200 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. the city about 1870 and was again elected in 1900. As probate judge for one term he filled that office with dignity and honor. He is still living in Hillsboro, a veteran of the war of the rebellion, and an honest, upright citizen and a first-class lawyer in every way. Judge Thompson, in 1876, compiled the following list of Highland county lawyers then in practice: At Hillsboro: William Scott, Nelson Barrere, William 0. Collins, Joseph McDowell, C. H. Collins, William M. Meek, J. H. Thompson, Albert G. Matthews, John A. Smith, W. H. Trimble, George B. Gardner, Jacob J. Pugsley, B. V. Pugsley, Henry A. Shepherd, R. D. Lilley, Jr., H. M. Huggins, E. L. Johnson, M. T'. Nelson, E. M. DeBruin, Ulric Sloan, Kirby Smith, Henry Rhoades, 'Jesse K. Pickering, R. T. Hough, L. S. Wright, R. M. Ditty, John Hire, B. F. Beeson, Cyrus Newby, Augustus Harmon, Carlisle Barrere, James Dumenil, Samuel F. Steel, Samuel Scott, W. H. Soule, E. E. Holmes, Flint Rockhold. Greenfield: Henry L. Dickey, W. H. Irwin, W. H. Eckman, H. L Meek. Leesburg: Ruel Beeson, Robert Elwood, George Hardy, L. 0. Guthrie, H. L. Pavey, Samuel Beard. Lynchburg: John Torrie, B. F. Hathaway, Isma Troth and H. C. Dawson. New Petersburg: Thomas Ellis, E. A. Mosier. Belfast: Thomas H. Basken. Buford: Cary Matthews. Sinking Springs: H. N. Easton. Three of this list died in 1877—J. J. McDowell, Ruel Beeson and Thomas Ellis, and since then Scott, Barrere, Collins, W. 0. Meek, Thompson, Matthews, John A. Smith, W. H. Trimble, B. V. Pugsley, Henry A. Shepherd, E. L. Johnson, E. M. DeBruin, Jesse K. Pickering, B. F. Beeson, Augustus Harmon, have all passed away. Of later years a class of young men of high legal culture and talents have taken their places as members of the bar of Highland county prominent among them are Henry Pavey, John Horst, J. W. Watts, Clark Holliday, Judge Frank Wilson, Judge- O. H. Hughes, McBride, Frank Collins, Bronson Worley, Martin Vanpelt, Henry Wiggins, H. P. Morrow, 0. N. Sams, Col. D. W. Morrow, and George Garrett. CHAPTER XIII. MEDICAL PROFESSION. HIGHLAND county in the days of first settlement was known as a health resort. The pioneer builders of the commonwealth brought their families to her hills to escape the deadly malaria that then seemed to wage war against the invasion of civilization. As has been noted, the violent epidemic of malarial fever at Chillicothe in 1801 drove some who intended to settle there, to seek the higher lands on the upper waters of Paint creek and its tributaries. The disease that so powerfully influenced the lives of many pioneers did not cease with that year, but continued with more or less severity for many years, and no part of the State was entirely free from it, though regions like Highland county were less severely visited. It was at times so malignant as to resemble yellow fever in symptoms and fatality.. Indeed, it is claimed that yellow fever, with the accompaniment of black vomit, afflicted the French settlement of Gallipolis soon after its establishment Though this is denied by some investigators, the disease was sufficiently like yellow fever for the unfortunate people who died. The fever was so continuous, so frightful in its effects, that it is remarkable that the settlers were heroic enough to remain in Ohio. They stayed partly through grim determination, partly through the natural indisposition to move backward, partly through love of the beautiful country, and largely through hope that is said to spring eternal, doubtless with accuracy, for it was necessary for it to spring eternally in the breasts of the pioneers, to cheer them in their toil and suffering. A realistic picture of the situation is given by Isaac J. Finley and Rufus Putnam in their "Pioneer Record" of Ross county: "Rich and productive as these lands were, there was a terrible drawback to their attraction in the shape of chills and fevers. So prevalent was this disease that not a cabin or a family escaped for a single year; and it often happened that there would not be a single well member to furnish drink to the others. In such cases buckets would be filled in the morning by those most able and placed in some access- 202 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. ible place so that when the shakes came on each could help himself or herself. Had there been any seemingly possible way of getting back to the old settlements from which these adventurers had come, most, if not all, would have left the rich Scioto bottoms with their shakes and fevers, but so it was, there were no railroads or canals, or even wagon roads, on which they could convey their disheartened skeletons back to their old homesteads with their pure springs and health restoring associations. At the time of the year when a tedious land or water trip could be made, there were enough of each family sick to prevent any preparatory arrangements for such a return; while in winter there were even more obstacles in the way than the sickness of summer. Thus held not only by the charms of the scenery and the productiveness of the soil, but by the sterner realities of shakes and burning fever, few came that ever returned, and every year brought new neighbors." These fevers are described at some length by Dr. Daniel Drake, of Cincinnati, in his great work on the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, published in 1850. They were called by various names, autumnal, bilious, intermittent, remittent, congestive, miasmatic, malarial, marsh, malignant, chill fever, ague, fever'n'ague, dumb ague—and Dr. Drake himself preferred to call them autumnal fevers. He was disposed to ascribe their origin to what he called a "vegeto-animalcular cause," meaning that the people were infected by organisms that were bred in decaying vegetation, and he pointed out that the disease could not be caused by gases, which should have an immediate effect, but must be due to some organism that had a regular period of incubation, because people were not taken with the fevers until some time after the date of supposed infection. This he stated, not in this language, which is more in the line of modern expression, but to the same effect, demonstrating a remarkable insight into, the operations of nature. It is believed now that the malarial infection, whatever its original source, is spread by mosquitoes, but this the doctors and sufferers did not suspect, and if they had, it would have done them little good, so numerous were the insect pests, and so expensive would have been any adequate attempt to suppress them. At a time when people were exterminating bears, panthers, and vast forests, there was no time to make war on such small and ubiquitous things as mosquitoes. In combating the fever and chills the doctors depended on Peruvian bark, quinine and calomel in heroic doses. Generally the unfortunate victim was first bled, then large doses of calomel were given, and the patient was cautioned to abstain from any acid food or he might lose his teeth, and the calomel was followed by quinine. Dr. ,Drake reported a case in Southern practice where a patient was given calomel for malarial fever in increasing doses until he took several ounces a day, and in a short time an entire pound of the drug MEDICAL PROFESSION - 203 was put in him. The fate of the unfortunate creature is not mentioned. Another patient was given six hundred grains of a compound of aloes, rhubarb and calomel in equal quantities for six days consecutively. There were other remedies. Dr. Joshua Martin, of Xenia, knew of a case where the chills' were permanently- cured in a small boy by standing him on his head at the access of the fit. "In many cases," said Drake, "the recurrence has been arrested by means which acted entirely on the imagination and feelings. Of this kind are very loathsome potions, which the patients have swallowed with disgust, and different charms or incantations, which rouse powerful emotions that change the enervation and destroy the habit of recurrence." There were some very remarkable causes of recurrence of the disease in various forms. A man on Deer Creek was subject to monthly attacks of vertigo and loss of consciousness. When medicine had checked this, the trouble soon returned with intervals of twenty-one days, and afterward for five years with periods of sixteen days. The chills and fever, while not so immediately fatal in ordinary years as yellow fever, from which Ohio was fortunately spared, was worse in its effects. If a man recovered from yellow fever, he was none the worse for it, sometimes better; but the victim of fever and chills often suffered all the rest of his life with neuralgia, liver or spleen disease, dyspepsia or diarrhoea. At times, however, the malarial fever assumed a malignant form, and it was certain death unless the doctor was near at hand, and happened to be able to check the paroxysms. It was this disease, common in every part of Ohio, that the pioneer doctors had to contend with. They battled nobly, some of them falling victims to their antagonist, and it cannot be doubted that they performed a great work in alleviating the sufferings of humanity, and encouraging the pioneers in the work of overcoming the evils of a new country. In time, with drainage and extensive cultivation of the soil, the dangerous conditions passed away. There were some deaths in Highland county during the great cholera epidemic of 1832-33. Again in the summers of 1847,1848 and 1849 this dread disease ravaged the State, but mainly along the rivers and canals. Dr. John Boyd is credited with being the pioneer doctor of Highland county. He was born in Uniontown, Pa., in 1767, obtained his professional education at Philadelphia, and in 1797 came west to the new town of Franklinton, on the upper Scioto. Afterward he cast his fortunes with the town of Hillsboro, beginning his practice there before the village was platted, and continuing in active work until near the time of his death, which occurred in 1852. He was, however, a resident of Hillsboro only about seventeen' years, removing after that time to a farm on the Chillicothe pike, where he built the 204 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. manufacturing establishment long known as Boyd's mill. He was one of the first associate judges of the court of common pleas, a man of energy, of good judgment in business, and in every way worthy of remembrance among the founders of the county. Among the other early physicians were Dr. James Smith, who came to Hillsboro in 1808, but did not long survive, and was succeeded in practice by his son-in-law, Dr. Jasper Hand. Dr. Hand was a son of General Hand, of the Continental army, was a graduate of the Philadelphia professional schools, and a man of general ability, as well as a successful doctor. During the time of the war of 1812, a period of great excitement and effort in the young State of Ohio, he took the place of a leader in his community, served as surgeon in the army, and at its close was rewarded with the rank of brigadier-general in the militia. He died in the prime of manhood, leaving a large family. The pioneer doctor of Greenfield was Garvin Johnson, who married a daughter of Noble Crawford and moved to Ross county in 1825. Others practiced for brief periods. Dr. Milton Dunlap, for many years honorably identified with the profession in Highland county, was born in Brown county in 1807, graduated at Cincinnati in 1829, and established himself at Greenfield in 1830. After 1840 his brother, Di. A. Dunlap, was associated with him, and the two performed what is thought to be the first operation of ovariotomy in the state. Dr. Thomas McGarraugh, born in Pennsylvania in 1780, after several years of practice at Washington Court House, came to Greenfield in 1836, and was prominent in the profession for several years. He removed to Ross county later, but returned to Greenfield a short time before his death in 1860. His sons were worthy successors of this notable physician. Among the other physicians of long practice at Greenfield were Dr. S. F. Newcomer, a native of Maryland, who came in 1846 Dr. J. L. Wilson, son of an old settler of the county, who began his practice in 1846, and whose sons have also gained honor in the profession, and Dr. Samuel B. Anderson, who practiced homeopathy from 1843 to 1868, succeeding his father-in-law, Dr. Jeptha Davis. Dr. Samuel J. Spees was the earliest doctor of Lynchburg, settling there in 1834, and removing to Hillsboro in 1866. At Leesburg, Dr. Havilah Beardsley was the first to settle, in 1816, and among those who followed were Drs. Benjamin Doddridge, Joab Wright, Sylvester Hinton, Ruel Beeson and Isaac S. Wright. Dr. Beeson, who came to Leesburg in 1833, became one of the prominent men of the county. He was born in Highland county in 1811, son of a pioneer from North Carolina, was educated at the Union academy at New Petersburg, read medicine with. Dr. Hardy of the same place and attended lectures at Cincinnati. He did not practice medicine long, but diverged into mercantile business and the profession of law. He was elected to the state senate in 1848, was an earnest temperance MEDICAL PROFESSION - 205 agitator, was one of the founders of the Republican party, and a firm supporter of the war for the Union. He died in 1877. At New Lexington the pioneer was Dr. Charles Conway, in 1818, followed by Dr. Stanton Judkins, a North Carolinian, and his brother, Dr. Robert P. Judkins, who was prominent in the practice until his death in 1864. S. Peabody, a botanical doctor, was the first practitioner with his home at Marshall, 1830-46, succeeded by Drs. Bayhan and Dixon before 1850. At New Market the earliest doctors were Vest, Washburn and Whisler, and at Sinking Spring the first were Drs. Loughbridge and Barnes ; after 1856, T. H. Davis, and still later Dr. Charles Leighton was the most prominent practitioner. The records of the Highland County Medical society afford the names of a considerable number of the practitioners in the period midway between the pioneer times and the war of the rebellion. On April 17, 1838, there was a meeting at Hillsboro for the organization of this society, participated in by the following doctors: Jacob Kirby, C. C. Sams, John M. Johnston, A. Baker, W. T. Newcomer, J. L. Wilson, Layton, Howell, McCollum, W. C. McBride, Milton Dunlap, Enos Holmes, Alexander McBride, A. J. Spees, Robert P. Judkins, T. Rogers, and others. Dr. Kirby was made president, Dr. Newcomer vice-president, and Dr. Sams secretary. The society, after a while, was neglected, but in March, 1853, it was reorganized, with Dr. C. C. Sams as president, J. L. Wilson vice-president, and J. M. Johnston treasurer, and a number of new members, among them John Duval, Christopher C. Matthews, J. P. Garrett, M. Garrett, Thomas Davis, J. S. Wright, Ruel Beeson, G. W. Dunlap, A. J. Dunlap, T. McGarraugh, N. H. Hixson, P. Marshall and G. H. Viers. The association was interrupted by the war of 1861-65, after which the meetings were resumed, with Dr. Jacob Kirby as president, Dr. S. J. Spees vice-president, and Dr: J. M. Johnston treasurer. Dr. J. M. Johnston Was made president, in 1874, and his successors in the following years were Dr. S. J. Spees, Dr. W. W. Shepherd and Dr. J. L. Wilson. Dr. Enos Holmes, born in 1821, and a practitioner at New Petersburg from 1843 until 1850 and after that at Hillsboro, was in the army medical service by appointment of Governor Tod, and rendered valuable service.. He was one of the most popular men of the county, and stood in the highest ranks of his profession, until his death in recent years. More is said of him among the biographical pages. Dr. W. W. Shepherd was a native of Highland county, born and raised on a farm. He began his study under his father, Dr. Wm. A. Shepherd, and Dr. El H. Johnson of Cincinnati. In his effort he did more than "read medicine;" to him it was a profound as well as a delightful study, engaging his entire thoughts and reflection, and 206 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. he was graduated in leading medical institutions at Cincinnati and New York with the highest honors of his class. Dr. Shepherd was recognized by the medical association of the county as one of its brightest members, a safe counsellor wise and true. For more than a quarter of a century he practiced his profession in the city of Hillsboro, and during all this time he was very successful as a physician, while as a surgeon he was especially noted for wonderful skill. His citizenship was of the highest order and his literary attainments of a very high character. Socially he was genial and cultured, a welcome guest at every circle. His great heart was crushed when his bright young son was killed by the accidental discharge of a rifle, and not very long after this sad event he fell unconscious on the street and never regained consciousness, but passed in a few hours to the unseen land where all the friends of his young professional life had preceded him. During the war period Dr. David Noble may be taken as a worthy example of the patriotic services of Highland county medical men. He was born. in County Donegal, Ireland, came to Adams county at the age of eighteen years, in 1838, and after teaching school for a time began the study of medicine, with the result that he obtained a diploma from Starling medical college in 1855. Before that he began work as a doctor at Sugartree Ridge, and when the war began he had a good practice, which he abandoned to enlist as a private in one of the short time regiments in 1861. Soon he was assigned to the medical department, and as surgeon he contributed effectively to the great war for the Union. After 1865 he made his home at Hillsboro until his death, embarking in important commercial enterprises as well as maintaining his professional work. Dr. Rufus A. Dwyer was another patriotic physician, going out with the Sixtieth Ohio regiment in the summer of 1862, as surgeon, and later serving with the Second battery heavy artillery and the Hundred and Seventy-fifth regiment, and gaining the full rank of major and surgeon. Dr. Dwyer was born in 1827., in Ross county, son of James Dwyer, and grandson. of James Dwyer, Sr., a native of Virginia and pioneer settler of Paint township. Dr. Dwyer was a graduate of Starling medical college and practiced at New Petersburg from 1852. Drs. C. C. Sams, Jacob Kirby and J. M. Johnston, for many years leaders in the work of the medical association, were a noted trio in the history of the profession, and should be remembered also for their generous work during the rebellion among the soldiers of Ohio. Their medical careers were for many years contemporaneous, but Dr. Sams died in August, 1865, while Kirby survived until 1873, and Johnston until October, 1876. Another prominent physician of their day, somewhat younger, who died in 1880, was Dr. J. W. M. Quinn. MEDICAL PROFESSION - 207 The pioneer physician of the homeopathic school in Chillicothe was Dr. William Hoyt, a native of Canada, who was graduated at Cleveland in 1867, and began his practice at Hillsboro in the same year. In the history of the county prepared for the Centennial of 1876 by James H. Thompson, the following list is given of "distinguished physicians who have departed this life and who during their lives were extensively engaged in the practice of medicine :" Jasper Hand, John Boyd, Allen H. Faquer, Jacob Kirby, James Conway, John Wood, C. C. Sams, R. P. Judkins, William M. McCollum, T. H. Davis, Isaac Quinn, W. C. McBride, M. C. Russ, John Parke, John M. Johnson, Zimri Hussey, W. W. Holmes, Michael Holmes, N. H. Hickson, George W. Dunlap, W. W. Hardy, Jeptha Davis and W. A. Shepherd. In the same work (1877) is given the following list of "physicians of Highland county": Hillsboro: Drs. R. D. Lilley, Sr., J. W. M. Quinn, S. J. Spees, Enos Holmes, David Noble, D. Callahan, W. W. Shepherd, P. H. Weyer, W. R. Smith, R. C. Russ, H. S. Fullerton, B. F. Holmes, E. L. Reeves, F. M. Metz, William Hoyt, J. L. Hill, C. Matthews, C. C. Hixson, W. S. Patterson. Dentists, J. Callahan, A. Evans, B. R. Shipp. Greenfield: S. F. Newcomer, J. L. Wilson, Milton Dunlap, W. W. Wilson, H. L. Wilson, Jr., W. F. Galbraith and Frank Nelson. Leesburg: M. Holmes, J. L. McLaughlin and John Holmes. New Lexington : E. Judkins, J. M. Spears and A. A. Patton. New Petersburg: W. M. McCollum and Rufus A. Dwyer. Rainsboro: J. P. Garrett, N. Troth, D. M. McBride. New Market: H. Whisler, N. B. VanWinkle and D. M. Barrere. Marshall: H. Miller and J. F. Blair. Belfast: A. Rogers. North Union: S. McNulty. Sinking Springs: C. H. Leighton and T. C. Rogers. Lynchburg: I. Holmes, J. W. Pettijohn, T. D. Achor. Princetown: F. M. Drake. Buford: A. S. Bryant, C. E. Lee and Dr. Gaskins. Sicily: John Shocky. Boston : A. W. Devoss. Danville: S. F. Chaney, Silas Chapman and J. L. Vance. Mowrystown: C. Hare. Taylorville: W. S. Moore. Sugartree Ridge: Arthur Noble and A. S. Bunn. Fairfax : C. J. Whitaker. Samantha: F. M. Thomas. Russell's Station: B. D. Granger and F. M. Granger. At the present time in the city of Hillsboro few remain of the first mentioned number. Dr. B. F. Holmes and Wan. Hoyt, as far as we are able to find out, being the only living members of those who, during their lives were extensively engaged in the practice of their profession. A new generation has come upon the scene young men of merit and of skill who bid fair to keep alive the reputation of the past for earnest application and faithful study of the art divine. In making mention of the names of the survivors of the old ranks of physicians, after further investigation I find the names of W. S. 208 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. Patterson of Hillsboro, and C. H. Leighton of Sinking Springs entitled to recognition among that number of that early medical association prominent in the county. The physicians at present resident in Hillsboro are B. F. Holmes, W. S. Patterson, Wm. Hoyt, J. C. Larkin, V. B. McConnaughey, H. A. Russ, W. W. Glenn, H. A. Beam, John McBride and H. M. Brown. The last named, while a most brilliant and successful physician and surgeon, has quit the practice of medicine on account of threatened disease, and has retired to his suburb farm on Rocky Fork, where among the pleasant surrounding of home and the ourdoor exercise that his rural life brings, is fast regaining the lost treasure that no wealth can buy—good health. The names we have selected for special mention have been without a single reflection upon the character and skill of any living or dead, but simply to impress upon all who read these pages that honor and success depend upon earnest, intelligent work in each and every department of life. CHAPTER XIV. EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. THE first settlers of Hillsboro. were men of intelligence, and at an early day evinced a great interest in schools.* Many of these pioneers were men of liberal education for that day, and always ready and anxious to provide schools for their children. Very soon after the settlement of the town, pay or subscription schools were taught at intervals by James Daniels and others. The first of these schools deserving of particular notice was taught by Robert Elliott, who came from Kentucky, at the instance of Allen Trimble, who had known him as a teacher in that state. Elliott opened his school in 1814, in a building on Walnut street opposite the Methodist church. At the start he had between thirty and forty pupils, and the number was increased afterward: He was considered a good teacher, and his school was continued for the following three years. Some of the pupils of this school were John A. Trimble, John M. Barrere, Colonel Trimble, and Washington Doggett. While this school was going on; the citizens of the town agitated the subject of the erection of a school house. A public meeting was held, at which it was determined to buy a lot and build a house," all to be paid for by subscription, and to be the property of the town for school purposes. Three managers were elected: Joseph Woodrow, J. D. Scott and George Shinn. They were deeded on May 15, 1815, a lot on East Main street by Jesse Williams, for fifty dollars. Very soon afterward a log schoolhouse twenty-five by thirty-five feet, was erected upon this lot. The house was of hewn logs, and, in the language of the article of agreement with the contractor, was to be chinked and daubed with good lime and clay mortar on the outside, and to be lined with plank on the walls on the inside, and ceiled above head." On the completion of the house it was furnished with seats and desks of simple construction, but. in consonance with the means * From a sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Common Schools of Hillsboro, by Supt. H. S. Doggett, 1876, for the Ohio Centennial Memorial School Volume. H-14 210 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. of the people and in accordance with the furniture of their homes. Elliott first occupied this house, removing his school from the house on Walnut street. He taught in it until 1818. The next movement in the direction of better schools occurred in that year. The Madras or Lancastrian school system was attracting considerable attention then in this country and Europe. Capt. John McMullen came to Hillsboro from Virginia, and proposed to teach a school upon that plan,. Several prominent citizens became interested and a meeting was held and an article of agreement and subscription was drawn up and signed by nearly all the citizens of the town. For the welfare and good government of the school, Allen Trimble, William Keys, Samuel Bell, John M. Nelson, Joshua Woodrow, Sr., John Boyd and William Wright were chosen trustees of the "Hillsboro Lancastrian school." These trustees were empowered to contract with McMullen to teach the school and were to pay him a salary not exceeding six hundred dollars for the first year. They were also authorized to provide fuel and other necessaries. All expenses were to be paid by assessment on the subscribers in proportion to the number of scholars each sent to school. Allen Trimble subscribed four pupils, John Boyd four, William Keys three, Francis Shinn three, John Smith, Pleasant Arthur, Newton Doggett and some forty others one or two each. The school was opened in the log house on Main street in September, 1818, and all the appliances of the Lancastrian system were provided. Among these latter was the sand desk which supplied the place of the modern blackboard. Between sixty and seventy were enrolled at the start, and the number was afterward increased during the continuance of the school to ninety. In 1821 an addition twenty feet in length was added to the school house. This school seems, to have prospered for four years, and whatever the defects of the system may have been, it had the merit of turning out good readers, writers and spellers. In these two early schools no provision was made for indigent pupils, excepting what assistance was given by their abler neighbors, and that assistance was rarely withheld from the deserving. The Lancastrian school under Capt. McMullen closed in 1823. An effort was made by John S. McKelvy to continue it, but the system was soon abandoned. No effort was made in these schools to teach anything beyond the common branches, except an' occasional class in bookkeeping. The next school of any note was taught in 1826 by Eben Hall and his wife, who came from Massachusetts. Hall, a man of classical acquirements, taught the advanced branches, such as algebra, Latin, Greek and Hebrew, and his wife taught the primary classes. Nelson Barrere was a pupil of this school and went thence to Augusta college. Owing to domestic trouble's, Hall did not teach many months. He was succeeded by Benjamin Brock, who taught for a year or two. Judge Gregg also taught a school about the same time. In 1827 Robert Way, a Quaker preacher, who had been EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 211 teaching in Fairfield township, came to Hillsboro, and began a school. He was a teacher of considerable reputation, and taught for many years in Clinton county, where he died a few years ago. In the year 1827 a movement was made in the direction of higher education in Hillsboro, which, on account of the impetus it gave to the cause of education and the results flowing from it, deserves special notice. In 1828 a number of the citizens of Hillsboro and the surrounding country organized themselves into an. association to found the Hillsboro Academy.. During the same year they raised money by subscription and bought in lot No. 103, on Main street, on which there was standing a frame building 18 by 36 feet in size. In 1829 a charter was obtained from the legislature of Ohio, with the following names as incorporators : William Keys, Jacob Kirby, Joshua Woodrow, Sr., Isaac Telfair, Allen Trimble, Andrew Barry, and John M. Nelson. These were to serve as trustees until the time designated for the regular annual election. We have no record of this corporation until February, 1843, the intervening history having been lost or mislaid. It is known, however, that Gov. Allen Trimble was elected president of the first meeting, and continued to hold that position until April, 1854, when he was succeeded by Gen. J. J. McDowell. In 1860 Samuel E. Hibben was elected to fill the place, and he served until the Academy property was turned over for public school purposes. Col. W. O. Collins, Dr. Jacob Kirby, Dr. C. C. Sams, Judge Thomas Barry, R. D. Lilley, Sr., James M. Trimble, and other prominent citizens were members of the board for a number of years. But all have gone with the years, leaving behind them the memory of their earnest and intelligent efforts to organize a school system that would give advantages to the boys and girls of the county. From 1827 to 1831 the building on Main street was used as a high school, by Rev. J. McD. Matthews. In the autumn of 1838, James A. Nelson opened a high school for boys and girls, his assistant teacher in the latter department being Miss Ann Kemper, of Walnut Hills, Cincinnati. In 1840 the building was deeded to John M. Trimble and removed to a vacant lot just across the street. Early in the history of the academy, it received, through the efforts of Governor Allen Trimble, a donation of the State's interest in two tracts of land forfeited for taxes. After paying $1,600. to heirs having claims on the land, enough was realized above this amount by the sale of a portion of the land to buy a lot and erect a building. Thirteen acres in the north part of the town was purchased, and on it a two-story brick edifice was erected known as the Hillsboro Academy. This building was ready for occupancy in 1845. Isaac Sams commenced his school in September of that year, aided at different times by Fred Fuller and Messrs. McKibler and C. Matthews. The reputation of this school for thorough instruction in 212 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. the higher branches grew rapidly as a result of the efforts of Mr. Sams, a gentleman of impressive appearance and genuine ability. Prof. Sams retired from the Academy in 1851, and after Frederick Filler had charge two years the building was turned over to the board of education. The first notable institution in Highland county for the education of girls was the Oakland Female Seminary, founded in 1839 by Rev. Joseph McDowell Matthews, who purchased for his purpose an acre of land and the old Presbyterian church building, at the junction of the Chillicothe and Marshall roads and Main street of Hillsboro. This institution was the first female school in Ohio in which a thorough collegiate education was given, and during the time it was maintained by Mr. Matthews a hundred young ladies were graduated. The worthy head of the school deserves remembrance as one of the founders of higher education in the county. He was educated in youth under Dr. Lewis Marshall of Kentucky, and was for some time a preacher, but finding the demands of that calling too severe, he turned his attention to education, for which he was peculiarly fitted. In 1855 the Hillsboro Female College was incorporated, .the pioneers in the enterprise being James H. Thompson, Jacob Sayler, John Dill, William O. Collins, J. I. Woodrow, J. R. Emrie, J. H. Mullenix, J. McD. Matthews, John Baskin, J. Milton Boyd and David Fenwick. The capital stock was named as $50,000, and there were to be fifteen trustees, eight of them to be appointed by the Cincinnati conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1857 a college building was completed at a. cost of $50,000 for building, grounds and furniture, and Mr. Matthews, one of the incorporators and the inspirer of the enterprise, was given charge as president of the college. The officers of the corporation at the same time were James H. Thompson, president; J. M. Boyd, Alexander Buntain, Joseph H. Mullenix, David Fenwick, Edward Easton, Henry Turner, John Dill, William M. Meek, J. McD. Matthews, Jacob Sayler and James J. Dryden, trustees. Rev. Joseph McDow. ell Matthews continued in charge of the college until his resignation in December, 1860. In later years he again served as president in 1872-77. Other educators in charge were Rev. W. G. Lewis, Rev. Henry Turner, Miss Jennie Warren, Rev. Allen T. Thompson, Rev. D. Copeland, Rev. J. F. Lloyd. The college was endowed about twenty-five years ago by the bequest of several thousand dollars made by Mrs. Drusilla Buntain. In the old seminary building from which Mr. Matthews removed to enter the Female college, Miss Emily Grandgirard began her famous school for girls known as the Highland Institute, in 1857, and this she conducted for many years, graduating a large number of young women well trained for the duties of life. She also is EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 213 worthy of remembrance among the people of the county who have exerted a wide influence for good. But academy, seminary and institute are all things of the past. The Presbyterian school or seminary has long since been abandoned and the building is now being used as a Children's Home by the county. The Methodist college building is not in use. The high grade of education to be obtained in the public schools operated against them, and it was impossible to support special schools under such circumstances. In this connection it is fitting to mention the service of Gov. Allen Trimble, who, from his coming to the county, was to the day of his death the friend of popular education. He took an active part in inaugurating the present common school system. Always foremost in the early educational enterprises at home, he accomplished much for the cause in Ohio while governor of The state. He appointed, in 1822, the commissioners to report a system of education adapted for common schools. Nathan Guilford of this commission secured the passage of the act in 1825, which was the first step toward our present school system. Governor Trimble, in his inaugural in 1826, and in his messages, and from that time to 1830, urged upon the legislature the interests and demands of common schools, and recommended increased taxation for their maintenance. His influence more than anything else effected passage of the acts of 1831-2. His services, when the system was in its infancy, cannot be over-estimated, and should always be remembered with gratitude by the people of Ohio. To no one person are they more indebted for the proud rank their schools have taken than to Allen Trimble. During the years of the inception, growth and prosperity of the Academy, the public schools were in operation as primary schools, and were gradually growing in usefulness. Instruction in them was confined to the primary branches. Under the law of 1825 and 1831 a portion of the expense was paid from funds raised from taxation, and part by the patrons of the schools. Soon after 1832 schools sustained by public money were inaugurated. These schools were taught for the next four years by George McMillen, Matthew Simpson, Messrs. Wilcox and Davis and others. In 1827 a grammar school was taught by Rev. Joseph McDowell Matthews, afterward the principal of the academy and the founder of Oakland Female seminary, and president of the Hillsboro Female college. In the year 1835 the old log school house built in 1815, gave place to a one-story brick house, erected on the same site. The first school in this house was taught by Matthew Simpson, who was afterward succeeded in turn by George McMillen, S. D. Beall and D. Ruckman. At this time the interest of the public schools was in a manner overshadowed by those of the academy and seminary. Still the rapidly increasing number of children requiring primary instruction 214 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. demanded more room for the schools, and in 1846 a two-story house was built), known as the Walnut street house. The schools reopened in 1847, with David Herron and Amanda Wilson as teachers in the Walnut street house, and William Herron and Mary Muntz in the old Main street house. About one hundred fifty pupils were enrolled. In 1850, Professor Sams called the attention. of the people to the benefits likely to accrue to the youth by an organization under the law of 1849, known as the Union School law. This was ably advocated by James Brown, of the News, and Mr. Emrie, of the Gazette, and was resolved upon by a popular vote, and in the spring of 1851, a Union School board of education, consisting of D. J. Falles, John M. Johnson, J. R. Emrie, R. H. Ayres, Benjamin Barrere and Washington Doggett, were elected. The organization was perfected during the year, and in the autumn the Union Schools opened with Henry M. Shockly as superintendent. It was determined at the time to add a high school department to be taught by the superintendent, assisted by Prof. Sams, whose services for half of each day were secured. The schools were in charge of Mr. McKinney until 1856, when he was succeeded by Mr. Sams, who remained in charge until 1858. During these last years the system found favor, and it was believed by those interested it would in time supplant all other schools. The schools opened in 1858 with Lewis McKibben as superintendent. In December of this year the old academy building, in which three grades were taught, was destroyed by fire. For the next eight years the schools were without good accommodations, changes of teachers were frequent, and they lost much of the ground they had gained in the few years before. In 1862 Mr. McKibben was succeeded as superintendent by John Edwards, and in 1864 he was succeeded by L. McKibben. For various reasons a superintendent and an A grammar teacher were not employed for 1865, and the school, including the lower grammar and the grades below, was continued in charge of B. C. Colburn, of the B grammar grade. The board and the people had been convinced of the absolute need of a good building, which would accommodate all the children under one roof. They had in 1863 purchased a fine lot on West Walnut street for $2,630; The purchase was confirmed by a vote of the people and preparations were commenced for erecting a commodious Union School house. Some delay occurred in commencing it, but in 1865 plans and specifications were drawn up for the building. These articles and plans differed materially from those of the log house of 1815, which was, by the terms of the contract, to be "chinked and daubed." The contract for building the house was let in 1866, and the work pushed forward during that year and the next two. The board, under whose auspices the house was built, consisted of C. S. Bell, James S. Murphy, Washington Doggett, N. Rockhold, J. C. Gregg and J. H. Mullen. The old school houses and lots were EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 215 sold at public sale, the Main street lot for $2,000. This, as we have seen, was bought in 1815 for $50.00, a big price at the time. Schools were opened on the 6th of September, 1868, in the new house, with the following corps of teachers : H. S. Doggett, superintendent; Lewis McKibben, high school teacher; E. G. Smith, A grammar; Maggie Richards and May Ellis, intermediate; Serena Henderson, Mary Doggett, B grammar; Maggie Richards and May Ellis, intermediate Serena Henderson, Matilda McFadden, and Sarah J. Lambert, primary. A revised course of study and a code of regulations were reported by the superintendent and adopted by the board. At the start four hundred and ten pupils were enrolled. These were examined and classified in their proper grades. Soon after the opening another intermediate teacher was required, and Ellen Eckly was employed. It was also determined to employ a teacher for the German language, and Gustav Chateaubriand was selected. In 1869 Caroline Clay was chosen for this position. A regular high school course of study was adopted at this time, which, in 1872, was revised and extended, and arranged for three years' study. From that time onward the board determined to give diplomas to those pupils who satisfactorily completed the course. Pupils completing this course are prepared to enter college or qualified for the active business of life. The number of pupils enrolled in 1890 were 49 in the high school and 775 in lower grades, making a total of 824. A school for colored children is taught in a commodious and convenient brick school house erected by the Union School and township board. Prof. Isaac Sams in reviewing the history of the progress of education during his residence in the county says: "To one who has closely watched the progress of education in the county of Highland and the village of Hillsboro for over forty years the vast amelioration in the attainments, the demeanor and moral status of the youth, seems almost miraculous. And in general, it may be affirmed of the educational condition of Highland county and of Hillsboro, the county town, that no agricultural county of an equal population can be found to excel it either in method or effect." Since the year of the National Centennial great advances have been made in education. The Washington school building on the corner of East and Beech streets has been added, as the increase of population and the growing extent of the city made the Walnut street building too small to accommodate the rapidly growing number of pupils. The Walnut street school house contains twelve rooms, which were crowded to overflowing, and as a matter of necessity better facilities for this class was demanded. The Washington building was erected at a cost of some forty thousand dollars and is a marvel in beauty and convenience, having all the modern improvements in school furniture, with large assembly hall, office of superintendent, with apparatus for lighting, heating and ventilation conducing to 216 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. the welfare and comfort of those who attend. No expense has been spared to make this school an ideal one, and the schools of Hillsboro, under the control and direction of Superintendent Connard and his able assistants, will take rank and be unequaled by any in the state. The schools in the various neighborhoods of the county, in the days of settlement, were few and far between. There was, for instance, a little log cabin on Clear creek, spoken of before, where James Daniels, a young man from Virginia, taught a mixed school of the boys and girls, big and little, for miles around. Young men, in buckskin breeches, hunting shirt and heavy brogans, took lessons in spelling. and reading, while the smaller ones were busy with primer and pothooks, beginning the tiresome task of learning their ab abs and ib ibs, and with cramped fingers slowly making the hooked marks, then supposed to be the first and essential elements of good penmanship. The girls from six to eighteen wore linsey dresses, without hoops or stays, nothing to impede or interfere with the free action of hands or feet, and in their noon games of "prisoner's base" were as fleet of foot as the wild deer. This school was kept up every winter for many years, and many of the boys and girls that attended that humble cabin school have left the impress of their personality upon our county history and have been heard from in the halls of Congress, on the fields of battle, and in the highest circles of political and social distinction. From these schools have come the lawyers, doctors, preachers, statesmen of the county, and the mothers that have made the county great by impressing upon the mind and heart of their boys and girls, that virtue, courage, morality, honesty and religion were the security of their persons and the safeguards of social state. The first schools at Greenfield have already been mentioned. Higher education was supplied by the Greenfield seminary, a famous institution for both sexes, founded in 1845 by Rev. J. G. Blair, who had, taught a select school some time before that date. The trustees of the seminary, Hugh Smart, Claybourn Lea, John Surber, Milton Dunlap, John Boyd, Andrew Kerns and Josiah Bell, bought a lot on Jefferson street in 1845, and built a substantial stone building. Blair had charge of the seminary for about five years, assisted part of the time by Rev. Robert W. McFarland, afterward a professor in the State university, and W. D. Henkle, Ph. D., who in later years was State commissioner of public schools and widely known as an educational 'author. Dr. Blair was succeeded by J. C. Thompson, but the prosperity of the seminary began to decline, and in 1854 it was practically converted into a public school, under the Union school system. Thompson was principal, under this arrangement, until his death in 1856, when he was succeeded by John E. Chamberlain, who remained until 1860. Thomas H. Herdman was principal until 1864. Notable among the subsequent heads of the schools were Rev. J. G. Blair, a graduate of Yale, and afterward president EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 217 of the normal school at Fairmont, Va. ; Charles W. Cole, afterward an attorney at Cincinnati ; C. W. Bennett, who became a professor in Indiana university and Samuel Major, who was reared in Highland county and graduated at Wesleyan university. He served for a number of years as superintendent of the Greenfield schools, and under his administration the high school was well developed. The old academy building is now in use by one of the manufacturing establishments of the town, and the schools are housed in elegant and commodious buildings which are a credit to the town and county. A first class high school course is provided, as well as the preparatory studies, the school grounds are handsomely planted and well kept, and everything testifies to the enterprise and intelligence of the people of Greenfield. Twenty-one teachers are employed, and the average number of pupils is eight hundred and fifty. The superintendent of this admirable system at the present time is James L. Cadwallader. It has been very difficult to obtain correct data for the early history of Lynchburg schools. As near as we can ascertain about 1820 the first schoolhouse was built. It was a log structure differing in no way from others described in this volume. Fire place in one end, windows made by cutting out a log and putting oiled paper over the aperture; seats made of hewn puncheons with sticks for legs; high desk on a high platform marked the seat of authority and terror, while a well dried bundle of birch switches, near the teacher's desk, marked the instrument of torture for the unruly or indolent. Reading, writing, spelling, were the branches taught. To reach the double rule of three, was considered high mathematical attainment. The custom of treating in some manner became a law in those early schools, and at stated times the teacher was compelled to treat the scholars under the punishment of being locked out if he refused. In 1855 this small building was made to accommodate over one hundred pupils. Mr. Richards, the teacher at that time, says : "The advancement of these pupils, seated in their box-seats, or mangers, was thought to depend on the number of lessons said." But few of the names of the earliest teachers can be obtained. In 1833 one Robert Graham taught in the old log house. He received a salary of $15.00 per month, and taught three months in the year. Those following Graham were Jacob George, Mr. Robinson, Samuel Morris, Houston Hair and others up to 1844, when Jonah Cadwallader took charge of the school. As the years went by the school grew in numbers and character of studies, until at present the schools of Lynchburg, under the management of Superintendent C. A. Puckett, are the pride and glory of the town. The growth in school building is thus told by Prof. Henry G. Williams, superintendent, in 1895: "About 1853 the schools were organized as a village district and a new building was found to be necessary. As many as one hundred pupils were 218 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. enrolled at one time in the little frame building. In 1854 a two-room brick building was completed where the present town hall now stands. By 1863 it was found necessary to add a second story to this building. The third teacher had already been added to the corps, and Miss Lou Brockman taught in an old frame building that stood opposite the Ferris residence on Pearl street. In 1874 it was necessary to enlarge again and an L was built for an entrance to the building, and a fourth room fitted up on the second floor, all at an expense of about $1,250. 'By 1888 these quarters were too cramped and a two-acre lot east of the old school ground was purchased of G. Bayless and an elegant and modern school building was completed in 1889 at a cost of about $10,500. At the time of opening it only four rooms were occupied. January, 1890, the fifth was added. The schools gradually grew until it was found necessary to complete and furnish the only remaining room in the building. In January, 1895, it was found necessary to employ an assistant teacher for the high school, making a junior high school and a senior high school, and latter taught by the superintendent. The present school building is one of modern architecture, and is furnished throughout with elegant and substantial equipments. Few school rooms in Ohio present a more attractive appearance and have better appliances. A beautiful grove surrounds each building, the old schoolhouse now being occupied as a town hall and mayor's office. The grove about the old building forms a most beautiful park, where many public gatherings are held every year. May 16, 1877, the board of education decided to plant two hundred trees in the schoolhouse yard and bids were asked for trees not less than twelve feet high of the following varieties : Hickory, ash, elm, locust, maple, sycamore, wild cherry, sugar and hackberry. The contract was let to M. B. Pulse, who found that only one hundred and eighty-six trees could be put on the lot, for which he received $16.74, at nine cents a tree. When the school board sold the old building to the city it wisely reserved the beautiful park as a play-ground for the children, in addition to the two acres in the new grounds, just joining the park." The first purchase of books for a public library was made in 1891 by the students of the high school, and in a little time quite a respectable collection was formed of the following character : Books of reference, 116 volumes ; history and civics, 53 volumes ; biography, 49 volumes; natural science, 20 volumes ; supplementary and common branches, 19 volumes; literature, 14 volumes ; poetry, 9 volumes ; essays and miscellaneous, 17 volumes; supplementary readers, 30 vol- umes, with others not purchased but donated, amounting to 450 volumes in. all. The school does not expect to stop here but with the generous aid of the board will make a library second to none in the character and quality of the books selected. The library is being EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT - 219 added to every year by donations and purchase and will soon become an exhaustless source of information and deference. The Teachers' Institute, which has been in existence for years, holding its sessions each year at some central place in the county, has reached a degree of perfection in character and work which indicates progress and development along educational lines. The teachers as a class are compelled by the high standard fixed by the county examiners, in qualifications and character, to reach high attainments before they are given authority to teach, and as a result, the teachers and schools of the county are in advance of the older methods by which force physical in place of force mental was the common school rule. The Institute session closing in August, 1902, was an ideal one in numbers and methods. Two hundred teachers were enrolled and the opera house was crowded for days with an interested and delighted audience. The present day development of the public schools of Highland county is revealed in .the figures of the statistical reports for the school year of 1899-1900. From these it appears that there are 145 schoolhouses in the townships, accommodating the township schools, besides nine houses for the separate or special town districts. All together contain 213 school rooms. The machinery of control provides for 144 subdivisions of the seventeen township districts and eight separate districts, under the management of 174 members of the boards of education. The value of the school property in the township districts is $104,700, and in the separate districts the value of buildings for elementary schools is $94,500, and for high schools $44,000. The grand total of value of school property is put at $243,200. The enumeration of children and youth of school age is 4,450 boys and 4,111 girls, total, 8,561, and of these 3,949 are enrolled in the township schools and 2,311 in the separate district schools, a total of 6,260 or something over .eighty per cent: of the whole number in the county. To teach these six thousand and more, 232 teachers are employed, 176 of them in the township district schools, and the aver- age cost of tuition based on the enrollment is $8 in le, elementary township schools, $14.11 in the township high schools, $9.28 in the elementary schools of the separate districts, and $21.45 in the high schools of the towns. The total school revenue of the county in the year under report was $100,867, and the expenditures were, for teachers, $61,679, for other purposes, $22,503, total expense, $89,875. In the separate districts which include high schools, namely: Greenfield, Hillsboro, Leesburg, Lynchburg, New Lexington and Russell, about 2,000 pupils were enrolled in the elementary schools and 320 in the high schools. In that year the high schools graduated 47, and it appeared that Hillsboro high school, from its beginning, had graduated 276. CHAPTER XV. INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE. STATE statistics show 268,104 acres of land in Highland county, valued at $2,980,983. The surface of Highland, though diversified with much rolling land and some considerable elevations, includes a great deal of level land, and the country is generally adapted to agriculture. Wheat and corn are raised in large quantities, and fruits of almost every variety flourish. The soil of the county is adapted to quite a variety of products, and yields a fair increase to the industrious toiler. The crops in average years are, tobacco, 425,438 pounds ; potatoes, 197,368 bushels ; butter, 487,982 pounds ; corn, 1,941,549 bushels; wheat, 467,240 bushels ; oats, 364,156 bushels ; hay, 82,641 tons. Other products are, sorghum molasses, 29,211 gallons ; maple sugar, 1,829 pounds ; maple syrup, 3,314 gallons; honey, 9,941 pounds; eggs, 668,434 dozens ; apples, 5,000,000 bushels; peaches, 30,000 bushels ; pears, 8,000 bushels ; cherries, 4,000 bushels; plums, 5,000 bushels ; wool, 80,000 pounds. The live stock of the county is much above the average in character and quality. It is well understood among the intelligent farmers that it costs no more to keep good stock than it does a poor class. There are about 8,000 much cows in the county, and the standard of value is high. In .the matter of horses the stock sales report prices higher, and stock better in Highland county than in any other county in the state. This demand for quality is evidenced from the fact that within the county there are something over one hundred fine blooded stallions. While the general conditions are favorable to all classes of industries, there are some branches to which the county is especially adapted. In those articles in the construction of which wood enters largely, the county is well adapted. The county abounds with a magnificent timber growth, oak, hickory, walnut and other varieties; timber has been shipped to Europe from Highland county. Thse timber advantages have been appreciated by quite a number of enterprising men, who have successful plants, such as bent wood factory, chair factory, carriage and wagon factories, saw mills, planing mills, broom fac- INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE - 221 tories, lumber yards, and other signs of unmistakable thrift and prosperity. The most essential conditions of life's success is a happy combination of "vocation and location," and in Highland county these conditions exist in unity. The beauty of the locality has lost none of its attractions that first caught the eye of the pioneer fore- fathers, whose descendants have been careful to preserve, with cul- ture and care. The hospitality of the county is proverbial, the invitation is extended to all to visit the county, get a deep full breath of God's pure air, stand in the presence of one hundred years of progress and civilization and lift up your eyes to heaven and thank God that your "lines have fallen to you in pleasant places." A brief mention of early industries of the county will be of interest, and it is to be noted that conditions then were different. The immense changes in industrial conditions in the past hundred 'years have reduced to a humble rank some of the industries that were then, in a community of pioneers, very important occupations, commanding the respect of ev,ery one. The pioneer shoemaker at Lynchburg, for instance, was John Duvall, who also was one of the early associate judges of the court of common pleas. Other changes in conditions should be considered also in reading these and other pages, for example, the vast revolution in sentiment that has taken place since it was quite a matter of course for a pioneer to set up a still and manufacture corn whisky for the use of himself and neighbors. Hatmaking was one of the earliest industries of Hillsboro, being started in 1808 by John Smith, the pioneer merchant and twenty years county treasurer. Wool hats were cheap, and fine fur hats were worn by many. The "Woodrow hats," manufactured by Joshua Woodrow, a partner in mercantile business with Joseph Woodrow, were widely known through southern Ohio after 1810. Francis Shinn, John Hibben and Philip Stone were other notable hatters of the early days, and among the journeymen hatters of the county was William Russell, afterward a member of congress. Textile manufacturing at Hillsboro had its pioneers in Allen Trimble and John M. Nelson, who established a cotton carding and spinning factory on the south side of Beech street east of High, early in 1814, using machinery which had been brought by wagon from North Carolina. The raw cotton was bought at Maysville, Ky., whither it had been hauled from Tennessee by wagon, and after the yarn was made at Hillsboro it readily commanded forty or fifty cents per pound. About five years later Henry Davis, a graduate of Dartmouth college, came to the settlement and established a nail factory, using rolled iron from Pittsburg. He' made the work profitable and was able to support four sons at Kenyon college, who became eminent in the professions. About the same time George and Jacob Shaffer started a wool carding machine and later John Baskin carried on the same sort of work, also making linseed oil from the flax seed 222 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. that the farmers accumulated from the flax that they grew for the home industry of manufacturing linen. The making of spinning wheels to supply this industry was a very important industry from the earliest days. Thomas Patterson established the Hillsboro woolen mills on the Ripley pike as early as 1835, and this institution was the basis of a large and flourishing business of modern times. Nathan Baker and Llewellyn Griffith started wagon making about 1820. Tanyards had been established much earlier, and carried on by John Campton, George Shinn and Joseph Woodrow. R. D. Lilly and Isaac Rhoades were afterward successful in this industry. John White, Robert Stewart, and Armistead Doggett were pioneer harness and saddle makers, at a time when almost all the travel was on horse back, and Jacob Butcher, William Doggett and Jacob Bishir manufactured barrels for the Ripley and Cincinnati markets. The first blacksmith was Belzer, a sturdy German, who had as his helper negro Tom, brought to the land of freedom by his former master, Capt. James Trimble. Joseph Dryden was also a famous village blacksmith at a time when that trade was one of .the most conspicuous of industries. Col. William Keys, the first auditor of the county, commander of a regiment in the war of 1812, and a devout Presbyterian elder and radical abolitionist, lived, by cabinet making, and Newton Doggett and his sons were experts in the same important village industry. P. and C. C. Arthur were notable builders. John Timberlake and L. L. Daniels established the first carriage factory about 1840. The iron foundry of C. S. Bell was established in 1855, and became the foundation of an industry that is one of the most prominent in the history of Hillsboro. J. F. Bell founded the Highland flouring mills in 1866, and for a few years after 1874 an organ factory was operated by Cluxton and Murphy. Brickmaking, lime burning and lumbering and planing have been important industries at Hillsboro as well as in other parts of the county. The Richirds flouring mill, of Hillsboro, is among the most substantial industries of the county, affording a ready market for the wheat and corn of the county and the headquarters for the feed supply of the community. One of the most important industries of Highland county is quarrying, which is carried on extensively both at Greenfield and Hillsboro. The .oldest rock in the county, exposed to view, is along Paint creek. Here is found the Niagara limestone, of the Devonian age of geology. Overlaying this is the Helderberg limestone. This rock was laid down in an ocean of considerable depth. It is a magnesian limestone, and has been quarried from the early days of settlement. The stone is regular in its bedding, and slabs three or four inches thick, with a superficial area of four feet, can be obtained with surfaces as smooth and regular as if sawed. In fact the slabs can be used for doorsteps without dressing. They are in good INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE - 223 demand for curbing and crosswalk stone, and used to a less extent for building. The stone is exceedingly strong, two-inch cubes standing a pressure of over 50,000 pounds before crushing. The color is drab at first, and darkens to a yellowish brown. Occasionally some fossil corals are found in it, some zinc blende, and streaks of iron oxide, and bituminous matter that gives a strong fetid ordor to the stone when worked. A quarry near Greenfield has forty-two feet of stone, in layers, capped by only ten feet of drift, and is practically inexhaustible. The spoils are burned into lime in kilns that are kept continually going, and the product has hydraulic qualities that make it specially adapted to outside work. Quarrying was carried on at Greenfield from an early day, but not extensively until the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad was opened, when, in 1854, G. F. Rucker embarked in the industry, coming for that purpose from Cincinnati. He acquired considerable land favorably situated and at once began the production of a large output for the Cincinnati market. The Rucker Stone Company now operates quarries in Greenfield and Hillsboro and a gravel bank at Loveland. The officers are G. W. Rucker, president; G. F. Potter, vice president and George A. Love, secretary and treasurer. The Greenfield quarries are situated on the east bank of Paint creek just outside the city iimits. Steam drills, stone crushers, lime kilns, elevated tracks, shifting cables, derricks and hoisting apparatus diversify the scene, and on working days the industrious activity is cheering to behold. Great improvements have been made in the lifting and carrying appliances, among which is an ingenious system of elevated tracks and cables, of Mr. Rucker's own devising, by which the material for the lime kilns and 'crusher is carried where desired in cars by force of gravitation and automatically dumped, and the heavier stone is carried by cables to the railroad track and deposited on train. The company employs from 100 to 125 men in the Greenfield quarries and about the same number in Hillsboro. The business done is enormous, the average yearly shipments aggregate 4,700 carloads valued at $200,000. Another profitable quarry near Greenfield is operated by Almond G. Frazier. Other industries at Greenfield are highly deserving of mention. Long ago a noted citizen, David Bonner, contributed materially to the establishment of the town by starting a wool carding factory. This was in about 1815. In 1822 he built a factory for handling both wool and cotton. In 1834 he introduced steam power and added grist milling to his industries, but his establishment was burned out in 1837. After that he built the large stone building, for his factory, which later became the Odd Fellows hall. Charles and James Robinson also operated a wool carding factory for a considerable time after 1835. The first grist mill in the town was a log structure, built by John Kingery, about a hundred years ago, on 224 - THE COUNTY OF HIGHLAND. the site of the later Greenfield mills. Samuel Smith became the owner in 1830, and in 1854, when the railroad came, Daniel Leib began the building of a new and modern mill, and lost his life by falling from a beam of the unfinished structure. David Welsheimer, who was the owner from 1871, made many improvements and greatly increased the business. Now, under the ownership of Charles A. Welsheimer, it is known far and wide as the Island Grove flouring mill, and an extensive business is done in grain and flour. The Model milling company, conducting another important industry, had its origin in a flouring mill built south of the village in 1849 by Robert. Knox. Isaiah Case acquired the plant about twenty years later, and his sons are now in charge and important factors in the business of Greenfield. Hugh Boden many years ago founded a milling business, and the Boden Milling company, composed of his sons, is now a successful concern. Another early miller of note was John F. Cowman. The E. L. McClain manufacturover two hundred people. The fact that this concern consumes over five milliom yards of cotton drilling annually is one of the indications of the magnitude of its operations. In 1895 Mr. McClain was making over three-fourths of the sweat collars that are sold in the United States, and also managing the Sun novelty works. The Columbian manufacturing company produces incubators, and the wooden ware works founded by John M. Waddel employs many people. The hardwood lumber mills of W. I. Barr and Ferneau & Simpson and W. J. York's brick yard, and various machine and carriage shops are other important factors in Greenfield's prosperity. A very prosperous establishment at Lynchburg is the distillery, owned by Freiberg and Workum since 1847, which has nine warehouses and employs eighty men, consumes an immense lot of corn, and produces one million gallons of whiskies annually. At Leesburg a carding mill was established by David Swain in 1822, which soon went into the hands of William W. Hardy, who became one of the most notable manufacturers of the county. He was in the business at intervals until 1837 when he bought a mill site and established a woolen mill, which flourished so well that in 1855, when he sold out to his sons, he was manufacturing large quantities of stocking yarn, satinets, jeans, tweeds, cassimeres, flannels and blankets. At the same town the important steam flouring mill industry was established about 1832 by John C. Batton. The mill is yet in operation and is one of the important industries of the county. A number of other pioneer industries throughout the county have been mentioned on other pages of this work. Such were the Sonner, Barngrover, Gossett, Baldwin, Crawford, Reece, Hulitt, Spargur VanPelt and Fenner mills; the Andrew Smith mill at Lynchburg that began with the career of ;hat town in about 1830; the J. B. Faris mill on White Oak, about the same date the mill of