AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 325 other favorable circumstances before the ground could be broken or the seed planted. Carter Christian had more than a local reputation as a cook. His face would shine and glisten like a reflector when he saw any one eat heartily and heard him praise his culinary art. Lee Carter was a porter for a long time at the "Old Black Bear" in Steubenville, and told marvelous stories of the people he had met and the consideration paid him. Evens Benford was a huckster. The others were farmers, raising on their own ground what was necessary for their comfort and hiring out to the neighboring farmers for wages to clothe their families. "Old Fielding" was always in demand at every butchering, many people believing that if he did not bleed the pigs the ham or sausage would not brown properly when cooked. The wives of the men were employed by their neighbors and often their services were invaluable, owing to their faithfulness. Upon the land given them they attempted at first to raise the crops of Virginia, including tobacco, flax and hemp, but these soon wore out the soil, and afterwards the usual crop consisted of a small patch of corn, oats or rye to be used principally as food for their animals, while the rest of the land, if cultivated at all, was worked by the women, who put in the garden truck. The land was of course originally woodland to a great extent, and had to be cleared. When this was done their knowledge of agriculture was so meagre and their natural indolence so great that much of it soon became grown over with red brush and rank weeds until it became again utterly worthless for their purposes. The negroes were satisfied as long as they could fill their stomachs, and the traits of thrift and energy and faculty for the accumulation of property for a rainy day were so little developed that in the course of time the property became as valueless as when first purchased. With regard to the land itself, originally it was as fertile and as capable of prolific crops as any in Jefferson County. The land had another advantage of being hillside land, all facing east, and taking everything into consideration a better location for .their material progress and future success and attaining competency could hardly have been chosen unacustomed as they were, to the cultivation of the richest land in the valley of the James River, they were especially ignorant of any means of fertilization and of preventing the wear of the virgin soil. Among the strange and curious characteristics of the peculiar colony at Hayti, the religious fervor during "bush" meetings and revivals certainly predominated. Although many of the original settlers had very little knowledge of the. Bible, what they did know was to them during these meetings, "like honey and the honey- comb." The historical personages being real men and the entire conduct of the ancient Jews worthy of imitation in every respect, their faith in all matters spiritual being unlimited, their preaching and exhortations on some disputed points of modern theology were certainly unique, if not decidedly amusing. The music of the sing- ing at the "bush" meetings was nothing like the brilliant noise of the present day, irritating rather than soothing to the nerves, but was truly an adequate expression of their deep and intense feeling. The hymns were those in the Methodist hymnal, which were lined off in the old fashioned way by the preacher reading two lines and the congregation singing them. But to these hymns they added an ad libitum chorus, each one supplying what to him seemed appropriate to the occasion and the simple meter. Some of these additions might have seemed somewhat irreverent to the refined, and they certainly were so peculiar that they could never have been suggested by any other imagination than that possessed by the negro. When the grove which adjoins the church was lighted up with torches and fires, the flickering light cast upon the sable and shining countenances, making them .look like beings of another world; the pathetic sound of the preacher's voice and the ap- 326 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY pearance of his body swaying to and fro in unison with the singing words; the loud and fervent ejaculations of the elders their weird music, sounding doubly strange and plaintive by reason of the surroundings, all formed a picture in the mind that cannot be eradicated. There have been instances during these meetings of members passing into such a state of ecstatic bliss that they fell into a trance, remaining in that condition for hours. During the revivals in the winter season many have been the jokes played on the congregation. Usually for a week after the meeting all white people were kept out of the church and the doors and windows barred against them. To get even for this some of the young white men of the neighborhood climbed to the roof and stopped the chimneys, literally smoking out the congregation. Every man, woman and child believed the smoke to be a contrivance of the devil who was after some one of them, each thinking he was the fuel designed for the brimstone. On another occasion several of the white boys stole a goose and carrying it to the top of the church waited for the religious fervor to reach its height. An old woman of the congregation began praying in front of the old wood-fire place, calling for "de Spirit ob de bawd to 'cend right now." Down came the goose and out of the church went the congregation through the door, windows and every other opening they could find, confident that they had been witnesses to a manifestation of the Spirit descending like a dove. Several of the eminent colored preachers were born there, among them Rev. John Smith and Wilson Toney, both eloquent men and zealous workers. Those who came from Virginia were mostly Methodists, although the Baptists were a good minority. McIntyre Creek has often been the scene of clippings at which many ludicrous incidents have occurred. None of these negroes were Friends, notwithstanding the benefits they received from this body, but the quiet, passive way of their worship had no attractions for the boisterous disposition of the negro. There was one, however, Lucy Cardwell, who in practice and in principle was a Quaker, and whose piety and patience under long suffering were made the subject of a long Abo- lition tract written by Elizabeth Ladd. Closely allied to the strong religious fervor of their natures was their superstition, a trait which they brought from Virginia, and which was enhanced by the belief in necromancy and a species of voodooism prevalent at McIntyre long before their arrival. Before the Hayti colonists had left Virginia there were few families for miles around McIntyre who had not their peculiar signs, omens and disasters to be avoided by certain incantations and the intervention of a witch doctor. It did not take the negroes long to fasten on to every ghostly story and every charm against impending evil and make it peculiarly their own. The negro was not only more ready to believe in the supernatural than the pioneers, but was more loath to give up this belief when it once took hold, no matter how absurd it became to the whites after investigation proved it false. Thus the whites would ridicule notions that they themselves once entertained with much zeal, while the negro would cling to them until they became a part of him. For a long time no wealth could hire a McIntyre negro to pass Oak Grove school house after nightfall, and lie approached it in day time with fear and trembling. They claimed that unearthly lights were often seen flitting about the windows, carried by grinning skeletons and headless figures clothed in white who had nightly orgies," where during the day children went to school. They had a mortal terror of caves and old coal banks, thinking them the abodes of evil spirits. They had a curious superstition connected with abandoned coal banks. They claimed that if a man brought his Bible to the front of a coal mine, built a fire and. burned it, at the same time adjuring God, performing a certain walk, and repeating aloud a certain sepulchural incantation, old Nick would come out of the bank with horns, forked-tail and breathing sulphurous flames from out his AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 327 nostrils, and grant any wish—with the simple provision that the mortal soul would be the property of hell when dissolution came. The negroes would under no circumstances go out of a different door of a house than by that which they entered, saying it would bring bad luck. There are plenty of white people today who act on the same belief. They would make soft soap and prepare articles of food only when the moon was in a certain phase, plant turnips only on July 25 and cucumbers before daylight with no clothing on other than a shirt, and then walking backward into the house. In churning, if butter did not come as soon as it should, a vexation known to all farmers' wives, they would bind the outside of the churn with a rope of green grass or drop a. heated horseshoe into the sour cream. If the butter did not appear after this they were not perplexed by any means, but would find some fault in the manner in which the churn was bound or in the manner by which the horseshoe was heated. The aged professed to be able to cure any disease to which flesh is heir by means of incantations and by the judicious use.of certain herbs, the medical properties of which they alone knew how to extract and apply. Every autumn they would have the roofs of their cabins filled with bunches of herbs and roots which they had the fullest confidence would work wonderful cures. One of their teas had for its chief component part material found about sheep barns, and one of the most efficacious plasters was formed in a large measure of what they put upon cucumber vines to drive away bugs and worms. They had fertilizers for the growth of all vegetables, all of them homely and senseless, and they were constantly assuring their neighbors that they would have no luck if they did not use them. Their claims of relationship to each other is a peculiar feature, as they. recognize the ties of kinship as far away as the forty-sixth cousin. That they are all related some way is probably a fact, as they have been very exclusive in their alliances with families of color outside the settlement. Some of the older members who were rather light in color took great pride in secretly conveying the claim that they traced their paternity to some of the first families in Virginia. Politically, every man in the settlement votes the Republican ticket, although surrounded by and employed by the strongest Democrats in the county. Next to their religious meeting nothing is of greater interest or of greater importance to them than political meetings. An hour before the time for which the meeting is announced the school house bell rings and all the men, women and children of the settlement, together with their white neighbors, flock to the school house. The speaker arriving, one of their number is chosen chairman, and a speaker not accustomed to them is completely broken up by their peculiar ejaculations of approval or dissent. Several years ago two Republicans went out from Steubenville to address the colony on the issues. The first speaker was Hon. John M. Cook, who was not familiar with their peculiarities, and was dressed in a tightfitting suit of blue, and appearing smaller than he is in stature. Hardly had lie begun when he was so badly startled that he almost forgot his speech, by an old darkey opening his mouth like an alligator's and shouting, "God bress de little lamb !" Finishing shortly to make way for the next speaker, the late T. B. Coulter, who bore his three hundred pounds very gracefully, he was still worse put out by the alligator's mouth again opening and exclaiming, "God bress de lion of the tribe of Judee." The cabins occupied by the colony are in a poor condition. The land once so fertile and admirably situated for abundant crops is now for the most part stony and sterile. Scarcely any care has been taken to improve it and almost every portion is so overgrown with brush and weeds that it would now be impossible to improve it. The descendants of the original settlers manage to eke out an existence upon 228 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY it, and are recognized as quiet, law abiding citizens. Mr. Ladd took great interest in the welfare of the colony. As stated he came from Virginia in 1814, and purchased from his father-in-law the farm known as the "Prospect Hill," adjoining Smithfield. In 1817 he erected a building for the purpose, and commenced to pack pork and cure bacon, said to be the first enterprise of the kind west of the Alleghenies. He had four packing houses on his farm and one at Martin's Ferry. An M. E. church was built for the community in 1845, and a Baptist in 1870. They have a separate school district sometimes with black, and sometimes with white teachers. There are about 40 voters there, indicating a population of probably two hundred. In view of the propositions at different times to segregate the colored population of the United States into one or more separate communities the McIntire settlement has been viewed with some interest. As stated, the evidence of improvement dur ing the eighty-five years they have occupied this place has not been marked, notwithstanding they have been surrounded by white neighbors of at least average intelligence. Several drawbacks, however, must be taken into account. The holdings being small and cultivated in the unscientific method in vogue not only among negroes, but white's, the soil would naturally deteriorate. Hayti is not the only place where this has happened. In the second place the field was too limited for the more progressive end vigorous element, which naturally sought homes elsewhere to such an extent that although there are plenty of children, the adult population remains practically stationary. No Moses has arisen among their own people to teach them better ways, and even as to their superstitions the whites are in no position to throw stones. As stated they are as a rule quiet and lawabiding, but they cannot be said to have solved any important sociological problem. CHAPTER XX A COMPANY OF WORTHIES Alen Who Have Made the County Famous—These Who Have Excelled in Literature, Music and the Fine Arts—Captains of Industry and Financiers—Pictures of Early Living. The history of the settlement of Jefferson County, its development and progress naturally includes references to the men who took a leading part in that work, and we here devote a short chapter to some personal characteristics and history outside of those already recorded. First is that of Bezaleel Wells, who will not only founder of the town of Steubenville, but its mainspring for many years. In the parlor of the Wells homestead at Ross Park, on Spring avenue, Steubenville, hang two oil portraits. They were painted 83 years ago by an artist named Stien, who was probably not only the sole portrait painter in this part of the country, but a youth of exceptional promise. Such were his abilities that those who knew him predicted for him a most brilliant future. But shortly after painting these pictures lie left for Europe to complete his studies. On the way he sickened and died. The portraits referred to were among the last of his works, if indeed not his very last. That alone would give them peculiar interest, but to those who live in this valley they represent much more. One of them portrays the lineaments of Bezaleel Wells, and the other, Sarah Griffith Wells, his wife. Mr. Wells, when this picture was painted, was 58 years of age, .still apparently in his prime. A genial, kindly, yet energetic na titre shone out through a pleasing face of remarkable freshness and beauty of complexion, with mild blue eyes, one of which had a peculiar droop when excited by anger or other cause. Dark hair set of a frame which is said to have towered over six feet high, and in appearance as well as in action our subject was every inch a man. To go back nearly 200 years, about the beginning of the 18th century, James Wells left his English home, and settled in Baltimore, Aid. There Alexander Wells, his son, was born on March 12, 1727. He was married to Leah Owings, the ceremony taking place in St. Paul's church, Baltimore, and as the result of his union, Bezaleel -Wells was born in 1769. Four years later his father moved to Washington County, Pennsylvania, then a part of Augusta County, Virginia, erecting the first frame dwelling within the present limits of Washington County. Bezaleel remained with an uncle in Baltimore until he was thirteen years old, when he joined his parents, and accompanied them to Charlestown, now Wellsburg, which was to be his home until manhood. During his short stay in Washington County he had a taste of pioneer life, in carrying arms for the farmers who had built a fort for protection against the Indians, while they labored in the fields. They were attacked several times, but none of the -Wells family - 329 - 330 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY was injured. Young Bezaleel received as thorough an education as this country afforded at that time, his father being a man of means. He graduated at William and Mary College, and made a special study of surveying. This was invaluable to him in a new country, and he did a great deal of work for the government. He had his choice of cash or land for his services, but took the latter, and in 1706 selected a tract of 1,100 acres on this side of the river whose southern boundary was what is now North street, in the city of Steubenville. His father who died at Charleston, in 1813, had received 2,000 acres from the colonial governor, Lord Dunmore, on Short Creek, Va., in return or public services. J ames Ross, of Pittsburgh, owned the tract adjoining that of Bezaleel Wells, on the south, and in 1797 the two laid out the town of Steubenville. Mr. Wells doing the surveying of the whole. The first sale of lots took place on August 25, 1797, which marks the beginning of our city. In 1798 Mr. Wells began the erection of a large manor house in the beautiful grove then bounded by South and Third street, the Ohio River and Wells's Run, which was finished in 1800. To this place he removed in the latter year, and for over a quarter of a century kept open house to all his friends, entertaining with a generous hospitality borne of ample means and liberal disposition. Many of the leading men of the country were entertained there, among them Henry Clay, and as a divergence I find in Warden's life of Chase, now rare and out of print, an extract from a letter written by the late Chief Justice Chase, describing a trip from Cincinnati eastward about 1821, wherein he says : "Journeying eastward we reached Steubenville, and stopped at the hospitable mansion of Mr. Wells, the father-in-law of my cousin, Philander, whose wife I now first met. Mr. Wells was a manufacturer, but had lost by it. He still retained, however, his beautiful place on the banks of the Ohio, and there with his sons, my schoolmates, and in his pleasant family, I passed some very agreeable days. The Ohio being wadeable, I crossed it in that way, in order to say that I had been in Virginia. The Bishop held a service one day at Cross Creek, a church well attended, but without a house in sight of it." The property at that day was intersected by a deep ravine, now filled up, crossed by a footbridge which existed until a few years ago. A stranger writing to the Herald of April 8, 1820, in a long poem extols the beauties of the place, from which we take the following introduction : Near where Ohio's flowing waters glide, And Nature counts the sun's resplendent rays, The enchanting Castle, well of man the pride, Arrests the passing stranger's wistful gaze. Here fancy and simplicity unite, And taste and culture happily combine, Delightful spot, where fruits and flowers invite, Where clusters tempt, and fruitful vines entwine. But our host had something else to do besides entertaining. His large tracts of land would soon become a burden unless utilized in some way. Portions were put on the market, and in 1804, he laid out the town of Canton, in Stark County. He also laid out a town for the county seat of Wayne County, but this did not materialize as Wooster was chosen as the county's Capital. When the first court met here on November 1, 1797, Mr. Wells was appointed clerk, which office he held until succeeded by John Ward in 1800. He was also a delegate to the convention which framed the constitution upon which Ohio was admitted into the Union, and exercised a decided influence in that body. Mr. Wells moved either by the immediate wants of the community or by a prophetic spirit of the time when this Ohio Valley would become the manufacturing centre of the country, early AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 331 turned his thoughts in that direction. The history of his manufacturing enterprises from the starting of his grist-mill in 1802 to the financial trouble in 1830, has been given elsewhere. About this time Mr. Wells's old home in "The Grove" was purchased by Gen. Samuel Stokely, and he went to live with his daughter, the wife of Rev. Intrepid Morse, on South High street. In the meantime his son, Alexander, who had purchased the farm at the head of South street, gave it to his father during his lifetime. The property then included what was later the Mears estate. There was built the present Wells residence, which was completed and occupied in 1832. From that time until his death, which occurred on August 14, 1846, Mr. Wells passed a peaceful life, looking after his farming and copperas interests, and performing his duties as senior warden of St. Paul's church. His remains were interred in what is known as the "old graveyard" on lower Fourth street, and afterwards removed to the family lot in Union cemetery, where they now repose. Mr. Wells was married twice. His first wife was Miss Rebecca Reasteau, of Baltimore. She had two children who died in childhood. He afterwards married Miss Sarah Griffith, of Wellsburg, who died in January, 1830. She was the mother of six sons and five daughters. Katherine War-field, married to Dr. John McDowell ; Rebecca R., married to Rev. Philander Chase and afterwards to Rev. Intrepid Morse, James Ross, who married Miss Wilson, Alexander, Bezaleel and Mary, unmarried ; Samuel Owings, who married Miss Holmes ; Hezekiah G., who married Miss Strong, and became a member of the United States court of claims; Francis Asbury, who married Miss J. C. Boggs ; Anne Clark, married to Rev. F. B. Kellogg, and Sarah Griffith, married to Rev. Dudley Chase. All have passed away, the last survivor being Francis A. Wells, of this city. His two daughters still reside at the old home place. John B., his eldest son, died in Florida in 1906, Frank C. the younger, lives in Detroit, Mich. It is somewhat remarkable that situated as it was, remote from the centres of population, the residents of Jefferson County, especially in and about Steubenville should have from the very beginning not only displayed their enterprise in developing the manufacturing resources of the county, as we have seen, but were contributors to the law, literature and fine arts to a degree almost without parallel in a pioneer community. Much of this was no doubt due to the influence of "The Grove" manor which was a centre of culture and refinement, but more to the character of the people generally who made up the infant community. We do not read of any special compacts but the immigrants as a rule were God-fearing people, the best and not the worst representatives of the communities from which they came. While Virginia and Maryland furnished the predominating element it was leavened by infusions from other sections, and Scotch-Irish, Churchmen, Friends and the different Protestant denominations all had their influence in moulding the character of the community. Between 1812 and 1.820 several families moved to Steubenville who afterwards contributed not only to the artistic and literary side of this western society, but whose immediate and subsequent descendants gained a national reputation. The first of these was Rev. Archibald Hawkins, who came to Steubenville from Baltimore in 1811 and built a house on South Third Street, lately occupied by his granddaugher ter, Miss Rebecca Hawkins. He was a local Methodist preacher, and is said to have been a specially intimate friend of Rev. Father Morse, of St. Paul's, who came a few years later. At that time he had a son Ezekiel, three years old, who early gave indications of precocity as an artist. He learned the trade of house and sign painting. but also took up landscape painting and portraiture, in both of which he did excellent work. The scenery around Steuben- 332 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ville furnished plenty of subjects and inspiration, as it did afterwards to Cole. He also decorated window shades, and made his art useful in various ways. The family moved to Wheeling in 1829, after which he gave most of his time to portraiture, having a camera which would throw upon the canvas a likeness of the "sitter," which the artist could make permanent with his pencil. Here he became acquainted with an artist named Lamden, from whom he received valuable instructions. Shortly after, about 1840, by correspondence with Prof. Morse, the artist-electrician, and inventor of the electric telegraph, with whom he was intimately acquainted, he learned of the famous Daguerre, the inventor of the daguerre process of picture making. Mr. Hawkins became deeply interested in the new process, and either procured a camera from Mr. Morse or made a daguerreotype camera of the one he already possessed. He was the first person to take these pictures west of the Allegheny Mountains. They were taken in the open air, the "subject" sitting for fifteen minutes with his face to the sun, and of course with his eyes closed. Although the pictures were taken under such disagreeable conditions they were considered wonderful by the pioneers. Shortly after Mr. Hawkins engaged in daguerreotyping he procured from France an improved camera with which he could represent the open eyes of the subject. To have a likeness taken indoors impressed the people with the wonderful invention more deeply than did the crude process when it was introduced. In 1843 Mr. Hawkins removed to Cincinnati, where with improved apparatus he continued to take daguerreotypes, and made a great deal of money, but like all men of genius he did not save his means, using them to improve his facilities and to satisfy his ambition. His gallery was the resort of all the prominent artists of Cincinnati. He took pictures of Henry Clay and other leading men. He was the first person to make daguerreotypes in the Queen City. In 1847 he made the picture of Henry Clay which aided Hart to model his famous statue of the father of the tariff system known as "protection." Clay's likeness was taken in four different positions, the pictures being the largest size that then could be made—eight and one-half inches in length. The Clay statue was made for the ladies of Virginia, who presented it to the city of Richmond. Mr. Clay traveled about so constantly that without the pictures taken of him by Mr. Hawkins it would have been almost impossible for the artist to make the model. During this time Mr. Hawkins with others experimented with photography, he being the first to make pictures of this character in the west. The first negatives were paper, but proved very unsuccessful, it being impossible to get the proper impression on them. The subject was required to sit two or three minutes, and photographs of children could not be taken at all. Experiments resulted in producing glass negatives, but the 'albumen used was too slow and lacking in density, and it was impossible to procure good prints even after a negative was made. While others had abandoned experiments along this line, Mr. Hawkins, with Mr. Whipple, of Boston, and Mr. Cowden, of Wheeling, continued to work at the problem, feeling that time would solve it. Mr. Hawkins corresponded with these gentlemen, and the three gave to each other the points gained as the experiments progressed. Mr. Hawkins was determined to invent or discover some' substance of sufficient density to make good photographs. He knew that such an end was possible and he spent all the money made out of daguerreotyping in experiments made to perfect the photographic process. Previous to 1847 he and Mr. Whipple simultaneously discovered that collodion was the chemical to use. In experimenting with collodion on the glass plates they discovered that by placing the negative against a dark surface it made a good picture. This was the discovery of the ambrotype, which picture was considered by AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 333 many as the very acme of camera-portraits, and it eventually displaced the daguerreotype. Mr. Hawkins, however, wanted photographs and continued his experiments with collodion until he finally produced good negatives. Mr. Hawkins used this process previous to F. S. Archer, of England, who is credited with its discovery in 1847. Before this photographs, as we understand them, were an impossibility. Ezekiel Hawkins died in 1862. He was a great sufferer from rheumatism, but pursued his work amid all discouragements, and had he lived a few years longer might have reaped the pecuniary rewards to which he was fairly entitled. His brother, William, father of Robert C. Hawkins,' vas also an artist of more than ordinary ability, especially as a portrait painter and a musician. Among others he painted a portrait of Mrs. D. L. Collier in 1835, also one of Mrs. Thomas Hoge, aunt of T. P. Spencer, Esq., which is owned by eastern relatives. He also made a feature of decorative work, especially on panels of stage coaches and organs. He built two pipe organs, the first in the county, without ever having seen an instrument of this kind, making every part of the instrument himself. They were excellent in tone, and the mechanism was all that was needed. In fact he was a mechanical genius in every respect. His son, Robert C. Hawkins, inherited the taste of his father and uncle, both as to painting and music. He invented the first "dip bath" ever used, which was blown in Beatty's old glass works. Previous to this time what is known as the silver bath, into which negatives were dipped, was poured into a dish, in which the negatives were placed with the fingers. This was a very crude process, many negatives being ruined by lines across them if the whole plate did not come in contact with the silver instantaneously. Mr. Hawkins' dip bath was the forerunner of the present porcelain bath. In the musical line he made a specialty of the pipe organ, the only instrument in Steubenville at that time being the two small ones constructed by his father, and the ten-register single manual instrument in old St. Paul's church. He played there frequently for services and when in the early sixties the third public pipe organ was introduced into the Second Presbyterian church he was given charge of the music and acted as organist and choir director for many years. He was also director of the Steubenville Philharmonic Society, an organization which contributed greatly to the advancement of musical culture in this city. He was also a painter of no mean ability, and as a critic he ranked among the first. The two organs constructed by his father lie kept in the old homestead on South Third street until his death, when they were broken up and the material sold. Among those coming to Steubenville about 1819 were the Coles, having with them their son Thomas, born at Boltonle-Moore, Lancashire, England, February 1, 1801. The family occupied the Floto block, since remodeled on the west side of Fourth street just above Market adjoining the house on the corner of Market (now Commercial National Bank), where Alexander and Joseph Beatty were born. They had a piano, the only one in all the region. The daughters, Annie and Sarah, who taught a school in Steubenville, would play on the instrument, and it was such a wonderful thing to hear a piano that each evening the listening crowd outside would fill the street from curb to curb and as far up and down the street as the sweet strains could be heard. The elder Cole was a wall-paper maker, having followed this business in England. On the site of the Hartje paper mill stood the Cole wall-paper factory, wherein was displayed wonderful genius in the manufacture of beautiful wall hangings. The father designed the blocks from which the paper was printed, and it was from him that his son inherited his genius. Thomas, who was about nineteen years of age at that time, was a valuable assistant to his father, for even then he was a colorist as well as a fine draughtsman. His first work was on the old-fashioned but beautiful 334 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY decorated window shades, the painting being on specially prepared muslin. He made many sketches of the scenery of this region, and it is said that portions of the landscape of his " Voyage of Life" were taken from sketches made by him on the Ohio River, the scenery being that from Brown's island to Mingo. Cole was a sedate young man, caring nothing for the sports of his day, and was never known to be in any of the "scrapes" laid to the door of his contemporaries. lie was a member of the Thespian Society, which gave dramatic entertainments in Bigelow's brick stable at the rear of the present site of the United States hotel. Connected wit:. this stable was Samuel Tarr's pottery. Captain Devenny was associated with the society as a super- numerary. The last members of this society hiving were E. G. McFeely and J. D. Slack. Cole painted the scenery for the stage and became an adept at this art. While in Steubenville Cole created quite a sensation by appearing on the street on a velocipede—an old fashioned bicycle—propelled by the feet striking the ground. Whenever lie rode on this vehicle he would have a large troop of boys at his heels. When he moved away he presented his wheel to Joseph Beatty. Mr. Cole left Steubenville in 1825 for Zanesville and from there went to Philadelphia, and New York where he made a reputation as a scenic painter. Some of his patrons sent him to Italy, and on his return to New York lie soon acquired a national reputation as a landscape painter, being in fact the originator of the American school of landscape painting, and drawing his first inspiration from the Ohio hills. He died at Catskill, N. Y., on February 11, 1848, and his funeral oration was delivered by William Cullen Bryant, who tells how he happened to leave Steubenville. "A portrait painter named Stien coming along fascinated Cole, and he at once with such rude colors as he could command, began to paint and was soon able to establish himself as a portrait painter," the only thing lacking being patrons and for them he started on a tramp. This was the same Stien who painted the Wells portraits noticed above. Bryant says the pictures he painted in New 'York attracted the attention and praise of Durand, Dunlap and Trumbull and from that time, "he had a fixed reputation, and was numbered among the men of whom our country has reason to be proud." He went to Europe in 1831, and on his return to America his friends said of him that 'he had lost his American spirit which gave his pictures their character before leaving for Italy.; but he soon re- covered his old-time enthusiasm and regained the good opinion of the critics. His greatest picture was the one, or rather the series -of five pictures painted for Luman Reed, of New York, called the "Course of Empire," in which are presented, to use Cole's own words, "an illustration of the History of the human race, as well as the epitome of man, showing the natural changes of landscape and those caused by man in his progress from barbarism to civilization, to luxury, to the vicious state, or the state of destruction, and to the state of ruin or desolation." Many of his works were of this character, and included The Departure" and "The Return," "The Dream of Arcadia," "The Voyage of Life," "The Cross in the Wilderness:" other works are "Home in the Woods," "The Hunter's Return," "The Mountain Ford," and "The Cross and the World." His biographer says of him: "In all his relations of life his amiability and generosity were engagingly displayed, and to those who could sympathize with his enthusiastic and impressive nature, he especially endeared himself. His life was one of singular purity, and in the latter part of it he manifested a sincere and unostentatious piety." Cole was also a poet and in his papers were found many beautiful descriptions of his paintings in verse of considerable merit, but none of his literary Work was ever published. He left a son, Reo Thomas Cole, now rector of Trinity church, Saugerties, N. Y. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 337 At the time the Coles moved to Steubenville, William Watkins came with his family from either England or Wales. He was employed as a sorter in Wells & Dickenson's woolen factory. One of his sons, Joseph, moved to Coshocton, where he died; another son removed to the wilds of Illinois, where he married an Indian squaw. He returned to Steubenville, sometime after, bringing with him an Indian boy. Mr. Watkins built the house afterwards occupied by James Thomas and Samuel Wilson on Fourth street below North. He afterwards built the mansion on North Seventh street now occupied by George W. McCook, but became embarrassed and was unable to finish it. While there he planted mulberry trees and reared a large number of silkworms, from which he reeled the silk for John W. Gill, of Mount Pleasant, whose factory is described elsewhere. He afterwards removed to Coshocton and died there. He had a son William who displayed great skill in sketching, and while in Steubenville was a pupil of Thomas Cole. He carried on furniture decoration and. while quite young painted a portrait of Ambrose Shaw when the latter was about four years of age. This portrait belongs to the family of Henry K. List, of Wheeling, and is an excellent full length figure. Young Watkins left Steubenville for New York, where he painted beautiful portraits on ivory. Afterwards he went to Europe to complete his studies, where he was received with great favor, especially" in England, Queen Victoria sitting to him for a portrait. Alfred Newson, was born in Steubenville, but spent the greater part of his life in Philadelphia. Of his parents nothing is known, except that his mother was unmarried. He was a deaf mute. He left Steubenville at the time Cole and Watkins came. In his early days he made many interesting sketches on the board fences which showed the possibilities in the boy that were afterwards developed. His faculties of observation were very keen, and he would see the minutest detail of an object, retaining the impression in his remarkable memory. At Philadelphia he entered a large book publishing house, where he devoted his talents to illustrating as well as making the engravings. He was known as one of the finest engravers in the country, and many of the books of his day gave evidence of his skill. William R. Dickenson went to Philadelphia some years after Newson had located there, and calling on the young man, had a long conversation with him in writ- ing. Mr. Dickenson expressed a doubt as to whether Newson knew him, whereupon Newson drew a picture of Steubenville, a perfect plat of the ground as well as of the improvements, not forgetting to draw the defects in the buildings. The drawing was so well done and the proportions of the houses so nearly perfect they seemed to have been made to scale. Another gentleman from Steubenville called to see New-son in Philadelphia years after. During the conversation Newson drew a picture of the gentleman's house so perfectly that it was immediately recognized. Benjamin Shaw was another deaf mute in later years who achieved quite a reputation by his paintings of birds and other natural objects, although his infirmities were such that he did not leave his couch for years. It was not alone in developing artists transplanted from other soils that this community became eminent. The native product has done quite as well. Probably the earliest in this class was James Wilson McDonald, son of Isaac McDonald, who was sheriff from 1836 to 1839. Wilson, the name by which he was best known, developed a taste for modeling, and made a bust of Henry Clay, which reposed for several years in the old court house. He engaged in the sewing machine business in St. Louis for a short time, but returned to his art and made a fine bust of Thomas Benton for one of the St. Louis parks, a life-like bust of O'Connor and other subjects. He removed to New York, and among the works 338 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY completed while there was a notable statue to General Custer at West Point. He died a few years since. Eliphalet F. Andrews, son of Alexander Andrews, gave evidence of artistic talent at an early age, and in 1859 went to Germany, where he studied under some of the best masters. On his return he secured the property on the northwest corner of Fourth and Slack streets, to which he added 'a large studio. In 1873 he again visited Europe, this time remaining several years, dividing his time between Dusseldorf, Paris and other places. He had already achieved reputation as a portrait painter, and had several pictures accepted for the Centennial Exhibition Philadelphia in 1876. He subsequently painted portraits of a number of citizens, including that of Robert Mears, now hanging in the council chamber, Capt. Charles Doty, and others. In order to have a broader field he moved his studio to Washington City, where his work attracted general attention. For several years he was director of the Corcoran art gallery, and his portraits of Jefferson, Martha Washington and Madison which adorn the White House and Capitol are his chefs d'euvre. His large portrait of President Garfield is one of his leading productions, of which he made a replica and presented it to the city of Steubenville, where it now hangs in the council chamber. Among his recent works are the full length portraits of the late Edwin M. Stanton, now in the Jefferson County court house, and a similar one of Hon. Benjamin Tappan in the ,same place, both presentation copies, testifying to the interest which Mr. Andrews still retains in the place of his nativity. He now resides on a beautiful country place near Alexandria, Va., where he still pursues his calling for the love of it, his means fortunately being such that he is not compelled to male it a, matter of business. The third and youngest of this trio of native Steubenville artists is Alexander Doyle, who was born in 1858, on High street below Market, opposite the residence of his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Alex ander Doyle. His parents were George and Alice Butler Doyle. While he was quite young the family moved to Louisville, Ky., and thence to St. Louis. Mr. Doyle, Sr. was engaged in the marble monument business and this possibly had something to do with directing the taste of the boy in the direction of sculpture. At any rate he began to interest himself in modeling, and the subsequent sojourn of the family in Italy for a number of years gave a opportunity unusually favorable for pursuing his studies. When they returned to America and settled in New York, Mr. Doyle had already developed marked talent as a young sculptor, although he returned to Italy in the seventies, where he remained several years at the Ferara marble quarries superintending his father's interests and pursuing his studies at the same time. When he returned home it was not long before he had numerous commissions. Busts and smaller works for private individuals were rapidly followed by such *productions as the statue of "Liberty" in bronze for a monument at Peabody, Mass., colossal statue of "Education," in granite fourteen feet high for the Pilgrims' monument at Plymouth Rock, Mass., the John Howard Payne statue and monument at Washington, D. C., and the "Margaret" statue in marble at New Orleans. All this work was done before he was twenty-six years of age, and at that time he received a commission for a bronze statue- of Gen. Robert E. Lee to surmount a monument to that general in the Crescent City. It was 16 1/2 feet in height and weighed nearly 7,000 pounds, being the largest bronze statue ever cast in New York up to that time. The statue was unveiled on Washington's birthday, 1884, with imposing ceremonies. At that time Mr. Doyle had begun work on a colossal statue of "Peace," 114 feet high, with the base surrounded by thirteen figures representing the original states. This was soon afterwards completed, together with a statue of Albert Sidney Johnson for New Orleans. Senator Ben Hill at Atlanta, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 339 Bishop Pinckney for Washington, Missouri's two statues in the old Hall of Representatives, at Washington, Garfield statue in the Cleveland monument, and other works whose mere enumeration would fill a volume. The death of his father a few years ago compelled Mr. Doyle to temporarily give up his profession in order to attend to business matters, but he has since returned to his first love, and among the commissions first received was one for a statue of General Beauregard and one of Jefferson Davis, both to be located in New Orleans, thus making four of his productions in that city. Mr. Doyle at this writing is now engaged on what he considers his greatest work, namely a heroic statue of Hon. Edwin M. Stanton to be placed in front of the entrance to the Steubenville Court House. It is a gift from the sculptor to his native city and county and is expected to be completed about the time these pages are given to the public. The Howells family, who were of English and Welsh descent, came to Jefferson County in 1813. William C. Howells, father of William Dean Howells, the novelist, was then a boy, and has fortunately preserved for posterity, such full and intelligent account of their sojourn here as to give it a value and interest far beyond what would attach to a mere family history, and places before the reader a graphic and accurate picture of the condition of things and the state of society between 1813 and 1840. Their previous home was in Louden County, Virginia, and they came the usual route by wagons over the mountains to Brownsville, Pa., where they took a flatboat and floated down to Pittsburgh. From there they "embarked upon a keelboat to proceed down the Ohio on our voyage which was to terminate at Warrenton, a point fourteen miles below Steubenville, to the mouth of Short Creek in Jefferson County. I suppose the boat must have made a coasting trip, for we stopped at Beaver, Steubenville, and other points, taking three days to make the eighty-five miles from Pittsburgh. This brought us to within three miles of the end of our journey, which was finished in some conveyance sent down from Steer's mill. I can well remember my mother's delight at getting through with the tiresome trip, which had been to me a panorama of delightful novelty but to her—who still pined for the home she had left in Wales—it was an added four hundred miles in the distance of her exile." Mr. Howells adds : " The part of Ohio into which we came, in 1813, was one of the best improved in the state. The country was well cleared up and settled by thrifty, and, in some instances, wealthy farmers. The excellent mill-stream of Short Creek—then much better than now—on its whole twenty-five miles of length, had a good flouring mill at every available site, and one respectable paper mill. Mount Pleasant, the town where we went to meeting and for what little trade we did, was a larger and more prosperous place than it is now, after fifty-five years (1868) and had six or seven hundred inhabitants, while Steubenville boasted of 2,000 and extensive manufactures. Still it was a new country, and life in it was attended by numberless inconveniences. As soon as the family was settled in a good hewed-log house, with shingle roof, my father set about his preparations for manufacturing wool, according to his (previous) engagement. But while we were on the way from Virginia, Steer 's flouring mill, which was an extensive one, was burned down, and on our arrival they were busy rebuilding it, and building a house for the woolen mill also. This retarded father's work, as the fire had crippled the means of the proprietor. But father had the direction of mechanics, who built machinery from his drafts and explanations, in a very primitive way. A blacksmith nearby, who made axes, did the work in steel and iron, including the forging of the spindles, which was rather a particular job, as they had to be made round with the file, as well as other work by hand that would have been properly done on a lathe. The summer was taken up with the building of the house and machinery, and it was pretty well into the winter before the factory started. So far as I know it did well enough as a small concern; but for some reason that I did not understand, father gave it up at the end of his first year's engagement and moved to Mount Pleasant." During the war with Great Britain the family, being Quaker and English, were not very enthusiatic supporters, which was the cause of some animadversion by their neighbors, but nothing serious. The narrative continues : "Father having made arrangements to go to Mount Pleasant, he joined two brothers of the name of Hunt, Samuel and Jonathan, who owned a large horse-power which they converted into a factory for woolen work; but it took a good while to get it ready, and we were delayed in moving till late in the spring. After 340 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY getting to our new place father went to work in great spirits, and soon after he and the Hunts were joined by a Scotchman, Thomas Donaldson, whom we had known in Virginia. He introduced the spinning of flax as an addition to the business. This required new machinery, which they set about building. My recollection is that it was well into the winter before they got ready to spin any flax, and when they tried it they failed, because the flax required to be kept moist and the house was so open that they could not keep it from freezing. On some mild days they made very nice thread of flax, and with a coarser machine they made a great deal of tow twine, which they wove into some coarse fabrics. But they were, as I supposed, compelled by poverty to give it up, and the partnership was dissolved. After this, which exhausted another year of fruitless labor, father began alone, being assisted by credit from John Hogg, an enterprising Englishman who kept a store in Mount Pleasant. Under this arrangement father built a house for a factory, in a part of which he finished off rooms for us to live. He got together machinery for carding and spinning wool for country customers, they being mostly satisfied with the carding, from which they spun it at home. * * * The machines were propelled by horse-power, which was supplied by a blind horse that we called Charley, whose duties extended to carrying us when not at the wheel. It was early in 1815 when father began to build, within which year he got started; but this kind of life continued till June, 1816, when one day John Arthur, one of the hands who worked under father at Steer's factory, where he then worked, came from Steubenville with an offer to father to come and take charge of the carding room (which contained eight or ten machines attended by boys) at a salary of $500 a year. Father's business was neither very prosperous nor promising, and he was in debt, chiefly to John Hogg. A family council was called, in which I took part, and it was accepted, and the next day or so he started, leaving a large lot of wool to be carded. A well-grown boy, who knew ,something about the business, was employed, and he and I, with mother to look after the business and accounts, finished up the carding to the satisfaction of customers. This took up a few weeks' time, but the family was removed to Steubenville in August. Mr. Hogg befriended father, took the concern off his hands at a tolerably good price—perhaps all it was worth—and assumed all the debts .that the balance over his own dues would pay, though many troublesome ones remained to haunt us for some years afterwards." As noted, the elder Howells came to Steubenville a few weeks before his family, going home once a fortnight. It was the custom of the boy to go with a horse and meet his father, when both would ride back on the same patient animal, the distance to Steubenville being about twenty miles. The second time he came clear to the city, the first sight of which from above Mingo he thought the most splendid view of his experience. Coming on up he met the following difficulty as he entered the town. " The road divided at the bank of the little mill stream below, one fork of it turning to the river bank, and the other, which I followed, starting forward through a lane into Third street and up a hill that hid the town from me. Here I was attacked with doubts, and I supposed I was on the wrong road. But reasoning that if I kept near the river I must come to `where I had seen the town, I turned into an open gate and followed the carriage road then leading into the very handsome grounds of Bezaleel Wells. I soon came to the end of the avenue and in sight of the town; but I saw no way to it, except to cross that ravine upon a slight foot bridge that was thrown across on very light timbers, and floored with inch boards. Upon this frail structure I turned the old horse (which was blind and could not see his danger) and went over in safety. Whether anybody saw me or not I do not know, as I never heard it spoken of, and when I came to understand it I said very little about it myself. I suppose the feat of crossing that bridge on horseback was never performed by anyone else." Concerning his first experience in the infant metropolis he says : "From a community nearly all Quakers I had come where there was not one. And then I was a stranger to all the boys, and as I was very Quakerish and wore a little shad-bellied coat I was esteemed fair game for those disposed to play the bully, while I was a curiosity to others. I had to run the gauntlet of constant challenges to fight, which I had to accept, or run, followed by jeers and cries of coward! I did not want pluck, but I had a principle against fighting, and was under constant injunction from father not to strike, whatever the provocation. I compromised this matter towards the last by kicking the shins of a few of the more troublesome ones, and this brought me peace. For the winter comfort of the children, father got a cartman to go with me one Saturday afternoon along the bank of the river, near Mingo Bottom, where in a short time we filled the cart with butternuts. By going into the country in almost any direction we could get would fruits, especially grapes, and nuts in great abundance. As soon as winter set in I started to school. The teacher, then called master, was John Finley, a brother of Father James B. Finley, well known among the Methodists as a preacher of great zeal and piety. John Finley was also a Methodist preacher, and as such superior to his brother, but he left the itinerant service of his church to devote himself to teaching, which he seemed to prefer. He was regarded as an excellent teacher, and his school was large, including the sons of the leading men of the place. Among them were the sons of Bezaleel Wells, Martin Andrews, Judge Benjamin Tappan and John C. Wright, who led society there. Our studies at this school were spelling, reading, arithmetic and writing. Grammar and geography were not taught in the common schools then, nor for many years after. The paper used in writing was a pretty good article of foolscap, made in the country, but unruled. So we had to rule it for ourselves; and each boy was armed with a wooden rule, furnished by some friendly carpenter, to which was tied a pencil made of crude lead. With these we ruled our paper to all desirable widths, by which we were guided in learning to write, for it was expected that any one who had learned to write would not need such a guide. Our pens were all made of quills; and making a good pen was part of the art of writing, and an indispensable one at that. Our ink was usually made from ink powders, or from oak and maple bark, with copperas added to the boiled decoction of these. One of the most efficient agencies in education in that AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 341 day was thrashing, and every master scrupulously availed himself of it. The house where this school was kept was a one-story frame about eighteen or twenty feet square—, a mere box with doors and windows. I afterwards attended an evening school to learn grammar. At this grammar school my seat mate was Edwin M. Stanton. I do not remember meeting with him since; but I remember him a boy, delicate physically, grave and studious. As there were no Quakers in Steubenville father joined the Methodist church. Mother joined with him, but never partook of his enthusiasm. Typhoid fever of a very malignant form was epidemic in that region during the winter of 1816-17, and great numbers died; people in the country were alarmed to such an extent that they would not come to market or on business, and the place was almost desolate.* One of our great sports in the streets at that time was bonfires made of shavings from the new houses building. To add to the excitement some boys were engaged to gather a great quantity, that is to say, sundry hatfuls of buckeyes—wild horse chestnuts that grew in great abundance along the river. These were saved until Saturday, when the carpenters would throw out the rubbish for the bonfire. When the fire was nearly burned down and the flame began to lose its splendor the buckeyes were thrown into it by the boys who surrounded the fire, when, as they became hot, there was a gas generated in them that exploded with a report like a pistol." In 1818 the elder Howells purchased a farm of about thirty or forty acres on the north fork of Wills Creek, five miles from town, where the family moved in 1819, the log cabin on the place having been made inhabitable. He still worked in the factory, coming home on Saturday afternoons, which imposed most of the farm duties on the mother and children, and many were the adventures they had. There were plenty of snakes, as there are now up there, copperheads predominating. Jay birds were numerous, robins few, woodpeckers plenty, and redbirds, brown thrush, whippoorwills, and pheasants. An uncle Powell occupied the Howells's townhouse and then moved to Mingo, which is thus described : " Mingo Bottom in that day was really much larger than now, for the river has washed away many valuable acres from it since I first knew it. The last time I saw it the loss of land within my own observation was probably fifty acres, besides a great part of the island, which is now very little more than a sandbar and towhead of willows. Then it was covered with large trees, and a voyage to that island, which was not cultivated and was out of the reach of cattle, afforded a regular Robinson Crusoe adventure. Among the natural growths of the island I remember hops, which seemed identical with the cultivated kinds, running over the bushes and brush of [* This could not be charged to the Ohio River.—En.] the driftwood. This was the period when steamboats were beginning to take their place in the navigation of the Ohio. Their appearance would create a great excitement along the banks, and at the towns and villages their arrival and landing were great occasions. The citizens turned out, and civic ceremonies were observed between those in command of the boat and those in command of the town. At Steubenville they had a little cannon, with which they always fired salutes on these occasions, and the steamboats also carried a gun, with which they announced their arrivals and purpose of landing. On the departure a like ceremony was observed. I remember, on one occasion, I was in town in 1820 (in March, I suppose, from it being cold weather) when a steamboat was said to be seen far down the river, and the people were gathered in groups to discuss the subject. At one tavern where there was a kind of lookout upon the roof a man was stationed with a spyglass to report progress. He announced the approach, which was very slow, as there was a strong current, with the opinion that there was something wrong with the machinery, as she was about to land. This cast dismay over the crowd, and there was a general rush for the river bank to see what could be learned there. But she crept along the short till about a mile and a half below town, where she stopped, when there was a grand rush of men and big boys through the mud down the river bank to see the steamer, as if there never had been and never would be another. From the landing several salutes were fired, but received no answer. The engine was out of order, and when the curious crowd arrived the steamboat men threw out a cable, by which the people towed the boat into port. These steamboats were a queer style of water craft, as they had not assumed the forms that were afterwards found to be suited to river navigation. Their builders copied the models of ships adapted to deep water, and the boats all drew too much water to be available in the dry season, so that they could not really be used on the upper Ohio more than about three months in the year. They looked just like small ships without masts. Some of them had peculiar models, and all had very little power in comparison with later boats. Very few of them could make over two or three miles against the stream when it was strong. When Fulton commenced steamboat building he patented the side paddle wheels, and held a monopoly of that form of boat. This led to an evasion in many of the western boats, which consisted of placing a wheel on each side of the keel at the stern of the vessel, so that the wheels were out of sight except from behind. The present stern wheels on river boats are a later and very different invention, and served a different purpose, being designed to place the wheel out of the current and clear the boat of the drag of its eddy. The first boats had no more decking than a common sailing vessel." " The fall of 1819 was marked by the prevalence of a dense fog mixed with the smoke of the clearings of the forests that made it impossible to see any considerable distance for many days. From the boats on the river the banks could not be seen, or the boats from the banks. It was customary for the boatmen to carry tin horns with them, from which they sent forth a wild music through the fog that still sounds to me most enchantingly. The notes were all on a minor key, soft and weird, and when its source was unseen it seemed like the wail of a spirit. I do not wonder that Gen. William 0. Butler made that horn the burden of his only poetic effort and sang: 342 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY "O, boatman! wind that horn again, For never did the listening air Upon its ambient bosom bear So soft, so wild, so sweet a strain. What tho' thy notes be sad and few, Yet, boatman, wind thy horn again! Tho' much of sorrow marks its strain, Yet are its notes to sorrow dear, Yet is each pulse to nature true, And melody in every tune." Speaking of the lumber rafts, which would frequently cover an acre or more of space, Mr. Howells says : "I have seen shanties of two or three families, with wagons, horses, cows and even poultry, all snugly situated, with room for the children to play outside. Often have I seen the women washing, and a clothes line hung with the linen, as if in the door-yard they had left." Our author attended a camp meeting at East Springfield in 1820, during a rainy spell, and consequently his principal recollections of it are not very inspiring. After living on Wills Creek for about three years, the farm was given back to the owner, the payment going as so much rent, and a tract of twenty-three acres secured on the hill above Mingo, about a mile from the river, and between Cross Creek and Steubenville, where the night grammer school already referred to was attended, at which Stanton was the youngest scholar. The teacher was a hatter, but the name is not given, possibly it was Henry Orr. He mentions the Scotch-Irish as most of the settlers at that time. In this connection is related the following : "There is a little valley near Steubenville to the southwest of town, and in it I found a near cut from one place to the other, through which I could drive the cows, sheep and pigs without going through the town, as we should otherwise have to have done, and thus shorten the distance and escape the trouble of keeping them together in a strange place. Whenever I entered this valley, at either end of it, I was invariably affected by great dejection of spirits, which lasted until I passed out of it, and whether alone or in company this was always the case. The distance through it was a little less than two miles. There was nothing about this valley, of tradition or peculiarity of situation, that could call up associations, to me at least, of an unhappy kind. But to me it was always a place of melancholy shadows, and it was the only locality that ever so affected me." Could this have been the present cemetery ravine connecting Fourth street extension with Market street road? That was the only such cut-off back of town. Perhaps there were some anticipatory ghosts or shadows long before the place was put to its present use. There certainly was a somewhat weird appearance of the hills about the present entrance before the property was improved, and the present writer recollects very well that while wandering there in boyhood days the place reminded him of the description of the entrance to Aladdin's cave until sometimes he almost imagined he saw the youth and magician at their incantations. Some religious experiences of that period are thus related : "Among the Methodists at that time there was a very steady succession of meetings of one kind or another, and those who belonged to the church found abundant entertainment, if nothing else, in the continual round of preaching, class and prayer meetings. The Methodist church at Steubenville, which was the largest church there numerically, was rent and distracted with controversies between those who wanted to preach and those who did not want them to do anything of the kind. This state of things was soon scented out by some preachers in the adjoining country, who were known as Newlights, but who called themselves Christians. In the way of doctrines they had little to say, though so far as I can gather they taught a kind of Unitarianism. But those fellows that came down on Steubenville about 1824 were a most unpolished and uncultivated set. They ranted and roared and shouted to the entire satisfaction of the most enthusiastic of the meeting goers, and, as a prime article of their faith, they taught that every man or woman who wanted to do so had a right to preach, and was at liberty to preach, though I remember that two or three of them managed to do it all themselves; and they got rid of the clamorous aspirants by conceding them the privilege without insuring them a congregation. It was not long before the Newlights made their appearance before they had large meetings, filling such rooms as they could get to overflowing, and generally raising a noise that could be heard half over town. * * * The result was the detachment of a large body of the Methodists who went directly over to the new comers, making up at once quite a respectable society, as to numbers at least. The Methodists, who were losers in the conflict, were exasperated to such a degree that they expelled the members who had left, and talked violently against their rivals, the Newlights preachers, and treated them in a most unchristian manner. This soon reacted in favor of the Newlights, and though they were admitted to be a rough set, there was soon a strong sympathy with them among outsiders. They rapidly increased, and took in many from the class of " wicked sinners" whom the Methodists had failed to reach. Among these were a lot of pretty hard boys from the woolen factory. From working in the newly-dyed wool these boys became colored in hands and faces, and especially at times they were extremely blue. But the boys, when they became interested in the meetings, cleaned their hands and faces, and became very presentable. They were regular and zealous members of the new church, one of the ceremonies of which was the washing of feet. The ceremony was AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 343 announced one evening unexpectedly, and took the boys, who had been working all day in the blue wool, quite unawares. The array of blue feet was astonishing to the elders with towels girded around their waists, and no small source of amusement to the irreverent lookers on. But the boys were in earnest, and endured the trial of their mortification most manfully, and a trial it was, for their fellow apprentices did not fail to allude to it many a day afterwards." A convert to the new faith, who had the reputation of being a great cheat acknowledged his fault and reimbursed all those whom he had cheated, certainly a commendable performance, but from a too literal application of scripture narrative he adopted the notion that he ought not to marry, for he said they neither married nor were given in marriage in the kingdom of heaven. He loved a sister in the church, who reciprocated his sentiment, but did not adopt his notions about marriages. His proposition was that they should live together, but ndt be married, for that would be like the angels. They had a long time in settling this affair, and the man, as solemn as an owl, or a dozen of them if you please, would argue the matter with Mr. Howells, who contended and reasoned against it but without effect. So did others, including his sweetheart, who engaged every one she could to persuade him to act like "any other man," and be married. All had confidence enough in him to trust his word to live with her and be faithful to her; and at last, knowing that a public promise that he was going to live with her would bind him legally, they gave into him, and he took her home to live with him, of which he made announcement at meeting. They lived that way till they had several children, and then they were married. Receiving a legacy of $500 by the death of Mr. Howells's grandfather in Wales the family purchased a farm in Harrison Count, thirty-seven miles from Steubenville, where they again went through the experience of pioneer life, tobacco being among the crops raised. The nominal price of wheat was thirty cents a bushel, sometimes in trade with iron at twelve and one-half cents a pound, and other manufactured goods in proportion. Whisky was cheap. A leading cause of lawsuits was slander, from which we infer that gossip is not exclusively a modern art. The family moved to Wheeling and from there in 1834 to a farm near Chillicothe. Our writer had learned to set type in Wheeling and came back to Mt. Pleasant where Elisha Bates, at that time the leader of the Orthodox Quakers, had a printing office. He gives a graphic account of a. disagreement among the Friends which is referred to in the sketch of Mt. Pleasant Township. Failing to get work at Mt. Pleasant he went to the home of Alexander Campbell, fourteen miles from Steubenville on Buffalo Creek, Va., who was issuing a paper called the Christian Baptist, where he had fitted up a printing office in a little house sixteen feet square, where the pressman wet the paper for presswork by dipping it directly into the stream, selecting a big stone to lay the paper board upon and another for the dry paper, while he stood half leg deep in the water, which gently played over his bare feet. This was in 1828, and Mr. Howells soon after returned to Wheeling and published one or two periodicals. Here in 1831 he became acquainted with Mary Dean and was married on July 10th, of that year. They moved to St. Clairsville in August. In 1832 he returned to Mt. Pleasant with his wife where he worked for Elisha Bates, publisher of The Repository. While there the cholera broke out (1832), and Dr. Flanner, of Zanesville was deputed to go to Wheeling where it was raging, and prepare himself to treat it when the plague should appear in their town. The doctor on his return from Wheeling stopped at Mt. Pleasant to visit his three unmarried sisters. He arrived in the evening, received and made some calls, expecting to resume his journey the next morning. Instead of that he was attacked by the cholera, and died in twenty-four hours, while the terror-stricken people closed their doors and walked in silence about the streets. The Bates publication was suspended in the fall of 1833, and Howells and his wife moved to Wheeling, 344 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY and about the first of April following moved to Chillicothe by river and canal. About this time Dr. Drake, of Cincinnati, published a historical sketch of Ohio, describing the wild horse-chestnut known as the buckeye and presenting it as the emblematic tree of the state, thus perpetuated its name in this connection. Mr. Howells worked in the printing office of the Scioto Gazette, and suggested to the publisher the idea of William Henry Harrison for president, which idea was taken up and pursued so successfully that it placed Harrison in the White House. The Gazette being sold, Mr. Howells went to the farm for a year and returned to Wheeling, where he relates the folk, wing : "The next summer, while we were living again in *Wheeling, two young men were hanged for the murder of an old man for his money. Their names were Boone Long and Tom Wintringer, a boy 1 had known in Steubenville. The executions were public and attended by thousands. Wheeling was then controlled by Virginia laws and influence, though the people were in sentiment more like those of Ohio. There were very few slaves, not, perhaps, over fifty in the city; but the few old slave-holding families exerted a great control over the place, and they affected the manner and prejudices of the slave-holding part of the state, and pretended to think the people of Ohio were inimical to them; they seemed to think that the Ohioans were ready at any time to stimulate a revolt among their handful of negroes, whom they dared not treat as slaves usually were treated. But this was an occasion for the masters to scare themselves, and within the town they got up a rumor as baseless as could be that the people of Steubenville, who were heartily glad to be rid of Wintringer, were going to rise en masse and rescue him. On the strength of this they called out the citizens at large to patrol the county two or three nights and days before the execution, and two military companies were called out besides. I think 1 was never more exasperated than when called on to do duty on this patrol, which 1 promptly refused to do. Though threatened with concquences T never was visited with any. The executions came off, the city was filled with people, and the taverns and grog shops gathered their harvest." The elder Howells, whose propensity for moving still remained, had in the meantime bought a lot and was building a house in Martin's Ferry, and, during the summer of 1836, the son followed his example and lived there until 1840. Here, on March 1, 1837, William Dean Howells, who was afterwards to become famous as a novelist and writer was born. It was not quite within the limits of the present Jefferson County, but just over the line, so near it that under all the circumstances his birth and career are logically a part of Jefferson County's history. William C. Howells conducted a newspaper at Hamilton, 0., during the 1840 campaign, and removed in 1852 to Ashtabula County, where he published the Sentinel newspaper and filled a number of public offices. He died August 28, 1894. His eldest son, J. A. Howells, succeeded him as editor, and the paper continues in the same family. The literary career of W. D. Howells is too generally familiar to need further reference here. Several years ago the writer visited the old farm on Wills Creek and took some photographic views. The house had disappeared, a pile of stones marking the site of the cabin chimney, and fragments of pottery, etc., indicating the whereabouts of the kitchen. Supposing the views would be of some interest to Mr. Howells, a copy was sent him, and the following acknowledgment received : 40 West 57th St., Oct. 22, 1895. My Dear Sir:—I feel very deeply your kindness in sending me the photographs of Wills Creek valley and the place where my grandfather's cabin stood. In 1872 I visited the place with my father, and it seemed to me that I recognize details in the pictures which I noted then. T thank you for your very interesting letter as well as the photographs, and I wish 1 could sometime have the pleasure of meeting you. Very truly yours, W. D. Howells. Mr. Doyle. The following letters explain themselves : Ashtabula Sentinel. Jefferson, Ohio, Oct. 24, 1898. Sir:- I have just read your letter to my brother, and have examined with much interest and some sadness the pictures of the ground my dear father traveled over as a bare-foot boy eighty years ago and more. I have always had a desire to visit the place, but am afraid I will never do so. The last time I was in Steubenville except in cars was in December, 1851. I then went to see Mr._____ (I cannot recall his name this moment), who was then publisher of the Herald. My father had some intention of going into the office, but finally did not. The other office was the Messenger, which was the dirtiest office in America. I do not think they owned a broom in the building. Yours truly, J. A. Howells. Joseph B. Doyle, Esq., Steubenville, Ohio. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 345 Jefferson, Ohio, 27th Oct., '98. Sir:—Yours of the 26th came to hand, covering two views on Wills Creek, which I value very much, and for which accept my thanks. I have talked with my father time and again about his home in Jefferson County, and want to see it, and it may be in "leafy June" of next year I may avail myself of your offer and make a pilgrimage to Steubenville. Will you kindly send me a copy of the Herald. Of course it is not the old Herald that Wilson printed fifty years ago—but for that matter none of the papers of today are as the old ones were. Yours truly, J. A. Howells. Joseph B. Doyle, Esq., Steubenville, Ohio. Ottawa, Canada, Nov. 4th, 1898. Joseph B. Doyle, Esq. Dear Sir:—I have had the pleasure of seeing the photographs which you so kindly sent to my brother, W. D. Howells, of the site of my dear father's old home on Wills Creek. I have so often heard him speak of the place, and so it was "a pleasure fair" for me to look at the spot over which his willing little feet had so often wandered. I write now to ask you if you will put me in the way of getting copies of the two views—or any others of the locality; ''but especially these—which might be sent unmounted, as I would like to place them in his book where lie describes them. Of course I want you to let me know what the views will cost, as I am troubling you quite enough without putting you to any expense. Very sincerely, (Mrs.) Annie Howells Friechette. 188 Maria St., Ottawa. Jan. 15, 1899. My Dear Mr. Doyle :—I fear you will think me very ungrateful for the beautiful views which you sent me in November. But by mistake I mislaid your letter, and only found it this morning, and now that I have your address once more I hasten to thank you for the photographs which, I prize more than I can tell you. I only wish my dear father might have seen them; they would have told him a story which would have been full of sweet memories to him. In this mail I am sending you a couple of photographs which I hope will interest you. The small one shows a toboggan party just coming down the slide at Government House. I suppose you know that tobogganing is one of the favorite winter sports in Canada. The center toboggan in the front row is steered by Lord Dufferin, who was once Governor General of Canada, and immediately in front of him is Lady Dufferin. The other photograph shows you Parliament Hill with the group of government buildings which overlook Ottawa river, and face on Wellington street. * * * As you see, Ottawa can claim a very picturesque site, and it is proving to be a beautiful city. With sincere though belated thanks, I am Yours sincerely, Annie Howells Friechette. Reference has been made to the death of Dr. Planner in 1832 at the home of his sisters in Mt. Pleasant. This naturally leads to the relation of one of the most interesting literary episodes, coupled with a romance, in Jefferson County's history, one that was a subject of general discus- sion all over the country. Miss Abbie Planner was born in North Carolina, October 17, 1798, coming with her parents, William and Penina Planner to Mt. Pleasant at an early date. Her father was a Quaker preacher and she had three brothers and three sisters, all of whom had to earn their living. Two of the brothers were physicians, and sent money out of their first earnings to build a home, which was built near the Friends' meeting house, and embowered in vines and flowers. It was called Albi cottage, meaning cottage of purity, by which it will be seen that the family was quite sentimental. According to tradition _Miss Planner was quite tall but not considered handsome, although she was attractive, with an animated intellectual face. She was a fine conversationalist, and a great favorite in the village. On the last night of the year 1835 there was a gathering at one of the refined homes of the little village to watch the old year out. The incoming year was leap year, and after the clock struck twelve it was suggested that those present avail themselves of the privilege supposed to be accorded to the gentler sex during that period, and open a correspondence with some well known literary person, among others suggested being Fitz Greene Halleck, the bachelor poet, then at the zenith of his fame. Not much attention was paid to the matter, but in a few minutes Miss Planner quietly bade the party good night and started for home over the snow whose brilliant crystals sparkled like millions of diamonds in the moon light. As she walked there evolved from her mind a poem and on arriving home she sat down and wrote the following : NEW YEAR'S NIGHT. THE MERRY MOCK-BIRD'S SONG. O'er fields of snow the moonlight falls, And softly on the snow-white walls Of Albi Cottage shines; And there beneath the breath of June The honeysuckles gay festoon, And multifiora twines, And forms a sweet embowering shade, Pride of the humble cottage maid, Who now transformed and bold, 346 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY Beneath the magic of a name, Those equal rights presumes to claim, Rights urged by young and old. And who is she, to fame unknown, Who dares her challenge thus throw down Low at the feet of one Who holds a proud, conspicuous stand Among the magnates of the land, The Muse 's favorite son I As when she roamed, a careless child, To pluck the forest blossom wild, Oft climbed some pendant brow Of rock or cliff, to gather there Some tempting flower that looked more fair Than all that bloomed below, So now, like Eve in paradise, Though numerous offerings round her rise Of love and friendship bland, With many a sober blessing fraught; Would give t'em all for one kind thought, One line from Halleck's hand. Like that fair plant of India's fields That most when bruised yields Its fragrance on the air, Such is the heart I offer thee, Pride of my country's minstrelsy! Oh, is it worth thy caret She signed this Ellen A. F. Campbell including her own initials in the name of. Scott's Lady of the Lake. Mails were slow in those days, but finally a packet came in-closing the following poem: TO ELLEN. THE MOCKING BIRD The Scottish border minstrel's lay Entranced me oft in boyhood's day; His forests, glens, and streams, Mountains and heather blooming fair; A Highland lake and lady were The playmates of my dreams. Years passed away, my dreams were gone; My pilgrim footsteps pressed alone Loch Katrine 's storied shores ; And winds that winged me o'er the lake Breathem low, as if they feared to break The music of my oars. No tramp of warrior men was heard; For welcome song or challenge-word I listened, but in vain: And moored beneath his favorite bee, As vainly woo 'd the minstrelsy Of, gray haired "Allen Bane." I saw the Highland heath-flower smile In beauty upon Ellen's isle; And couched in Ellen's bower. I watched beneath the lattice leaves, Her coming, through a summer eve's Youngest and loveliest hour. She came not: lonely was her home; Herself of airy shapes that come, Like challenge wordart, Are there two Ellens of the mind? Or have I lived at last to find An Ellen of the heart? For music like the borderer's now Rings round me, and again I bow Before the shrine of song, Devoutly as I bowed in youth; For hearts that worship there in truth And joy are ever young. And well my harp responds today, And willingly its chords obey The minstrel love's command; A minstrel maid whose infant eyes Looked on Ohio's wood and skies, My school book's sunset land. And beautiful the wreath she twines Around "Albi Cottage," bowered in vines, Or blessed in sleigh-bell mirth; And lovelier still her smile that seems Bid me welcome in my dreams Beside its peaceful hearth. Long shall I deem that winning smile A mere mockery, to beguile Some lonely hour to care; And will this Ellen prove to be, But like her namesake o 'er the sea, A being of the air? Or shall I take the morning's wing, Armed with a parson and a ring, Speed hill and vale along; And at her cottage hearth, ere night, Change into flutterings of delight. Or (what's more likely) of affright, The merry mock-bird 's sone With this poem was the following letter: New York, February 29, 1836. Dear Miss Campbell:—Were it not that the delight. fully flattering lines with which you have favored me date "Bissextile," I should have taken post-horses for Albi Cottage immediately on receiving them. As it is, 1 thank you from my heart for your merry mocking bird song. Though they did not seriously intend to make me a happy man, they certainly have made me a very proud one. I have attempted some verses in the style of your own beautiful lines, and hope you will laugh gently at their imperfections, for they are the first, with a trifling exception, that I have written for years. Would they were better worthy of their subject! A new edition of the humble writings which have been so fortunate to meet with your approbation has recently been published here. It is. to use the printer's phrase, " prettily gotten up." Will you pardon the liberty I take in asking you to accept a copy from me, in consideration of the beauty of the type and the vastness of its margins, and may I hope for a return to this letter, informing me by what conveyance I can have the honor of forwarding it to you? I am, dear Miss Campbell, very gratefully, or if you AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 347 are in good earnest, as I very much fear you are not, I am, dearest Ellen, Very affectionately yours, Fitz Greene Halleck. Miss Planner replied to this letter at great length, in which she kindly thanked him for the tender of his book, saying that "eager expectation stands tiptoe on misty heights of the blue Ohio, to hail its approach." In closing the letter she said that when he is in "fashion's crowded hall," or listening to the "tramp of deathless fame," she would claim one thought. "But when the busy crowd is gone, And bright on the western sky The changeful sunset hues are thrown— Oh! wilt thou thither turn thy eye And send one gentle thought to her Whose spirit ever turns to thine, Like Persia 's idol worshipper, Or Moslem to his prophet 's shrine?" "The correspondence continued throughout the year," it is learned from Percy G. Wilson's account of the flirtation, "growing more and more interesting. The gay badinage ceased, and was succeeded by earnestness on both sides. Thought still preserving her incognita, and shielded by her assumed name, we find the lady growing timid as the poet grows ardent in his protestations of admiration and esteem. At one time she says, 'Every step I have made in your acquaintance has increased my timidity. With a reckless laugh I flung my first offering on the current of accident, little thinking it would bring me back tears and smiles, anxious thoughts and fevered dreams.' Toward the end of the year she intimates that the terms of her privilege will soon expire and that the correspondence must close. The poet replies, urging its continuation, and speaks of the happiness it has afforded him, and the desire to know her personally. To this she replies : certainly did suppose I had -written to Mr. Halleck for the last time; but you know before I confess that I am too happy to be convinced by your profound logic, that it is net only my privilege but my duty to respond. Your witty assumption of your extension of privilege has delivered my woman's pride from the bastile of a world. for whose adamantine bars, perhaps, I have not shown a proper respect.' "After the interchange of a few more letters the poet announces his intention -of seeking the home of his fair correspondent, and meeting face to face the lady whom, as 'Ellen Campbell,' he had learned so highly to esteem. This proposal filled Miss Planner with dismay. Remembering she had commenced the acquaintance, she reflected that a tacit agreement to the poet's wish would place her in the character of a wooer. An ardent admirer of Halleck's poems, nothing could have afforded her more pleasure than to have met him, but under the circumstances she felt that she must not encourage his coming. Her reply was posted at Washington, whither she had sent it in care of a relative and to that address the poet's subsequent letters were sent. "She absolutely refused him a personal interview, and succeeded in eluding his attempts to find her. She felt that with an interview all the illusion would vanish that he, who had been accustomed to the flatteries and attentions of the high-born and high-bred and jeweled daughters of fashion, in their gorgeous robes and magnificent palaces, could not tolerate her plain Quaker simplicity and lowly surroundings, and she—all unwisely—preferred that he should be her idol at a distance, that she loved to worship, and she to him an 'Ellen of the mind'—' A being of the air.' They never met." Miss Planner afterwards married a Mr. Talbot and resided in Mt. Pleasant for years, and at her death, September 9, 1852, she lived in Parkersburg, W. Va., but her remains lie buried in Short Creek meeting house graveyard. No stone marks her last resting place. The remains of Dr. Planner were interred in the old Quaker graveyard in Mt. Pleasant. His brother William, also a physician, erected a marble monument eight feet in height over the grave, but the committee having the graveyard in charge tore it down in the night season by force, 348 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY it being a rule that no monument should be erected higher than eighteen inches, and of no more costly material than sandstone. The doctor replaced the monument, and it was again thrown down by force. He erected it the third time and placed armed watchmen in the graveyard, and the monument is still standing. Oliver C. Gray, who was born on Market Street, Steubenville, on January 21, 1821, was a collateral descendant of Thomas Gray, the English poet, whose Elegy in a Country Churchyard will be a standard as long as the English language exists. He finished his education at the Grove Academy in 1838 and taught school at Knoxville, 'studied .1-w at Cincinnati, was admitted to the bar at Cleveland and returned to Steubenville, where he began the practice of law. On the outbreak of the Mexican War he became first lieutenant of the Steubenville Greys. He remained here until 1849 when he moved West, and died at Ottawa, Ill., on July 31, 1871. He attained a high reputation as an orator and writer on general subjects but it was as a poet that he merits special consideration. His works were collected by his nephew, the late David G. Fickes, into a neat little volume containing some artistic gems, but we have space for but a few stanzas. From his poem "The Worship of the Woods" we give the following: Far away in his forest cathedral, In the deep and dim solitude, where The solemn trees ever are bending, Like green-hooded hermits at prayer, Where the incense falls, sprinkled from censers Swung aloft by the hand of some sprite, Baptizing us all in aroma Distilled in the chalice of night; Lo! the azure stained glass in the window, In the rift of the ceiling above, Where a sad star drops down, in the twilight, Its marvelous message of love. For the spot is too holy for voices, And no sandaled foot here ever trod; But the silence seems petrified music, Enfolding the presence of God. The Tree-Spirit touches an organ, And the waves of a diapase roll Down the aisles of the forest a paean That melts in the aisles of the soul. Shortly before young Gray finished his school education somebody, while wandering on the Virginia side of the river, discovered an Indian tomb, no doubt partly a natural hollow in the rock and considerably enlarged by the red men. It was closed by a heavy rock against the entrance, which, when removed, disclosed the remains of warriors with their trinkets and trappings. It was a harvest for curiosity hunters who bore away trophies of all sorts, the bones themselves being scattered finally. The empty receptacle remained visible until about three years ago when it was covered up by debris from the building of a new road. Young Gray followed the crowd of curiosity hunters to the place, but his after opinion of the proceedings is given in the following poem, dated April 23, 1844 : I Near Fort Steuben, where heaved Ohio 's tide, And oak-shades danced upon its crystal sheen, A rude old rock, in solitary pride, Rose gray hard by a wide wrought slope of green. None would have thought such place had ever been A cemetery for a worn-out race. Now, as it ne'er lived, save in legends true, Or hallowed things hyena-spirits trace— So thought the Mingo chiefs when taking their last view. II There, for an age, a hundred dark men slept, Nor dreamed one dream of love, or chase, or war; But wild flowers bloomed, and untaught ivy crept Round that sad tomb hallowed by nature's care, Where death and stillness made their holy lair. No echoing whoops had urged them on to fight, An age had listened, vainly for one song; No dance they joined, no council fires might light, They gathered not to muse e'en once their race's wrong. III. But there they slept, till, in a merry hour, When civilization, in its maddened mirth, Had stamped its seal of wide-spread change and power On Indian scene, and home, and all 'twas worth— A place in savage thoughts e'en from their birth— A quarrier blithely hied him to this rock (Led not, forsooth, by antiquary spell), Moved from its narrow mouth a closing block, Entered and stood aghast, where fleshless warriors dwell. IV. And paused on undistinguished bones and soil All thick and black, of other races' dust; Such pause as goes before unholy toil When spot and feeling tell us that we must. And then, as stirred by some revengeful lust, They gathered wildly round that noiseless urn, And raked out what was left of Logan's men, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 349 As if no shame could in their bosom burn, Which, less 'twere thoughtless done, should burn e 'en now I ken. V. We schoolboys went with Virgil under arm, To see this wild and most unchristian scene, And threw at skulls for marks, not thinking harm, Nor knowing they had maids or chieftains been, Nor sort of thoughts had housed there erst, I ween. Our books had taught us it were wrong, I own, For heathen paid their dead old Charon's fee, To rite the tombless, over earth they 'd roam ; These should have studied pagan faith, and so ought we. VI. Some bore off hatchet, pipe or skeleton, As trophies of this triumph o 'er the dead ; Some wrote their sacrilege upon the stone, As if all reverence for the grave had fled, And no one would condemn the -names these spread. Whene 'er I feel in a romantic mood, And wander to that rock all stripped inside, I then reflect how reckless spirits could So violate the graveyard of that ruined tribe. In 1873 a trio of native Steubenville musicians crossed the Atlantic to pursue their studies under old world masters. They were R. Mason Jackson,' pianist and organist; William H. MacDonald and Miss Lizzie Brosi, vocalists. They were accompanied, among others, by E. F. Andrews, the artist, who was making another trip abroad to further perfect himself in his profession. It was such a company as is not often collected from a small city. The first, Mr.- Jackson, had already distinguished himself as a performer on piano and organ, having played at Hamline and St. Paul's churches. He went to Stuttgart where an accident occurred which disabled his wrist and cut off all hope of him succeeding in his profession. As he had to make a living he accepted a clerkship in the office of the American consul, and one winter day happened to protect the king of Wurtemburg, who was going about the city incognito, from some over-zealous boys who were intent on giving his majesty such a vigorous snowballing as was likely to inflict injury. Mr. Jackson was invited to the palace, where he met with such favor that the office of "Reader" was created for him, with a good salary and a magnificent suite of rooms in the building. For several years his life was like a fairy tale. While Wur temburg was one of the small European kingdoms the rank of the royal family was second to none, and there was a constant round of fetes and association with the crowned heads of all Europe. The favor shown Mr. Jackson did not fail to create the usual jealousies among the courtiers against the American, but Mr. Jackson, who had become a citizen of Wurtemburg and was created a baron, held his position until the death of the king, who left him a pension. After that he returned to America, and after a short sojourn in Steubenville, made his home with his sister in northwestern Ohio. Mr. MacDonald was in his twenty-fourth year when he went abroad. He studied four years in Italy, Germany and England, mastering the different schools and perfecting his' rich baritone voice which had sufficient range to take in a deep bass. On his return traveled with the famous Strakosch Company, and then with Hess, Adelaide Phillips and the Emma Abbott opera troupe. About this time he married Miss Marie Stone, an accomplished vocalist, and also a member of the Abbott Company. About the year 1880 there was organized The Boston Ideal Opera Company, of which Mr. MacDonald and wife were leading members. Their repertoire included a number of the principal operas in English, but their piece de resistance was DeKoven's "Robin Hood," which never failed to draw crowded houses night after night. It was practically the first organization to make opera in English a success in this country. After keeping together for a number of years as one family the death of the projector who held the copyright to the title of the organization caused its dissolution. A new company was formed with Mr. MacDonald at the head under the title of "The Bostonians." It did excellent work, but its career was not as successful as that of the old company, and it finally dissolved. Mr. MacDonald's health had by this time begun to fail, and he died at Springfield, Mass., on March 27,4906. His remains were brought to Steubenville for