AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 177 Frank McKinney, Matthew McMullen, James S. Manly, fames L. Mellor, George E. Miller, Alexander Norton, Archibald Odbert, Bernard O'Harra, Joseph G. Ridgley, William Robinson, John Rogers, Henry Sharp, Cornelius B. Salmon, Thomas Stafford, James Stark, Frank Stevens, Henry B. Stewart, John Stewart, Richa d Sutcliff, Edward Sweeney, Brice Viers, Robert A. Warren, George Wigginton, George B. Winters. COMPANY D, 157TH O. N. G. Captain, Robert Boals ; 1st Lieutenant, John Fisher, Jr. ; 2d Lieutenant, James M. Starr ; Sergeants, James Hill, David Smith, Benjamin Fisher, Henry Carlisle, William H. Sherrard, Oliver P. King; Corporals, William A. Urquhart, George Fisher, John Yocum, William Gamble, George L. Conn, Jacob A. Odell, Samuel Bickerstaff, David M. Slee ; Musician, John Randall. Privates—Augustine Bickerstaff, Ellis H. Bickerstaff, Resin P. Bickerstaff, William N. Bickerstaff, David Brooks, George Brown, Thomas Brown, Wesley Buchanan, John R. Burgett, Spencer Burk, Henry P. Cassell, Joseph Cassell, Jr., Davis R. Clifton, John Connelly, David Curfman, Thomas Curfman, Douglass Delano, Robert Dickey, Leonidas Dungan, James H. Dunn, Edward Fitzimmons, Ephraim J. Foster, Joseph Gill, Hezekiah Golden, John Gossett, William S. Grafton, Joseph Grim- shaw, Benjamin Hart, John Hoobuck, James S. Huntsman, Martin Imhoff, Jonathan Lazure, Wilson Lee, Edward McCune, Finley A. McGrew, James McLeash, An- drew Martin, Hugh P. Miller, Robert Moreland, John F. Nelson, Thomas H. Nelson, Levi Odell, John V. Odell, George Owen, Talbott Parrish, Nathaniel Porter, Wilson Richardson, Joseph. Robinson, William Roland, William T. Shaw, Samuel Shoe- maker, Philip A. Shultz, Eli Slee, Frederick Smith, Isaac Smith, James M. Speaks, George W. Tomlinson, James Walters (died July 24), John W. Watt, Nathaniel C. Welch, Addison J. White, Allmon G. White, John Wilson, George L. Zink. COMPANY E, 157TH O. N. G. Captain, Thomas A. Gamble ; 1st Lieutenant, Charles M. Jones ; 2d Lieutenant, Nicholas Winters; Sergeants, Thomas S. Markle, Thomas C. Davis, Alexander O. Scott, William Stone, William T. Leech; Corporals, William Stark, Solomon Hipsley, George Plummer, Eli Kirk, Jacob Bickerstaff, David Hall, James Lindsey, James R. Cunningham; Musician, Aloysius Feist, Marshall R. Hobbs. Privates—James Alexander, Samuel Allenworth, Lewis Armstrong, Charles Barrett, Joseph C. Bowers, Isaac Butcher, David Call, Michael C. Castner, Andrew H. Coe, Alexander H. Cunningham, Baxter Cunningham, Benjamin R. Dance, Henry Dobbins, John Dougherty, Rezin B. Ekey, Andrew Elliott, Samuel D. Fisher, George W. Grafton, Frederick Grieves, Joseph Gunkle, Charles W. Hale, George P. Hanna, Philip Hart, William Hipsley, Allen Holmes, Samuel W. Irons, Thomas Jones, Benjamin F. Kirk, William H. Kirk, James Kirkpatrick, Robinson D. Kirkpatrick, Thomas Lenhart, Benjamin N. Linduff, Albert Liston, John Long, Elijah Lowry, John A. McCullough (died August 28, 1864), William H. McCullough, Grier McKee, Hugh McManus, Thomas Mansfield, Thomas Maxwell, John H. Miller, Ebenezer Myers, Thomas C. Powell, William Ramsey, Thomas Robinson, David Ross, Thomas Rutledge, James Snider, Jacob Snively, Oliver P. Sook, James Spencer, Robert Stark, George Starr, John E. Stone, John Stout, Kinsey Swords, Charles Vermillion, Alexander S. Welday, Henry Wilkinson, Abel Winters, Joseph Winters, William Woods, Richard Wright. COMPANY F, 157TH O. N. G. Captain, Alexander Smith ; 1st Lieutenant, James Templeton ; 2d Lieutenant, William D. Thompson ; Sergeants, Bates Sutherland, Matthew Garrett, Benton Lisle, Thomas B. Scott, William D. Quillen ; Corporals, John Moore, William McIntire, Wesley P. Scott, Nathan McGrew, John 178 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY Golden, William Tipton, Andrew Crawford, Robert McIntire ; Musician, George W. Whitten. Privates—James Adams, David Adrian, Alexander Betz, James Blackburn, John Y. Brown, Oliver Brown, Thomas Brown, Fernando Burris, John Collins, John Cox, Wesley Cox, Alexander Cunningham, George W. Dawson, Alexander Douglass, George Dunlap, Frederick Farmer, John Farmer, William D. Fell, Charles Gallagher, Davidson Gault, James Gilbreath, William Gilbreath, William Harris, Frank Hulick, Henry Hulick, Samuel Johnston, William Jones, William D. Linton, John J. Lisle, David Long, Wesley Long, William McConnell, Joseph McCullough, Alexander McGrew, James McGrew, Mansfield McGrew, Isaac Maloney, Bates Miller, Oliver Moore, William Moore, William Negus (died August 1, 1864), John Newbern, Henry Oliver, George R. Purviance, Ephraim Ralston, David Rideout, Oliver H. Rine, Rudolph Rine, Amos Rush, Levi Rouse, James Scott, Thomas H. Scott, Henry Taylor, William Thomas, John Thompson, James Timmerman, William Timmerman, Martin Touley, Isaac Tubble, James Underwood, Alexander Welday, William White, Thomas Wilburn, Anderson Wood, Thomas Wood, John Zink. COMPANY G, 157TH O. N. G. Captain, Hiram H. Cope ; 1st Lieutenant, Thomas B. Coulter; 2d Lieutenant, James M. Simeral ; Sergeants, George Potts, George E. Megrail, Thomas M. Reed, James R. Rittenhouse, Joseph H. Hammond; Corporals, Lindley H. Megrail, John S. Parsons, Albert B. Paul, Joshua W. Cole, Edwin M. Crawford, Jonas Amspoker, Elijah P. Mansfield, William E. Cookson ; Musician, Almeran Matlack ; Wagoner, Robertson Day. Privates—Robert C. Adrian, Aaron C. Allen, Alexander Black, John W. Blackburn, Samuel Carman, Thomas Coffin, Farlin B. Cole, Joshua W. Cole, William B. Cole, John M. Crawford (died July 31), Alexander Creal, George W. Davis, John M. Day, James Ewing, Robert Ferguson, Robert J. Ferguson, John Ford, Edwin 0. Forrester, John J. S. Goodlin, Hugh Hammond, John C. Hammond, John G. Hammond, Lewis Hammond, James D. Hastings, Stephen B. Hastings (died August 23), Samuel B. Hench, James R. Hewey, Isaac Hicks, George Johnston, John S. Johnston, John N. Jones, Edwin J. Keller, Joseph C. McNary, Jacob Mansfield, James R. Mansfield, Nimrod P. Teaff, William H. Mansfield, David W. Maxwell, Thomas Mayes, Thomas Megrail (died August 10), Nicholas Merryman, Nicholas W. F. Merryman, Rezin Merryman, George Moore, William Parks, Amos Parsons, Hervey Polen, Eli Porter, Hugh S. Porter, Joseph H. Porter, Hugh Potts, Nathan Purviance, Jonathan W. Rabe, Alexander Reynolds, Shadrach Rowland, Isaac A. Starr, Thomas C. Thompson, Carrollton Tipton, Charles M. Tipton, Samuel Tipton, William E. Tonner, Isaac Vorhes, William F. Whitten, Thomas Wright. COMPANY H, 157TH O. N. G. Captain, Edward Findley; 1st Lieutenant, William Davidson; 2d Lieutenant, William Winters ; Sergeants, Thomas S. Sanders, Thomas B. Jewett, Alonzo Hayne, J. C. Ault, Ross Barcus ; Corporals, David Morrow, Thomas Wells, George W. Ault, John Dobbs, William S. Thompson, Joshua C. Whitten, Jeddiah Cole, James Simpson; Musician; Henry M. Sanborn, Rezin B. Johnson ; Wagoner, George Cronkwright. Privates—Thomas A. Atkinson, Malachi Angle, John G. Armstrong, Samuel Arnold, Henry Ault, George B. Barr, James Bee-bout, William Beebout, James Blackburn, Noble C. Brown, Joseph Capstock, Emanuel Carman, Harvey J. Chambers, William Collins, James Cooper, John Cooper, John Courtwright, William Courtwright, Elisha Cox, James Crawford, William Crippen, Joseph Cuppy, John R. Dunbar, John B. Durbin, Daniel Findley, David Frazilo, Elias Fulton, Ford D. George, Jefferson Glover, George W. Glover, Thomas Hays, William J. Hobbs, William Jewett, James AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 179 F. Johnson, John Kelly, James Lyons, .John McClain, Asbury McFerren, Jacob 0. McGrew, James McLain, Griffith McMillen, Samuel Magill, Joseph Mills, Samuel Morrow, John W. Naylor, Oliver P. Naylor, Clarkson P. Newland, Abram Ong, Oliver M. Ong, James M. Russell, James W. Scott, John Scott, Joseph Shane, Thomas B. Shannon, Samuel Shouster, Ancel B. Stubbins, James F. Thompson, Samuel Timmerman, Watson Melville, Peter Wells, George F. Wilson, David Yocum. Company E, 170th Regiment, David K. McCance. Company D, 176th Regiment, one year service, Benjamin F. Barr, Abram W. Elliott, William Goodlin ; Company G, William F. Davidson ; Company H, William H. Ferry ; Company I, John R. Beatty. Company H, 178th Regiment, Jacob M. Taylor; Company I, Adam Saner (died January 4, 1865). Company G, 179th Regiment, Captain, ;James W.Glasener ; Sergeants, Daniel Potter, Harvey Alton ; Corporal, William McCord ; Musician, Joseph Krebs ; Sergeant-Major, E. Roseman Gardner. Privates—Thomas Forbes, James McGrew, Matthew Clark, George W. Price, Thomas Martin, James M. Risher, Edward Atchison James L. Devore, Daniel F. Stephens James Taylor, G. A. Coleman, Clark M. Horner, Thomas P. Winters, Edward Adolph, John W. Boyles (promoted hospital steward), Philip H. Dunn, Samuel Hartsoc James Hoobuck, John Kessler, William J. Coleman. Company H, 193d Regiment, Martin B. Patterson, 1st Lieutenant ; Louis Veit, Nathan O. Phipps. Col. Anson G. McCook was placed in command of the 194th O. V. I., mustered in March 4, 1865, and breveted brigadier general. COMPANY H, 195TH O. V. I. Mustered in at Camp Chase, March 18, 1865. for one year ; mustered out December 18, 1865, at Alexandria, Va. Captain, James H. Prentiss ; 1st Lieutenant, Thomas H. Teaff ; 2d Lieutenants, James E. Myers, Thomas A. Miller ; Sergeants, Robert C. Turner, Frank O. Moore, Albert H. Black; Arthur C. Hamilton, Edward H. Sweeney, Charles Glendenning; Corporals, Guy Johnson, John A. Cald- well, Benjamin Ovington, William W. Vannostrand, Foster W. Manly, Darwin Milliger, George W. Flannegan, Francis M. Lister. Privates—Samuel J. Adams, George B. Barr, Frank Barthold, John C. Bates, Leonidas Bond, Edward Bynon (died November 18, 1865), Albanus Cahill, Kinsey Cahill, William H. Caldwell, William H. Carnahan, Joseph Collins, John Costello, Henry Culbertson, David Curfman, Joshua Davis, Isaac Dilley, Frederick Drair, Thomas Dunn, William Edgerly, William H. Ewing, John Fraser, William Fraser, Robert R. Garrison, George W. Gibson, John Gorsuch, William A. Gray, Chauncey Hamilton, Erskine M. Hamilton, John Hamilton, Robert Hamilton, Thomas Heighton, Charles Hilliard, Elisha Hinds, Frederick Hoffman, Henry Hollman, Michael Humble, John Hummelle, Christian Humphrey, William H. Irwin, Henry Jobe, Henry Kelly, William Kell, William C. Leeper, Frank Long, Robert S. Lucas, James McCrystal, Ross J. McClelland, Robert F. McCord, James McGrew, Daniel McIntosh, William S. McLane, Matthew K. McMullen, George A. Manly, Alexander Melville, Marshall Miller, William C. Morrow, Lewis B. Nelson, George Odbert, Benjamin. F. Owens, James Parrott, William P. Parrish, Charles W. Pitcairn, Thomas H. Purviance, James Robertson (2), William Robertson, James Rourke, William Saladin, Henry Sharp, Alexander Shaw, Milton Shearer, Thomas Shivey, Isaac Smith, Reuben C. Smith, Isaac W. Sparks, John Stewart, Charles F. Stokey; George F. Straun, Clarence E. Turner, August Volkers, William H. Waers, James H. Watson, Peter C. Young, Charles H. Zimmerman. 180 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ARTILLERY. Company lc, 1 st Light, Emerson Winn. 3d Battery, Jehu Woods ; 5th, John Kelly. 25TH INDEPENDENT BATTERY, O. V. LIGHT ARTILLERY. Sergeant, Nelson P. Baker (promoted 2d Lieutenant 4th Ark. Cavalry) ; William IT. Hafer, Addison Lockwood, William I). Crosby (died March 22, 1864), Francis C. Fassett, Charles Q. King, Seth M. Rood, Charles C. West, Henry C. Warner (died December 13, 1863), Hiram E. Williams, A. D. Seamon, Daniel C. Wyman, George Zinn. COMPANY H, 5TH O. V. CAVALRY. Mustered in October 23, 1861, at Camp Corwin, Ohio ; mustered out October 30, 1865, at Charlotte, N. C. James Allensworth, James L. Beebout, Edwin D. Cook (Corporal), Andrew Imhoff, Thomas Probert, Thomas U. Riley, John T. Scott, James U. Todd, William J. Waggoner (died June 22, 1865). Company D, Alexander Stewart. Company K, Joseph Parrish, John D. Stonebraker, George Williams, Benjamin G. Cable, John Chalfant, William Fisher, Joseph McCoy. Company L, Sergeant, Hugh Campbell ; John Hughes, Alfred McGrew, Thomas Seals, William Richardson. COMPANY H, 11TH O. V. CAVALRY. Mustered in July 31, 1863, at Camp Dennison, mustered out July 14, 1866, at Camp Leavenworth, Kan. Capt. Jacob S. Shuman ; 2d Lieutenant, George H. Boyd ; Sergeants, G. W. Marsh, John Stroud, James T. Linn, Lewis Cooper, John B. Hickman (Quartermaster-Sergeant) ; Corporals, Russell McManus, George Hall ; Farrier, Adam Calhoun ; Saddler, William Stoner. Privates--Meredith Aldridge, John Allen, Jr.. Joseph C. Beltz, George Bingham, John H. Cahill, John Carnes, John W. Carroll, Alpheus Caruthers, Robert Devore, Hiram Evans, Joel M. Ferguson, Patrick Flaherty, James A. Farmer, Thomas Flatley, Charles Frame, Edward Frame, William Gossett, Wilson S. Grier, David T. Gallagher, Henry Gross, Adam Glass, Edward Hurley, Martin Holland, John Leitters, William B. Litten, William McCafferty, George Milligan, John McGlinn, Rezin McAllister, David C. Peck, George E. Reynolds, Samuel Rowley, William J. Shives, John H. Walters, William Wilson, Martin Madison, Frederick Sut ton, Charles Thomas, George W. Marsh, Winfield S. Davis (died May 31, 1865), Wilson Barrett. 13TH REGIMENT O. V. C. There were but few representatives from Jefferson County in this regiment including ]ate enlistments and transfers from other regiments. In Company F were George S. Dickey and James S. Gray. Company B, 13th O. V. C., B. M. Wilkinson, Richard Taggart, Sergeants ; George Thompson, Daniel Clendenning, A. W. Goodlin, Robert Hood, Amzie Plummer. Company G, Captains, William Jarvis, Charles T. Young; Commissary Sergeant, Theodore Dunn ; Sergeant, George ''Bair ; Corporals, Oliver Evans, Sophary Kellar, Samuel Davidson, Francis D. Thompson ; Bugler, George W. Cahill ; Privates, Charles Blinn, Martin Burns, Silas W. McClellan, James F. Stephens, Robert Carr, George Mushrush, Hiram Mushrush, William W. Myers. MISCELLANEOUS. Many Jefferson County men enlisted as individuals in regiments organized elsewhere in this and other states, where it has been impossible to follow their official records. Notably this was the case as to West Virginia, the first regiment of cavalry from that state showing the following from this county : Captains, Jacob S. Schuman, John Seltzer, John J. McDonald, William Shriver ; Sergeants, John AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 181 Walters, J. A. J. Palmer, George Collins, Samuel Cable (dead), James Galloway; Corporals, James Wehr, Alexander McFar- land (dead) ; Privates, Jerry Pettet (died 1864 in Andersonville), Patrick Monehan, Thomas B. McConnell (promoted to Sergeant-Major), Thaddeus McGovern, Thomas J. Burns, Oliver Burchfield (died May 10, 1862), William Brice, James Burns (died April 24, 1864), John Brooks, William A. Clifton, Jehu Durbin, Robert G. Dorsey, John Estep, Sr. and Jr., Francis Estep, George Estep, William Elliott, John Francisco (died June 5, 1862), William Glenn, William G. Gill (dead), William H. Harrison, Henry Holman, Henry Heinchman, John Lyle, Levi Linton (dead), Abraham Lepps (captured August, 1864, died at Danville, Va., January 10, 1865), Shannon Lyons, Thomas T. Linn, Robert E. May, Thomas McDonough, George V. Mossgrove (died of wounds received July 27, 1864, at Winchester, Va.), James B. Mears, Josiah J. Roberts, John Ruddicks, William Ruddicks, John Stroud, Robert Slee (died October 29, 1864, in Andersonville), Henry Stroud (died February 23, 1862), George Snyder, James Thomas (dead), Levi S. Walters (Farrier, captured and missing), Julius Welhi (died 1864 in Andersonville), George Burns, Jonathan Burns, John T. Stewart, Reuben Wait, Jesse Bucy, Clark Smith, James Davis, Sr. and Jr. 1st Va. I. Company A, Captain, Mount- ford S. Stokely ; 1st Lieutenant, Thomas M. Simpson ; 2d Lieutenant, M. Cook ; Privates, George H. Smick, William Crewson, John Everett, John Cropper. 35th Mass., Thos. B. Sterling. 63d Pa., Geo. Stamm, William Priest, Lyman Priest, B. E. Hawkins, George Lyman, R. C. Hawkins. 5th Wis., Isaac Shane. 8th Iowa Cavalry, Eldridge Guerin (died 1863). 6th U. S. Cavalry, Benjamin D. McGrew. 27th U. S. Colored Troops, Champion Bowman (Sergeant), James Thompson, William Hanna, Josiah Bruce (Corporals), Josiah Fletcher, Patterson Strowbridge. 45th U. S. C. T., Benjamin Warfield. 116th U. S. C. T., Samuel Thomas, John Mercer, Henderson Mercer. 114th U. S. C. T., John Scott. 54th Mass. C. I., George McPherson, David Lyons. Jacob Allenworth, 4th Iowa Art.; Deacon W. Bell, 22d Pa. ; William H. Burns, 15th Ill.; William H. Bowers, 1st U. S. Eng. ; Daniel Byers, 37th Pa. ; William Batman, 5th Ky.; Joseph Blackburn, 15th U. S.; Albert Bradford, 88th U. S.; Charles B. Buck, 3d N. J.; John N. Carnes, 36th Ill.; W. R. Cunningham, 11th W. Va.; Joseph Cornell, 10th Ill.; George W. Curry, Sgt., 76th Pa.; John E. Cunningham. James D. Glendenning, 7th W. Va.; Alexander Duncan, 140th Pa.; John Doggett, 25th U. S.; Charles C. Fisher, 135th Pa.; Joseph Frey, Sgt., 74th Pa.; Eli Fizell, 118th Pa.; Wesley Ford, 5th U. S.; Robert G. Howester, Sgt., 1st Pa. Cav. ; John Home, 101st Pa.; F. A. Hare, 123d Pa.; John W. Henry, 146th Pa.; James Johnson, Surgeon, 15th W. Va. ; Sandy Johnson, 24th U. S.; James B. Kennedy, 12th W. Va.; Benjamin K. Kennedy, 154th Pa. ; Fred Kaufman, 123d Pa. ; John Knowles, 5th U. S.; John Loomer, 89th Pa.; Joseph Marion, Lieut. U. S. Art.; Thomas Miller, Corp., 1st W. Va. ; John H. Mercer, Reynolds Malber, Henderson Mercer, 100th U. S. ; James Mahew, 3d Ky.; Simon T. Merryman, 43d U. S. ; William M. McBride, 1st Pa. ; Charles McCann, 69th N. Y. ; Patrick McCaffrey, 201st Pa.; William C. Nichols, 3d Ind. Cav. ; Ashbel F. Richards, Lieut. 46th Pa.; James Rollins, 7th W. Va.; Moses L. Risdon, 4th W. Va. C.; R. M Stephens, 55th Pa.; William Smith, 78th Pa. ; Patterson Strobridge, 27th U. S.; John Scott, 100th U. S.; Alexander Swain, 3d Mass.; Joseph L. Selah, 183d Pa.; Alexander Sweeney, Lieut. 140th Pa. ; John W. Spriggs, 75th Ill.; Thomas Smith, Corp., 3d W. Va. ; Thomas Sight, Art.; David G. Smith, 2d W. Va..; Jesse S. Thornburg, 182 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 78th Pa.; John Watkins, 77th Pa.; Albert Zink, 6th W. Va.; Charles B. Buck, 3d N. Y. C. ; John Crozier, 15th U. S. ; John Engel, Sgt., 9th Pa.; Frank Collins, 1st Mich. ; Joseph B. Chalfant, 6th U. S. C.; Uriah Kissinger, David Long, 13th U. S.; John Prosser, 15th U. S.; William W. Worthington, 2d W. Va. ; Michael Mettenburgher, 10th N. Y. C. ; John Duke, 1st Tenn. Bat.; Eldridge Garin, 8th Iowa ; Oliver Coldtrap, Robert Slee, Henry Brooks, 1st W. Va. ; William Godnell, 2d W. Va.; Upton K. Sutherland, 1st W. Va.; Nicholas Merryman, 1st W. Va. Bat. ; Samuel R. Miser, U. S. Signal, Edward P. Johnson, 55th Pa., Peter D. O,Connell, Sappers and Miners ; John F.) le, 18th U. S. ; Robert Cassiday, William Elliott, James Grimes Jas. Hanley, William Kell, Alonzo Stafford, Andrew Snowden, William Moffat, 15th U. S.; James D. Clendenning, 7th W. Va.; James C. Cooper, 130th O.V.C.; James Duke, 26th 0. B. ; R. P. Gane, 1st W. Va. C.; Otis Seeley, 140th Pa. ; Clark Smith (Corp.), James M. Davis, Alexander Bucey, 1st W. Va. ; George A. Miser, Samuel R. Miser, Amos P. Barnes, U. S. Signal ; David S. Miser, U. S. Art., George Walters, 6th W. Va.; Jerry B. Davis, 64th O.; Sylvester Fowler, 100th Pa.; Rees G. Richards, 45th Pa. No record, James Keith, Daniel S. Charlton, Charles Fellows, Thomas B. Mansfield, David L. Miller, Benton Phillips, L. Carman, William Matlack, William Crown, Thomas Crown, John B. Walker, Frank Johnson, John M. Robertson, Joshua Haugh. Special service from Ross Township—Robert C. Bachellor, Thomas Barker, Alfred Connell, Andrew Daugherty, Joseph Ewing, John B. Grimes, Robert McBeth, Abraham Mortland, John A. Ramsey, John Richardson, Louis Riblet, James Swearingin. -William Walker. This township furnished 89 men out of a voting population of 175. Three soldiers of the Revolution, and 14 of the war of 1812 lie buried in its cemeteries. SILVER GREYS OF 1863. On July 1, 1863, a company of Steubenville,s older citizens who were not liable to draft organized under the following agreement : "Owing to the deplorable situation of our country and the good reasons we have to fear a- rebel raid into our state we the undersigned, being men not subject to the draft or to be compelled to perform military duty, but at the same time believing it to be our duty to organize for the defense of ourselves, our families and our property, hereby agree to form ourselves into a military-home guard company, to be called the Silver Greys : M. 0. Junkin, James Spencer, Thomas Miller, McGuire Doyle, Samuel Stevens, Henry. Mellor, John B. Doyle, J. H. Hays, John Leetch, David Wilkin, George Mahan, Thomas Gilmore, Richard Archdeacon, Rev. A. Abbott, George Fickes, John Lincel, D. McCurdy, Talbot Parrish, John B. Miller, A. O,Neal, B. P. Drennan, John C. Copeland, James McAllister, William Scott, E. Wallace, W. B. Lindsay, James Fulton, F. Mizzlewitz, James Reed, Joseph Beatty, B. D. Worthington, William Harding, Adam Boyd, John Morrison, Samuel Wilson, Thomas J. Drury, Joshua Dunn, William Gossett, W. A. Urquhart, Perry Coyle, Abel Manly, W. D. Nash, William Thompson, J. H. Blinn, E. F. Bond, Ruel Powell, A. F. Cody, William Caldwell, Abram Myers, Alexander Donaldson, Joseph Louden, William Pickersgill, William Bickerstaff, Robert Gregg, William Simpson, Nathan Huntsman, James Meikle, James Parks, W. K. Shannon, F. A. Priest, Thomas Warren, John C. Orrick, A. W. Semple, J. G. Barr, John Baker, Jacob Coble, William Giles, James Dunn, William Walker, William Harris, J. C. Delano, John H. Miller, Thomas McFarland, R. C. Peters, Jacob Hull, Matthew King, William L. Sharp, Thomas Brashears, a. J. Beatty, William F. McMasters, James Turnbull, David Hinds, Ross Wells, William Frazier, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 183 Stephen Jamieson, John ArmStrong, Henry Morrison, W. C. Abraham, Jacob Walker, James Carnahan, Reed Beerbower, Daniel Potter, Eli R. McFeely, John Kinney, Roswell Marsh, Absalom Manly, J. G. Davidson, John Wallace, William Barr, Joseph Dougherty, Charles Beans, William B. Sutherland, Ross McClelland, Matthew Myers, W. C. Spencer, Thomas Gossett, F. H. Hamilton, Dr. Thomas Johnson, John Biles, B. F. Cable, R. S. Moody, Walter Stark, John Johnson, Augustine Bicker-staff, Henry Wheeler, James Wyatt, Rassellas Castner, Stephen W. Hill, Benjamin Lister, James Blackburn, Robert H. Evans, James Foster, Resa Kendall, John D. Filson, Jacob Arbaugh, David Scott. It has been an exceedingly difficult task to make anything like a complete military record of the county, and the editor will be obliged for the correction of any errors or omissions. NAVAL SERVICE. The naval service of Jefferson County was principally confined to the Ohio, Cumberland and Mississippi Rivers. U. S. Transport Silver Lake No. 2 was commanded by John S. Devenny with crew composed of James Shouse, James Harper, John Hanlon, Alexander Harlan, Benjamin Harlan, J. Huff Parrish, John Lope-man, James Morgan, Jr., Joseph Collins. Avenger gunboat, Washington Hollman, Jacob O. Blackburn, John Andregg. Steamer Springfield 22, Henry J. Spence. Steamer Juliet, Thomas Hanna. Steamer Brilliant, Ross M. Myers. Gunboat, John K. Myers, John W. Crawford. Juniata No. 2—A little boat that helped to prevent Morgan from crossing the Ohio River into West Virginia was commanded by Thomas J. McDonald, Stewart McElvaney, Mate. During the investment of Vicksburg Capt. George O,Neal 'rendered valuable service as pilot, one of his thrilling feats being the running of the batteries while balls made a perfect storm around him. THE MITCHELL RAIDS. Aside from the general incidents of the -war, such as marches, battles, sufferings in prisons and hospitals, of which the men from this county had their full share, there were two episodes of special interest locally, the first because of the part taken by volunteers from Jefferson, and the seeond because it brought a touch of war within her borders. The first of these was what was known as the Mitchell raids, for there were two of them. Early in 1862 the Western Army under Buell, Mitchell and Grant had penetrated Tennessee, and occupied Nashville and surrounding country, East Tennessee still being in the hands of the Confederates. The rebel armies of Virginia find Mississippi were connected by a railroad system from Richmond through Lynchburg, Knoxville, Chattanooga and Huntsville, Ala., to Memphis, by which means they were able to quickly concentrate a force at any needed point, while the Union forces were divided into separate armies entirely beyond reach of each other except by a long and circuitous route through the Northern States. Secretary Stanton afterwards performed the herculean feat of sending 23,000 men over this route in eleven days, but the time had not yet come for that kind of work. At Chattanooga this line was intersected by another extending from Nashville to Atlanta and from thence throughout the South. It was evident that if this line could be broken even temporarily the Union forces would have an opportunity of beating the separate rebel commands, confronting them before they could be reinforced. At this juncture James. J. Andrews, of Flemings-burg, Ky., offered to take a small party of men disguised as southerners to Atlanta, where he would meet an engineer who was a Unionist, board a passenger train northward to Chattanooga, capture the locomotive, cut the telegraph wires, run through Chattanooga westward, burning the bridge behind them, especially the one over the Tennessee River at Bridgeport. It was a 184 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY great scheme, and had it been carried out in time Shiloh would have told a very different story, if indeed it would have ever been heard of. Andrews had become well acquainted with Captain Sarratt of "the 2d Ohio, and although the latter at first distrusted him, he afterwards gave him his full confidence. So in March 1862, when Andrews under the authority of Mitchell went to Sarratt's company for four out of the eight volunteers desired for the expedition John W. Holliday, Alexander H. Surles, Frank B. Mills and B. F. Durbin were selected as being among the best material at hand, and all at once volunteered. Four others were added from other companies the original four however traveling as a separate party. They donned citizens' clothes, and walked forty miles to Tullahoma' within the rebel lines, where they took a train for Chattanooga, and the next morning left for Atlanta which they reached at 9 p. m., and stopped at the Trout House, the leading hotel. Andrews and the other four arrived next morning. They had plenty of Confederate officers as company, General Johnston eating at the same table with them, and that night they attended a meeting at the Court House and heard a speech by Robert Toombs in which he said that the "Yankees" were a people so distinct from the Southerners, that they could tell one wherever they saw him. All this time the four "Yankees" from Jefferson were looking at him, applauding to the echo. Some Union prisoners were seen while returning to the hotel. That evening Surles and Durbin went out to cut the telegraph lines to prevent any word of their operations. Finding a suitable place Surles climbed the pole and soon cut the wire. Durbin was coiling up a section ready for removal, when two rebel cavalrymen rode up. The wire cutters were not armed, and the situation was critical, but Surles was equal to the situation. One of the enemy roughly demanded, "What are you at up there?" when Surles began a tirade against the Confederacy, declaring that it was high time the Yankees came in and did things better. This surprised the cavalryman who lowered his gun and said "Why what on earth is the matter with you?" Surles replied, "If I have to tend office all day and go round mending wires all night, I don't care how soon the whole thing goes to destruction." Thinking that they had met an overworked operator who was in a bad humor, the cavalrymen rode away advising them to bear up, that things would soon be better. The "repairs" were then quickly finished by a large section of wire being rolled up and hidden in a neighboring cornfield. They returned to the hotel with the conviction that if they captured a train the next morning, word to that effect could not be sent from Atlanta. But the next morning brought a sad disappointment. Instead of the expected engineer there was word that he had been sent to another road to assist in trans-. porting troops in anticipation of the battle of Pittsburgh Landing. There was not an engineer in the party and to forcibly impress one was out of the question. There was but one thing to do, namely get back to the Union lines as quickly as possible. The Jefferson contingent waited until the next morning, the others having preceded them. They left Atlanta on a mixed train, and stopped an hour at Big Shanty, of which we shall hear more later. While there they watched a Confederate instruction camp, and after starting away a brakeman came into the car saying "We've got some Yankees out here." Thinking the first party might have been captured Holliday and Hawkins stepped out to investigate but found only strangers. They arrived at Chattanooga in the evening where the party separated as the more perilous part of their journey was before them. Two went towards Tracy City and Manchester, and Holliday and Hawkins went by train to Stevenson, where they began their foot travel through the mountains passing the university at Sewanee. They were helped by a Union man who urged them not to return South. After traveling some forty miles farther and meeting with a series of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 185 adventures they reached the Union lines, where they met their comrades. Not discouraged by his first failure Andrews was determined to make another effort with a larger force, this time taking an engineer along. He had a conference with General Mitchell on April 7th, the day of the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, when further plans were matured. It was too late to attain the special object of the first expedition, but could East Tennessee be isolated there was good chance of the capture of Chattanooga which was the key to all that region. None of the original four from this county volunteered in the second expedition, one reason among others being that some of them at least had lost confidence in the ability of Andrews to conduct such an enterprise successfully, and the result proved they were right, although anybody might have failed. Orders were sent to the three Ohio regiments of Sills' brigade to have a man selected from each company for the second expedition. Captain Sarratt was not asked to select one as he was opposed to any of his men going, but William Pittenger had volunteered through other sources, and Charles P. Shadrack from Company K. On the evening of April 7 the party met with their leader about a mile east of Shelbyville, Tenn., where plans were made and the company broke into small detachments, to reassemble four days later at Marietta, Ga,. a railroad station a few miles north of Atlanta. Afterwards Andrews changed the meeting time to a day later, the first fatal error. Some failed to reach the rendezvous, but twenty gathered there including their leader. Tickets were purchased and the party boarded the northbound train for Chattanooga the next morning, dressed, it is scarcely necessary to say, in citizens' clothes. Passing Kenesaw Mountain, designed to become historic, Big Shanty, eight miles distant was reached, where the train stopped for breakfast. The conductor, engineer and many of the passengers got off, when Wilson W. Brown and William am Knight, engineers of the party, mounted the engine with a fireman, uncoupling the rear coaches leaving three empty baggage or box cars attached to the engine, into which the raiders tumbled. The train was off in a flash, and everything promised success, although the morning was wet, and the road blocked by delayed trains, of which the raiders knew nothing. The previous day was fine and all trains were on time. They stopped for wood and water, telling everybody that they were rushing powder through for Beauregard, and also delayed to cut telegraph wires and tear up ties for bridge burning. At Etowah, about fifteen miles north they saw the Yonah, an old locomotive with steam up, but, did not disturb it, and at Kingston, thirty miles north, were delayed over an hour. Four miles above King's they stopped to cut the telegraph and take up a rail when they were startled by the whistle of a pursuing train from the south. When the situation at Big Shanty was realized W. A. Fuller, the train conductor, and Anthony Murphy, a machinist started after the raiders, on foot amid the somewhat derisive laughter of the crowd. Finding a hand car they used it, but just before reaching Etowah they were ditched by the break in the track made by the raiders. They reached the town, however, where they took the "Yonah," and securing some soldiers started to Kingston. Here they arrived four minutes after the raiders had left, and getting another engine and car started ahead. The race for life was now on, and although the raiders had broken a rail the pursuers stopped in time to avoid a wreck. Another feat of the kind was attempted and with proper appliances might have succeeded, but there was not time to do the work, and the rail was only bent. The raiders dropped two of their three cars, but the pursuers pushed them ahead to Resaca, where they were dropped. The raiders stopped now and then to cut a telegraph wire in order that no word might be sent ahead, and ties were tumbled out the rear end of their box car to wreck the pursuing train. There never was a race of that 186 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY kind before or since. As the pursuers had to stop to pick up the ties the raiders had time to get some wood and water, and an attempt was made to fire some of the bridges, but what would have been effective the day before was now prevented by the rain. The trains ran through Dalton and the tunnel north of the town, but the situation was now becoming critical. The men got on the tender, and after the last car had been set afire it was dropped in the middle of a covered bridge, but the Confederates pushed right in and pushed the car out. Within eighteen miles of Chattanooga fuel gave out, steam went down and the "General," the engine which carried the party was "dead." It was believed then and since by those competent to judge that had the party kept together and made for the mountains all or nearly all might have escaped, as they were strong enough to keep their pursuers at bay. But the fatal order was given for every man to look out for himself, the company was converted into a disorganized mob which was hunted down like rabbits. Every man was captured and treated as a spy. Andrews and seven others, including Shadrack, were executed, among whom was supposed to be Pittenger. but he lived to endure the worst horrors of southern prisons and afterwards wrote a full history of the enterprise. Eight of the remaining fourteen made a daring and successful attempt to escape, and the others remained in prison until, by special efforts of Secretary Stanton they were exchanged in March, 1863. They were royally received at Washington, and were the recipients of rewards and promotions. THE MORGAN The second instance to which we have referred is the celebrated Morgan raid which furnishes the only battles fought on Ohio soil during the war. In June, 1863, General Bragg in command of the Confederate forces in Kentucky considered himself in a very critical position, and desired to retreat to some point near Chatta nooga, where he could fight a battle on his own ground and conditions. But with Rosecrans at his rear and Burnside and Judah on his flanks, such a retreat would be extremely hazardous, unless indeed the Federals, could have their attention occupied in some way that would prevent them from closing in on him. This task was intrusted -to Gen. John H. Morgan, a dashing cavalry leader, who with a comparatively small force seemed ubiquitous, and certainly gave the Federals plenty of occupation. Much of his success was due to the fact that he operated in a territory with which he was entirely familiar and among a people where he could find plenty of sympathizers, so he was as difficult to catch as the Irishman’s flee, and the Federals were as helpless as Spanish Bens d,armes in the homes of mountain brigands. 'But i\iorgan,s success led him to evolve a greater scheme, which was to invade the North and thus draw Burnside after him, while he would make a grand raid, living, off the country, and perhaps form a junction with Lee, who was already marching into Pennsylvania. Bragg pronounced the scheme chimerical and forbade its execution. But Morgan, although he claimed the privileges of a regular soldier when captured, was a sort of free lance, and working; his way northward he reached Brandenburg a short distance below Louisville on the Ohio River on the night of July 7. Here were seized two steamboats, with which he crossed the Ohio the next day, and landed on the Indiana shore with about 3,000 cavalry or mounted infantry and four pieces of artillery. A diversion towards Louisville produced a scare in that city which detained there a couple of gunboats that might have brought his enterprise to naught. As there were no organized troops in front of him the raid at first was a sort of picnic, and some of the scenes of plunder related by Basil Duke, Morgan's biographer, partake strongly of the ludicrous. One man carried a bird cage with a couple of canaries in it for two days. Another carried a chafing dish until an AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 189 officer made him throw it away, and one slung seven pairs of skates about his neck. These instances might be multiplied indefinitely, although it must be said in justice to the invaders that there was little of that wanton burning and senseless destruction of private property which so often marks the track of a moving army. Several surprises awaited them. One was the number of men they met although they carefully avoided the large cities, and another was the richness of the country, the fields of waving grain, the gardens and the orchards made the country at that season of the year seem like paradise. In contrast with the south everybody seemed prosperous with everything to eat and wear. From what they had heard at home they had been led to believe that the discontent at the north was general and that there would be uprisings in their favor, but of that, there was none, and Duke somewhat plaintively remarks, "the Copperheads” and Vallandighamers' fought harder than the others." Morgan carefully kept away from the railroads ex- cept when he crossed them to cut wires or burn bridges, and felled trees and placed other obstructions across the highways to hinder pursuit as much as possible. Then as he passed through the country he would drop his jaded and worn out horses and take the best stock on the farms, so he was able to move with a celerity only checked by the endurance of his men. There was no organized force in front of him, and as those behind could not catch up he had a pretty free course. It must be remembered that Indiana and Ohio were not then gridironed with railroads to anything like the extent as at present. A portion of the 23d corps of mounted infantry followed Morgan from Kentucky, but for the rea- sons given could not overtake him until he was brought to bay. Nevertheless he created quite a scare. His force was greatly exaggerated and Governors Morton of In- diana and Tod of Ohio, called out the state militia, in which call Jefferson County was not included, it not being supposed that Morton would reach here. But he was quicker than the militia, and by the 13th he was within thirteen miles of Cincinnati, which city was considerably alarmed. But he had no notion of trying to enter the city, and marched almost directly east to Buffington Island above Pomeroy, where he was brought to bay and attempted to cross the river in which he signally failed. In the engagement here, Judge Daniel McCook, father of the late George W. McCook and brother of Dr. John McCook, of Steubenville, was killed, he having already lost two sons in the war. Here between 600 and 700 prisoners were taken and about 300 managed to get across the river into West Virginia while Morgan with 1,100 retreated back into the country closely pursued by Hobson's cavalry. It was now a race across the country, and Morgan's force probably did not exceed 600 when he entered this county at Adena on the western border on the early morning of Saturday the 25th. He had spent the previous day in Harrison County which he entered from Guernsey passing about six miles southeast of Cadiz, reaching Georgetown about three miles from Adena at 7 in the evening, where he remained until 10 p. m. when he moved on, spending the night between there and Adena. Smithfield was the next town, distant six miles from Adena in an air line, and about nine miles by two different roads, one via York and the other via Mt. Pleasant road, which veered to the west before reaching the latter town. Firing was heard in the direction of Adena, and as it was known that Morgan was in the neighborhood. with Shackleford close behind him the martial ardor of the citizens was aroused, and a. company of forty armed men marched out to meet the invaders. They had no officers and not knowing by which road Morgan would come some of them took the York road and others the Mt. Pleasant. The rebels had taken the latter, intending probably to go down Short Creek to the river and attempt to cross at Warrenton, but changed their minds and 190 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY went northward towards Smithfield. Here they met the squad from that town, and unceremoniously took most of them prisoners, breaking their guns and putting their leader, Captain Collins, on a mule. Thus they marched through the main street of Smithfield, and compelled Captain Collins and his associates to announce to the people that these were Hobson’s men, and to give them plenty to eat and treat them well. The citizens in their loyalty brought out a plentiful supply of provisions, which they freely gave to their hungry enemies, and did not discover the deception until it was too late to remedy it. Morgan moved on with a supply of fresh horses, allowing his prisoners to escape, and when Hobson,s men appeared in the afternoon, tired and hungry, they found the larder swept clean. A black man was shot here in the arm. The next point was New Alexandria, which was reached about noon. Here the raiders were only four miles from the river, but for reasons which will appear later they turned north towards Wintersville. The raiders began plundering the store of J. C. Graham at New Alexandria but Morgan stopped them and directed Mr. Graham to close his store. At one o’clock p. m. a dispatch received in the city announced that Morgan had crossed the Steubenville and Indiana railroad at Alexandria station, seven miles from Steubenville, where he cut the telegraph wires and burned two bridges. He then marched up Dry Fork, halting on Nathan Porter’s place and taking him prisoner, releasing him the following day, and stopping for a late dinner at the houses of John Hanna and John Stone. Mrs. Hanna fled to a wheat field but Morgan sent for her telling her that she would not be harmed as all they wanted was something to eat. Mrs. H. pointed out where the provisions could be found, and while the General took a short sleep which he badly needed the meal was prepared. He thanked Mrs. Hanna and offered to pay her. Anyone suspected of going toward the river was taken into custody to prevent any news of their movement. and the late Joseph McCleary related a hair breadth escape with the bullets whistling around him. While all this activity was going on, back in the country business was practically suspended in the city in order that preparations might be made to repel, and if possible capture the invaders. As has been stated Governor Tod,s proclamation calling out the Ohio militia did not include Jefferson County, so that when the raiders reached this section there was no organization to oppose them. On Friday afternoon, when it was apparent that Morgan was heading this way, the sound of the old Court House bell brought the citizens together and a temporary militia organization was formed, with Captains Frank Prentiss, Walden, Burgess and Boals in charge. That same evening Major-General Brooks arrived with three regiments of Pennsylvania militia and established his head-quarters in the old C. & P. passenger station at the foot of South street with Joseph C. Doyle, the local railroad agent, as temporary train dispatcher. Colonel James R. Porter,s regiment was the first to arrive and was moved to Warrenton, fourteen miles below the city, a fact which doubtless caused Morgan to turn northward from Short Creek to Smithfield. Colonel Bemis’s regiment came next, and was stationed at Lagrange, now Brilliant, and Colonel Gallagher’s regiment was posted first at Mingo and then at Rush Run, midway between Warrenton and Brilliant. Thus the fords were guarded and a train to which was attached a locomotive with steam up, stood ready to move the forces from one point to another as might be needed. It will he seen that Morgan was thus forced up the Dry Fork road which strikes the pike at the west end of Wintersville a little less than five miles from Steubenville. On Saturday Col. James Collier was placed in command of the Steubenville militia by General Brooks, and Morgan’s course being now pretty well known at 2 p. m. they marched AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 191 out the old plank road in the direction of Wintersville, between 500 and 600 strong, with one piece of artillery, a six pound cannon which now rests in the G. A. R. lot in Union cemetery. The force would have been larger had there been arms for them. Between 5 and 6 o,clock the advance of Captain Prentiss’s company reached the Dry Fork road with Morgan’s force just ahead of them. His rear guard had been deployed in the adjoining field, and as the detachment advanced it fired a volley. One bullet struck Henry L. Parks, son of the late James Parks, in the abdomen. He lingered until Monday morning the 27th when he died amid universal regret. During this or subsequent firing Miss Margaret Dougherty standing at a window in Thomas Maxwell’s house at the forks of the road beyond Wintersville was accidentally shot in the region of the lungs by a rebel bullet which passed through her body and came out at the shoulder. She was supposed to be mortally wounded but recovered, and is still living. It was of course Morgan,s aim to get away, and he continued on towards Richmond, but his rear guard was .again overtaken by the militia at Two Ridge Presbyterian church where a skirmish occurred. In the meantime a detachment of Colonel Shackleford’s 9th Michigan cavalry under Major Way came up, and the Steubenville commander mistaking them for rebels had the cannon trained on them. A shot was fired, fortunately without effect, but in the Two Ridge skirmish one of the cavalrymen was mortally wounded and afterwards buried there. One of Morgan,s men, W. G. Page, was also wounded, but was tenderly cared for at Benjamin Coe’s, and when he recovered took the oath of allegiance. James Nelson and Martin Kane, two of the Michigan men were also wounded, but recovered. Morgan reached Richmond about 7 p. m., but did not halt long as Way with his men, although their horses were jaded, were too close behind. He rested awhile in the neighborhood of Fairfield hamlet, while his scouts examined the road leading down Island Creek to the river six miles above Steubenville. But Brooks had been ahead of him, and on Saturday evening Porter’s regiment was moved from Warrenton to Island Creek while Gallagher and Bemis were placed further up to intercept him if he should make for Shanghai, (now Empire) Yellow Creek or any upper ford. There was nothing to do but move on in the direction of East Springfield, picking up fresh horses by the way, and robbing citizens of money. They took five horses from William Huscroft and $180 with other things. At East Springfield they stole twenty-five horses, and it is estimated that between New Alexandria and that place at least $15,000 worth of horseflesh changed hands. At East Springfield Morgan turned to the right following the road to Monroeville in Brush Creek Township, and about six miles distant encamped for the night on Herdman Taylor’s farm on the Middle Fork of Yellow Creek just west of Nebo now Bergholz. Here he burned the county bridge across Yellow Creek, and got another fresh supply of horses. The 9th Michigan arrived about 11 p. m., and camped on the hill above. There was some picket firing but no attack. About 3 o’clock Sunday morning, Morgan broke camp and started for Monroeville in Brush Creek. Township near the Columbiana County line, Taylor accompanying him for about three miles. He was followed by the Michigan Cavalry who overtook him at Monroeville, and captured his carriage with horses and several prisoners. The first charge was made by Company H, Captain Rice. Eight men were killed in this charge. While Morgan was at East Springfield, John K. Miller, a well known citizen of that place concluded to have a little fun, and meeting the rebel chief gave him a large amount of misinformation as to the surrounding country and condition of affairs. Morgan, who began to be suspicious, suddenly inquired, "Are you acquainted with this country ?" to which came the prompt 192 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY reply "Yes sir, every foot of it." "Then mount that horse, you are just the man I want" was the order. This was more than Miller bargained for, but there was no room for argument, so he mounted the steed and went along with the party. When they trotted across Yellow Creek bridge which they afterwards burned he gravely ordered them to halt and informed them that there was $10 fine for trotting across that bridge. When they got into the fight beyond Monroeville Miller was between two fires, and asked leave to retire, which was granted, and he returned home, not caring for any more military experience. From Monroeville, Morgan started in the direction of Salineville several miles to the northeast over the Columbiana County line. He may have hoped to strike the river about Wellsville, but the probability is that he no longer had any direct object except to elude his pursuers as long as possible. In the meantime his right was flanked by Shackelford's force which had been following him for four weeks, composed of one Tennessee and one Kentucky regiment and the 86th Ohio Mounted Infantry. With him were the Steubenville militia which had left Richmond at midnight, and by rapid marching had kept within supporting distance of the cavalry, and operated as scouts with great advantage in preventing Morgan from escaping by cross roads to the Ohio River. Morgan. did not pass through Salineville, but about a mile and a half from that place he was overtaken by a detachment of Michigan cavalry near a Mr. Burson's. The rebels ran through a cornfield on their left and through the woods below Monroeville, coming out on the Mechanicstown road above Monroeville. le. Here they met the remainder of the Michiganders and in the ensuing fight one rebel, was killed, several wounded and 240 prisoners taken. It was now evident to Morgan, if it had not been before, that the game was up. He knew that Lee had retreated from Pennsylvania and that the wild scheme of forming a, junction with him could not be rea lized. He was in a cul de sac, and unconditional surrender within a few hours was inevitable. His fertile brain conceived a plan by which he might possibly keep out of a northern prison. We will let Basil Duke, his historian, tell the story : "Aware that he was not likely to get such terms as he wished from any officer of the regular troops that were pursuing him, unless he might happen to hit upon Woolford, who was as noted for generosity to prisoners (if he respected their prowess) as for vigor and gallantry in the field, he looked around for some militia officer who might serve his turn. In the extreme eastern part of Ohio (where he now was) he came into the "district" of a Captain Burbeck (of New Lisbon), who had his militia under arms. General Morgan sent a message to Captain Burbeck under the flag of truce requesting an interview with him. Burbeck consented to meet him, and after a short conference General Morgan concluded a treaty with him by which he (Morgan) engaged to take and disturb nothing and do no sort of damage in Burbeck's district and Burbeck on his part covenanted to guide and escort Morgan to the Pennsylvania line. After riding a few miles, side by side, with his host, General Morgan espying a long cloud of dust rolling rapidly upon a course parallel with his own about a mile distant and gaining his front, thought it was time to act. So he interrupted a pleasant conversation by suddenly asking Burbeck how he would like to receive his (Morgan's) surrender. Bur-beck answered that it would afford him inexpressible gratification to do so. "But," said Morgan, "perhaps you would not give me such terms as I wish." "General Morgan," replied Burbeck, "You may write your own terms and I will grant them." "Very well, then," said Morgan, "it is a bargain, I will surrender to you." He accordingly formally surrendered to Captain Burbeck, of the Ohio militia, upon condition that officers and men were to be paroled, the latter, retaining their horses, and the former, horses and side arms. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 193 This delightful arrangement had scarcely been completed when the advancing Federals under Major Rue were encountered. Morgan supposing they were militia demanded their surrender. Major Rue promptly declined and in turn informed Morgan that if he did not immediately surrender unconditionally he would open fire upon him. Major Rue was then requested not to fire as Morgan had surrendered. Supposing surrender to be to him he refrained, but when he proceeded to take possession he was surprised to learn that the so-called surrender had been made to a militia captain whom none of the pursuing force had ever seen or known, who was apparently a prisoner, and after which Morgan had attempted to exercise the functions of a belligerent by demanding the surrender of his opponents. Of course no attention was paid to this ridiculous performance, and we do not know that any attempt was ever made to punish Burbeck for his part in the transaction. The real surrender was mniade to Major Rue at 2 p. m. on Sunday, there being 336 prisoners with. 400 horses and arms. The closing scene took place near Scroggs's meeting house not far from Salineville. The surrender was probably as welcome to most of Morgan's men as it was to their pursuers, as during the preceding 36 hours they were almost constantly in the saddle and were completely worn out. From R. .Mitchell Crabs, of Ross' Twp., who played an important part in the capture of Morgan, we get a report of that affair which supplements other reports so completely as to merit its publication in detail. Mr. Crabs was a member of Company K, 2d O. V. I. home from a furlough, and .coming from the celebrated district of Kentucky where John Morgan was practicing his system of guerilla warfare, on Saturday afternoon, July 25th, was paying a visit to two young ladies of East Springfield, Misses Maggie and Jennie McCullough, the former becoming the wife of Dr. Sanderson, of St Louis, and the latter Mrs. Hamilton, of Carson City, Nev. They had gone to the old Episcopal church in the evening to hear a music class conducted by John Kerr, and while there Charles B. McConnell, then a young man, came to the door and called out "Morgan's coming up the Steubenville road, and will be here in about half an hour." Mr. Crabs goes on to say : ‘The meeting broke up, rather unceremoniously, . not waiting to be excused by the leader. Miss Maggie McCullough ran at once. to the store of her fatheroncen McCullough, who kept the only place of general merchandise in the town, got the pocketbook and. money from the safe and started northward from .the village, secreting the same in the leaves along a fence. Your relator took Miss Jennie home, and mounting his .pacer also started north on the Nebo and Salineville road. At the old. Alexander McCullough coal bank a gate opened to the left or west side of the road into the woods, where the little pacer was secreted beyond the hill, and oumit of sight of the road. his .rtr returning to town..on foot, and arriving at atown on same time that the lady did Who secreted the pocketbook. "By this time the village was full of` ‘patriots’ of the Southern Confederacy and the citizens. were in fear and confucitizens and women were alike paralyzed with fear that the village would be burned. and all.. the horrors of war fully realized. Some wanted to shoot, while others felt like praying. Concluding under the circumstances courtesy was the better part of valor, all acted under my advice and a luncheon of pies; cakes, bread and all manner of eatables was. served through the windows, doors and over fences. During their .stay the chief rendezvous was about the hotel kept then by Mrs. Deborah McCullough. There had . been a liberty Bole raised across the street from Jackson's old corner, and two of Jackson's Men dismounted and procuring axes began chopping the pole. The anger of the citizens was almost uncontrollable, and it was with some difficulty that they there prevented from going into a house and shooting down the rebels. I said. ‘You can easily put up another pole—you can't so easily restore life or build another town.' "By this time the right or head of the column had started on the Salineville road out past where my horse Frank was secreted, and my anxiety, coupled with fear that they might observe him, that he would neigh or make himself noticeable in some way can be imagined. I fell in with the rear guard of Morgan's column, some of whom were on foot and some on horseback, and noticed that what seemed to be the important part of the command, I mean the important men; were in the rear, for we always had them to the right or front, except when pursued. I did not know then of any armed force following. A cheerful conversation was kept up, they asking questions as to the route to Beaver Rapids and I answering so well that at last one of them said: “Come along, I think we can make use of you: We'll give you a horse to ride. That they did not take. me a prisoner was their great mistake. This was near to where I had secreted my horse. I fell back along with Alexander McCullough, father of David U. McCullough, of Island Creek, and others, and while the column was disappearing around and, over the hill northeast in the dim glow of the evening; for it was growing late. I 194 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY held a hurried conversation with those around me, and disclosed my purpose to make an effort to reach Salineville by a short cut through the woods and fields, with which I was well acquainted, and telegraph to General Brooks, commanding the department of Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, with headquarters in Pittsburgh [Steubenville], and ask him to send his troops, who I knew were somewhere along the Ohio River looking for Morgan, to Salineville and capture the force if possible. I brought my young horse to the road, and exchanged my light linen duster with Mr. McCullough for a dark coat, less visible at night, and started the race, not thinking that Morgan's men would stop for the night. The first six miles so heated my colt that I feared I might lose him and not gain my point. My own home lay nearly on a line from East Liverpool to Salineville, but the road diverged largely to the left. I stopped at the home of Thomas Smith and exchanged my colt for an older and fleeter horse, and notified all to get their horses secreted for Morgan was coming. On reaching Mooretown, now Pravo by name, Silas Potts, a brother to Colonel Potts of the Thirty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry fame, and Mr. Barnhill accompanied me to William Moore's, where I sent them around in front of Morgan to notify people of his coming. It was between 9 and 10 o'clock at night when I arrived at Salineville, and the news of Morgan's coming brought men, women and children in all kinds of night robes, some similar to Job's coming into the world, to the street. " The men organized a force at once and elected me captain, colonel or general, I don't know which, but I have held the brevet ever since, and were going to capture Morgan right there, 'Be jabbers.' Salineville is a mining town. I received the brevet with much satisfaction, of course, but advised that unless I could succeed in obtaining armed forces from General Brooks their attempts would prove futile, and might result in loss of homes and life, and it would be better to let them pass through quietly. Arriving at the telegraph office at the railroad station Frank Rogers, the agent, informed me that he would have to get the privilege to use the wires from the general superintendent to call up General Brooks. This obtained, my first dispatch read: have just arrived from East Springfield, Jefferson County, Ohio. Saw Morgan's men, about 600. Send troops to Salineville at once.' I received an answer as follows: 'Who vouches for this statements I have news that they are near Knoxville, Ohio.' On receiving this Mr. Rogers and H. C. Robbins, mayor, promptly telegraphed, vouching for the truth of the statement. In a short time I received a telegram as follows: have sent you 700 infantry under command of Colonel Gallagher.' In the meantime I had sent four scouts out in the direction Morgan would come, and to return and report as soon as located. The trap now laid I went to bed on top of a stake and double rider fence just opposite the old red mill and in front of where the new school building now stands, with my feet resting up one stake and my head up the opposite one; not the most comfortable bed, but I had occupied some less preferable and obtained less sleep. "Morgan had bivouacked on the Herdman Taylor farm and down to the old Nebo mill, with outside pickets nearly, two miles in advance, near the railroad tunnel on the Salineville road. Our scouts sent out from Salineville opened fire upon them with revolvers .about 2 o'clock Sunday morning, the 26th, and drove the pickets in. Morgan became alarmed at being attacked in front, knowing that General Shackelford's cavalry and artillery were in his rear. All night long while he was asleep in the comfortable and hospitable bed at Mr. Taylor's General Shackleford had advanced upon him and camped on the hill a mile away, while the farmers were busy restocking the artillery and cavalry with fresh horses. Morgan put his column in motion at an early hour, and just at daybreak our scouts returned to Salineville, called me 'off of bed' and reported Morgan coming 'way back. His progress was retarded by want of fresh horses, while Shackleford 's was hastened by fresh recruits during the night. I at once hastened to hide my Smith horse in the bushes in a hollow northwest from the station, and on returning saw from the hill the train hearing Colonel Gallagher's infantry, and Morgan's advance guards at the spring above the old mill. I ran down to the station and had the train stop across the street Morgan would have to pass, and held a short conversation with Colonel Gallagher, trying to reveal my plans. The poor old man was trembling either with fear or drink, and swore at me (a very unusual and unseemly thing for an army officer) to get a horse and act as his aide and bear dispatches to him, as he was acting under orders from General Brooks. 'I'm going to place my men up on that bank,' said he, and he did so in full view of Morgan's advance guard, who at once turned hack up the road and right into Shackleford's hands, who captured about half the command. I was naturally amused and angered, wondering if General Brooks had ever known of Salineville until he received my dispatch, for had Colonel Gallagher concealed his troops for thirty minutes Morgan's entire force would have ridden right into his ambush, and he could have enjoyed the honor of the capture.   "General Morgan doubtless had a guide who was well acquainted with the route; he was said to be a man who formerly lived about Smithfield. The uncaptured force fled over the hill westward and rode around Salineville on the Hanover road which joins the Beaver Rapids road three miles north from Salineville. We at once had every horse mounted that could run, and some that couldn't, and set out for Hanover Roads, arriving just in time to capture the fleeing remainder. General Morgan was with this squad. I assisted in removing the spurs and equipments from the gallant horseman. They had a promiscuous assortment of trophies of the raid, consisting of nearly everything from the smallest infants' stockings to remnants of calico, shawls, skirts, children's shoes, stockings, socks, etc.   "I held a friendly chat with the same long-haired man I had met the evening before, and explained all. Had I known of an armed force following when I left East Springfield the work of capture would have been lightened. Had we not succeeded at Salineville it would have been an easy matter to ran our troops around by rail and take him at Beaver Rapids. The triangle of railroad and telegraph into which he was riding made escape impossible after we had gotten to his front."   The afternoon after the surrender was spent resting in the woods and in gathering up arms and ammunition, the latter being pretty short. Towards evening the Steubenville militia arrived, and the prisoners were marched down to Salineville station. The next morning a train was ready and started for Steubenville, the prisoners in coaches and the militia in flat   AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 195   cars. They arrived at Steubenville during the morning, and the raiders were marched up Adams and Market streets under guard to the Steubenville & Indiana Railroad where a train was taken for Columbus. While waiting for the start there was considerable chaffing between the "Johnnies" and the large crowd that had gathered to see them off, they promising to come back again, notwithstanding they had no invitation. Such a strenuous 48 hours Jefferson County had never seen, or was likely to see again.   Many of the pursuing companies stopped at Steubenville on their way home, where they were the recipients of cordial hospitality on the part of the citizens. On Tuesday morning, the 28th, Market street witnessed the spectacle of four different regiments from as many states, viz., 2d East Tennessee Mounted Infantry, 1st Kentucky Cavalry, 14th Illinois, and 9th Michigan, two from slave and two from free states, but all for the Union. Upwards of 800 horses were brought to the city, where their owners were able to secure them upon proper identification, and this process was not the least interesting part of the campaign. All of the visiting regiments, including the Pennsylvania Volunteers, adopted hearty resolutions of thanks for the more than cordial hospitality shown them by the citizens, and especially by the fair sex.   The claims for damages by rebels in Jefferson allowed by the Government amounted to $13,571; damages by Union forces, $7,072 ; total, $20,643. Property taken by rebels and found in possession of United States forces, $20.90. An allowance of $939.10 was made for the five militia companies. The pay of militia in the entire state amounted to $250,000 ; damage by the enemy, $485,000 ; damage by Union troops, $152,000 ; total, $897,000. Of course incidentals would swell this figure considerably.   It is the universal military opinion that the raid had no effect whatever on the general course of the war, although Duke claims that it held back Burnside while Bragg made his movements, and delayed the occupation of east Tennessee.   The raiders were distributed in different prisons, Morgan and his chief followers being lodged in the Ohio penitentiary at Columbus. While they were kept in strict confinement, yet their fate was far different from that of the Mitchell raiders, whose course they closely resembled. On November 26 Morgan and six of his companions tunneled their way out of prison and escaped South, where he renewed his cavalry operations. On September 3, 1864, he entered the town of Greenville in east Tennessee, and was wakened the next morning by a body of a hundred Federal cavalry, who came dashing into the town. Morgan had occupied the house of a Mrs. Williams. Morgan and an officer named Gassett took refuge in a cellar, where they were discovered, being pointed out, it is said, by a Union woman. Gassett escaped, but Morgan was killed in the garden, shot through the heart, according to Duke, who says : "It is not known whether he surrendered or was offering resistance. His friends have always believed that he was murdered after his surrender." Fortunately we are able to supply the information which Duke was unable or unwilling to find. On February 16, 1865, Hon. R. G. Richards, now common pleas judge in this district, who had enlisted in the 45th Pennsylvania Infantry, escaped from the rebel prison at Charlotte, N. C., and was making his way westward towards Knoxville, Tenn. His guide through the mountains was Sergeant Brown, of the Tennessee Cavalry, which had broken into Greenville on that fateful morning, and he related to Captain Richards the whole story of Morgan's death. The latter was not "murdered," but shot by Brown while trying to escape, after being twice ordered to halt, a proceeding which Morgan himself would have had no hesitancy in adopting had the situation been reversed. Duke also speaks of indignities offered to him in his dying agonies, but it is evident that the   196 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY   dying agonies of a man shot through the heart are very brief. It is possible that the east Tennesseeans who had been harried by Morgan and his contemporaries to a most outrageous extent may have manifested some exultation at the death of their chief persecutor, but, however this may be, on the prompt arrival of General Gillern the body was delivered to his friends under a flag of truce.   Among the efficient aids to our soldiers in the field was the ladies' organization for relieving the sick and wounded and providing the men in camp with conveniences and delicacies, which were greatly appreciated. Mrs. Thos. L. Jewett was president, Miss Jennie Davidson secretary, and Miss Hattie Potter treasurer. Mrs. Jewett was afterwards succeeded by Mrs. Martha Sterling. The society met first in the Means building, on lower Market street, Steubenville, and prepared bandages, lint and other hospital supplies, afterwards occupying the session room of the old First Presbyterian Church, in the building now owned by J. P. Draper. During the latter part of the war the society worked largely through the Sanitary and Christian Commissions.   Benjamin D. Worthington was a volunteer nurse three years in the Nashville hospital.   On July 4, 1865, there was a grand picnic and demonstration in Potter grove, on the hill above Mingo, to celebrate the return of peace. Patriotic songs were rendered by the school children and addresses delivered. The only incident marring the pleasure of the day was the death of George Weaver, the railroad agent at Mingo, who was accidentally run over by one of the numerous trains running between that point and the city.   August 28, 1879, witnessed in Steubenville one of the largest reunions of old soldiers over held in this country. It was preceded by a Joan exhibition of exceptional interest, which attracted daily crowds to the Court House from all the surrounding country within a radius of forty or fifty miles. Some 50,000 strangers were in the city, mainly from Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but including many from other states. Col. J. W. Holliday was chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, and the meeting was held in the natural amphitheatre formed by the ravine north of the Stokely grove, since filled up. Decorations were on the most extensive scale, there was a free dinner for all, a barbacued ox and innumerable other attractions, with fireworks at night. The mass meeting was presided over by W. V. B. Crosky, and after prayer by Rev. Dr. Grimes, addresses were made by Hon. J. T. Updegraff, Generals Garfield, Ewing, Piatt, Hickenlooper, McCook, Dennison, Poorman, Rice, Shallenberger, Governor Bishop, Judge Cochran and Chaplain McGuire. The parade, with the massing of Ohio and West Virginia battle flags, was especially impressive.   THE SPANISH WAR.   Jefferson County was represented in the Spanish War by about seventy volunteers, all credited to companies from other states. The roll for a couple of companies was started here, and there would have been no difficulty in filling them, but the Ohio quota was filled almost instantly and the governor telegraphed that no more could be accepted from this state. But many of the boys were determined to go anyway and hence they went elsewhere and enlisted where the quota had not been completed, principally in West Virginia. Among them were :   Charles McKinley, Richmond, Roosevelt Rough Riders, wounded at San Juan; Lewis Kerr, Richmond ; Thomas Jones, Shane ; Joseph A. Grauten, 1st Ill. Cav.; Edward Thomas, Pa. Reg.; John Opperman, Co. C, 158th Ind.; William Batman, 1st W. Va. ; Oliver Morrison, 10th Pa.; Willie D. Wilson, Co. E, 8th Reg.; Horace E. Clark, Co. A, 14th P. V. ; Hugh Cusick, Tiltonville, Lieut. Connor's Co. Charles R. Williams, John C. Burns, Yorkville,   AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 197   Lieut. Connor's Co. ; James Croner, Brooklyn Navy Yard ; Charles Bickerstaff, Camp Merritt, Cal. ; Frank Russell, Fort McPherson ; Walter Crewson ; Dr. Harry Mertz, Naval Surgeon; William J. Irwin, 7th 0.; James S. McCracken, 1st. Ill. ; Wm. Henry, Signal Corps ; Mark P. Wilson, George A. Green, Ed. Kirkpatrick, George Harris, 17th U. S. ; Fred A. Gladfelter, Charles Leightel (died at Iola, P. I.), John E. Taylor, Co. E, 8th Reg. ; James B. Has-sett, Co. F, Immunes ; Charles Wagner, Co. F, 3d Mo. ; Oscar Otto, Clark M. Williamson, George Clifton, Clarence L. Leeper, Co. I, 4th 0. ; Thomas Dougherty, John Kells, Edward Phillips, George Brinkman, Bernard M. Craig, Joseph E. Allen, Orr Lowe, 17th IT. S. ; Edward Stephens, Hosp. Corps. ; Frank H. Wells, Benj. D. McGee, U. S. training ship ; Edward Richardson, naval engineer ; W illiam Paisley, Charles Duke, Ira G. Mushrush, Samuel Williamson, Charles E. Henry, Charles E. Paisley, Toronto, Co. E, 8th 0. V. I.; Francis Smith, Empire, Co. E, 8th 0. V. I. ; Barton Jones, Howard McMillen, William Freudenberger (Q. M.), Frank Jewett, James McGee, Harry Geisinger, William Boyd, George Boyd, Con Russell, Henry Altman, 2d W. Va. ; Jacob Bowers, Battery I, 5th Art. ; William S. Blackburn, Toronto, 1st W. Va. ; Robert L. Hosie, Smithfield, 1st W. Va.   To the above must be added the name of Fernando P. Gilmore, rear admiral in command of the navy yard at Key West.   CHAPTER XII   HORTICULTURE   Story of Johnny Appleseed—His First Ohio Orchard—Early Nurseries—New Varieties of Apples—Other Fruits.   Long ago it was said that it is not to the great ones of this world that we owe our greatest benefits, and this is striking exemplified in the horticulture, especially the apple growing, of Jefferson County, which at one time, not many years ago, was the center of this product in the United States, both as to quantity and quality. In the year 1775, at Springfield, Mass., there was born a boy who as he grew up developed a fondness for the life of the field and wood, and then took to growing nurseries and planting apple seeds. This youth, to whom was given the name of John Chapman, came to Venango, Pa., about the close of the century, and in 1801, with a quantity of apple seeds in small leather bags, he arrived at Wellsburg, Va. From there he rode up to Cox's Ripple, where he crossed the river, and first set foot on Ohio soil near the mouth of George's Run, about four miles below Steubenville. Here he spent the night and planted his first batch of seeds. He was urged to remain and conduct a nursery there, but he declined, saying: " They are starting one up the river on the Virginia side (Nessley's) and talk of improving apples by grafting. They cannot improve the apple in that way—that is only a device of man, and it is wicked to cut up trees in that way. The correct method is to select good seeds and plant them in good ground, and God only can improve the apples." He declared his intention of going further west, where stock would not destroy his trees before they were ready to sell, and where he would be ready for the settlers as they arrived. After inquiring as to the best route to the Muskingum he resumed his journey, stopping long enough near the headwaters of Big Stillwater, between Morristown and Freeport, to plant some seeds in a small clearing, which he enclosed by a brush fence. We next hear of him in Jefferson County in 1806, when he again visited his friend on George's Run, where there was by this time a fair orchard. Miss Rosella Rice, of Ashland County, at whose house Chapman was a frequent visitor, thus tells of this visit :   "No one knows why Johnny was so eccentric; some people thought he had been crossed in love, and others that his passion for growing fruit trees and planting orchards in those early and perilous times had absorbed all the tender and domestic feelings natural to mankind. An old uncle of ours tells us the first time he ever saw Johnny was in 1806, in Jefferson County. He had two canoes lashed together and was taking a lot of apple seeds down the Ohio River. About that time he planted sixteen   - 198 -   AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 199   bushels of seeds on one acre of that grand old farm on the Walhonding River, known as the Butler farm. All up and down the Ohio and Muskingum and their then wild and pretty tributaries did poor Johnny glide along, alone, with his rich freight of seeds, stopping here and there to plant nurseries. He always selected rich, secluded spots of ground. One of them we remember now, and even still it is picturesque, beautiful and primal. He cleared the ground himself, a quiet nook over which the tall sycamores reached their arms as if in protection. To those who could afford to buy he always sold on very fair terms, to those who couldn't he always gave or made some accommodating trade, or took a note payable sometime—and rarely did that time ever come. (His autograph shows a neat, legible hand.) Among his many eccentricities was one of bearing pain like an undaunted Indian warrior. He gloried in suffering. Very often he would thrust pins and needles into his flesh without a tremor or quiver; and if he had a cut or sore, the first thing he did was to sear it with a hot iron and then treat it as a burn. He hardly ever wore shoes, except in winter, but if traveling in summer time, and the road hurt his feet, he would wear sandals, and a big hat that he made himself, with one side very large and wide and bent down to keep the heat from his face. No matter how oddly he was dressed or how funny he looked, we children never laughed at him, because our parents all loved and revered him as a good old man, a friend and benefactor. Almost the first thing he would do on entering a house and being weary was to lie down on the floor, with his knapsack for a pillow, and his head towards the light of the door or window, when he would say, 'Will you have some fresh news right from Heaven?' and carefully take out his old worn books, a Testament and two or three others, the exponents of the beautiful religion that Johnny so zealously lived out—the Swedenborgian doctrine. * * * * His was a strange, deep eloquence at times. His lan- guage was good and well chosen, and he was undoubtedly a man of genius. Sometimes in speaking of fruits his eyes would sparkle and his countenance grow animate and really beautiful, and if he was at table his knife and fork would be forgotten. In describing apples, we could see them just as he, the wood painter, pictured them—large, lush, creamy-tinted ones, or rich, fragrant and yellow, with a peachy tint on the sunshiny side, or crimson red, with the cool juice ready to burst through the tender rind."   His tenderness for the animal creation was carried to an extreme. He was a vegetarian in diet, and if he saw any domestic creature maltreated he would buy it and give it to a humane person on condition that it be kindly treated. He deeply regretted having once killed a rattlesnake, and noticing that mosquitoes were lured to death by the flames of a campfire, he extinguished the fire, exclaiming, "God forbid that I should build a fire for my comfort which should be the means of destroying any of his creatures." Once he started a fire in a hollow log, when he discovered within a bear and cubs which had taken refuge from the cold. Rather than disturb them he put out the fire and spent the night upon the snow. If tenderness for animals made St. Francis worthy of canonization, then Johnny Appleseed has at least an equal claim to this honor. During the War of 1812 he did good service in warning settlers of the Indians. The latter never molested him, regarding him as a great "Medicine Man;" neither does any wild beast ever seem to have attacked him. He died of fever resulting from exposure in Allen County, Indiana, on March 11, 1847, and was buried in David Archer's graveyard, two arid one-half miles north of Fort Wayne. Most of his later days were spent in Richland County, Ohio, and on November 8, 1900, a monument was dedicated to his memory at Mansfield.   It must not be inferred that while Johnny Appleseed was pursuing his itinerary and scattering his seeds and his ideas there