mingo, Jefferson county]. I read my instructions to the prisoner, [Joseph] Ross, who declared they never came from Congress, for he had late accounts from that honorable body, who, he was convinced, gave no such instructions to the Commissioners. Neither did he care from whom they came, for he was de- 4