50 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY termined to hold possession, and if I destroyed his house he would build six more within a week. He also cast many reflections on the honorable the Congress, the Commissioners, and the commanding officer. I conceived him to be a dangerous man, and sent him under guard to Wheeling. Finding that most of the settlers at this place were tenants under the prisoner, I gave them a few days, at which time they promised .to move to the east side of the Ohio river, and to demolish their buildings. On the evening of the 4th, Charles Norris, with a party of armed men, came to my quarters in a hostile manner, and demanded my instructions. After conversing with them some time, and showing my instructions, the warmth with which they first expressed themselves began to abate, and for some motive lodged their arms with me till morning. I learned from the conversation of the party that at Norris, Town (by them so called), eleven miles farther down the river, [probably the site of the present village of Warrentown, at the mouth of Short creek], a party of seventy or eighty men were assembled with a determination to oppose me. Finding Norris to be a man of influence in that country, I conceived it to my interest to make use of him as an instrument, which I effected by informing him it was my intention to treat any armed parties I met as enemies of my country, and would fire on them if they did not disperse. On the 5th, when I arrived within two miles of the town, or place where I expected to meet with opposition, I ordered my men to load their arms in the presence of Norris, and then desired him to go to the party and inform them of my intentions. I then proceeded on with caution, but had not gone far when paper No. 1 was handed me by one of the party, to which I replied, that I would treat with no party, but intended to execute my orders. When I arrived at the town there were about forty men assembled, who had deposited their arms. After I had read to them my instructions, they agreed to move off by the 19th inst. This indulgence I thought proper to grant, the weather being too severe to turn them out of doors. The 6th I proceeded to Hoglin's, or Mercer's Town [Martin's Ferry], where I was presented with paper No. 2, and, from the humble disposition of the people, and the impossibility of their moving, .1 gave them to the 19th, and I believe they generally left the settlement at that time. At that place I was informed that Charles Norris and John Carpenter had been elected Justices of the Peace; that they had, I found, precepts, and had decided thereon. I then proceeded on till opposite Wheeling, where I. dispossessed one family and destroyed their buildings. I hope, sir,. that the indulgences granted some of the inhabitants will meet your approbation. The paper No. 2 is a copy of an advertisement, which is posted up in almost every settlement on the western side of the Ohio. Three of my party being landed, I left them about forty miles from this place under care of a corporal. The remainder I have ordered to their respective companies, and the prisoner I have delivered to the prison guard. I am, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant, JOHN ARMSTRONG, Ensign. FIRST SETTLERS IN OHIO - 51 This record shows that a number of white settlements existed on the west side of, the Ohio river in 1785; that some of them were quite populous, over sixty names of the principal settlers of Mercertown alone being given; and that they had so far advanced in setting up a civil government as to have elected two Justices of the Peace, who had already decided cases tried before them. Armstrong failed to break up the settlement, and met with such bitter opposition that he compromised with them, giving them a certain length of time, at the end of which they agreed to leave, if the Government did not rescind the order. Few of them left, however. The Journal of General Richard Butler, who was appointed by Congress, in 1785, as one of the Commissioners to treat.with the Indians, shows the subsequent action of the Government and the settlers in the matter. General Butler started on his mission in the fail of 1785. He left Fort Pitt September 26, 1785, accompanied by General Samuel H. Parsons, Colonel James Monroe (afterwards President the United States), and others. He arrived at Fort McIntosh, at the mouth of Beaver creek, where Colonel Harmar still 'commanded, and where a detachment of troops was furnished to accompany the Commissioners. The party set off in boats from Fort McIntosh on September 30th, and General Butler kept a diary of the events of the expedition, from which it will be seen that a portion of his duties was to warn off the settlers that were located on the west bank of the Ohio river. In his Journal, under date of September 30th, he speaks of meeting 'the United States surveyors at the Pennsylvania state line, who were then just making a beginning for the survey of the first seven ranges of land within the Northwest Territory. The following extracts are from his entires for the succeeding days : October 1st.—Passed Yellow creek anonseveral improvements Otion both sides of the river. Put in at one Jesse Penniman's, on the north side, five miles below Yellow creek; warned him off. Called on one, Pry, who I warned off, also; this appears to be.. a ,shrewd, sensible man. He assured me that he would go off; that he would go to Kentucky. . . . He seemed not well pleased, though he promised submission. At this Pry's house, we met one William McCullum, from the Illinois; he says he passed General Clark at the Falls. . . . Passed on to the Mingo towns, where we found a number of people, among whom one Ross [the same who had been made a prisoner, and carried to Fort McIntosh by Ensign Armstrong six months before] ; seems to be the principal man . on the north [west] side of that place. I conversed with him and warned him and the others away. He said he and his neighbors were misrepre- 52 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY sented to Congress; that he was going to Congress to inform them that himself and neighbors were determined to be obedient tc their ordinances. Passed on to near Cross Creek, eight miles below she Mingo towns. Cross Creek, Sunday, October 2d.--Capt. O'Hara had a fine cow killed for the troops, who arrived at nine o'clock; had the men served with provisions, who were set to cooking, while some loaded flour and corn for the use of the troops and cattle, and all was got ready and started at one o'clock. The people of this country appear to be much imposed upon by a religious sect called Methodists, and are become great fanatics. They say they have paid taxes which were too heavy. Called at the settlement of Charles Norris, whose house has been pulled down, and he has rebuilt it. At this place found one Walter Kean, who seems but a middling character, and rather of the dissentious cast. Warned all these off, and requested they would inform their neighbors, which they promised to do. . . . Called at the settlement of one Capt. Hoglan, whom we also warned off. His house had also been torn down and rebuilt. We informed him of the impropriety of his conduct, which he acknowledged, and seemed very submissive, and promised to remove, and to warn his neighbors off, also. Come on very well to Wheeling, where we stayed all night. This is a fine settlement, and belongs to one Zane. These records are sufficient to show, therefore, that the first white settlements in Ohio were not made at Marietta, in Washington county, but were made in the present townships of Steubenville, Wells, and Warren, in Jefferson county, and Pease, in Belmont county; and, as Mr. William H. Hunter, in his admirable history of the Pathfinders of Jefferson County, points out, "These poople were real settlers, in the sense that they had built cabins and block-houses, and cultivated crops for subsistence. They possessed horses; for we know that John Carpenter, after making a clearing in 1781, on the site of Portland [in Jefferson county], took two horses to Fort Pitt, with which to convey salt; we know that a son of John Tilton's was killed by Indians while up Short creek after his father's cows. We know they had houses. . .. They were a religious people, . . . so religious, in fact, were these settlers on the bottom lands of Jefferson county—Mingo Bottoms, extend- ing from what is now Mingo Junction, to the present southern line of the county—that Colonel Butler reported that they were great fanatics. We know, also, that Rev. George Callahan held the first Methodist Episcopal services in the Northwest Territory, in 1787, at Carpenter's Fort." Carpenter's Fort was located on Short creek, not far above its mouth, and near the present Portland station, on the Cleveland and Pittsburgh rail- FIRST SETTLERS IN OHIO - 53 way. See an article on "The Holmes Family," in the Lancaster (Ohio) Gazette, July 15, 1899. We get another glimpse of the Norristown (now Warrentown) settlement as it was in the summer of 1787, during the progress of the survey of the Seven Ranges, by referring to the diary of John Mathews, a nephew of General Putnam, who came out from Massachusetts to assist in the survey. On August 5th, 1787, he was at Esquire McMahan's house, a few miles south of Mingo Island, on the Virginia side of the Ohio river, whence his Journal proceeds as follows: 6th. At 9 o'clock A. M. embarked on board of a boat for Muskingum, in company of Captain Mills, Lieutenant Spear, and Doctor Scott. Twelve o'clock, stopped one mile above Short creek, on the northwest side of the river [Warrenton]. At this place are about ten families collected, and are determined to stand it out against all opposition, either from the Indians or the troops. 'After a drink of good punch, proceeded on our way. At six, arrived at Wheeling, and tarried all night. Interesting as it is to trace the footsteps of these early pioneers, however, we can find but little information of them on the records during, the next ten years; and it was not until after the year 1800 that extensive settlements began to be made in Harrison county. Settlers had come into the county in considerable numbers before 1805; and taken up much of the choicest lands along the streams. The best means we have of de termining their centres of settlement is to examine the history of the early churches of the county. It was characteristic of that race of people which chiefly settled Harrison county that its pioneers usually established a church or preaching station, even if it were no more than a "tent," as soon as they became seated with their families in a new country. We find, accordingly, that two of these stations were erected to accommodate the worshippers who lived in what is now Harrison county, as early as 1803, one at Daniel Welch's. (Beech Spring, or Unionvale), and the other a short distance south of the present village of New Athens, (Crabapple). The next year, occasional preaching services began to be held on the site of the present town of Cadiz. 54 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY CHAPTER V. HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS. The first white settlers in Harrison county came here before any roads were built, and it is reasonable to suppose, before it was possible to bring with them any wheeled vehicles. Their household furnishings, salt; ,end flour or meal,. were brought by pack-horses; and the first ave- .nues of travel in the county were probably old Indian trails or paths, following the 'courses of the streams, or piercing the seemingly endless forest along the tops of the high ridges, or "divides." The first to come were the Indian fighters, scouts, and hunters, of whom a number lived along the Ohio river frontier, contemporaries and neighbors of the Wetzel brothers, of Adam and Andrew Poe, of Captain Samuel Brady, and of Major McCulloch. Among these, Jacob Holmes, Robert Maxwell, and Joseph and William Huff settled along Indian Short creek, as it was then called, the Huffs locating near the site of Georgetown. In a letter, from Curtis Wilkin, a relative of Joseph Huff, published. by Mr. Hunter in his history of the Pathfinders of Jefferson County, the writer states that Joseph Huff did not settle on Short creek before 1796; and that his house was the frontier house in that vicinity for upwards of three years. William Huff shot an Indian near where Georgetown now stands, about the year 1800, because he had boasted in Huff's presence of the number of white men's scalps he had taken. Of Jacob Holmes, Mr. Curtis Wilkin, of Kenton, Ohio; in a letter to the Steubenville Gazette, written March 6, 1899, says: Jacob Holmes was my grandfather, and my information is derived from Jacob Holmes himself, from his wife, and from my mother. John Huff, my grandmother's brother, married Sallie Johnson, a sister of HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 55 John and Henry Johnson, who were captured by the Indians [in Warren township, Jefferson county, in 1793], killed their captors, and returned home. John Huff settled at Columbia, on the Ohio river, a few miles above Cincinnati, at about the close of the last century, and lived to be an aged man, dying there something over fifty years ago. Besides his sister (my grandmother), he had a brother, Eleazer Huff, and a son in the vicinity of my father's farm in Highland county. Jacob Holmes was born December 8, 1768, in Rockingham county, Va. While Jacob was a small boy, his father moved to Bedford county, Pa., and a few years later to Washington county, Pa., near Catfish, now Washington; then a few years later to what is now Brooke county, W, Va., and settled on Buffalo creek, not far from the Ohio river. Here our subject grew to manhood, and in 1791 was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Michael and Hannah Doddridge Huff. Shortly after his marriage he was employed by the United States Government as an Indian scout, and, in company with his brother-in-law, Kinsey Dickerson, and a man named Washburn, was thus employed for three years. For his services he received a tract of land on Short creek, a few miles north. of where Mt. Pleasant now stands. To this place he moved his family in the spring of 1796, my mother being but. six months old. He resided on this farm some twenty-five years, when he sold to a man named Comley, and removed to the northern part of Harrison county. The farm on which he then located is now in Carroll county. He resided here until 1832, when he again sold out and removed to Fairfield township, Highland county. In the summer of 1838, he again sold out, and bought a farm one mile north of Kenton, Hardin county, to which he moved in the spring of 1839, and there he died October 14, 1841. In another letter Mr. Wilkin writes: Joseph Huff was the brother of my grandmother, the wife of Jacob Holmes. My grandfather, Michael Huff, had the. following sons: Michael, Who was killed by the Indians on the Mississippi river, in the early settlement of Illinois; Joseph, who I think died in Harrison" county many years ago, not far from where his father settled in Jefferson (now Harrison) county, and near Georgetown; William, who died near the same place; John, who died at Columbia, a short distance above Cincinnati, about 1842; Samuel, who died in Highland county about 1846; Eleazer, who died in Highland county about 1833. The old Huff Bible, that contains the record of all the Huff family, is now in possession of David C. Holmes, of Kenton, a grandson of Jacob Holmes. Henry Howe, in his history of Ohio, written in 1847, states that in April, 1799, Alexander Henderson and family, from Washington county, Pennsylvania, "squatted" on the southwest corner of the section of land on which Cadiz stands; and at this time Daniel Peterson resided 56 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY at the forks of Short creek, with his family, the only one within the present limits of Harrison county. If this statement be true, then Joseph Huff could not have settled in Harrison county much before 1800. Major Erkuries Beatty, father of the late Dr. Charles C. Beatty of Steubenville, who was paymaster of the western army, came to the Ohio country in 1786 and 1787, in the discharge of his official duties, and kept a diary of his tours and transactions. On the 31st of July, 1786, Major Beatty set out from Pittsburgh to descend the Ohio river. On the second day afterwards, he made the following entry in his diary: August 2. Started early, stopped opposite the mouth of Little Beaver and breakfasted with the surveyor, who is waiting for troops. Arrived at Mingo Bottom 3 o'clock, where Capt. Hamtramck's, McCurdy's, and Mercer's companies encamped, and had just been mustered and inspected by Major North. Showers of rain. to-day. The troops encamped on the bank of the river opposite the lower end of a small island. August 3. Waiting for Major North, who is going with me to Muskingum. About 2 o'clock two detachments from. Capt. Mercer's company, one commanded by Lt. Kersy, the other by Ensign Rigart, marched to destroy some improvements on the river ten or fifteen miles up Short creek. "Ten or fifteen miles up Short crock" would locate this settlement which the soldiers were about to destroy, at somewhere between Adena and Georgetown, and if Major Beatty's information was exact, it would indicate that some of the hardy pioneers of that day had penetrated the wilderness and made improvements in Short Creek township as early as 1786. The first survey of the public lands northwest of the Ohio river was that of the Seven Ranges, made in pursuance of an act of Congress of May 20, 1783. In July, 1786, the surveyors, under the direction of Thomas Hutchins, who had been appointed geographer of the United States, assembled. at Pittsburgh. John Mathews, a nephew of General Rufus Putnam, one of the surveyors, came on from Massachusetts to assist in the survey, arriving at Pittsburgh July 26, 1786. His diary, kept during the progress of the survey, has been published. He spent the early part of September, 1787, at the house of Esquire McMahan, in Ohio (now ,Brooke) county, West Virginia. On the 20th, a small party proposcd to cross the Ohio and go out into the woods for a few days to dig ginseng. In those early times, when the plant was plentiful, it was a source of profit to the frontier inhabitants, who had few articles to give HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 57 in exchange for money, or the more valuable articles of merchandise brought out by the traders. This proved to be rather a hazardous trip, as the Indians were hostile, and killed all the white men they found encroaching on their hunting grounds. Mathews, journal proceeds : September 20th, 1787. A little before sunset the Squire and myself crossed the Ohio, and went about two miles, and tarried all night at a house which was left by the inhabitants [who had probably fled, from fear of the hostile Indians then in the vicinity]. September 21st.—Four men joined us, and we set off by Williamson's Trail a little before sunset. We encamped half a mile beyond the Big Lick, on the head waters of Short creek, in the ninth township of the fourth range. The ninth township of the fourth range comprises the north half of the present township of Short Creek and the south half of Green, in Harison county; and the " Big Lick " may have been the spring near which some twclve or thirteen years later Daniel Welch established his horsemill—in his day known as Beech Spring, from which the first church erected in Harrison county took its name. The ginseng diggers proceeded westward along the ridge dividing the waters' of Short creek and the Stillwater, and dug ginseng four days. Mathews says: " It grew here in great abundance. Men accustomed to the work could dig from forty to sixty pounds a day." September 28. Collected our horses and prepared to start for the river. At 1 o'clock completed their loading. At sunset, encamped within about sixteen miles of the Ohio. 29th. Arrived at the river about three o'clock P. M. We were much surprised to hear that three men had been killed and one taken prisoner by the Indians, about ten miles up Cross creek, who were out after ginseng on Sunday last. Two of the party made their escape: They had also killed a family the week following, up Wheeling creek, and done considerable other damage. While we were out we were very careless and came on their trail, but very fortunate they did not fall in with us. I feel very happy that I have reached my old quarters, and will give them liberty to take my scalp if they find me out after ginseng again this year. October 12th. This evening McMahan returned from over the river, where he had been with a party of men in pursuit of some Indians, who yesterday morning killed an old man near Fort Steuben. He did not discover them, but by the signs thought them to be seven or eight in number. 68 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Nov. 30th. A part of this month I have been on the west side of the Ohio, with Mr. Simpson and Colonel Martin, assisting them in the survey of the lands they bought at public sales in New York. Dr. Thomas R. Crawford, for forty years pastor of Nottingham Church, in his book of "Reminiscences," published at Wheeling in 1887, gives the following account of an Indian fight which took place within the present boundaries of Harrison county more than a hundred years ago : The earliest visit of white men of which we have any account, into the territory of which this county was ultimately formed, was in the fall of 1793, when Capt. William Boggs, Robert Maxwell, Joseph Daniels, ____ Johnson, and ____ Miller were sent out from the old blockhouse [Fort Henry], located on the ground afterwards occupied by the city of Wheeling, West Va. These men were Indian scouts and spies. They made their excursion from the mouth of Wheeling creek up to the dividing ridge, and crossed over on the evening. of the second day after they left the river, to the head.waters of Stillwater, venturing rather far into the interior with so small a force. This little band of daring men struck up a fire and camped at a spring on the banks of a stream, near to the place where the old Crawford brick house now stands. The party prepared and ate their supper, and being much fatigued with the journey of two days through an unbroken wilderness, they. lay down to rest around the burning embers of a camp fire, not expecting an enemy near, for they had seen no recent traces of the red man from the time they left the. Fort. Soon they were wrapped in sleep, only to be awakened and startled by the hideous yell of Indians, followed by the report of firearms. A ball took effect in the knee of Captain Boggs, which so crippled him that he was unable to flee. He called to his companions, " Make your escape, if possible, and leave me to my fate," which they did, leaving their brave leader to perish at the hands of a terrible and cruel foe. Three out of the four that fled arrived safely at the block-house, and reported the disaster that befell their expedition. Measures were immediately taken, and a company of men was sent out in a short time to seek for the remains of Mr. Boggs. After much precaution in travel, the party found- the place where the spies had encamped on that fatal night, and soon discovered the mutilated body of their captain; took up the remains and buried them a few rods northeast from the above-named spring, on one of the tributary streams of Big Stillwater, which ever after has been called "Boggs, Fork," from the .name of this adventuring but unfortunate man. It is to be regretted that all traces of the grave of this brave and trustworthy soldier have disappeared. Some knowledge of the hardships and privations of the early settlers of Harrison county may be gathered from a biographical account, pub- HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 59 lished in 1891, of Robert Cochran, who was born in what is now Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, in 1771. He came to Allegheny county with his father's family, when eighteen years of age. Shortly after the year 1803, he emigrated to Ohio, and bought eighty acres of land in what is now Harrison county, paying $200 for the same. Here he built himself a cabin of poles, daubed inside and out with Mud, having a stick chimney, puncheon floor, clap-board roof, and clap-board door. Here, in winter seasons, he was joined by John Maholm, an old friend from Pennsylvania, and together they lived in Mr. Maholm's cabin, eating supper and breakfast in company, and each working on his own f` clearing " during the day. During the fall and winter of 1804-5, Mr. Cochran secured the services of a man to do his cooking, hired a mill-wright and several axemen, and erected a two-story grist-mill, worked by horse-power. No iron was used. in its construction, except some strengthening bands around the trundle head and spindle; wheels, and parts were all made of wood, and all hand-made, as saw-mills were unknown in the county at that day. The mill-stones were brought down the Ohio to Steubenville and hauled across the country, the trip occupying four days. Unwieldy as it was, the mill was kept constantly going, day and night, Sundays excepted, the farmers coming for miles around to have their grinding done. It was a common sight to see men occupying the time,. while waiting their turn for grinding, in throwing the tomahawk at marks attached to trees. As time passed on, this mill was superseded by water-mills,. but in dry seasons, when water failed, the neighbors were obliged to return again to Cochran's horse-mill. It was the first mill erected west of that of Daniel Welch, at Beech Spring, and in early days was of great benefit to the pioneers. The land on. which Mr. Cochran settled lies about half a mile north of Cadiz, and is now occupied by his descendants. The early pioneers 'came to Harrison county from Pennsylvania,. Virginia, and Maryland, but chiefly from Washington county, Pennsylvania. The journeys from localities east of the mountains were sometimes long and full of danger. The paths across the mountains were rough and difficult. Pack-horses were at first the only means of transportation; on some, the pioneers packed the stores and rude agricultural implements, and on others, the furniture, bedding, and cooking utensils, and again, on others, their wives and children. Horses which carricd small children were each provided with a pack-saddle and two large creels made of hickory withes, in the fashion of a crate, one over each side, in which were stowed clothes and bedding. In the center of 60 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY each would sometimes be tucked a child or two, the top being well secured by lacing, so as to keep the youngstwcrein their places. The roads, frequently, were barely passable; sometimes lying along the brink of precipices; frequently overflown in places by swollen streams, all of which had to be forded; horses slipping, fallinwcrend carried away, both women and children were often in great danger. The creels would sometimes break and send the children rolling over the ground in great confusion. It was no uncommon thing for mother and child to be separated from each other for hours whilst on the journey to their new homes, in a wild forest, amidst beasts, and exposed to attacks by the Indians. When the pioneer reached his destination, he usually put up a brush shelter, until he could build his cabin. The latter was made of rough logs, without nail, board, or window-pane. He then turned his attention to clearing a small plot of ground on which to raise such food as was needed for the support of his family. The food question was the all-important one with the settlers. Their hard labor resulted in giving them keen appetites, and much account was taken of the feasts, merry-making parties, and public gatherings. The quality of the food was not so much regarded as the quantity. Times weravcrtedthe providential appearance of a deer averted starvation, and the fortunate catching of a fish, or the trapping of game, eked out a scanty subsistence. Journeys of many miles ere made for a few pounds of flour or meal. Their cabins contained little or no furniture; beds with. no mattrebcing springs, or even bed-cords—the couches being spread upon the floor, and sleeping apartments separated by hanging blankets. About the fireplace were found hooks and trammel, the bake-pan and the kettle. Sometimes chairs were represented by sections of a tree of the required height. Upon the shelves were spoons of pewter, blue-edged plates, cups and saucers, and the black earthen tea-pot; and later, perhaps, one corner of the room was occupied by a tall clock, while in another corner stood an old-fashioned, high-post, corded bedstead, covered with an " Irish chain " quilt—a marvel of patchwork ingenuity and laborious sewing. The following extracts from a letter written by Robert Van Horn in 1895, furnish an interesting account of the incidents of an early trip over the Allegheny moinains, made by one of the pioneer families i.n Harrison county. Mr. Van Horn was born at New Athens in 1812, the son of Edward and Margaret Hamilton Van Horn. He writes: HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 61 My grandmother's maiden name was Martha McMillan, and she had a sister, Jane; married to John Perry. My first certain knowledge of them finds Grandmother living in Nottingham township, Chester county, Pennsyvania, and Uncle John Perry near by, on the Susquehanna river, running a herring fishery. The country, though near Philadelphia, was new, and covered largely with pine forests, and the ground was strewed with the resinous knots of decayed trees, like the bones of dead animals. These knots were gathered by the poor, and laid by, to burn in the winter, instead of candles, and many an armful my mother carried home to her humble dwelling. Part of my mother's time, when a girl, was spent in the family of her uncle, John Perry, and part of her occupation was to hunt the cows in the woods, morning and evening. Rising early, she would stick a herring in the hot ashes to roast, and when done she would take it for a morning lunch, and hie away to the woods, as blithe and merry as a lark, her ears alert for the tinkling of the cow-bell. How long the families remained there, I do not know; but Uncle Perry resolved to seek a better country, if not a heavenly one; and, like Abraham of old, he gathered up his substance, and, with his family, which was quite numerous, and my grandmother and her family, making together quite a respectable caravan, he started for the far West, a dis- tance of some three hundred miles. Their goods seem to have been drawn by a single train, of four or six horses. There may have been more, but tradition does not say so. Perhaps the children, if not the mothers, " walked afoot." The only incident of the journey which I can recall was as follows: On reaching the top of one of the mountains, they found the western slope, which was quite long and steep, covered with a solid sheet of ice from top to bottom, making the descent extremely perilous. A consultation was held, and, as on all similar occasions, advice was plenty, and my grandmother contributed her share in true womanly style. She wanted him to cut down a great big sapling, and tie it to the hind end of the wagon, TO HOLD IT BACK ! And old Uncle Perry, in true masculine stile, after listening to this and other suggestions equally wise, went and did just as he had a mind to. He did not cut down the sapling, nor anything of the kind; but by rough-locking and careful driving, reached the foot of the perilous descen~ in safety. On reaching the bottom of the hill, he stopped the team, took off his hat, and, wiping his brow, said that he had had that hill on his mind ever since he left home. On reaching their destination, they located in the extreme western part of Washington county, near West Middletown. Just how long they remained there, I do not know, but it must have been a number of years; for there several of the Hamilton children married and three of them died. My father and mother removed to Harrison county in 1807, with 62 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY their three oldest children. And some years before, the Perrys, Gastons, Alexander Morrison, and Grandmother Hamilton, had all settled near Morristown, in Belmont county. On Saturday,. May 5th, 1900, the writer paid a visit to a native of Harrison county, who was born near Cadiz, November 5, 1800, nearly one hundred years ago. This was Thomas West, who lives on a farm near Lafayette, in Coshocton county, Ohio. He was born a few miles north of Cadiz, the son of William and Sarah Boyd West, and grandson of Morris West. His parents came to Harrison county before 1800, and settled on the farm where he was born. There they died in 1830. He was married to Eliza Tipton, of Cadiz, niece of Rev. William Tipton, in 1831; and they removed to Coshocton county about 1844. Thomas West stated that his father went from Steubenville into what was then the backwoods of Jefferson (now Harrison) county, and built himself a log-cabin, afterwards returning for his father (Morris West), who accompanied the family to their frontier home. At that time, and for some years afterwards, there were no roads in the county, and the settlers found their way from place to place by means of blazed trees, or trees from which a small portion of the bark had been chopped off, so as to leave a mark. Thomas West had as a schoolmate one Philip Kali, and some of his neighbors were Samuel Maholm, Nathan and Lemuel Green, and James Forbes. He went three miles to school, making his way through the forest by means of the blazings, and could not remain for the afternoon sessions, as he had to return home before evenings in order to avoid the wolves. The United States spelling book was 'the principal book used in his school days. The school-houses which he attended were all log buildings, and the light was let in by means of a square hole cut out between two logs, the opening being covered with greased paper. The boys were warned by the teacher against punching holes. through the windows with their quill pens, and suffered severe punishment if caught in such an act. The first religious meetings were held in private houses, traveling circuit riders occasionally visiting the settlement and preaching for them. When a log, church was afterwards erected .(now Bethel church), the services were attended by many in the .neighborhood, but the attendants usually wore their every-day suits and dresses, as few of the pioneers possessed clothing that could be called "Sunday best." Man and wife usually rode to meeting together, on the back of the same horse. Clothing was generally made of coarse linen. For winter wear, it HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 63 was customary to weave the cloth with two "shots" of wool alternating' with every two "shots" of tow thread. The pioneers had plenty to eat and live on, though it was a rough diet. After the first few years, they had plenty of meat and potatoes, turnips, milk, and butter—"hog and hominy, milk and butter," as Mr. West expressed it. When a small boy, his principal occupation was to pick up brush, following the men, whose labor for many years after settlement was chiefly devoted to making clearings here and there in the forest, upon which they might plant crops. One of Mr. West's earliest recollections was that of an adventure the family had with a bear. When still a small boy, his father had cleared sufficient of his land to give him a space for two fields, and had constructed a fence between, which ran from the cabin to the timber line. While this fence was building, one day when the men had come in for their supper, an occasion arose for using the family ax, and it was found that it had been left out in the clearing, at the end of the fence. Thomas was sent out to fetch it, and ran down the field alongside the fence to where it lay. As he ran, he noticed that the family pig was running clown the field on the oth.er side of the fence, as if expecting to receive some food from the hands of the boy, as was its wont. As Thomas reached. the ax, and stooped down to pick it up, he heard the pig set up a terrific squealing, and saw it held tightly between the forelegs of a large black animal, which stood up on its hind legs, and seemed to have conceived a wonderful affection for Tommie's pet piggie. At the same time, his father began to shout and to clap his hands vigorously, and by so doing succeeded at starting the bear back to the woods, where it dropped the hog between the forked limbs of a low tree, and then departed. The men got down a gun, and started into the woods, but failed to find the bear. They brought back the hog, however, but its life had been crushed out, and its back broken in three places by the bear's tight squeeze. Pork was the chief animal food of the Harrison county pioneer. In the early days, the salted meat was packed in a trough, which was set deep in the ground near the front of the cabin door, and a clap-board top staked down over the trough, to keep wolves and other beasts from getting at its contents. Mr. West said that when he had grown to be a man, he bought salted pork from Edward Healey, a neighbor, who told him that he hadn't seen the bottom of his meat hogshead for seven years, "and it was as good meat as ever went into a man's mouth," said Mr. WeQt. "Salt was salt in those days. It is not so good now, and it is. 64 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY difficult to get it of sufficient strength to keep the meat from souring." "The ploughs were all made of wood," he proceeded, "excepting a coulter to split the ground, and a small share-point. Threshing was done with a flail. I have whipped out hundreds of bushels of wheat on the puncheon floor of a log-barn. Johnny-cake was a staple article of diet. It was baked by putting it on a smooth board and setting it before a fire, with a stone before it, to keep it from falling down. When one side was done, we turned it over, and baked the other side. Wheat bread was baked by making a hole in the earthen fire-hearth, into which the loaves were placed, the hole covered with a flat stone, and live coals heaped on the stone. Sometimes the wheat was so rank, that it made you sick to eat bread made from it, and even made the hogs sick. This may have come from poisonous herbs being ground up with the flour, but it was usually thought to be due to the wheat having too much shade while growing. In the early days, the crops were planted in small patches, wherever clearings had been made, and the patches were sur- rounded on all sides by the tall trees of the forest. I remember one day a distant female relative came to visit at our house at a time when the wheat was too rank to make wholesome bread. My mother had to serve corn-bread, or Johnny-cake, and explained the reason for doing so by saying that the wheat that year was unfit for bread. Our visitor was inclined to turn up her nose at Johnny-cake, and thought my mother had invented the excuse about the wheat bread, merely to hide her poverty; so she stated that she was very fond of bread made from; wheat grown on new soil, and liked no other kind so well. This nettled my mother some, as she could see from the manner of her visitor that her own hospitality was questioned; and she resolved to give her all that she desired. So my mother made up some of the new wheat flour into bread, and at the next meal let her visitor eat her fill. The result was, a very sick woman., and no doubt a wiser one. We used to go two miles to the house of a neighbor to get our grinding done. He had a hand-mill, and some-. times it was necessary to wait for hours before our turn would come to take the mill. Later, when Bower's mill was set up [at the site of Bowers-town], I often rode horseback through the woods to that mill, with a bag of corn or wheat behind, had it ground, and carried the meal or flour home. One afternoon,, while returning from the mill, I noticed a number of wild animals, like large dogs, which followed the horse, and one of them, once or twice snapped at my feet. But I was a small boy then, and my feet did not reach down very far; so I did not become uneasy. When HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 65 I reached home, my parents told me that the animals which followed me were wolves, and they marvelled at my escape without injury. I had never seen wolves before, and when I found out what had chased me, became very much frightened at my experience. "In the early days in Harrison county, fist fights were of very frequent occurrence, and public gatherings of all kinds usually ended with a fight between one or more pairs of fighters. While I was still a little boy, my uncle, Augustus West, was forced into a fight with a bully, during the time of a camp-meeting which was held in the woods near our house. This occurred one day after the services had been held. My uncle was standing on the grounds, talking with some of his friends, when a big, swaggering fellow came along, elbowing people out of his way, and looking and walking very much like a big Brahma rooster that is spoiling for a fight. 'I am the best man that walks the road,' he said, when he reached the place where my uncle was standing with his friends. Now, my uncle was not naturally a fighting man, and I think if he had been choosing a place for a fight he would not have picked on the grounds of a camp-meeting. But he hated a bully, and when the fellow repeated his brag, my uncle said to him in a quiet tone, 'Stranger, untried.' This was enough to egg on the bully, and he struck my uncle. Then the fight began. Uncle Augustus was a short and heavy-set man, built like a Dutchman's horse, and he could parry the blows of his antagonist until he finally succeeded in 'cutting his wind.' Then he sailed into him, and very soon had' him with his back on the ground. "General musters were often held at Cadiz, and in the country near there, and I attended many of these when a young man, although not myself a member of the militia, on account of, my defective hearing. One day, at muster, I saw two men fight for three-quarters of an hour. Their names were Salsman and Watson. Salsman stripped for the fight, and prepared himself for it better. Watson was dressed up, and as he was something of a dandy, would not take off his coat, nor even his stock and necktie. The kind of neckties they wore in those days were very large and cumbersome, and I do not see how Watson could have fought as he did with that cloth wound around his neck. After the fight was over, Salsman had to keep his bed for three weeks. Watson was able to get around again in a few days; and probably would not have had a scratch if he had prepared himself for the fight as the other man did. "About the time I was married, wheat sold in Harrison county for forty cents a bushel. A day's wages for a reaper was fifty cents, or some- 5 66 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY times a bushel of wheat was given for a day's work. I hired out to work one summer for a bushel of wheat a day. In the fall, when pay-day came, the price of wheat had risen to $1.00. My employer then wanted to pay me in money on the basis of the value of wheat when I began working; but of course, I could not agree to that. "When I started for myself, the first sheep I bought cost me seventy-five cents each. At that time a good big four year old steer fetched ten dollars. Before that time, a farm laborer's wages was generally not much over twenty-five cents per day. My son-in-law has some men hired on this place where we are to-day, and pays them as much for a day's wage as men used to get for working a week and a day. "I used to go to Cadiz to do my trading, generally dealt with Kilgore and Lyons, and knew the Olmsteads, the Pritchards, the Maholms, and McFaddens, most of whom were engaged in business in that town. One day a neighbor and myself went to Cadiz, and after doing our trading, and getting what provisions we had come for, the store-keeper (I am not sure, but it may have been Mr. Kilgore), asked us if we were :going back home without taking out new calico dresses for our wives. We told him that we had no money with which to buy calico dresses, that it took all our surplus earnings, beyond what went to improving our farms, to buy such necessaries as we could not raise ourselves. He told us that we could buy the dresses without paying for them then, that he would trust us for the price, and we could pay for them at another time. .This was my first experience in buying on credit, and it seemed so complimentary to my neighbor and myself that the store-keeper should trust us, that we both bought some of his calico, and our wives had fine new dresses. And we afterwards paid for them, too. Men were not trusted in those days unless it was pretty certain that they would pay. Credit then was not so free or general as it is to-day." John S. Williams, who edited the American Pioneer, published at Cincinnati in 1843, wrote a series of articles on his knowledge and experience of pioneer life, which are of especial interest to Harrison county readers, as he was an early settler in the Concord settlement in Colerain ;township, Belmont county, south of Mt. Pleasant, and not far from the southeastern corner of Harrison county. In the spring of 1800, with his mother, sister, and brother, he emigrated from Beaufort, North Carolina, to what was then a part of Jefferson county, in the Northwest Territory. Some of his pioneer experiences were recounted, as follows: HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 67 In April, 1800, we sailed from Beaufort for Alexandria (Va.), in company with seventy other emigrants, large and small, say twelve families. We had one storm, and were once becalmed in Core sound, and had to wait about two weeks at Currituc inlet for a wind to take us to sea. From thence to Alexandria we had a fine run, especially up the Potomac bay. At Alexandria we remained several days before we got wagons to bring us out. Here everything was weighed. My weight was just seventy-five pounds. We stopped near two weeks on what I think was called Goose creek, in Virginia, before we could be supplied with a wagon to cross the mountains, in place of the one we occupied, which belonged there. The mountain roads, (if roads they could be called, for pack-horses were still on them), were of the most dangerous and difficult character. I have heard an old mountain tavern-keeper say that, although the taverns were less than ten miles apart- in years after we came, he had known many emigrant families that stopped a night at every tavern on the mountains. I recollect but few of our night stands distinctly—say, Dinah Besor's, Goose Creek, Old Crock's, near the South Branch; Tomlinson's, Beesontown [Uniontown], and Simpkins', and Merrittstown, Our company consisted of Joseph Dew, Levina Hall, and Jonas Small, with their families. [For a further account of these emigrants, see Chapter II., which relates to the emigration of Southern Quakers to Harrison county.] After a tedious journey, we all arrived safely at Fredericktown, Washington county, Pa., where we stopped to await 'the opening of the land office at Steubenville, Ohio. Here, we found Horton Howard and family, who had come on the season previous. Here, also, the children had the whooping-cough. Those whom we left at Alexandria came to Redstone Old Fort [Brownsville], ten miles below Frederick-town, where they sojourned for the same purpose; and although, as we thought, unfortunately detained, they were the first at their resting place. Jonas Small, Francis Mace,, and several other families from Redstone returned to Carolina, dissatisfied with the hills, vales, and mud of the Northwest, little dreaming of the level and open plains of this valley. Horton Howard and family started first from Fredericktown; Joseph Dew, Levina Hall, and ourselves, made another start in September, or early in October. We started in the afternoon, and lay at Benjamin Townsend's on Fishpot Run; we lay also at the Blue Ball, near Washington, at Rice's, on the Buffalo, and at Warren [at the mouth of Short creek], on the Ohio: These are all the night stands that I recollect in fifty-five miles. We arrived safe at John Leaf's, in what is now called Concord settlement. From Warren, Joseph Dew and Mrs. Hall proceeded up Little Short creek, and stopped near where Mt. Pleasant now is. In what is now called Concord settlement, four or five years previously, five or six persons had squatted and made small improvements. The Friends, chiefly from Carolina, had taken the land at a clear sweep. 68 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Mr. Leaf lived on a tract bought by Horton Howard, since owned by Samuel Potts, and subsequently by William Millhouse. Horton Howard had turned in on Mr. Leaf, and we turned in on both. If anyone has an idea of the appearance of the remnant of a town that has been nearly destroyed by fire, and the homeless inhabitants turned in upon .those who were left, they can form some idea of the squatters, cabins that fall. It was a real .harvest for them, however, for they received the rhino for the privileges granted and work done, as well in aid of the emigrants in. getting cabins up as for their improvements. This settlement is in Belmont county, on Glenn's Run, about six miles northwest of Wheeling, and as much northeast of St. Clairsville. Emigrants poured in from different posts, cabins were put up in every direction, and women, children, and goods tumbled into them. The tide of emigration flowed like water through the breach in a milldam. Everything was bustle and confusion, and all at. work that could work. In the midst of all this, the mumps, and perhaps one or two other diseases. prevailed, and gave us a seasoning. Our cabin had been raised, covered, part of the cracks chinked, and part of the floor laid when we .moved in, on Christmas dray. There had not been a stick cut except in building the cabin. We had intended an inside chimney, for we thought the chimney ought to be in the house. We had a log put across the whole width of the cabin for a mantel, but when the floor was in we found it so low as not to answer, and removed 'it. Here was a great change for my mother and sister, as well as the rest, but particularly my mother. She was raised in. the most delicate manner, in and near London, and lived most of the time in affluence, and always comfortable. She was now in the wilderness, surrounded by wild beasts, in a cabin with about half a floor, no door, no ceiling overhead, not even a tolerable sign for a fireplace; the light of day and the chilling winds of night passing between every two logs, the cabin so high from the ground that a bear, wolf, panther, or any animal less in size than a cow, could enter .without even a squeeze. Such was our situation on Thursday and Thursday night, December 25th, 1800, and which was bettered but by very slow degrees. We got the rest of the floor laid in a few days; the chinking of the cracks went on slowly, but the daubing could not proceed until the weather was more suitable, which happened in a few days; doorways were sawed out and steps made of the logs, and the back of the chimney was raised up to the mantel, but the funnel of sticks and clay was delayed until spring. In building our cabin, it was set to front the. north and south, my brother using my father's pocket compass on the occasion. We had no idea of living in a house that did not stand square with the earth itself. This argued our ignorance of the comforts and conveniences of a pioneer life. The position of the house, end to the hill, necessarily elevated the lower end, and the determination to have both a north and a south door added much to the airiness of the domicile, particularly after the green ash puncheons had shrunk so as to leave cracks in the floor and doors HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS- 69 from one to two inches. At both the doors we had high, unsteady, and sometimes icy steps, made by piling up the logs cut out of the wall. We had a window, if it could be called a window, when, perhaps, it was the largest spot in the top, bottom, or sides of the cabin at which the wind could not enter. It was made by sawing out a log, placing sticks across, and then, by pasting an old newspaper over the holes, and applying some hog's lard, we had a kind of a glazing which shed a most beautiful and mellow light across the cabin when the sun shone upon it. All other light entered at the doors, cracks, and chimney. Our cabin was twenty-four by eighteen. The west end was occupied by two beds, the center .of each side by a door, and here our symmetry had to stop, for on the side opposite the window, made of clap-boards, supported by pins driven into the logs, were our shelves. Upon these shelves my sister displayed, in ample order, a host of pewter plates, basins, and dishes, and spoons, scoured and bright. It was none of your new-fangled pewter, made of lead, but the best of London pewter, which our father himself bought. of Townsend, the manufacturer. These were the plates upon which you could hold your meat so as to cut it without slipping and without 'dulling your knife. But, alas! the days of pewter plates and sharp dinner knives have passed away, never to return. To return to our internal arrangements. A ladder of five rounds occupied the corner near the window. By this, when we got a floor., above, we could ascend.. Our chimney occupied most of the east end; pots and kettles opposite the window under the shelves, a gun on hooks over the north door, four split-bottom chairs, three three-legged stools, and a small eight by ten looking-glass sloped, from the wall over a large towel and comb-case. These, with a clumsy shovel and a pair of tongs, made in Frederick, with one shank straight, as the best manufacturer of pinches and blood-blisters, completed our furniture, except a spinning-wheel, and such things as were necessary to work with. It was absolutely necessary to have three-legged stools, as four legs of anything could not all touch the floor at the same time. The completion of our cabin went on slowly. The season was inclement; we were weak-handed and weak-pocketed-in fact, laborers were not to be had. We got one chimney up breast-high as soon as we could, and got our cabin daubed as high as the joists outside. It never was daubed on the inside, for my sister, who was very nice, could not consent to " live right next to the mud." My impression now is, that the window was not constructed till spring, for until the sticks and clay were put on the chimney we could possibly have no need for a window; for the flood of light which always poured into the cabin from the fireplace would have extinguished our window, and rendered it as useless as the moon at noon-day. We got a floor laid overhead as soon as possible, perhaps in a month; but, when it was laid, the reader can readily conceive of its imperviousness to wind or weather, when we mention that it was laid of loose clap-boards, split from a red-oak. That tree grew in 70 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY the night, and so twisting that each board laid on two diagonally opposite corners, and a cat might have shook every board on our ceiling. It may be well to inform the unlearned reader that clap-boards are such lumber as pioneers split with a frow, and resemble barrel staves before they are shaved, but are split longer, wider, and thinner; of such our roof and ceiling were composed. Puncheons were planks made by split ting logs to about two and a half or three inches in thickness and hewing them on one or both sides with a broad-axe. Of such our floor, doors, tables, and stools were manufactured. The monotony of the time for several of the first years was broken and enlivened. by the howl of wild beasts. The wolves howling around us seemed to moan their inability to drive us from their long undisputed domain. The bears, panthers, and deer seemingly got miffed at our approach, or the partiality of the hunters, and but seldom troubled us. We did not hunt for them. The wild-cat, raccoon, 'possum, hornet, yellow-jacket, rattlesnake, copperhead, nettle, and a host of small things, which seemed. in part to balance the amount of pioneer happiness, held on to their rights until driven out gradually by the united efforts of the pioneers, who like a band of brothers usually aided each other in the great work. These things, as well as getting their bread, kept them too busy for law-suits, quarrels, crimes, and speculations, and made them happy. When spring was fully come, and our little patch of corn—three. acres—put in among the beech roots, which at every step contended with the shovel-plough for the right of soil, and held it, too, we enlarged our stock of conveniences. As soon as bark would run (i. e., peel off), we could make ropes and bark boxes. These we stood in great need of, as such things as bureaus, stands, wardrobes, or even barrels, were not to be had. The manner of Making ropes of linn-bark was to cut the bark in strips of convenient length, and water-rot it in the same manner as rotting flax or hemp. When this was done, the inside bark would peel off and split up so fine as to make a pretty considerably rough and goodfor-but-little kind of a rope. Of this, however, we were very glad, and let no ship-owner with his grass ropes laugh at us. We made two kinds Of boxes for furniture. One kind was of hickory bark, with the outside shaved off. This we would take off all around the tree, the size of which would determine the caliber of our box. Into one end we would place a flat piece of bark or puncheon, cut round to fit in the bark, which stood on end the same as when on the tree. There was little need of hooping, as the strength of the bark would keep that all right enough. Its shrinkage would make the top unsightly in a parlor now-a-days, but then they were considered quite an addition to the furniture. A much finer article was made of slippery-elm bark, shaved smooth, and with the inside out, bent round and sewed together where the ends of the hoop or main bark lapped over. The length of the bark was around the box, and inside out. A bottom was made of a piece of the same bark, dried flat, and a lid, like HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 71 that of a common band-box, made in the same way. This was the finest furniture in a lady's dressing-room, and then, as now, with the finest furniture, the lapped or sewed side was turned to the wall, and the prettiest part to the spectator. They were easily made oval, and while the bark was green, were easily ornamented with drawings of birds, trees, &c., agreeably to the taste and skill of the fair manufacturer. As we belonged to the Society of Friends, it may be fairly presumed that our bandboxes were not thus ornamented. To the above store of bark ropes and, bark boxes must be added a few gums before the farmer considered himself comfortably fixed. It 'may be well to inform the unlearned. reader that gums are hollow trees cut off, with puncheons pinned on, or fitted into one end, to answer in the place of barrels. The privations of a pioneer life contract the wants of man almost to total extinction, and allow him means of charity and benevolence. Sufferings ennoble his feelings, and the frequent necessity for united efforts at house-raisings, log-rollings, corn-huskings, &c., produced in him habitual charity, almost unknown in these days. We settled on beech land, which took much trouble to clear. We could do no other way than clear out the smaller stuff and burn the brush around the beeches, which, in spite 'of all the burning and girdling we could do to them, would leaf out the first year, and often a little the second. The land, however, was very rich, and would bring better corn than might be expected. We had to tend it principally with the hoe, that is, to chop down the nettles, the water-weed, and the touch-me-not. Grass, careless, lambs-quarter, and Spanish 'needles were reserved for the better prepared farmers. We cleared a small turnip patch, which we got in about the 10th of August. We sowed in timothy seed, which took well, and the next year we had a little hay besides. The tops and blades of the corn were also carefully saved for our horse, cow, and the sheep. The turnips were sweet and good, and in the fall we took care to gather walnuts and hickory nuts, which were very abundant. These, with the turnips, which we scraped, supplied the place of fruit. I have always been partial to scraped turnips, and could now beat any three dandies at scraping them. Johnny-cake, also, when we had meal to make it of, helped to make up our evening's repast. The Sunday morning biscuit had all evaporated, but the loss was partially supplied by the nuts and turnips. Our regular supper was mush and milk, and by the time we had shelled our corn, stemmed tobacco, and plaited straw to make hats, &c., &c., the mush and milk had seemingly decamped from the neighborhood of our ribs. To relieve this difficulty, my brother and I would make a thin Johnny-cake, part of which we would eat, and leave the rest until morning. At daylight we would eat the balance, as we walked from the house to work. To get grinding done was often a great difficulty, by reason of the scarcity of mills, the freezes in winter, and the droughts in summer. We 72 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY had often to manufacture meal (when we had corn) in any way we could get the corn to pieces. We soaked and pounded it, we shaved it, we planed it, and, at a proper season, we grated it. When one of our neighbors got a hand-mill, it was thought quite a acquisition to the neighborhood. In after years, when in time of freezing or drought, we could get grinding by waiting for our turn no more than one day and a night at a horse-mill, we thought ourselves happy. To save meal we often made pumpkin bread, in which, when meal was scarce, the pumpkin would so predominate as to render it almost impossible to tell our bread from that article, either by taste, looks, or the amount of nutriment it contained. To rise from the table with a good appetite is said to be healthy and with some is said to be fashionable. What then does it signify to be hungry for a month at a time, when it is not only healthy, but fashionable ? Besides all this, the sight of a bag of meal, when it was scarce, made the family feel more glad and thankful to Heaven then, than a whole boat-load would at the present time. Salt was five dollars per bushel, and we used none in our corn-bread, which we soon liked as well without it. What meat we had at first was fresh, and but little of that; for had we been hunters, we had no time to practice it. We had no candles, and cared little for them, except for summer use. In Carolina we had the real fat light-wood—not merely pineknots, but the fat, straight pine. This, from the brilliancy of our parlor of winter' evenings, might be supposed to put not only candles, lamps, camphine, Greenough's chemical oil, but even gas itself to the blush. In the West we had not this, but my business was to ramble. the woods every evening for seasoned sticks, or the bark of the shelly hickory, for light. 'Tis true that our light was not so good as even candles, but we got along without fretting, for we depended more upon the goodness of our eyes than we did upon th.e brilliancy of the light. One of my employments on winter evenings, after we raised flax, was the spinning of rope yarn, from the coarsest swingling tow, to make bed-cords for sale. Swingling tow " is a corruption of " singling tow," as " swingle-tree " is of " single-tree." The manner of spinning rope yarn was by means of a drum, which turned on a horizontal shaft driven into a hole in one of the cabin logs .near the fire. The yarn was hitched to a nail on one side of the circumference next to me. By taking an oblique direction, and keeping up a regular jerking, or pulling of the thread, the drum was kept in constant motion, and thus the twisting and pulling out went on regularly and simultaneously, until the length of the walk was taken up. Then, by winding the yarn first on my forearm, and from that on the drum, I was ready to spin another thread. The unlearned reader might inquire what we did with the finer kinds of tow. It is well enough to apprise him that next to rope yarn in fineness was filling for trousers and aprons; next finer, warp for the same, and filling for shirts and frocks; next finer, of tow thread, warp 'for sheets HARRISON COUNTY PIONEERS - 73 and frocks,. Unless some of the higher grades of society would use flax thread. Linen shirts, especially seven hundred, was counted the very top of the pot, and he who wore an eight hundred linen shirt was counted a dandy. He was not called a dandy, for the word was unknown, as well as the refined animal which bears that name. Pioneers found it to their advantage to wear tow linen and eat skim milk, and sell their flax, linen, and butter. Frocks were a short kind of shirt worn over the trousers. We saved our. shirts by pulling them off in warm weather, and by wearing nothing in the day-time but our hats, made of straw, our frocks and our trousers. It will be thus perceived that these things took place before the days of suspenders, when everyone's trousers lacked about two inches -of reaching up to where the .waistcoat reached down. Suspenders soon became a part of the clothing, and were a real improvement in dress. The girls had forms without bustles, and rosy cheeks without paint. Those who are thin, lean, and colorless, from becoming slaves to idleness or fashion, are, to some extent, excusable for endeavoring to be artificially what the pioneer girls were naturally; who, had, they needed lacing, might have used tow strings, and if bran were used for bustles might have curtailed their suppers. Those circumstances which frequently occasioned the bran to be eaten after- the flour was gone, laced tight enough without silk cord or bone-sets, and prevented that state of things which sometimes makes it necessary to eat both flour and bran together as a medicine, and requires bran or straw outside to make the shape respectable. Not only about the farm, but also to meeting, the younger part of the families, and even men went barefoot in summer. The young women carried their shoes and stockings, if they had them, in their hands, until they got in sight of the meeting-house, where, sitting on a log, they shod themselves for meeting, and at the same place, after meeting, they unshod themselves for a walk home, perhaps one or two miles. Whether shoes, stockings, or even bonnets, were to be had or not, meeting must be attended. Turnips, walnuts, and hickory-nuts supplied the place of fruit till peaches were raised. In five or six years, millions of peaches rotted on the ground. Previous to our raising apples, we sometimes went to Martin's Ferry, on the Ohio, to pick peaches for the owner, who had them distilled. We got a bushel of apples for each day's work in picking peaches. These were kept for particular eating, as if they had contained seeds of gold. Their extreme scarcity made them seem valuable, and stand next. to the short biscuit that were so valued in times gone by. Paw-paws were eaten in their season. When we got an abundance of apples, they seemed to lose their flavor and relish. Pasturage was abundant in summer, being composed mostly of nettles, waist high, which made us fine greens, and thus served for both the cow and her owner, and yet, like everything else on earth, seemed 74 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY to balance the account by stinging us at every turn. Even the good pasturage of this new country, considered as pasture, had its balancing properties; for the same rich soil from which spring nettles and pasture in such abundance., brought forth also the ramps, or wild garlic, which, springing first, was devoured by the cows. Cows could not be confincd, for want of fences, nor dared we neglect milking, lest they might go dry; and so for two or three weeks cows were milked, in pails, and the milk thrown out and given to the hogs. We never milked on the ground, as it seemed a pity, and some said it was bad luck. Our axe- handles were straight and egg-shaped. Whether the oval form and the crookcd bulbous ends of the present day is an improvement or not is immaterial here to inquire; but had we used the present form then, I should at times have been fixed to the axe. The hand that holds this pen had, before it felt the cold of twelve winters, been so benumbed by chopping in the cold as to have the fingers set to the handle, making it necessary to slip them off at the end, which could not have been done were they of the present shape. After the fingers were off, a little rubbing and stretching from the other hand would restore them, but would not dry up the blood nor heal the chaps with which they were covered. These, and kindred things, are well calculated to make one, by contrast, appreciate the blessings of leisure and case; until they become too common, when we lose our relish of them, and the gratitude we ought to feel for time even to think. Note.—Morris West, grandfather of the centenarian, Thomas West, whose reminiscences appear in the foregoing chapter, seems to have settled in the southeastern corner of Archer township, about a mile and a half east of north from Cadiz. His name does not appear on the list of original grantees of land by the United States. Neither does that of his son, William West, the father of Thomas. On July 8, 1809, Bazaleel Wells, the original patentee, deeded a portion of section 31, township 10, range 4, being the southeastern section in Archer township, to Morris West. Some mention of Morris West may also be found in the sketch of the history of. Bethel Church. EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 75 CHAPTER VI. EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ. The land upon which Cadiz was built was granted to Zaccheus Beatty by the United States Government, April 29, 1804, and was by him conveycd to Zaccheus Biggs, October 16, 1805. Biggs was the first receiver of the Land Office at Steubenville, having been appointed. July 1, 1800. He was also one of the surveyors in 1805, of Short Creek, Athens, and Moorefield townships; and doubtless in that way became acquainted with the resources and richness of soil of the country now included within the bounds of Harrison county. A portion of the site of Cadiz is said to have been occupied by one Garret Glazener, for a blacksmith shop, about the year 1800; but this statement rests mainly on tradition, and is open to confirmation. The first horse path, or trail, reaching this point from the East without doubt led to Wellsburg (or Charlestown, as it was first called), and probably entered the present limits of the county at a point nearly east of Beech Spring Church. Another path left the Ohio at Warrentown, and followed Short creek to its head-waters, and from thence to a connection with the Charlestown road. As soon as the land. office was opened at Steubenville (1800), and probably before that date, a third route, following the old Indian trails, was opened between the site of Cadiz and the river, later Continued on to what is now the town of Cambridge, in Guernsey county, and since then known as the Steubenville and Cambridge road. The opening of this road was no doubt occasioned by the fact that most of the emigrants into the Northwest Territory, wherever they crossed the Ohio, had to proceed to Steubenville to make their filings in the land office before taking up their lands; and many, whose destination was west 76 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY of the sources of Short creek, would naturally proceed by the shortest route to regain the main traveled road through this latitude, which led west from what is now Wellsburg. The intersection of these two roads was at the site of Cadiz. In Mr. Archer Butler Hulbert's monograph on "The Indian Thoroughfares of Ohio," published in the January (1900) Quarterly of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, and since issued in book form, the author defines the route of an early Indian trail which passed through Harrison county, and which he designates by the name of the Mingo Trail. This lead from the Mingo Bottoms (Steubenville), on the Ohio, to Will's Town (now Duncan's Falls, a short distance below Zanesville, in Muskingum county), on the Muskingum. If a straight line be drawn on the map of Ohio, connecting these two points, it will be found to pass through Harrison county a short distance south of Cadiz. Mr. Hulbert states that this Trail passed "across the highlands of Noble, Guernsey, Harrison, and Jefferson counties. This route is identical with that denominated the "Federal Trail" in Dr. Robertson's History of Morgan county, Ohio (p. 126). Undoubtedly, it is practically the route of the present Steubenville and Cambridge road, which was first known as the Steubenville and Zanesville road. In speaking of Indian trails, Mr. Hulbert says: "It is possible to believe, that in the earliest times, the Indians traveled only on rivers and. lakes. When they turned inland, we can be practically sure that they found, ready-made and deeply worn, the very routes of travel which have since born their name. For the beginning of the history of road-making in this central west, we must go back two centuries, when the buffalo, urged by his need of change of climate, newer feeding grounds, and frcsh salt-licks, first found his way through the forests. Even if the first thoroughfares were made by the mastodon and the mound-builder, they first came to white man's knowledge as buffalo "traces," and later became Indian trails. . . One who has any conception of the west as it was a century and a half ago, who can see the river valleys filled with the immemorial plunder of the river floods, can realize that thcre was but one practicable passage-way across the land for either beast or man, and that on the summit of the hills. Here on the hilltops, mounting on the longest ascending ridges, lay the tawny paths of the buffalo and Indians. They were not only highways, they were the highest ways, and chosen for the best reasons: 1. The hilltops offered the driest EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 77 courses. 2. The hilltops were windswept. 3. The hilltops were coigns of vantage for outlook and signalling. . . . "An interesting proof of the use made of Indian trails by the white man is found in the blazed trees which line them. There is not an important trail in Ohio which is not blazed, and it is well known that the red men were not in the habit of blazing their trails. . . . Upon the high summits . of the long ranges of hills one may to-day see upon the aged tree trunks savage gashes made not less than a century ago, as the writer has ascertained by a study of the blazes made in Washington county on roads laid out by the surveyors of the Ohio Company, 1795-1800." While there was no wagon road in Harrison county before 1800, it is reasonable to suppose that both the paths above referred to were widened and made passable for vehicles soon after that date; for the emigration that followed the opening of the Steubenville land office poured in like a hugh wave. In fact, large numbers of people had come into the adjoining counties in Pennsylvania and. Virginia, months before the opening of the land office, to be on the ground and ready to get in early, and have their pick of the choicest land; just as a few years ago was the case in the Indian Territory, when Oklahoma was opened for settlement. It may be readily understood, therefore, that when the bars were first let down, the settlers came in with a rush; and during the next three or four years many of the best sections in the present townships of Green, Short Creek, Cadiz, and Athens had been pre-empted. The town of Cadiz was laid out by Zaccheus A. Beatty and Zaccheus Biggs, the plat being acknowledged by Z. A. Beatty, one of the proprietors, before Benjamin Hough, Justice of the Peace, October 29, 1804, and recorded the same day at Steubenville, Jefferson county. The lots were numbered, 1 to 141. The streets were South, Warren, Market, Spring, North, Muskingum, Steubenville (now Main), Ohio, and Wheeling (now Buffalo). The first deed for a lot was made by. Zaccheus Biggs and wife, Eliza Biggs, to John Finney, the consideration being $20. The date of the deed was February 28, 1806; recorded March 4, 1806; Lot No. 4. From that date to the time of the organization of Harrison county (February 1, 1813), the following lots were sold, some of the deeds for the same appearing on the records of Jefferson county only: John Finney, February 28, 1806, Lot 4; consideration, $20. Phineas Ash, March, 1806, Lot 88; consideration, $44. 78 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OP HARRISON COUNTY John Perry, March 22, 1806, Lot 22; consideration, $13. James McMillen, April 9, 1806, Lots 74 and 75; consideration, $36. John Pritchard, of Fayette county, Pa., April 9, 1806, Lot 87; consideration, $27. Martin Snyder, Aug. 11, 1806, Lot 86. Andrew McNeely, Aug. 12, 1806 Lots 112 and 129; consideration, $70. William Foster, before Dec. 31, 1806, Lot 13. Sarah Young, Dec. 31, 1806, Lot. 13. John Maholm, October, 1806 (?), Lot 70; consideration, $30. Jacob Browne, of Brooke county, Va., Oct. 9, 1806, Lots 110 and 111; consideration, $137. Robert H. Johnson, Oct. 20, 1806, Lots 105 and 106. Samuel Boyd, Nov. 7, 1806, Lot 91. John Pugh, of Frederick county, Va., Dec. 8, 1806, Lot 14; consideration, $30. Joseph Harris, Dec. 31, 1806, Lot 108. Jacob Arnold, June 17, 1806, Lot 109; consideration $65.75. Peter Wilson, June 25, 1807, Lot 31. John L. Baker, Aug. 17, 1807, Lot 130; consideration, $12. Zaccheus A. Beatty, Oct. 7, 1808, Lot 79. Rebecca Paul, of Philadelphia, Oct. 17, 1808, Lot 69; consideration, $30. Rudolph Hines, July 24, 1809, Lot 82. John Ourant, of New Lisbon, July 24, 1809, Lot 102; consideration, $30. John McGaughy, before Sept. 22, 1809, Lot 77. William Orr, before Nov. 14, 1809, Lot 89. John McCray, June 12, 1810, Lot 55; consideration, $40. William Grimes, March 26, 1810, Lot 99; consideration, $30. John Sherrard, Aug. 4, 1811, Lot 130. James Simpson, Dec, 5, 1810, Lot 100; consideration, $30. William Sherrard, Aug. 4, 1811, Lot 130; consideration, $14.56, Isaac Meek, Sept. 14, 1811, Lot 103. Adam Snyder, Dec. 18, 1811, Lot 144. Samuel Jackson, Jan. 13, 1812, Lot 145. Thomas Dickerson, Feb. 28, 1812, Lot 113; consideration, $50. Robert Stephens, of Fayette county, Pa., Feb. 14, 1812, two acres adjoining the northwest corner of Cadiz; consideration, $46. EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 79 William Vaughn, March 7, 1812, Lot 149. John McClintock, April 16, 1812, Lot 117; consideration, $30. Easter Tingley, April 15, 1812, Lot 101. John Pugh, Jr., April 15, 1812, Lot 14. George McFadden, April 15, 1812, Lot 83. Charles Chapman, April 15, 1812, Lot 92. John McFadden, Samuel Carnahan, John Craig, William Hamilton, and John Jamison, "trustees, appointed by the Associate Reformed Congregation of Cadiz," April 15, 1812, Lots 58, 59, and 60 (the site of the old Union church, now occupied as a residence by Mr. A. H. Carnahan); consideration, $20. Robert Cochran, April 16, 1812, Lot 30. Nathan Adams, April 17, 1812, certain lands "on the waters of Short creek, in the town of Cadiz, being Lots 122 and 138"; consideration, $75.50. Robert Kelly, April 18, 1812, Lot 4; consideration, $13. Job Gatchel, Oct. 7, 1812, Lot 54. John Baxter, before Oct. 7, 1812, Lot 54. Henry Pepper, Nov. 25, 1812, Lot 114. Henry Howe's description of Cadiz in 1807, published in his Historical Collections in 1847-48, is no doubt familiar to most of the readers of this volume; and as it was taken by Mr. Howe from the lips of some of the original settlers, it gives us the most direct account we have of the establishment of the village. While a comparison of this description with the foregoing list of lot-owners, shows that Mr. Howe's informants did not include all the first settlers in their account, the latter is especially valuable as giving us an idea of the business and occupation of many of the early fathers. Howe's description is .as follows: Cadiz, the county seat, is a remarkably well-built and city-like town [this was in 1847], four miles southeasterly from the center of the county, 115 easterly from Columbus, twenty-four westerly from Steubenville, and twenty-four northerly from Wheeling. It contains one Presbyterian, one Methodist Episcopal, one Associate (Seceder), and one Associate Reformed church. It also contains two printing presses, twelve dry-goods, seven grocery, and two drug-stores, and had, in 1840, 1,028 inhabitants. Cadiz was laid out in 1803, or 1804, by Messrs Biggs and Beatty. Its site was then, like most of the surrounding country, a forest, and its location was induced by the junction there of the road from. Pittsburg, by Steubenville, with the road from Washington, Pa., by Wellsburg, Va., from where the two united, passed by Cambridge to Zanesville; and 80 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY previous to the construction of the national road. through Ohio [built in 1825-27], was traveled, more, perhaps, than any other road northwest of the Ohio river. In April, 1807, it contained the following named persons, with their families: Jacob Arnold, inn-keeper ; Andrew McNeeley, hatter and justice of the peace; Joseph Harris, merchant; John Jamison, tanner; John McCrea, wheel-wright; Robert Wilkin, brick-maker; Connell Abdill, shoemaker; Jacob Myers, carpenter; John Pritchard, black-smith; Nathan Adams, tailor; James Simpson, reed-maker; William Tingley, school-teacher; and old Granny [Sarah] Young, midwife and baker, who was subsequently elected (by the citizens of the township in a fit of hilarity) to the office of justice of the peace; but females not being eligible to office in Ohio, the old lady was obliged to forego the pleasure of serving her constituents. The first celebration of Independence in Cadiz was on the 4th of July, 1806, when the people generally, of the town and country for miles around, attended, and partook of a fine repast of venison, wild turkey, bear meat, and such vegetables as the country afforded; while for a drink, rye whiskey was used. There was much hilarity and good feeling. Mr. Howe's list contains the names of but thirteen families; but the list of first lot-owners shows the names of at least twenty persons who had purchased lots or were residents of Cadiz before 1808. It will be not without interest to locate these earliest lot-owners, so that we may be able to form some idea of the appearance of the village in 1807. It is not probable that all of the lots sold up to that time were built upon; and those on which houses stood were doubtless surrounded by forest trees, or the stumps of trees. The houses, of course, were of the rudest description, small log cabins, containing one, two, or three rooms, similar to those of which a few are still to be seen in parts of Harrison county, although by no means so well-made. Some of these log cabins are still standing in Cadiz, without a doubt, .covered up and disguised by the more modern weather-boarding, and with additions and extensions built on since the days of the pioneers, but with the same eighteen inch thick walls, of oak or walnut timber, as when their sites were first built upon. Beginning at what was then the eastern extremity of Market. street, at the intersection of the present Buffalo street (then called Wheeling street, and forming the southeastern boundary of the village), and proceeding thence to the northwest, we find the first corner lot on the right was owned by John Finney. The lots, it should be observed, were originally all sixty-six feet wide; the most of them on the main streets have been since subdivided into narrower and more numerous lots. At that EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 81 time, three lots constituted a quarter of a block (the lots being 198 feet in depth, or three times their width). The lot next to John Finney's was bought by John Pugh. Directly across the street (late the residence of John Rea) and the adjoining ground stood the domicile of Sarah Young, then, as in recent years, the site of a bakery. Adjoining her lot was that. of John Perry, which extended to the alley (later occupied by the residence of Tunis Hilligas); across the alley, on the opposite side of the street, Peter Wilson bought; and there were no more houses between his and Ohio street. Crossing Market street again, and proceeding further up the hill, we come to John Maholm's place (now occupied in part by the residence of Wilson Houser). On top of the hill, turning to the right, and into Steubenville (now Main) street, the second lot from the corner (now occupied in part by the post-office building), belonged to Martin Snyder; and next to him, reaching to the alley, was the lot on which stood John Pritchard's story and a half log-house.. Beyond him was Phineas Ash; while Robert H. Johnson owned the two lots directly across Main street from Pritchard and Ash. Half a block down the street from Phineas Ash, on the further corner of Spring and Main streets, was the lot of Samuel Boyd. On the corner now occupied by the Farmers, and Mechanics, National Bank stood the house of Joseph Harris, his lot extending along Market street back to the alley (now occupied by the Bank, Opera House, and the buildings between). Below him, in the middle of the next quarter-block, Andrew McNeely owned the second lot above Muskingum street, the street which then formed the northwestern boundary of the village, being the lot recently occupied by the Smiley family. Directly opposite Andrew McNeely's was John Baker, who bought in 1807. Passing around the front of the Public Square, and down Main street towards Warren, the first house was Jacob Arnold's tavern, which stood on the site of F. J. Wagner's bakery. The remaining two lots in that quarter-block (now occupied by the old Music Hall and the Swan House) belonged to Jacob Brown. The lot since occupied by the United Presbyterian church then belonged to Andrew McNeely, and it is probable that his cabin stood on that spot; although, as stated above, he also owned the lot nearly opposite the Presbyterian church, above the present residence of Dr. S. B. McGavran. The two lots on the opposite side of South Main street, between the Presbyterian parsonage and the Hearn residence, belonged to James McMillan. This completes the list of lot owners whose deeds bear dates prior to 1808, seventeen in all; but in addition to the names of some of those 6 82 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY given above, Henry Howe mentions seven more, as living in Cadiz in 1807. These seven did not obtain titles to lots until a later period; and in most cases there is no way of determining where they lived in the meantime. Perhaps some of them may have been inmates with some of the house-holders, and it is not unnatural to presume, that Mine Host Jacob Arnold, had permanent accommodations for at least a few "regular boarders," until they could better provide for themselves. Again, some then classed as citizens of Cadiz may have had their homes on their farms outside of the village, as it is certain a number of those whose names appear as lot-owners were also extensive land-owners in the county. The nearest that can be done towards locating the remaining seven residents mentioned by Howe, is to give the location of the property first purchased by each one of them, which was as follows: Connel Abdill, in 1832, bought the lot on Market street now occupied in part by the K. W. Kinsey homestead. John Jamison lived on his farm near Cadiz. John McCrea, in 1810, bought the lot at the corner of Market and Ohio streets, since occupied in part by James Bullock's residence. Jacob Myers appears to have been a tenant. James Simpson, in 1810, bought the lot across the alley from and southwest of the home of Frederick J. Wagner; and the lot next to James Simpson's was purchased in 1812 by Easter Tingley, William Tingley not acquiring any titles until 1825. Robert Wilkin, brick-maker, may have lived out of town, or bought his lot at second-hand. A complete list of the original owners of each lot in Cadiz, and additions thereto, is given herewith: Connel Abdil, before May 18, 1832, Lot 39, (see Thomas Lee). Nathan Adams, Nov. 14, 1809, Lot 89, (deeded by William Orr); July 24, 1811, Lot 107; before March 20, 1815, Lot 93, (see Jacob Snediker); April 7, 1812, Lots 122 and 138, "on the waters of Short creek, in the town of Cadiz;" March 25, 1813, Lots 148 and 150, (deeded by Jacob Arnold; before Feb. 4, 1815, Lot 171, (see Benjamin Bennett); before Aug. 20, 1816, Lot 174, (see Jacob Holmes); before Dec. 18, 1818, Lots 172 and 173, (see Hines Mechan and David McGyre); before Sep. 12, 1831, Lots 175 and 176, (see James Knox); before Dec. 20, 1837, Lots 169 and 170, (see Daniel Morris). Isaac Allen, before Aug. 7, 1829, Lots 187, 188, 190, (see Reuben Allen. James Allen, Aug. 3, 1836, Lot 195, (deeded by Philip Trine). EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 83 Reuben Allen, Aug. 7, .1829, Lots 187,188, 190, (deeded by Isaac. Allen). Jacob Arnold, July 17, 1806, Lot 109; before Dec. 18, 1811, Lot 144, (see Adam Snider); before Jan. 13, 1812, Lot 14:5, (see Samuel Jackson) ; before March 7, 1812, Lot 149, (see William Vaughn); before May 13, 1812, Lots 142 and 143, (see John Braden); March 6, 1813, Lot 21, (deeded by Francis Mitchell); before March 25, 1813, Lots 148 and 150,. (see Nathan Adams). James Arnold, before March 24, 1819, Lots 191 and 192, (see Thomas Bradford and John McIntire); before March 29,1819, Lot 193, (see James McElroy); before June 12, 1819, Lots 186 and 189, (see Robert Clark and Zebedee Cox). Rezin Arnold, March 13, 1818, Lot 178, (deeded by Andrew McNeely). Phineas Ash, March , 1806, Lot 88. John L. Baker, Aug. 17, 1807, Lot 130. John Baxter, before Oct. 7, 1812, Lot 54, (see John Gatchel). Zaccheus A. Beatty, Oct. 7, 1808, Lot 79; Oct. 22, 1814, Lots 90 and 116; Oct. 24, 1814, Lot 63. Walter B. Beebe, May 24, 181.3, Lots 145, 155, and 156; Dec. 6, 1819, Lots 159, 162, and 163. Benjamin Bennett, Feb. 4, 1815, Lot 171, (deeded by Nathan Adams). George Bohrer, before March 25, 1814, Lot 40, (see John Stoakes). Samuel Boyd, Nov. 7, 1806, Lot 91. John Braden, May 13,1812, Lots 142 and 143, (deeded by Jacob Arnold). David Bradford, June 27, 1814, Lot 158. Thomas Bradford, March 24, 1819, Lot 191, (deeded by James Arnold). Jacob Brown, of Brooke county, Va., April 9, 1806, Lot 111; July 19, 1806, Lot 110. Joseph Burnell, March 29, 1825, Lot 81, (deeded by William Henderson). John Burns, May 27, 1815,. Lot 160. Kins Cahill, before May 24, 1814, Lot 147, (see John Sullers). Samuel Carnahan, April 16, 1812, (see John McFadden). Charles Chapman, April 15, 1812, Lot 92; March 24, 1815, Lot 104, (deeded by John Forney). 84 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Robert Clark, June 12, 1819, Lot 189, (deeded by James Arnold). Robert Cochran, April 16, 1812, Lot 30. Zebedee Cox, June 12, 1819, Lot 186, (deeded by James Arnold). John Craig, April 16, 1812, (see John McFadden). James Crossan, April 2, 1850, Lot 197, (deeded by William Knox). Robert Croskey, June 18, 1814, Lot 84, (deeded by Thomas Stoakes). Thomas Dickerson, Feb. 28, 1812, Lot 113. John Finney, Feb 12, 1806, Lot 4, (the first lot sold in Cadiz; deeded again by Zaccheus Biggs to Robert Kelly, April 18, 1812). John Forney, before March 24, 1815, Lot 104, (see Charles Chapman). William Foster, before Dec. 31, 1806, Lot 13, (see Sarah Young). Job Gatchel, Oct. 7, 1812, Lot 54, (deeded by John Baxter). William Gilmore, before Feb. 29, 1848, Lot 153, (see James Matthews). William Grimes, March 26, 1810, Lot 99; Sept. 14, 1811, Lot 131; April 1, 1815, Lot 120, (deeded by Thomas Henderson). William Hamilton, April 16, 1812, (see John McFadden). A. F. Hanna., before July 1, 1837, Lot 199, (see School Directors). John Hanna, April 21, 1814, Lots 161 and 164. Joseph Harris, Dec. 31, 1806, Lot 108. Thomas Henderson, before April 1, 1815, Lot 120, (see William Grimes). William Henderson, before March 29, 1825, Lot 81, (see Joseph Burnell). Rudolph Hines, July 24, 1809, Lot 82. Eleazer Huff, Feb. 15, 1814, Lots 45 and 115. William Huff, Oct. 8; 1814, Lot 46. Jacob Holmes, Aug. 20, 1816, Lot 174, (deeded by Nathan Adams). John Hover, Sr., before June 22, 1816, Lot 165, (see John Hover, Jr.). John Hover, Jr., June 22, 1816, Lot 165, (deeded by John Hover, Sr.). Samuel Jackson, Jan. 13, 1812, Lot 145, (deeded by Jacob Arnold). John Jamison, April 16, 1812, (see John McFadden). Robert H. Johnson, Oct. 20, 1806, Lots 105 and 106. Robert Johnson, May 5, 1814, Lot 112, (deeded by Andrew McNeely). Robert Kelly, April 16, 1812, Lot 4, (see John Finney); May 14, 1814, Lot 70, (decded by Samuel Williams). EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 85 James Knox, Sept. 12, 1831, Lots 175 and 176, (deeded by Nathan Adams). William Knox, before Aug. 6, 1833, Lot 194, (see George Whitc); before June 23, 1837, Lot 196, (see Samuel McCormick); before Jan. 13, 1838, Lot 198, (see Robert McCullough); before April 2, 1850, Lot 197, (see James Crossan). Thomas Lee, May 18, 1832, Lot 39, (deeded by Connel Abdil). John McClintock, April 16, 1812, Lot 117. Samuel McCormick, June 23, 1837, Lot 196, deeded by William Knox). John McCray, March 12, 1810, Lot 55. Robert McCullough, Jan. 13, 1838, Lot 198, (dceded by William Knox). James McElroy, March 29, 1819, Lot 193, (deeded by James Arnold). George McFadden, April 15, 1812, Lot 83. John McFadden, Samuel Carnahan, John Craig, William Hamilton, and John Jamison, "trustees appointed by the Associate Reformed Congregation of Cadiz," April 16, 1812, Lots 58, 59, 60. James McC. Galbraith, May 2, 1815, Lot 181, (deedcd by Andrcw McNeely. John McGaughy, Sept. 22, 1809, Lot 77; before Feb. 21, 1814, Lot 76, (see John Marshall). David McGyre, Dec. 28, 1818, Lot 173, (deeded by Nathan Adams). John McIntire, March 24, 1819, Lot 192, (deeded by James Arnold). Andrew McKee, June 30, 1819, Lot 185, (deeded by Andrew McNeely).. James McMillan, April 9, 1806, Lots 74 and 75. Alexander McNary, May 24, 1814, Lot 157. Andrew McNeely, Aug. 12, 1806, Lot 129; before May 5, 1814, Lot 112, (see Robert Johnson); before May 2, 1815, Lots 181 and 182, (see James McC. Galbraith and Stephen Perry); before Sept. 11, 1816, Lot. 184, (see James Moore); before March 13, 1818, Lot 178, (see Rcsin Arnold); before Sept. 5, 1818, Lot 177, (see William R. Slemmons). John Maholm, Aug.-Oct., 1806, Lot 70, (see Robert Kelly and Samuel Williams; also, Pritchard, Maholm, and Harris). John Marshall, Feb. 21, 1814, Lot 76, (decded by John McGaughy). James Matthews, Feb. 29, 1848, Lot 153, (deeded by William Gilmore). Hines Mechan, Dec. 28, 1818, Lot 172, (deeded by Nathan Adams). 86 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Isaac Meek, Sept. 14, 1811, Lot 103. Isaac Miller, June 1, 1813, Lots 166 and 167. Francis Mitchell, before March 6, 1813, Lot 21, (see Jacob Arnold). James. Moore, Sept. 11, 1816, Lot 184, (deeded by Andrew McNeely). Daniel Morris, Dec. 20, 1837, Lots 169 and 170, (deeded by Nathan Adams). William Orr, before Nov 14, 1809, Lot 89, (see Nathan Adams). Isaac Osburn, Sept. 17, 1814, Lot 53, (deeded by Eward Wood). Samuel Osburn, June 5, 1813, Lot 146, (deeded by Jesse sparks). John Ourant, July 24, 1809, Lot 102. Leonard Parrish, before Jan. 23, 1826, Lot 168, (see Mordecai Parrish). Mordecai Parrish, Jan. 23, 1826, Lot 168, (deeded by Leonard Parrish. Rebecca Paul, of Philadelphia, Oct. 17, 1808, Lot 69. Henry Pepper, Nov. 25, 1812, Lot 114; July 4, 1815, Lots 32, 38, 47. Johns Perry (or Parry), March 22, 1806, Lot 22. Stephen Perry May 2, 1815, Lot 182, (deeded by Andrew McNeely). John Pritchard, of Fayette county, Pa., April 9, 1806, Lot 87; Oct. 1.7, 1808, Lot 85; Dec. 5, 1810, 5.74 acres adjoining the plat of Cadiz, and the land of Abraham Forney; July 13, 1815, Lots 65 and 68. John Pritchard, John Maholm, and Joseph Harris, April 16, 1812, Lots 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141. John Pugh, of Frederick county, Va., Dec. 8, 1806, Lot 14; April 14,•1808, Lots 64 and 74; Nov. 24, 1809, Lot 75 and 78. John Rankin and Samuel Rankin, June 5, 1813, Lots 33, 37, 48, 52, (deeded by Daniel Workman). Schools Directors, June 1, 1837, Lot 199, (deeded by A. F. Hanna). John Sherrard, Aug. 4, 1811., Lot 130, (originally deeded to John L. Baker). William Sherrard, April 4, 1811, Lot 1s37. Short Creek School House, April 15, 1812, Lot 15. James Simpson, Dec. 5, 1810, Lot 100. Sarah Simpson, April 22, 1816, Lots 151 and 152. William R. Slemmons, Sept. 5, 1818, Lot 177, (deeded by Andrew McNeely). EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 87 Jacob Snediker, March 20, 1815, Lot 93. Adam. Snider, Dec: 18, 1811, Lot 144, (deeded by Jacob Arnold). Martin Snyder, Aug. 11, 1806, Lot 86. Jesse Sparks, before June 5, 1836, Lot 146, (see Samuel Osburn). Robert Stephens, of Fayette county, Pa., Feb. 4, 1812, two acres adjoining the northwest corner of Cadiz. John Stoakes, March 25, 1814, Lot 34, (deeded by George Bohrer). Thomas. Stoakes, before June 18, 1814, Lot 84, (see Robert Croskey). Henry Stubbins, Oct. 20, 1827, Lot 179, (deeded by Andrew McNeely). John Sullers, May 24, 1814, Lot 147, (deeded by Bins Cahill). Abraham Timmons, May 18, 1822, Lot 5. Benjamin Timmons, May 10, 1849, Lot 180, (deeded by William Timmons). William Timmons, before May 10, 1849, Lot 180, (see Benjamin Timmons). Easter Tingley, April 15, 1812, Lot 101.. Philip Trine, before Aug. 3, 1836, Lot 195, (see James Allen). William Vaughn, March 7, 1812, Lot 149, (deeded by Jacob Arnold). John Ward, Aug. 15, 1815, Lot 80, (deeded by Daniel Workman). George White, Aug. 6, 1833, Lot 194, (deeded by William Knox). Samuel Williams, before May 14, 1814, Lot 70,. (see Robert Kelly and John Maholm). Peter Wilson, June 25, 1807, Lot 31. Edward Wood, before Sept. 17, 1814, Lot 53, (see Isaac Osburn). Daniel Workman, before June 5, 1813, Lots 33, 37, 48, 52, (see John and Samuel Rankin); before Aug. 15, Lot 80, (see John Ward). Sarah Young, Dec. 3.1, 1806, Lot 13, (deeded by William Foster). In the foregoing list it will be observed that on April 16, 1812, all the lots remaining unsold in the original plat were conveyed to Pritchard, Maholm, and Harris. Joseph Harris transferred his interest in these lots to John Pritchard and John Maholm, who later conveyed them as follows: John Burn, Lot 97, May 27, 1815. James McC. Galbraith, Lots 66 and 67, Sept. 3, 1817. William Grimes, Lot 136, May 24, 1814. John Hanna, Lots 125, 126, and. 141, June 29, 1814. Conrad Hilligas, Lots 28, 42, and 43, June 18, 1814. Phineas Inskeep, Lots 1, 2, 16, 17, 18, 19, June 10, 1814. 88 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY William Jamison, Lots 118, 133, and 134, July 25, 1814. Robert Kelley, Lots 8, 10, 25, 26, 27, May 14, 1814. Jacob Kidwiler, Lot 50, April 4, 1817. Samuel McFadden, Lot 73, June 18, 1819. Andrew McNeely, Lots 119, 132, and 135, May 27, 1814. James Means, Lot 121, Aug. 17, 1816; Lots 94, 95, and 96, Aug. 29, 1.818. Trustees Methodist Episcopal Church, Lot 3, April 20, 1816 John Pugh, Lots 57 and 61, Jan. 20, 1815. Zachariah Pumphrey, Lot 12, June 10, 1814; Lots 56 and 62, before Aug. 31, 1816, (see Michael Swagler); Lot 71, Jan. 6, 1817; Lot 6, March 7, 1817; Lot 23, before March 27, 1817, (tee Joseph White). John and Samuel Rankin, Lots 34, 35, 36, June 14, 1814. John Rea, Lots 29, 41, and 44, May 3, 1817. Philip Riley, Lot 98, April 22, 1816. Thomas Shaw, Lot 72, July 25, 1814. Sarah Simpson, Lots 128 and 139, April 22, 1816. John Speer, Lot 51, Jan. 28, 1824. Michael Swagler, Lots 56 and 62, Aug. 31, 1816, (deeded by Zachariah Pumphrey). John Timmons, Lot 20, Jan. 31, 1824. Moses Urquehart, Lot 49, Jan. 27, 1824. William Waddle, Lots 124, 127, and 140, Feb. 23, 1814. Joseph White, Lot. 23, March 27, 1817, (deeded by Zachariah Pumphrey). The total number of lots in the original plat of Cadiz, as laid out by Biggs and Beatty in 1804, was 141. The first addition to the village was platted about 1812 by Jacob Arnold, who kept tavern in a log-cabin standing on the lot now occupied by Mr. F. J. Wagner. Arnold's addition consisted of nine lots, numbered from 142 to 150. These are the lots on the southwest side of Market street ("Gimlet Hill"), lying between Buffalo street and the alley opposite the old home of the Boggs family. The deed for the first one of these lots sold bore date May 13, 1812. A second addition was platted by Messrs. Pritchard and Maholm on May 24, 1813, containing seventeen lots, numbered from 151 to 167, forming the irregular block lying between Market, Buffalo, and Spring streets, and the Cemetery avenue. A fourth addition was platted by Nathan Adams, containing nine lots, numbered from 168 to 176, from which the first lot was sold Feb. 4, 1815. These lots lie along the southwest side of Bing- EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 89 ham avenue. Another addition, also containing nine lots, was platted by Andrew McNeely May 1, 1815, the lots numbering from 177 to 185. These lie along the northeast side of Spring street, southeast of Buffalo. Another addition, comprising lots 186 to 193, laid out by James Arnold March, 15, 1815, extend along the southwest side of South street, between Main and Ohio, now occupied in part by the residence of Mr. Garret Shank. Lots 194 to 198 were platted by William Knox May 25, 1836, and extend from Muskingum street down the northeast side of Market, to the beginning of Lincoln avenue. -Lot 199 was platted by Andrew P. Hanna June 1, 1837, when he deeded it to the school directors. It is now partly occupied by the residence of Melford J. Brown, Jr. Besides the above, Messrs. Pritchard and Maholm platted a second addition to Cadiz, which was filed May 24, 1813, consisting of a dozen lots, which were sold to the following purchasers: John Braden, Lot 13, May 8, 1818. Rowland Craig, Lot 12, July 4, 1816. John Hanna, Lot 5, Dec. 2, 1818. Thomas Hogg, Lot 1.1, May 8, 1846. John Maholm, Lots 7, 8, and 9, June 29, 1824. James Means, Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, before June 2, 1825, (see William Tingley). Matthew Simpson, Lot 6, April 22, 1816. William Tingley, Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, June 2, 1825, (deeded by James Means). Another addition to Cadiz, containing eight lots, was platted by Jacob Arnold, and the plat filed March 30, 1816, which was some two years after all the lots had been sold. The purchasers of these lots were as follows:. Nathan Adams, Lot 7, March 25, 1813. Daniel Arnold, Lot 8, May 15, 1812. Benjamin Bennett, Lot 5, Sept. 18, 1813. James Boyd, Lots 2 and 3, Nov. 26, 1812. John Braden, Lot 1, Jan. 1, 1813. Phineas Inskeep, Lot 6, Nov. 28,4812. William Vaughn, Lot 4, March 7, 1812. In Brown's "Western Gazetteer, or Emigrant's Directory, published by Samuel R. Brown, at Auburn, N. Y., in 1817, may be found a brief description of the counties and towns of Ohio. Mr. Brown states that "Harrison county is settled chiefly by emigrants from Pennsylvania. 90 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY Cadiz, a small village of twenty houses, is situated on a hill, twenty-six miles west of Steubenville, on the Zanesville road. This county has four or five other villages, mostly new and small." The following extracts from the diary of Dr. Richard Lee Mason will not be without interest in connection with the history of Harrison county before 1820. In the fall of 1819, he emigrated from Maryland to Illinois. His diary is now in possession of his daughter, who resides in. Jacksonville, Ill.; and it was printed by the Chicago Record in the daily issues of that paper during the early part of January, 1897. Dr. Mason, with his friend, Dr Hall, left Philadelphia for the West on Monday, October 4, 1819. They reached Pittsburg on October 12th. From there, the journal proceeds: Oct. 15. Left Pittsburgh at seven o'clock. Traveled over a poor and hilly country for thirty-s:ix miles. Passed a few travelers bound to Ohio. . . . Crossed the Ohio river after night at Steubenville. Stopped at Jenkinson's, an intelligent, gentlemanly, hospitable man. Visited the market. Beef, good, six and a quarter cents a pound. Oct. 16. . . . . Rainy day, fatigued by broken country, determined to spend this day in Steubenville, a busy little village on the bank of the Ohio. Purchased a plain Jersey wagon and harness for $60. Oct. 18. Myself and friend proceeded on our journey. We arat Siers, [Sears'], a distance of thirty miles, at dusk, much relieved by the change from our horses to the wagon. The roads were muddy, the weather drizzly, and the country hilly. Buildings indifferent. The land was fertile and black. Trees 'uncommonly tall. Passed the little village of Cadiz. In this country, a store, a smith shop, and two or three cabins make a town. Passed ten or fifteen travelers. Great contrast between the quality of the land from Chambersburg to Pittsburg, and that which we have already traveled over from Steubenville, in Ohio. Oct. 19. Left Siers, at six o'clock a. m. The morning fair and cold. Roads extremely rough. Country fertile, but hilly. Log cabins, ugly women, and. tall timber. Passed. a little flourishing village called Freeport, settled by foreigners, Yankee Quakers, and mechanics. Remarkable, with two taverns in the village, there was nothing fit to drink, not even good water. The corn-fields in the woods, among dead trees, and the corn very fine. We arrived at Adair's, a distance of twenty-seven miles, at six o'clock p. m. Passed some peddlers and a few travelers. Value of land from Steubenville to Adair's, . $2 to $30 per acre. Lots in Freeport, eighteen months old, from $30 to $100 Oct. 20. Left Adair's at six o'clock, a. m. The country extremely hilly, and not quite so fertile. Independent people, in log cabins. They make their own clothes, sugar, and salt; and Taint their own signs. They "'Picture a lion like a dove, a cat like a terrapin, and General Washington EARLY DAYS IN CADIZ - 91 like a bird's nest. Salt wells and sugar orchards are common in, this country. Steep hills, frightful precipices, little or no water, and even a scarcity of new whiskey. Ragged and ignorant children, an but little appearance of industry. Met a number of travelers, inclining to the East, and overtook a larger number than usual, bound to the Land of Promise. The evening being rainy, the roads soon became muddy. We arrived at Silver's Travelers, Rest, at six o'clock. Distance, twenty-nine miles. Passed a little village called Cambridge. If good Dr. Mason could return to Harrison county now, and ride again over the road between Steubenville and Cambridge, doubtless he. would find the trees not so tall, and certainly the women not ugly; but it is to be feared that the happy days of old will never return again to Harrison county, when it can be said of it that water there is scarcer than new whiskey. 92 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY CHAPTER, VII. BEECH SPRING CHURCH. While it becomes necessary, in outlining the history of the early settlement of Harrison county, to make frequent and extended references to the organizations of the Presbyterian and United Presbyterian churches in the county, it should be understood that such reference is made solely for the purpose of enabling us to gain what light we may from such occasional facts as are preserved upon their records; and, while these records are sadly lacking in detail and continuity, and at best give us but occasional glimpses of the real life and growth of the communities with which they are concerned, they are practically all we now have left in the way of contemporary data; and constitute the chief source of information in regard to Harrison county during the time its territory was still a part of Jefferson. The most valuable and least appreciated of these early records are the old tomb-stones in the church graveyards. Taken together, they afford a more nearly complete roll of the early membership of the church and the settlement than we can now obtain from any other source. Much valuable, information is also furnished by the sessional records of the .churches, where such have been kept, and the books preserved. It is much to be regretted that the session book of the Presbyterian church at Cadiz, which had been in use for, perhaps, more than half a century, was lost or mislaid a few years ago, and has never been recovered. The writer 'is fortunate in being able to present to the reader of these sketches a brief account of the beginnings of the early churches in Harrison county, written by the man who founded them, thus being in the nature of a contemporary document. This consists of an outline BEECH SPRING CHURCH - 93 sketch of the history of the congregations of Rev. John Rea, the pioneer preacher of Harrison county; and it was written as a part of his farewell sermon delivered to the Beech Spring congregation in January, 1851. Before presenting Mr. Rea's sketch, let us survey his field of labor, and the conditions under which he entered it. The first Presbytery organized west of the Allegheny mountains was that of Redstone, erected by the Synod of New York and Philadelphia in May, 1781. Its territory embraced the present counties of Westmoreland, Fayette, Armstrong, Indiana, Allegheny, Beaver, Washington, and Greene, in Pennsylvania, and adjacent tertory, including the Panhandle of western Virginia. Its membership at the time of organization consisted of but four ministers, viz., Revs. James Power, John McMillan, Thaddeus Dodd, and Joseph Smith. Within the next three years Revs. James Dunlap, John Clark, and James Finley were added to the Presbytery; and this organization continued to provide for the spiritual needs of the greater portion of the population west of the mountains until 1793. In that year, the Presbytery of Redstone was divided, and that of the Ohio formed,—those ministers whose charges were nearest the river being detached from the parent body, and erected into the new Presbytery. They were John McMillan, John Clark, Joseph Patterson, James Hughes, and John Brice. The bounds of the Ohio Presbytery first extended to the Scioto, or beyond; and nearly all of these original members of the Presbytery made missionary tours into Jefferson county before any churches were organized in what is now the county of Harrison. The first regularly installed minister to preach to congregations, composed, at least, in part, of Harrison county people, was Rev. Joseph Anderson, who was also the first minister installed by the Ohio Presbytery in what is now the State of Ohio. He was licensed by the Presbytery on October 17, 1798, and engaged at once in missionary work in the Western Territory, where he succeeded in gathering congregations at several points. On August 20, 1800, he was installed as pastor of the three churches of Richland (now St. Clairsville, Short Creek (now Mount Pleasant), and Cross Roads (now Crabapple). If this congregation of Crabapple was the same as that now known by the name, and it probably was, then the latter must claim priority in organization over that of Beech Spring; although the year of its erection is usually given as 1804. From the fact, that Mr. Anderson gave up the charge of Crabapple in 1802, however, it is possible that the people there were not sufficiently strong numerically to sustain a 94 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY minister, even for one-third of his time, and that its permanent organization was accordingly deferred until after Mr. Rea was settled at Beech Spring. Robert McCullough represented Crabapple Church, as an elder, at a meeting of the Presbytery in 1801. Mr. Anderson was ordained by Rev. John McMillan, at Crabapple, but his principal congregation was that now known as Mount Pleasant; and there can be no reasonable doubt that many of the then residents of Short Creek township who were inclined to be church-going people were members of the congregation, and some of them communicants, of the church of Mount Pleasant. The first ruling elders of that, church were Richard McKibben, Thomas McCune, James Clark, and James Eagleson. It was not until the years 1802 and 1803 that the settlers began to come in large numbers to that part of the county now comprising the townships of. Short Creek, Green, Cadiz, and Athens. A year later (1804), John Rea was licensed by the Presbytery of Ohio, and entered this field as a supply for the people of Beech Spring and Crabapple. Rev. John Rea was born in Tully, Ireland, in 1772, the son of Joseph and Isabel Rea. About the year 1790 he emigrated to America, and first resided in Philadelphia for a short time. He left there, on foot, and started for the west, traveling usually without company; and, after crossing the mountains, located in Washington, county, where, in 1793, he married Elizabeth Christy. He made his home for a time in the house of James Dinsmore, then a ruling elder of Upper Buffalo church, by whom he was encouraged and assisted in his attempts to gain an education. A few years later, he entered Jefferson College, and was graduated in 1802, being, one of the members of the first class graduated at that institution. On August 22, 1805, having been duly called by the congregations which he had served as supply, Mr. Rea was ordained and installed as pastor of Beech Spring and Crabapple. In April, 1810, he was released from Crabapple, and thenceforth gave all his time to Beech Spring, where he continued in active charge until 1848, although not finally severing his connection with that church until some three years later. He died February 12, 1855. The work of Dr. Rea has been summed up in a few words by Rev. W. F. Hamilton, in his History of the Presbytery of Washington, who says: Dr. Rea was in an eminent sense a pioneer minister. His early labors were largely evangelistic. Several churches now exist on the territory once wholly occupied by him. It may safely be said that no man BEECH SPRING CHURCH exerted a greater influence than did he in forming the religious character of the early inhabitants of a large section of Eastern Ohio. In the words of Dr. Crawford, "the early history, not only of this vicinity [Nottingham], but of the Presbyterian Church in Eastern Ohio, is closely connected with the biography of Dr. Rea. In the early part of his public work he was remote from his clerical brethren. In the whole region that now embraces the territory of four Presbyteries, in the eastern. part of this state, there were but six Presbyterian ministers, where there are now [1888] over one hundred; an.d not more than twelve or fifteen churches, where there. are now one hundred and eighty-five. Such a man as Dr. Rea was destined to make and leave an impression behind him—an impression not easily erased from the minds of those multitudes acquainted with his early self-denial and successful labors." He is quoted by Dr. Crawford as saying near the close of his life: " My early toils an.d dreary travels were on horseback, through the bounds of your present charge, as also through a large district of country, mostly traversing paths through an unbroken wilderness; and wherever an early settler was found, and, more especially, wherever and whenever I heard of one in our communion, him I visited, by day and by night, at all .seasons of the year." An examination of the records of the Presbytery of the Ohio, now in possession of Dr. W. J. Holland, of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh; shows an application for supplies for the people of Indian Short Creek to have been made on October 19th, 1802, the Presbytery then being in session at West Liberty. On Wednesday, October 20th, Mr. James Hughes was appointed to supply "at Daniel Welsh's on Short Creek, the third Sabbath of December, and Mr. [George M.] Scott on the first Sabbath of April." The Presbytery met at Washington, Pa., again in January, 1803, and on Wednesday, the 19th; Jacob Lindley was appointed to supply at. "Welch's, on Indian Short Creek, on the second Sabbath of March." In June, 1803, Presbytery met at Ten Mile, and on Wednesday, the 29th, applications for supplies were received from the "heads of Indian Wheeling [Crabapple] and Short Creek." Rev. Joseph Anderson was appointed to preach at head. of Indian Wheeling creek on. the first Sabbath in August; and Rev. James Snodgrass, at Welch's, on the second Sabbath of July. At Montour's, on Wednesday, Oct. 19, 1803, the Presbytery received an application for supplies from "Welsh's on Indian Short Creek," and Mr. Hughes was appointed for the first Sabbath. in 96 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY April, 1804. At Ten Mile, on Wednesday, Dec. 14, 1803, Mr. Nicholas Pittinger was appointed to supply at "Crabapple on the third Sabbath of January, and at Beech Spring on the fourth Sabbath of January." This is the first time these two congregations appear on the records of Presbytery under the .names by which they have since been known. On Tuesday, April 17th, 1804, Presbytery having met at Cross Roads (in Washington county, Pa.); applications for supplies were again received from Crabapple and Beech Spring; and on the 19th, Rev. Samuel Ralston was directed to preach at Crabapple one Sabbath at discretion, and Rev. Joseph Anderson at Beech Spring on the third Sabbath of May, and at Crabapple one Sabbath at discretion. At the meeting of Presbytery held at Cross Creek, Washington county, Pa., on Wednesday, June 27th, 1804, John Rea, as the name appears on the records, was licensed 'to preach. On the following day, Mr. Rea was appointed to preach at Beech Spring on the first Sabbath in August, at Crabapple on the second Sabbath in August, at "Stillwater" (this may have been Nottingham or Cadiz), on the fourth Sabbath of September, and at Crabapple again on the fifth Sabbath of September. On the same day, Rev. William McMillan (afterwards president of Franklin College), was appointed to supply at Beech Spring on the third Sabbath of September. At the meeting of Presbytery at Raccoon, on October 16, 1804, applications for further supplies were received from Beech Spring and Crabapple. On Thursday, the 18th, Rev. Joseph Patterson and Rev. Elisha Macurdy were appointed to preach at Beech Spring on the second Sabbath of November, and to administer the Lord's Supper. Mr.. Anderson was also appointed to preach there on the fourth Sabbath of November, and at Crabapple, on the first Sabbath of the following April. Mr. John Brice was appointed to preach at Crabapple on the third Sabbath of November. "Mr. Rea, being appointed by Synod to itinerate as a missionary, no appointments are, to be made him prior to next meeting of Presbytery." The next meeting was held at Cross Creek on Christmas Day, 1804, and Mr. Rea was appointed to supply at Beech Spring on the first and third Sabbaths of February, and at Crab:- apple on the second and fourth Sabbaths of the same month. Presbytery met at West Liberty again in April, 1805, and on the 16th instant, "a call Was presented for Mr. Rea from the united congregations of Crabapple and Beech Spring, which being read, was put into his hands for consideration." Mr. Rea having signified his acceptance of the call, the Presbytery, on Thursday, April 18th, "agreed to BEECH SPRING CHURCH - 97 proceed to the ordination of Mr. Rea in August next, provided the way be clear, and appointed him to prepare and deliver a sermon on Isaiah, lv., 7, as part of trial. Mr. Brice was appointed to preach the ordination sermon, and Mr. Macurdy to preside and give the charge." The Presbytery met at Crabapple on Tuesday, August 20th; 1805, and on the 22d of the same month, "the Presbytery proceeded to the ordination of Mr. Rea, and did with fasting and prayer, and the laying on of the hands of the Presbytery, solemnly ordain him to the holy office of the Gospel ministry, and installed him as pastor of the united congregations of Crabapple and Beech Spring. Mr. Brice preached on the occasion, and Mr. Macurdy presided and gave the charge." The size of Mr. Rea's congregation at the time of his installation, and for some years thereafter, may be very closely approximated from the reports preserved in the records of Ohio Presbytery. On April 16th, 1806, less than eight months after the beginning' of his pastorate," the Presbytery, having met at Upper Buffalo, "called on each member to report the number of existing communicants in the congregation, and the number of persons baptized." Mr. Rea reported that Beech Spring and Crabapple had 131 communicants, and that ten infants had been baptized by him since the beginning of his ministry. The next report, under date of Dec. 20th, 1808, shows but 109 members in communion, fifteen having been added during the past year, and thirty-five infants baptized. On January 9th, 1810, the total communicants were 191, fourteen having been added during the past year, and twenty-five infants baptized. At this meeting of Presbytery, Mr. Rea reported that the congregation of Crabapple was in debt to him in the sum of sixty dollars, which became due on the 16th instant. On October 17th, of the same year, the report shows 146 communicants, fifteen having been added since last report, and eighteen infants baptized. On April 21st, 1812, there were 119 communicants, twenty-seven having been added during the year, and one adult and twenty-nine infants baptized. April 19th, 1814, the number of communicants was 185, twenty-five having been added, and four adults and thirty-two infants baptized. April 18th, 1815, there were 201 members, sixteen having been added, and twenty-three infants baptized. On April 16th, 1816, the total number of members was 2223 of whom thirty-three had been added during the year, and fifty-five infants baptized. April 15th, 1817, the report showed a total communion' of 239, thirty-three having been added during the year, and three adults and thirty-three infants having been baptized. 7 98 - HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF HARRISON COUNTY The following is a part of the farewell sermon delivered by Rev. John Rea, at Beech Spring Church, in January, 1851: I have come here to-day, in somewhat feeble health, to discharge what I deem a solemn .duty; to tale my leave of, and bid a final adieu to a church that has been under our care, and where we have lived and labored for nearly half a. century—a church where we have lived to see one gencration pass all .away, and another rise in its room. That justice, in some measure, may be done thereto, reference must be had to her early history, and to some of the changes that have shaped her, destiny thus Ear.. To prevent being tedious, we shall do little more than outline it. This church was organized some time in the fall of the year 1803, by two Rev. Fathers, Paterson and Macurdy, who are now no more. Three persons were chosen, and set apart at the time as ruling elders, and a communion followed. This appears to have been the beginning, the morning of the existence of what has since been called Beech Spring, a name said to have been given to it by Mr. [Daniel] Welch, and took its rise from a group of beech trees that enclosed a large spring of water on a lot of five acres he had generously donated for the use of the church on the west corner of his section. The year following another young man and myself, of the first class of students that graduated at another College, having finished a course of Theological studies under the direction of Rev. Dr. McMillan, were licensed to preach the Gospel by the Presbytery of Ohio, June, 1804. After a tour of three months through the interior of this State, and another up the Allegheny towards the Lakes, the winter following I supplied here, and at Crabapple, by order of Presbytery. In April, a joint call was prepared by these two congregations, then in union, and forwarded to Presbytery signed by the following persons, viz : John Miller, S. Dunlap, W. Watt, Henry. Ferguson, Jesse Edgington, D. Welch Esq., and William Harvey. You will readily excuse me in the mentioning of these names, when it is remembered that these were the men who founded the Church of Beech Spring; these were the men who called me, who first gave me the hand of fellowship, and welcomed me to these woods; most of whom I remember with affection, and would gladly visit were they living; but they are no more; the last died the other day. This call being accepted, I was accordingly ordained and installed pastor of the united congregation of Crabapple and Beech Spring by the Presbytery of Ohio, August, 1805. [The first elders of Crabapple were Robert McCullough, William McCullough, and David Merritt.] The field covered by these two societies, at the time of our settlement, was very extensive, and the labor proportionably great. Crabapple claimed as being within her bounds, the whole extent of country be- tween the south fork of Short creek and the farthermost part of Nottingham. Beech Spring was equally, if not still more extensive, including BEECH SPRING CHURCH - 99 the entire region of country from the Piney Fork and the Flats, on west to Stillwater. All passed under the general name of Beech Spring. There was no Smithfield, nor Bloomfield, nor any other field,. whereby to fix our limits. All was Jefferson county, and Steubenville, the seat of Justice. Over all this extensive field, claimed by both churches, we had to travel. Wherever one was found, or whenever we heard of one in our connection, him we must visit; day and night, summer and winter, all seasons of the year, without a road in most places, save the mark of an axe or the bark of a tree, or the trail of an early Indian. No man that now comes in among us at this distant day, and highly improved state of the country, can so much as conjecture the labor and fatigue of the primitive pioneers of the Ohio forests, out of which the savage had just begun to recede, but continued still in large encampments in some places, near the skirtings of little societies, where the few came together to worship under the shade of a green tree. The two churches under our care lay nearly twelve miles apart. Many Sabbath mornings, in the dead of winter, I had to travel ten miles to the place of meeting in Crabapple, having no road but a cow-path, and the underwood bent with snow over me all the way. Worn down by fatigue, and frequently in ill-health, I was more than once brought near the confines of the grave. In all the region around, there were but two clerical brethren who could afford me any assistance, where now there are two Presbyteries and well-nigh thirty preachers. Notwithstanding all this, I must say of those early times, as Jehovah once said of Israel, eight hundred years after, "I remember thee, the kindness of thy youth, the love of thy espousals, when thou wentest after me in the wilderness,- in a land that was not sown." Those were the best times, and that generation, that Israel, as a nation, ever saw. During the first years of these two congregations, a great and good Providence was evidently seen over them. They prospered exceedingly. Their increase was unprecedented; within our knowledge, we have seen nothing like it; without anything very special that could be called a revival (though something of the effects of the great western revival still remained, and appeared at times .in our meetings), yet so rapid was their growth, that in less than five years each became able to support a minister all his time. Accordingly, in April, 1810, the union existing between these churches was by mutual consent dissolved, and the way opened for each to employ a pastor. Shortly after, a call was prepared by this congregation for the whole of our time, and received through the same Presbytery as before. About this time there were several small societies forming at some distance from us, and appeared to be promising. From one of these societies an earnest request was forwarded to the session at Beech Spring, that some part of their pastor's time might be granted them. With this request the congregation complied, and for some years the fourth of our time was spent in laying the foundation of what has since