AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 475 small cabin with portholes. It may be that their cabin was the original blockhouse, the record on this point is not entirely clear. They made a small clearing but their chief support was necessarily in hunting, and they were waylaid and killed by Indians in the spring of 1793. Thomas Taylor came from Pennsylvania and settled on Section 30 in 1778, and Oliver and Ebenezer Spriggs the same year. Among other early settlers were Philip Doddridge (tile founder of Brilliant), John Barrett (settled in 1799 and was appointed justice of the peace by the governor holding the office for thirty-eight years, and as -.justice he performed the first marriage ceremony in this part of the county) , John Jackson (military), Daniel Tarr (soldier of the War of 1812), Smiley II. Johnston (a descendant, in direct line, of Oliver Cromwell), Joseph Hook, Samuel 'Dean. James Everson, William Roe, Nathaniel Dawson, William Louiss, Robert Shearer. E. Willet, John Putney, John Armstrong, Archibald Armstrong, Sprague. James Davis, James Moore, John Burns. Gideon Goswell, Israel Cox, Henry Swearingen, Ira Dalrymple, J. McCulley, Amos Parsons, John Rickey, Jacob Zoll, Benjamin Linton, Matthew Thompson, Harden Wheeler, Joseph Rose, Henry Hicks. John Jacks, the Doughertys, Grahams, etc. The tragic fate of the Riley family has already been told in the chapter relating, to the pioneers, but some fresh facts having been gleaned from Hon. William H. Tarr, of Wellsburg, they are worthy of insertion here, especially as they refer to the last Indian massacre in this valley. The victims had taken up a claim and built a cabin about a mile and a half west of Brilliant, the family consisting of the father, mother and two boys and two girls, aged about fourteen or sixteen years. Early in the spring of 1792 they were engaged in gathering sugar-water when the Indians came upon them. The father, mother and one boy were tomahawked on the spot. The oldest boy fled to the 'blockhouse on the river and escaped. The Indians took the two girls, and fearing pursuit, hastily fled. One-half mile west of what is now the village of New Alexandria, at what is still called the Cold Spring, one of the girls became frantic and was killed with a tomahawk. After the peace resulting from Wayne's victory much interest was taken and many conjectures made along the border as to the fate of the captive girl. As the years passed, various rumors came out of the West—rumors of death by tomahawk, death by grief for her murdered family and of adoption by the Indians. Nothing, however, was sustained by facts or carried with it even a semblance of truth. Among the three volunteers from this vicinity in the War of 1812 was James Riley, the boy who escaped to the blockhouse. A rumor having become current after peace was declared that some prisoners from this part of the valley were among the Indians, young Riley obtained a permit from the commandant at Fort Meigs to go among the Indians, and there he found a woman, middle aged, in full Indian dress, morose and stupid, with every trait of savage stamped on her appearance. She was the long lost sister, and well remembered the murder of her family, but no amount of persuasion could induce her to return. These were her people, she knew no other, and with them she would remain. The kindly hand of Fate has cast a veil over the future of the captive girl; most likely she followed in the train of the wandering savages westward until the end came. The three volunteers mentioned above were William Tarr, Felty Mendel and James Riley, all from Brooke County, and some of their descendants are living there at this day. The graves of the Rileys are on lands belonging to the estate of the late Smiley TT. Johnson, just back of Brilliant. The cabin from which the Rileys went to meet their death is still standing; about 100 rods west of the cabin, on slightly elevated ground, in an old orchard is the last resting place of the Rileys. No kindred hands are 476 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY near to care for these lonely graves. They, too, have passed to the great beyond. No enclosure surrounds the spot where they lie. The rough unlettered stones crowned with the moss of the passing ages still mark the spot where the martyred Rileys rest. A solitary osage orange tree spreads its bright green leaves protectingly over all, typical emblem of a resurrected life to come. Vandal hands have never disturbed their silent slumber and no other graves have ever been permitted here. Side by side, father and mother, brother and sister. lie. The storms of winter and the bright sunlight of summer have come and gone for a hundred years over the last martyrs to the (musk, of civilization. The first election for township officers was held at the house of widow McAdams on April 5, 1823, David Humphrey, Archibald Armstrong and Richard Sperrier being elected trustees, R. A. Sherrard, clerk. and John McAdams, treasurer. The old mills are referred to elsewhere. The township is well supplied with coal mines, the principal output having been at Brilliant, where are located the McGhie-Deter glass works and the power house of the traction line to Steubenville, to which a franchise has been given for extension down the river to Rayland. BRILLIANT. The town of Brilliant is older than the separate organization of the township, having been laid out by Philip l)oddridge in 1819, on land purchased from James Ross. It was not only an attractive site for a town, the river bottom at this point being wide and backed by beautiful, sloping hills, but it was a very important location from a commercial point of view. In the early times all 'roads led "to a point on the Ohio River opposite Charles Town," and at this point Philipsburg was built. The early records make frequent mention of roads building from all directions to intersect this one very important thoroughfare; important in the fact that great droves of cattle were brought over it on the way to the eastern markets, crossing the river here. Philipsburg was also a shipping point for flour and whisky, large quantities of these products having been hauled over the Charles Town (Wellsburg) road from long distances back in the country to the river for shipment in flatboats to points on the Mississippi. Before the town was laid out there was accommodation for man and beast at the ferry landing. The first tavern was kept by Matthew Thompson and Nathan Dawson, the latter having charge of the bar. Mr. Thompson tried running his hotel on the temperance plan for awhile, calling it Tempo Tavern, but this did not suit the pioneers, so he conformed to the spirit of the times. One of Doddridge's first operations was building a house for hotel purposes, and in 1820 James H. Moore purchased it and opened it for the accommodation of the public. In 1882 Mr. Moore was appointed postmaster, and the same year Harden Wheeler and Joseph Rose opened the first store, followed by several other enterprises. Henry Hicks was the first physician. The town grew slowly until 1836 when Messrs. Means, Collier and Wilson laid out a new addition and called it La Grange, which name was also adopted for the railway station in the fall of 1856, although the postoffice retained the name Philipsburg. It was a quiet little place, one of the attractive sights being a large beehive on Cleaver place, conspicuous from the river as well as the railroad. In 1850 the village had a population of 363, which dropped to 154 in the next decade, but rose to 228 in 1870 and 361 in 1880. The erection of a glass house and rolling mill during the next decade brought the population up to 646. In the meantime, the town had been incorporated as Brilliant, after the name of the glass company, and the titles of the postoffice and railroad station were changed to correspond. The destruction of the original glass house and the wrecking of the rolling mill tended to check the advance of population, which nevertheless was 944 in 1900, and is now about 1,000, including the Spaulding Ad- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 477 dition at the south end of town. During this period an Odd Fellows' Lodge No. 772 was organized and also one of United Order of American Mechanics. The mercantile establishment of W. H. Rodgers successfully rivaled those in the larger cities and drew trade from a large section of country on both sides of the river. A town building, with city scales, hose company and municipal offices occupies the center of the village. There has been considerable gas development in this section lately, and some oil back in the country. SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. As elsewhere there were schools in the township from an early date, but the first general organization seems to date from September 15, 1826, when the trustees of the township met at the house of the clerk, Robert A. Sherrard, and directed said clerk to divide the township into seven districts as follows : District No. 1 to be known as Point Finley; No. 2 as Middle ; No. 3 as Jefferson; No. 4 as Adams ; No. 5 as Monroe; No. 6 as Center; and No. 7 as Franklin. On March 3, 1845, District No. 8 was formed on petition of residents of No. 4 and called La Grange. On petition of other residents of the same district joint sub-district No. 9 named Pleasant Hill was formed of parts of Wells and Cross Creek Townships by arrangement of the two boards in April, 1858. Joint sub-district No. 10 and 11 was formed by the Probate Court on September 17, 1878, after the boards had been unable to agree. It was called Blue's Run, and was formed from Districts 2 and 3 in Wells and District .2 of Warren Township. Brilliant now has a neat three room school house, and the others are located in section 36 of the first range and the following sections of the second range: Nine (Tarr), 10 (Salt Run), 11 (Riddle's), 21 (Merryman), 22 (Runyon), 23 (Cusick), 24 (McIntyre), 29 (Willard), 30 (Cole), 34 (Sixsmith), 35 (Scott), 36 (Rose). The first Presbyterian meetings held in Wells Township were at the houses of Messrs. Armstrong and Sprague about the year 1800. After that they held meetings in a tent, from which the first house of worship to the name of Tent Church." It was afterwards called Centre, from a town plat subsequently laid out, although the church, hotel and a blacksmith shop were as far as the town ever developed. It was about midway between Warrenton, Smithfield and Mt. Pleasant, and several annual musters were held on the site of the embryo village. A Scotchman named Robinson was the first minister of whom there is any account, neither is there any record of the erection of the first building. The first person buried in the graveyard was John Armstrong, on July 16, 1810, and the deed for the land was made in 1826 by John Jackson to the trustees. Oliver's Church, in Section 29, was organized before the formation of the township. Thomas Oliver emigrated from County Donegal, Ireland, in the spring of 1806, and settled on the headwaters of Rush Run, two miles above Sherrard's mill. He was reared a Presbyterian and brought with him a certificate of membership from Ireland, and also from a Methodist class whose meetings he had attended. In his new home he found the nearest Presbyterian place .)f worship to be at Steubenville, ten miles distant, and the nearest Methodist at Hopewell, five miles. So he formed a Methodist class at his own house, where there was subsequent preaching by the circuit riders. Among the early preachers were William Argo, James Wheeler and Henry Oliver (an elder brother), the latter being too Calvinistic to suit his hearers. Oliver's house was used for preaching until 1817', when a house of hewn logs was built on the edge of Oliver's farm, which was used for about fifty years, when a frame building took its place. It is on Smithfield circuit, with Holmes and Hopewell. Brilliant was without a place of worship until after the building of the rolling mill in 1883. Then mainly through the influ- 478 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY ence of the Spaulding family a frame structure was erected in the addition and dedicated as a Congregational Church. When the mill ceased operating it was found impracticable to support it, and the building was sold to the Presbyterians and has since belonged to that denomination. The transfer was made about 1886, and the congregation is supplied by the Mingo minister. A Methodist organization was formed in Brilliant about 1890, and in 1892 a circuit was formed, including George's Run, Ekey's and New Alexandria, with the following ministers : W. C. Evans, 1892 ; T. R. Yates, 1893 ; J. B. Hawks, 1894 ; E. S. Smith, 1895-97 ; G. F. Humble, 1898 ; A. M. Misel, 1899 1900 ; J. O. Davidson, 1901-3 ; W. S. Nicholson, 1904-5 R. B. Van Fossen, 1906 ; W. P. Baxter, 1907 ; D. B. Cope, 1908-9. A Disciples Church has recently been formed in Brilliant, with a good beginning. WARREN TOWNSHIP. Warren was one of the original five townships into which greater Jefferson County was divided in 1802, the other four being Steubenville, Knox, Short Creek and Archer. Previous to this the civil divisions were as follows : Richland Township—Jacob Coleman being tax collector for 1799, the returns having been made to Jacob Martin, William Wells and Alexander Holmes, commissioners ; York—Thomas Richards being collector in 1798 ; Kirkwood —Thomas Richards, also collector for this township in 1799 ; Warren—John McElroy, collector for 1798 and 1799; he produced a discharge signed by William Bell and Benjamin Doyle, two of the former commissioners ; Wayne—David Moodey, collector for 1799 ; Wayne is again mentioned in the commissioner's journal for 1802, in that John Hannah, collector for the townships of Richland, Wayne, Knox, St. Clair and Beaver, had made returns. In the same record it is noted that the county tax listers had made returns : Robert McCleary for Warren, John Matthews for Cross Creek, Charles King for Steubenville, George Day for Wayne, Isaac West, Jonathan Paramore and Enos Thomas for St. Clair. The lister for Beaver had not made returns. Township 1, Range 1, takes in the northeast corner of Wells Township. Wells Township includes Fractional Township 1, Range 1. Had the surveyed township been complete it would have extended east of Warrenton six miles, or to the Pennsylvania line. Warren Township was gradually reduced in size, and when Wells was taken off the northern end in 1823 it left twenty-five full sections and five fractional sections. Rush Run, Short Creek and Deep Run have cut through the hills, exposing rich coal veins, which have contributed greatly to modern industrial development, as did the streams themselves in pioneer days afford power for manufacturing to an extent that made this one of the busiest sections of the country. Settlers were early on the ground, and with the settler came the necessary blockhouses for protection, for the savage conflict was continuous and irrepressible. Several were located at the mouth of Short Creek, the original probably being cabins of more than ordinary strength fitted with port holes and other means of defense. The well known Carpenter's Fort was originally, no doubt, a structure of this kind, about a hundred yards up the creek from the site of the present C. & P. R. R. station at Portland, now Ragland. It was built in the summer of 1781 by John Carpenter, whose history is related elsewhere, and was soon followed by others. George Carpenter, a noted Indian spy, built a blockhouse below the mouth of Rush Run about 1785, and the next year Enos Kimberly, Robert McCleary, Benedick Wells, John McElroy, John Humphrey and others settled at the mouth of Short Creek, where the town of Warrenton now stands. About the same tithe John Tilton, Charles Kimball and two or three others, with their families, settled on the present site of Tiltonville. In a blockhouse here Caleb Tilton was born, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 479 and it has been claimed that he was the first white child born west of the Ohio River. His descendants still live in the neighborhood. It will thus be seen that at the time the Marietta contingent passed down the river there was a regular chain of settlements along the water front of Jefferson County, from Yellow Creek almost to what is now the Belmont County line, from which they doubtless procured supplies and information, and then coolly arrogated to themselves the title of first settlers of Ohio. New England was never backward in this respect. Robert McCleary came to the township in 1790, Joseph Tilton about the same time, Solomon Scamehorn in 1797, Lisbys and William Lewis in 1801-2, James McCormick in 1810, and Maxwells the same year. In fact, the lands fronting the river were soon taken up mostly by settlers from Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, and then pushed back into the country, which was well adapted to agriculture and subsequent wool growing, flouring and other mills dotting the streams. Robert A. Sherrard, in his diary of events in Warren Township, states that old George Carpenter, as early as 1778, had made an improvement on the west side of the Ohio River, on the bottom about a mile and a half above the mouth of Short Creek, and about one mile below the mouth of Rush Run. And like many others of these early settlers, he expected to hold it by improvement right. And for better security against the Indians he had a blockhouse built, in which his family and others who had made improvements above and below his blockhouse on the river bottom frequently took refuge in case of Indians skulking about. Mr. Sherrard truthfully says that not all the border outrages could be justly chargeable to the Indians. White men, dressed and painted in Indian style, frequently murdered and plundered in cold blood innocent families, and the blame was laid on the poor redskins and vengeance taken upon them for crimes with which they had nothing to do. The Indians would naturally retaliate, and a general Indian war would follow. The diary continues : "In the summer of 1781 Old George Carpenter, father of young George, and his family occupied the blockhouse on the west side of the river, and raised corn, flax, potatoes, pumpkins, beans, etc., on land he and his wife had cleared, for be it remembered That in these early times women turned out and helped the husband to pick brush, make fence, hoe corn and potatoes, reap, bind and shock grain. make hay, pull flax, and scutch, spin and weave it. The Carpenter family occupied the blockhouse the chief of the time until the final overthrow of the Indians by Wayne 's army in the fall of 1794, and the death of Old George and his wife. George Carpenter, Jr., the second son, kept possession of the homestead after his father's death. Notwithstanding it had been so long settled and at 'so much risk of life or captivity by the Indians when the land office was opened in Steubenville in 1801 young Carpenter had to enter and pay for that part of the section on which their improvement had for a long time been made. Au apple orchard had been planted on it at an early period, for when I saw it first the spring of 1812 the apple trees looked large enough to be half a century old, but no doubt the rich virgin soil of the river bottom was of such a nature as to force young trees forward of the apple kind very rapidly. When we first settled in Warren Township, five miles out from the mouth of Short Creek. the exploits of old and young George Carpenter were much talked of as deer and Indian hunters. It was common talk that for several years after peace was made by Wayne's treaty. August 20, 1795, George Carpenter, Jr., was in the habit of going out' on Stillwater hills, bordering on the Tuscarawas river, for the special purpose of having a deer hunt, and would camp out and stay and hunt for the space of two or three weeks before he would return home. This was his practice each fall after the skin of the deer had become what hunters termed good, for it must be kept in mind that from June to September deer skins taken by the hunter were worthless, as they would not grain, and for that reason skin dressers would not purchase them. These raids Carpenter generally made before the Stillwater hills were settled and the ground occupied by white settlers, yet there were some few pioneer settlers scattered here and there along Stillwater Bottoms and also on the rich bottom lands of the Tuscarawas River. Urick, an old German, had a mill in operation in 1805 at the time we arrived and made a settlement in Jefferson County, not far from where the village of Urichsville now stands. It seems to me that it was built in 1804, and at that time there must have been a number of settlers scattered around and the prospect of more soon. It was further said of George Carpenter, Jr., that on more than one occasion he brought home on his return from a hunting excursion a good rifle, which he said he found in a hollow tree. But it was generally believed that he had come across some solitary Moravian Indian from one of the Moravian villages on the Muskingum River, who, like Carpenter, was out alone deer hunting. So great was Carpenter's hatred and antipathy against the Indians, whether friend or foe, that even in those peaceful times he could screw up his conscience to such a point that he could shoot down a harmless Indian and bring home his gun. He had been taught by his father and all the old Indian hunters with whom he associated from childhood that 480 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY it was right to kill the Indians as it was to kill rattlesnakes. George Carpenter, Jr., came to a severe and untimely death. He had sold the old homestead on the Ohio River to Thomas Shannon, of Warrenton, and with the proceeds purchased a farm on Stillwater, within the bounds of his old hunting ground, to which he moved his family in 1817. Having learned to tipple and drink whisky at a very early period, as was common with many of the pioneers, he practiced drinking in the little unfortunate town of Warrenton, that had the good luck almost every spring of having all its rats drowned by overflow from the river, which was a place of considerable resort for the purpose of whisky drinking for the first twenty years or more of its existence up to 1823. "After Carpenter moved to Stillwater the habit of using spirituous liquors grew so strong on him that he made daily use of it. At the last sugar making he ever lived to see he kept whisky by the jug full at the sugar camp, and whether he had drank to such excess as to bring on delirium tremens I am not able to say, but be that as it may, one night as he lay sleeping in the sugar camp he either dreamed or conjectured that the Indians were after him, and to get clear of them he jumped up and stepped into the first kettle of eight, each filled with boiling sugar water set in a furnace, and from one kettle to another he splashed in and out of each until he landed in all the kettles and their boiling contents. So badly scalded were his legs and feet that he lived but a few days, lingering in great misery, and died, as he had lived, without repentance. It is worthy of remark that the Indians he murdered in time of peace so haunted him as to bring about his death finally. " The township was organized soon after-the formation of the territorial government. John Humphrey, John McElroy and Benedick Wells were the first trustees elected, and Robert McCleary was the first justice of the peace—from 1790. On the organization of the state in 1803, an election was held at the mouth of Short Creek and Robert McCleary and George Humphrey were elected justices, and Joseph McKee, James Reilly and John Patterson, trustees. Other early settlers were James Johnson, whose two boys made a dramatic episode in, border warfare; James Perdue, John Russell, William and Joseph Pumphrey, Thomas Taylor, Thomas Sprague, Joseph Dorsey, William. Rowe, Capt. Daniel Peck, a soldier in the war of 1812 Joseph McKee, Solomon Schamehorn, Jeremiah Tingley, John McCormick, John Patterson, Joseph Chambers, Adam McCormick, Erasmus Beckett, John Bowne, Charles Oliver, John B. Bayless, Richard Hay-thorn (whose farm was the scene of the Johnson episode), James Hodgens, William Smith, Moses Kimball, Charles Jones, Joseph Medill, Martin Beckett, Henry Brindley, Charles Kimball, John McElroy, Alexander and James McConnell, David Rush, David Barton, John Winters, Samuel Patton, James Campbell, John Edwards, Peter Snedeker, John Henderson, Robert and William McCullough, Joseph Moore and John Dawson. The inhabitants of the river front had a regularly organized government, with seat at Mercer Town in 1785, with John Carpenter and Charles Norris, justices. The next era was milling and shipping, among the early millers being Joseph Tilton, Mr. Nichols, William Smith, Robert Patterson, James Hodgens, Joseph West, John C. Bayless (who had two stone mills on Short Creek), John Bone, Sherrard, Joseph and Ralston McKee, woolen manufacturers, four miles up the creek, further particulars of which will be found in the chapter on manufacturing. Thomas Liston was a flatboat builder when that industry, allied with milling, was the greatest industrial factor of the county. Along the water front of Warren Township hundreds of skillled mechanics were employed day and night in constructing boats to convey to the southern markets the products of the many flour mills and distilleries on the creeks. On the river front there were immense warehouses, filled from basement to roof with flour and other products of grain, ready for shipment to southern ports. Hence the name Portland, in which village until recently stood three-story warehouses, as evidence of former prosperity. It is said that in the first quarter of the century and up to 1850, one standing at any point on Short Creek could see, at any time of day, as many as thirty four and six-horse wagons, on the way to the river loaded or returning empty. Among other followers of this industry were Joseph Large, Nathan Borran, Stephen King, James Attis, Nathaniel Sisco, Charles Wilson, John Driant, Joseph Hall and Charles Noble, a wagoner. All the river ware- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 481 houses suffered 'more or less from the floods of 1832 and 1852, but the demands of trade caused their restoration. It was different, however, with the flood of 1884. There was no call to repair its ravages, and what it left of the structures, which was little, rapidly went to decay. Then came wool growing and fine sheep breeding, in which Jacob Creamer, John Medill, J. C. McCleary and E. M. Norton were leaders, the latter's farm, below Portland, known as Vinecliff and still occupied by his daughter, Miss V. Norton, being celebrated for beauty of location and high state of cultivation. That this section was numerously inhabited in prehistoric times is evident from the abundance of relics found and numerous mounds on the river bottom. WARRENTON AND TILTONVILLE. Warrenton village was laid out by Zenas Kimberly in 1805, although, as noted, the ground was occupied by settlers some time before that date. It is situated on the river bank, just above the mouth of Short Creek. John Tilton is said to have had the first house, and the third one, belonging to the Hatheway family, built in 1800-1, is still standing, along with the Tilton house. Two additions have been made to the original town. Among the early merchants were John and Thomas Shannon. The village stands on a rich alluvial bottom, but unfortunately has suffered from such extreme floods as those of 1832, 1852 and 1884, when the town was practically under water. During, the days of heavy steamboat traffic the town was a busy place, but the railroads running along the base of the hill have left it to one side and Rayland, across the creek, has become the outlet for Short Creek Valley. According to the census of 1850 Warrenton had a population of 292 in 1850, 240 in 1860, and 241 in 1870, since which time it does not appear in the census returns. The present population does not exceed two hundred. Tiltonville, in the southeastern part of the township, on the river bank, was laid out by John Tilton in 1806, having two streets running parallel with the river bank, on which fronted seventy-two lots. It did not grow rapidly, and in 1833 contained but seventeen houses. It was quite active during the days of flatboat building, referred to above, which trade lasted about twenty-five years. In 1870 the population was 214, but this was increased subsequently by the introduction of a pottery. In 1900 the census showed 308. During the early part of Grover Cleveland's first administration it was decided to incorporate the town, and the majority of voters being of the same political faith as the then existing national administration, changed the name of the village to Grover and sent a petition to the Postoffice Department to have the name of the postoffice changed to correspond. The authorities, however, did not look favorably on the change, so the postoffice name still remains Tiltonville, as does also the railroad station, while the name of the corporation is Grover. In this connection it may be remarked that the tendency to drop names which have a local historical significance and substitute titles of no special meaning or use except that they strike somebody's fancy cannot be too severely deprecated. A flagrant instance of this occurred in the northern end of the county, when Tunnel Mill and Moore's Salt Works, both of which told their own story, were dropped for Pravo and Holt, meaningless to everybody except, perhaps, to their authors. Fortunately, in that case, the extension of the rural delivery system has abolished both offices, and the new names have already sunk back into deserved oblivion. Tiltonville is fortunate in being above the highest river floods yet recorded, and hence has not suffered like some of its neighbors. A K. of P. lodge has been formed here, and Warrenton had at one time a lodge of American Mechanics. Yorkville is a small hamlet about a mile below Tiltonville, which has grown up about the mines at and near that place. Just above Tiltonville a plat was laid out 482 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY November 10, 1890, by Sarah Giesey and Catherine Hodgens, under the name of Highland City, near a large prehistoric mound, on which has been erected a small cluster of houses. RAYLAND AND RUSH RUN. Portland, as has been already indicated, is one of the oldest settlements in the township, being near the Carpenter blockhouses. As the country became more populous it became a drovers' stopping place, cattle from the interior being driven here for the eastern market because in the dry season the river was fordable at this point, thus saving ferriage, and thus the place received its name. But what was an advantage in this respect was a disadvantage in others, for the pool at Warrenton furnishing a better steamboat landing, the bulk of trade naturally went there, and Portland remained with but little more than a name. Even the coming of the railroad at first made little change, but the location being higher and the local river business dropping off, the hamlet on the south side of the creek naturally increased at the expense of the other, until now it has become a thriving village, lately incorporated under the name of Rayland, to which the postoffice and railroad station have been made to correspond. A lodge of I. O. O. F., No. 12, has been organized, and it has all evidences of modern progress. One of the landmarks of the place is the old Bayless stone mansion, just west of the C. & P. Railroad, built by John B. Bayless in 1838. Rush Run, two miles and a half above Raymond, was for a while quite a shipping point for coal and brick, as well as a stage connection for Smithfield, but now is a very quiet little hamlet. Coal developments on the west side of the township a few years ago induced rapid increase in population and the building of the mushroom village of Laurelton, which has since been abandoned by reason of the mines being worked out. A relic of the boom remains, however, in Connorsville postoffice. SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. There were early schools at Warrenton, Tiltonville and elsewhere in the townships, and we know of a pioneer school at Hopewell, but the records on this subject are very meager. The present schools, however, are fully up to the standard, there being excellent buildings in Warrenton, Rayland and Grover. In addition there are schools in Sections 28, 30 (Short Creek), 35 (Finley), 36 (Lupton), 8 (Rush Run), 20 (Hopewell), 31 (Neel), and Special No. 9. Rev. George Callahan, a farmer and Methodist preacher, held the first M. E. services in the northwest territory, so far as there is any record, at Carpenter's blockhouse in 1787. On Warren Ridge, between Rush Run and Short Creek„ and about four miles from Rush Run Station, is •Hopewell M. E. Church, claimed to be the oldest church of that denomination organized and built in this territory, although this claim is disputed by Holmes Church, in Smithfield Township. The old church was only a few feet from the present building, and the church yard is filled with graves whose marks testify to very early burials. The older stones (flagstones from the neighborhood) are now beneath the surface, and when exposed by excavating about them show neither date nor name, although some have initials very crudely scratched with the point of a hunting knife, evidently. One of these found by Miss Jones, daughter of Thomas T. Jones, a descendent of an early settler, in 1899, bore the date of 1799. She made no note of the fact, but the date was impressed upon her mind because she was a student of local history and was examining the gravestones with a view of obtaining a basis for fixing the date of the church's establishment. Bishop Matthew Simpson, in a biographical sketch, mentions that his grandfather, Jeremiah Tingley, settled on Short Creek AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS -483 in 1801, and that the family attended Hopewell Church. The old log building had a neatly constructed gallery in it, certainly built long after the church was erected, and some aged men, with good memory back to childhood, recently declared that the gallery was an old structure as far back as 1813. There would seem to be good ground for the claim that Hopewell was built as early as 1798, two years before Holmes Church, which has claimed the distinction as the first Methodist Episcopal Church built northwest of the Ohio, and, according to tradition, there was close association by intermarriage between members of the two congregations, and considerable argument as to which of the two churches was the older, in which argument Hopewell came out ahead. It may be added, however, that tradition at Holmes tells a different story. Shortly after the building of Hopewell a chapel called McKendrie, and afterwards Good Intent, was established on the Short Creek side of Warren Ridge, but some fifty years ago a new church was built on the run about a mile from the river, called Rush Run Church, and Good Intent abandoned. Both Hopewell and Rush Run have neat frame buildings. Rev. Nicholas Worthington preached at these churches soon after their founding and also at Oliver's. He entertained Lorenzo Dow and Bishop Asbury, and J. B. Finley also preached there. Hopewell was originally in Smithfield circuit, and Rush Run in Warrenton, but both are now in Tiltonville, as is also Yorkville. M. E. services were instituted at Warrenton at an early date, and a neat frame building erected, and a congregation was organized at Tiltonville in 1825. For many years Warrenton was at the head of an important circuit, some of the later ministers being Rev. J. A. Rutledge, 1886 ; W. C. Meek, 1887-89 ; J. E. Cope, 1890 ; J. R. Hoover, 1891-93 ; J. S. Hollingshead, 1894-96 ; A. W. Harris, 18971900 ; D. B. Cope, 1901-3 ; F. I. Swaney, 1904-5. In the latter year Tiltonville was made the head of the circuit, and the next year Warrenton was dropped out entirely, the circuit including Hopewell, Rush Run and Yorkville. J. R. Keyes, 1906-7 ; Charles Simpson, 1908-9. Presbyterian services were held at Warrenton early in the last century and a frame church erected. When the population began to shift over to Portland a new church was built there west of the railroad, about 1876, and the Warrenton building was soon after abandoned. The present congregation numbers about seventy-five members. Rev. J. H. Patterson was pastor here for several years before and after 1897. Rev. Mr. Bingham has present charge. A colony of Seventh-Day Baptists, headed by Jacob Martin, settled on Warren Ridge in 1798, and built a church and schoolhouse of logs. Enoch Martin and Messrs. Birch, Stone and Phillips were early preachers. After this the society disintegrated and became extinct. A mission has recently been started at Tiltonville, connected with St. Paul's Church (Protestant Episcopal), of Steubenville. Services are held at intervals in, a hall by Rev. Father Sidener and others. Mr. Calderhead, about the time of the organization of Piney Fork, also organized an Associate Presbyterian organization on Warren Ridge, which lasted till his death. He did considerable work in the way of pioneer preaching, but had the common failing of his day—too much addiction to drink. Ezekiel Palmer conducted singing schools on Warren Ridge in the Baptist meeting house in 1807-8, also on Irish Ridge, between Mt. Pleasant and Warrenton, being the pioneer in that direction. The new style of notes had just been published and was very popular. Zenas Kimberly was granted a ferry-license at Warrenton in 1798, and John Tilton had a similar one at Tiltonville in 1797. In the graveyard at Tiltonville, known as the Indian Mound Cemetery, is the grave of Susannah, wife of John Tilton, there being a monument to her memory, the inscription noting that she had "departed 484 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY this life October 15th 1838 ; aged 88 years, 9 months and 20 days." Near this stone only a few months ago (1899) was one over the grave of Susannah, her daughter, bearing the death date of 1792, but the stone has since disappeared. Near the grave of Mrs. Tilton is that of Elizabeth Morrison, the inscription on the stone giving the date of death as September 18, 1798, and her age seventy-three years. Mrs. Tilton was the mother of seventeen children, among them Joseph, Caleb and two named John, one son of that name having been killed by Indians, the other named for him. Caleb was born on the site of Tiltonville in 1785. William Stringer is a descendant of John Tilton, his mother having been a daughter of Joseph Tilton. A great-great-greatgrandson of John and Susannah Tilton (to William and Minnie Stringer O'Brien) was born Friday, July 7, 1899, on the site (or near the site) of Fort Carpenter, and but a few yards from the corner of Township 1 of Range 1 on the land given to Ephraim (Zenas) Kimberly by the government, the conveyance being the first deed recorded in Jefferson County.—Hunter's Notes. CHAPTER XXIII CENTRAL AND WESTERN TOWNSHIPS Mt. Pleasant, Smithfield, Wayne, Salem, Springfield, Ross and Brush Creek—A String of Enterprising Towns—Interesting Quaker Episodes—First. Silk Factory in the United States--Higher Institutions of Learning—Early Salt Industry—Oldest Postmasters—The "Old Log Schoolhouse." MT. PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. Outside of Steubenville Mt. Pleasant Township probably figures more largely in Jefferson County history than any other township in the county. It has furnished eight members of the state Legislature—Dr. William Hamilton, George Mitchell. Ezekiel Harris, Joseph Kithcart, Amos Jones, Cyrus Mendenhall, Pinkney Lewis, Benjamin Comley and Dr. J. T. Updegraff, the three last state senators. It has also furnished three lieutenant governors—Benjamin Stanton, who was a member of Congress from Bellefontaine ; Thomas. B. Ford and Robert B. Kirk, afterwards minister to one of the South American republics; Senator Sharon, the great California capitalist ; Congressman J. T. Updegraff, the Howells, Flanner and others of literary fame. Ex-Congressman J. J. Gill was brought up here. Although small in both territory and population, like ancient Greece, it made up in quality what is lacked in quantity. The township was originally part of Short Creek, but on March 3, 1807, that part of the seventh township, range three, remaining in Jefferson County after Belmont had been set off was separated from Smithfield, leaving eighteen sections in the southwestern corner of the county, to which was given the name of Mt. Pleasant, from the village already established. This was just one-half of the size of a government standard township. Settlers, however, had been there long before. Robert Carothers and Jesse Thomas were said to have been among the first, they coming from Pennsylvania. in 1796, and settling -where the village now stands. Adam Dunlap came the same year and settled east of the present town, on what was afterwards the John Weatherton farm. Colonel McCune, John Tygart, Joseph McKee, William Finney, Adam Dunlap, David Robinson, John Pollock, William Chambers and Benjamin Scott came in 1798-99, with doubtless others. These settlers were not Quakers or Friends. The first two were from Pennsylvania and the others from that state. Virginia or Maryland. In 1800 there was another class of immigrants. North Carolina contained a considerable Quaker element, which was dissatisfied with the situation in regard to slavery. When the Constitution of the United States was adopted the belief was held by Washington and other statesmen that the slavery question would ultimately solve itself by dying å natural death. If there had been any prospect of realizing that hope it was dissipated by Whitney's - 485 - 486 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY invention of the cotton gin in 1793, by which the value of slave labor was increased many fold. As there was no hope of the abolishment of slavery in the cotton states, its opponents had to accept the situation or emigrate, and our Quaker friends chose the latter. Jonathan Taylor was among the advance guard who came in the spring of 1800 and settled west of town on the farm afterwards owned by D. B. Updegraff. Joseph Dew came on July 6, locating in what is now the western part of the village. John Hurford and Amasa Lipsey came the same year, Robert Black-ledge in 1801, Jeremiah and Faith Patterson and son Mahlon, Nathan Updegraff and wife Ann and Aaron Thompson in 1802, and Elisha Morris and son Enoch in 1804. The latter brought with them apple seeds from North Carolina and planted the germs of the first apple orchard. Nathan Updegraff built the first mill, and was a leading Friend for many years in the Short Creek monthly meeting. His son Daniel was the father of Hon J. T. and D. B. Updegraff. Other early settlers were Aaron Kinsey, Isaac. Ratcliff, Joseph Steers, Merrick Starr, John Hogg, Archibald Job (a Defoe descendant), William McConnaughy (in the battle of Bunker Hill), Joseph Gill, William Hawthorne, Aaron Packer, Samuel Irons, Elizabeth Sharon (grandmother of the late Senator Sharon), Eli Kirk (pioneer hatter and grandfather of Mrs. J. W. Gill, of Steubenville, and father of Robert Kirk, lieutenant governor of Ohio), Elisha, Caleb and Solomon Bracken, Thomas, Clark and Matthew Terrell Osborne Ricks, George W. Mitchell, Porter Mitchell, Robert Evans, R. B. Smith James Johnson, Joseph Kithcart, William Woods, Isaac Brown, Jacob Flanner (uncle of Abbie), Paren Cuppy (who killed an Indian on a stream named for him in Smithfield Township), Tames Taylor, Edward Lawrence, William Robinson, William Chambers, William Lewis, Benjamin Scott (whose wife's mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Davidson, was the first buried in the township on the present Kithcart farm in February, 1800). John Taggart's team was the first to pass over the road to Irish Ridge from Short Creek, and William McConnaughey's the second. Trees are still standing grown from apple seeds brought by Taggart from the East. Among other noted residents of Mt. Pleasant Township were Robert Kirk, who was a member of Congress, lieutenant governor and minister to the Argentine Confederation; M. E. Bishop Merrill; William Lawrence, who was five times elected to Congress, and was subsequently comptroller of the treasury under President Grant, and Hon. J. T. Updegraff, three times elected a member of the Hou%e of Representatives, whose daughter, Miss Grace, became a distinguished vocalist. The township, watered on the north side by the waters of Short Creek and its tributaries, is mostly high, rolling land and contains some of the model farms of the county. The great coal development along this valley and up Long Run is treated elsewhere. MT. PLEASANT VILLAGE. Mt. Pleasant Village was laid out by Carothers and Thomas in the fall of 1803, the plat being recorded on October 1 of that year, the former owning the eastern and the latter the western end. The land on which the village was located was considered so attractive that it is said that when the government offered the land for sale in 1800, twenty men camped on the site awaiting their chance to purchase the section. The matter was decided by lot, Carothers drawing the prize. The village was nick-named Jesse-Bob Town, probably by some of the disappointed ones, but that title soon died. The original plat contained 132 lots 60x160 feet, with two main streets, Concord and Union, eighty feet wide, and North, South, East and West streets each sixty feet. Enoch Harris started the first store in Mt. Pleasant in 1804 in a small log building near where A. D. Humphreville's cabinet shop was afterwards located. The AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 487 house disappeared long ago, and the lot came into the possession of Joseph Walker. Joseph Gill started the second store in 1806, between what was afterwards the drug store and Chambers's tinshop. Besides carrying on mercantile business he conducted a tannery, packed pork, had a farm and dealt extensively in wild lands. This property passed into the hands of Frank Mitchell. John Hogg started the third store in 1812. He manufactured woolen goods, flour, leather and often reduced the leather to harness and saddles, and during the War of 1812 he employed many workmen in producing saddles, harness, belts and cartridge boxes for the American troops. The pork packing industry carried on by these men was very extensive. Before the Stillwater Canal was in operation Mt. Pleasant was the most extensive wheat market in the state, there being numerous mills in the Short Creek Valley reducing the grain to flour, -which found profitable market on the lower Mississippi. Hogg also manufactured nails, which were so high in price, compared with farm produce, that the necessity was very urgent if the settlers used them. It is related that Robert Harriman, of Hammond's Cross Roads, carried two bushels of oats to Mt. Pleasant and received in exchange one pound of nails. In Mt. Pleasant there were numerous blacksmiths, cabinetmakers, tailors, hatters, weavers, shoemakers, spinners, tanners and printers. Benjamin Scott opened the first tavern in 1806, opposite what was afterwards the Burris house. It was removed many years ago. Soon after Mr. Buchanan started a second tavern in the building afterwards used by David N. Miller as a harness shop. The barroom was made of hewn logs, and in this room soldiers were enlisted and their bounties paid in the War of 1812. The old cupboard is yet in existence, with its shelves and wooden doors. Dr. William Hamilton was the first physician, and Dr. Isaac Parker the second. The former, in 1835, established in Mt. Pleasant a small hospital for the care of insane patients, one of the first in the state. Dr. Robert E. Finley studied medicine under Dr. Hamilton, and with his brothers, Patrick and Thomas, manufactured salt on Short Creek in 1817. The town seems to have made little progress previous to 1812, but the war which began that year imparted new life and produced the industrial activity noted above. Three additions have been made to the original plat of the village, by Caleb Dilworth, Enoch Harris and Israel French. The town became not only an industrial but a literary and publishing center, and perhaps the only rural community in the county where such an occurrence as the 'Planner episode could be expected. The Howells family came in 1813 and soon after moved to Steubenville. Ellwood Ratcliff was an early wagon manufacturer. He sold a wagon to William Stillwell for $12 in beef and $6 in cash, no one piece of which represented a greater amount than a "fip" (6 1/4 cents). He manufactured limes, splitting them out of tree stumps and hauling them to Steubenville and exchanged them for wagon iron. Banknote paper was among the manufactured articles. The first Mount Pleasant bunk was established in 1816, with Joseph Gill as president and Lewis Walker cashier, who was succeeded by Enoch Harris. It carried on business until 1846, when it was decided to close up its affairs, which was accomplished by 1850. The capital was $100,000, and Mr. Gill was its only president. In the meantime, in 1848, the Mount Pleasant 'Branch of the State Bank of Ohio was organized, with a capital of $100,000. John Watkins was the first president, James H. Gill a member of the board of control, and Jonathan Binns cashier. John Hogg became president on the death of Mr. Watkins in 1855, but only served about a year when he resigned on account of ill health and was succeeded by Mr. Gill, who served until 1859 and was succeeded by Joseph Cope. Mr. Binns was its only cashier. After the adoption by Congress of the National Bank Act, measures were taken to 488 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY close up its affairs, which were finally concluded by January 1, 1880. The First National Bank was organized in 1863, with a capital of $175,000, and was the natural successor of the old state bank. William Price was the first president and Jonathan Binns cashier. In 1872 Dr. J. T. Updegraff became president and Isaac K. Ratcliff cashier. In 1877 Dr. Updegraff was succeeded by Mr. Gill.. The bank's charter was renewed in 1883 and again on February 24, 1903. In 1904, Michael Gallagher, a prominent citizen of Dillonvale, organized a new bank at Mt. Pleasant, under the name of the People's National, and shortly after purchased most of the stock of what had then become the Mount Pleasant National. Bank, which went into voluntary liquidation, being practically absorbed by the People's. The following spring the leading stockholders of the Mount Pleasant Bank organized a new company, under the name of the Citizens' Savings Bank, with a capital of $25,000, that of the People's being $50,000. Both banks are now in operation, Michael Gallagher being president of the People's Bank, with E. B. Jones cashier, and C. M. Brown president of the other, with Ernest Hayne cashier. The last statement of the People's Bank showed resources of $202.600.04. There was one industry in Mt. Pleasant between sixty and seventy years ago that was so unique as to merit special description, and space has been reserved for it here rather than in the general review of the county's industries. We refer to the silk factory, the first of the kind in the United States. William Watkins, who came to Steubenville in 1819 and subsequently built what is now the McCook mansion, on North Seventh Street, planted a grove of mulberry trees and began the cultivation of the silkworm. His efforts, however, went no farther than to create an interest in the matter, but in 1841 Thomas White, an itinerant dentist, arranged with John W. Gill to plant a mulberry orchard of twenty-five acres on the latter's farm near Mt. Pleasant. As soon as the trees were of sufficient size the propagation of silk worms was begun and in 1842 Mr. Gill erected a two-story frame cocoonery 18x40 feet, in addition to a 20x30 feet brick, in which the moris multicaulis proceeded to work. Shelves about two feet apart, made of reticulated cotton cloth stretched over wooden frames, filled the buildings from floor to ceiling. They were movable, and when the worms attained a length of half an inch they were laid on these stretchers and fed on mulberry leaves. The eggs were brought from France. The silkworm breeds twice a year and the eggs will hatch without special attention save keeping them at the proper temperature. At the proper time the worms instinctively climb for the purpose of spinning cocoons, and at this juncture oak branches are thrown in. on which they spin the cocoons, encasing themselves in about five days. The cocoons are placed in boiling water to kill the larvae, the floss picked off, and after softening them in warm water the threads are carefully reeled off and wound on spools. The strands are then twisted three to five together and woven into what is known as raw. silk. Silk noils were made from the floss into what was known as knickerbocker woolens. The first figured silk made in the United States was turned out here, and silk velvet, hat plush, dress silks of various colors and ribbons were among the early products of the factory. The silks were made by the old process known as the "Draw Boy Loom," and the first pattern made was the buckeye burr, the ground being a light buff. The figures were about an inch apart and a quarter of an inch in diameter. Henry Clay, the Whig candidate for President in 1844, was presented with a vest pattern from this piece, and the voters in this factory all voted the Whig ticket printed on white silk made here. Had Clay been elected and the tariff sustained, it might have extended the life of the industry. The first American flag ever seen in China was made here and taken to the Celestial Empire by Caleb AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 489 Cushing, the American minister. The looms in this mill were three yards long and one wide, operated by cords passing overhead and drawn by a boy in regular succession. After weaving three yards operations were stopped to clean off the warp or chain, which was called "picking, the parry," which rest was highly appreciated by the boys. The velvet silk loom had different gearing and a brass wire was placed above the cotton warp, after which four picks were thrown in to bind the cotton and silk chains. The silk ends protruding from the cotton warp formed the fine plush found on the velvet. The ribbon looms were much the same as at present, save that they were operated by hand. The loom was nearly square, with eight distinct warps and shuttles, all operated by one weaver. The shuttles closely resembled a sunfish in shape. The building used for the factory had been originally a salt warehouse, and all the machinery used was made in the establishment. Three and sometimes four weavers were constantly employed, and about twenty laborers, male and female. John Rox, Jr., was foreman. In the fall of 1846 the factory was moved to Wheeling, and abandoned a few years later. Mount Pleasant postoffice was established on April 1, 1813, with James Judkins as postmaster, succeeded by William Judkins, December 29, 1823 ; Samuel Steer, September 25, 1825 ; John Watson, March 1, 1828 ; Amos Jones, April 12, 1837 ; David Chambers, November 1, 1853 ; Robert W. Chambers, August 22, 1861; Miss Harriet Atkinson, March 23, 1869 ; Robert W. Chambers, December 19, 1870 ; John F. Mitchell, 1885 ; James M. McManus, 1889 ; Thomas F. Mitchell, 1893 ; Jesse M. Bennett, present incumbent, 1897. The good times induced by the War of 1812 were not continuous. The panic that caused such financial disaster in 1819 was most discouraging to the settlers, for some of them were in the town booming business, having laid out Mt. Pleasant in two parts, hoping to bring the two together as one town and join with Trenton, a short distance away, but today they still remain in three parts. In writing of this panic, S. S. Tomlinson, an aged resident of Mt. Pleasant, says : " For the better part of two years little relief was realized from the great calamity that fastened itself upon every individual and every branch of business. A majority of the banks of the state were overthrown, but some maintained their ground, among them the Mt. Pleasant bank. Very few products of the soil would command money, even at the lowest price. Although distilleries were abundant, corn commanded only ten cents a bushel, while wheat and oats were only articles of barter. Although taxes were very low, it was with the greatest difficulty that money could be obtained with which to pay. My father was a mechanic, his principal business being the manufacture of chairs, and during the time of this financial distress, Samuel Irons, the owner of one of the most desirable farms in Mt. Pleasant Township, called at the shop, proposing to exchange beef for chairs, stating that he was under the necessity of killing a beef so he could sell the hide for money with which to pay his taxes. Between 1820 and 1830, a family named Bartoe, living in Harrison County, having stored their wheat for several years, discovered that the weevil was working on it and seemed likely to destroy it. They therefore had it ground into flour, selling one hundred barrels to John Bone, at the mouth of Short Creek, for one hundred dollars. Nevertheless the town picked up again, and, as we have seen, was prosperous during the manufacturing era, which gradually declined, leaving the little village on the hill the center of a well-to-do rural community, with homes of culture and refinement. The building of the railroad up Short Creek, within a mile of the village, did not cause it to take much part in the industrial development of the northern part of the township, which made little change in the town itself. The population of the village in 1850 was 755, of which 90 were colored; in 1870 it was 490 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 563, including 13 colored in 1880, 693 ; in 1890, 644, and in 1900, 626, which is about the same at present. The underground railroad, the first abolition convention, free labor store and other incidents of the place are treated of elsewhere. There was, of course, a burying ground at Mt. Pleasant from the beginning, and the New Highland Cemetery was laid out in 1882. Mt. Pleasant has always taken an active interest in the temperance cause. A society was organized in 1855, with a pledge to abstain from alcoholic or distilled liquors, but allowing the use of fermented liquors, which gave it the name of "half way society." A iota: abstinence society had been organized in 1837, and in 1840 the Sons of Temperance were organized by Isaac McDonald and E. L. Worthington, of Steubenville. The Martha Washington Society was formed the same year, and one of the treasures of the D. M. Mulner family, is a silk banner made in the town and presented to the society, on one side of which was the motto, "Our Cause Is God's ; Our Course Is Onward," and on the other, "On Female Influence Rests the Destiny of Man." The Sons of Temperance continued in active operation about fourteen years, and were succeeded by the Temple of Honor, which was organized September 9, 1854, and lasted about ten years, when the enlistment of so many of its members in the War of the Rebellion caused its disbandment. A lodge of Good Templars was formed in 1869, and continued in operation four or five years. There was probably no need of a women's temperance crusade in Mt. Pleasant, but the women joined in the work in neighboring towns. The Murphy movement in 1876 developed into the Social Degree, in connection with the Temple of Honor, and Band of Hope, a juvenile society. D. M. Mulner opened the Temperance Exchange Hotel in 1847, when that kind of a hostelry was an exception. When the Legislature enacted a township local option law, Mt. Pleasant took advantage of it and voted its enforcement, notwithstanding the larger alien population which had come into the township. It was evaded more or less in Dillonvale and that town remained " wet" until the adoption of county prohibition in the fall of 1908, when it resumed its original dryness. The fraternal societies have been well represented in the town during recent years, including Mt. Pleasant Lodge, No. 63, I. O. O. F. Manchester Unity Lodge, same ; Gabbal Encampment, No. 41, same; Idelia Lodge, Daughters of Rebekah; Knights of Pythias ; J. T. Updegraff Post, No. 449, G. A. R., and United American Mechanics. Trenton, one mile west of Mt. Pleasant, was laid out about the year 1815 by Elwood Rateliff. It has remained a quiet little hamlet of about 100 people. The postoffice is Emerson. DILLONVALE. The industrial development arising from the impetus to mining of coal caused by the opening of the Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad in 1889 centered about what had long been known by the classic name of Annadelphia, where there had been a pioneer paper mill and two grist mills, one of them an imposing stone structure, known as the Updegraff-Barkhurst mill. It was a quiet spot on the creek, a couple of miles from Mt. Pleasant village. It had been platted by Nathan Updegraff as far back as February 20, 1816, but never occupied as a town. On February 22, 1889, a new plat of thirty-three lots was made, to which was given the prosaic name of Dillon, which has sice expanded into the more euphonious title of Dillonvale. Additions were soon made and the town grew rapidly until April 25, 1902, when it was incorporated with a claimed population of 2,000, since increased, so it is said, to 2,500. Even if the census fails to fully verify these figures, it is the fourth largest town in the county. That it has become a flourishing community is evidenced by the fact that the First National Bank of this place, started about 1900, by its last statement showed resources AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 491 amounting to $270,950.92. W. M. Catlett is the cashier. The Knights of Pythias have a lodge, No. 584. The old mill still stands, a monument to other days. The Lake Erie, Alliance & Southern Road, now a part of the Vanderbilt system, reaches the W. & L. E. at this point. The former has so far been operated only as a freight road, principally coal, but there is no doubt that passenger traffic will be added in time. There is also a good pike from here to Smithfield, six miles distant. A postoffice was established here in 1889. Long Run, about three miles up the creek, is an unincorporated mining hamlet, with Ramsey as the postoffice. SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. Records of the pioneer schools of Mt. Pleasant Township are scarce, but it goes without question that the educated people who settled on the Short Creek hills did not neglect the necessities of the rising generation that shortly made this a literary center of the county. Schools there were in the village and county, and at a very early date steps were taken in the direction of higher education. While the first female seminary in the West was opened at Steubenville, the first conception of such an institution was at Mt. Pleasant. In the year 1816 the yearly meeting of Friends appointed a committee of ten, consisting of Abel Knight, Jonathan Taylor, Nathan Updegraff, Isaac Parker, William Herald, David Brown, Emor Bailey, James Paty, Richard Barrett and George Shugart, to receive contributions for the purpose of founding a boarding school. Some opposed the project on the ground that it might foster pride and slothfulness, and the subject lay dormant until 1824, when the meeting was informed that Thomas Roth had bequeathed five thousand dollars for that purpose. This acted as a stimulus and a committee was appointed to receive and take charge of the money. The Hicks trouble in 1828 dampened the enthusiasm, and nothing more was done until 1831, when it was reported that great interest was manifested in the matter, and additional funds had been subscribed. A committee of forty-one members was appointed to solicit further help, select and purchase a site near Mt. Pleasant and report plans for a building. It was found that $6,927 had been subscribed, with promises from eastern and English Friends, so in 1832 a site of sixty-four acres was purchased from Dr. William Hamilton at $42 an acre. The committee recommended to the yearly meeting that the institution should be a finishing school for both sexes, and that the building should consist of a central house for family and general purposes, with a wing at either end, one for boys and the other for girls by which plan it was thought that effectual separation of the sexes would be secured. A subscription of $2,000 was promised from England if the project was carried out. The whole subject was referred to the meeting on "suffering," which ordered the work to proceed. A contract was made with Abel Townsend to erect a building for $10,000, the center building to be forty feet front by forty-six feet deep, each wing to be thirty-six feet front by thirty-two feet deep, the center to be three stories and the wings two stories high, besides basement, a belfry on top of the center building, with a walk around it, the whole making quite an imposing structure, with a frontage of 112 feet. The house was completed in 1836, and in January, 1837, was opened for pupils. Daniel Williams was the first superintendent, with his wife Elizabeth as matron. Teachers in the male department were Robert S. Holloway and George K. Jenkins female department, Abby Holloway, wife of Robert, and Abigail Flanner. Susan Judkins was cook, and her husband, James, was janitor. Betsy Bundy, a colored woman, did the washing, Esther Osborn the ironing, and Tacy Wilson was nurse. With fifteen additional acres of land the total cost of the site and building was $21,827.49. The school opened with 492 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 120 pupils at $68 per annum, but the re-ceipts fell short of expenses by $280.28 or $3.30 per scholar. In 1838 Lewis Carey was made governor of the institution, with George K. Jenkins, Parrin Wright, Abbie Flanner and Susan M. Thomas as teachers. The average attendance this year was sixty-nine and the deficit $794.61. There was an annual deficit for several years, but after that the school was operated at a profit. Dutch ovens, frying pans and great open fireplaces furnished the original methods of cooking and heating until displaced by modern "progress." At first the inmates attended Short Creek meeting, where Mary Edmondson, mother of Anna Dickson, taught school in 1826. In 1838 Lewis Taber, of Vermont, was engaged as teacher and lecturer, and continued for several years. G. J. and J. M. Plummer succeeded Williams and wife as superintendent and matron, followed lin 1842 by Benjamin and Mary Hoyle, who remained until the spring of 1847. What was known as the Wilbur-Gurney conflict occurred in 1854, and the Wilburites obtained possession of the boarding school. The Gurneyites brought suit to recover the property, which resulted in protracted litigation and one of the most interesting legal battles ever occurring in Jefferson County courts. The District Court did not attempt to decide the mat-ter but reserved it to the Supreme Court, which early in 1874 awarded the school to the Gurneyites. Extensive repairs costing $3,566.22 were made with the view of re-opening the school. Work was suspended for the winter, and on January 17, 1875, the buildings caught fire and burned to the ground. They were never rebuilt, and the dearly won victory was a barren one so far as this particular institution was concerned. In the meantime the public schools were not neglected and were constantly im-proved, especially in the village. In 1861 they were reorganized with a complete graded system and village high school, with all the higher branches, the first in the county outside of Steubenville. In 1867 a substantial two-story brick build-ing was erected, with main portion 60x30, and a wing 36x30. It contains four school rooms, and cost $4,100. Dillonvale also has a good ten-room school house, with two rooms devoted to high school. The town-ship schools are six in number, viz : Leas-ure in Section 5, Colored at Trenton, Rob-inson in 23, Long Run in 24, Science Hill in 28, Binns, a new one in 35. In 1850 Rix Patterson, a bacheior, left a bequest of $5,- 012.17, to be invested as a permanent fund, the interest of which was to be applied to the support of the common schools of the township, which fund is managed by trus-tees. In 1799 there was a log school house in what is now Colerain Township near Mt. Pleasant, which was claimed to be the first erected within the original boundary of Jefferson County. Wild beasts and In-dians were equally to be feared in those days, but this did not daunt the pioneers who were determined to make the best of their limited facilities. While the Friends very soon became the prominent factor in the settlement of Mt. Pleasant Township we have seen that they were not the first on the ground, and con-sequently did not have the first place of worship. The Presbyterians claim this honor, not only as to Mt. Pleasant Town-. ship, but as to Jefferson County. About 1798 Dr. John McMillan came to this sec-tion and founded at least two congregations, one at Richland, now St. Clairville, and the other on Short Creek, now Mt. Pleasant. The spot is still pointed out on the farm later owned by Robert Finney, where Beech Spring school house stands near Short Creek, under the forest trees with a tent or covered stand for the minister and leader of the singing, the organization of this church was effected. The first elders were Richard McKibbon, Thomas McCune, James Clark and James Eagleson. Thomas Major and Adam Dunlap were chosen in 1808, John Alexander and Jacob Tull in 1829, and David Baldridge, John Theaker and John Major in AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 493 1832. Among the precentors were John Alexander, Joseph Kithcart, Cunningham Kithcart, Archibald Major, Amos Jones and Wm. McGee. This spot was three and a half miles southeast of the present village of Mt. Pleasant, and over the line in Warren Township. Two graves were once there but are now undecipherable. The first house was a mile and a quarter southeast of the original meeting place. It was built of logs at the foot of Hoge's hill near Little Short Creek, and was a very primitive structure without any arrangements for heating, other than hot stones brought by the more delicate women to keep their feet warm. This house was used for twenty years, and was surrounded by a cemetery containing a hundred graves, but only a few mouldering tombstones now mark the spot. The congregation then occupied the Associate Reformed Church, known as Union House, in an enclosed graveyard still existing near the Murray farm. This building was made of hewn logs, and stood on a hill about a mile and a quarter above the old church, and two miles east of Mt. Pleasant. This building was afterwards taken down and made into threshing machines by Thomas Mitchell, Robert Theaker and James H. Drennan. Joseph. Anderson was the first pastor of this organization. He was licensed by the Presbytery of Ohio on October 17, 1798, and being afterwards ordained was installed pastor here on August 20, 1800. He was ordained under a large tree on the farm of the late Clark Mitchell, and was the first Presbyterian minister ordained west of the Ohio. He was dismissed to the Presbytery of St. Charles, Mo., in 1835, and died at Monticello in that state in 1847, in his eightieth year. In the meantime it was determined to locate in the village, it being a more central point, and in 1829 foundations were laid for a new brick. structure, which was completed the following winter. Adam Dunlap, John Hogg and William Pickens were the building committee, and Samuel Miller the brick contractor, and Henry Amrine the carpenter. Dr. Hamilton secured money among the Masons to build the pulpit. This building stood for about twenty-five years, when the walls becoming cracked it was determined to rebuild, and the new structure was completed in 1855. William Reid, Joseph Kithcart and William McGee were the building committee. A. G. Kinsey burned the brick, Charles Mercer and John Smith did the brick work, and J. H. Sidebottom the wood work, the structure costing $2,115.80. The dedicatory sermon was preached by Rev. Samuel Boyd, of Bridgeport. The house was renovated in 1870 at a cost of $800, and further improvements were made in 1877 at a cost of $190. A Sunday school was started on the second Sunday of November, 1868, with an enrollment of sixty-eight, which had increased to 150 in 1879. Rev. Benjamin Mitchell became pastor in 1829 and served until 1877, when he was succeeded by Rev. W. S. Pringle. Rev. B. J. Brown followed him in April, 1897, and remained some six years, when he was succeeded by Samuel J. Young, who resigned in 1909, leaving the charge vacant. The Presbyterians built a frame chapel in Dillonvale soon after the town was laid out. It was served most of the time from Mt. Pleasant, although Rev. O. Patterson was pastor before and after 1897. Services had not been held in it for some time, and in the early morning of February 23, 1909, it was ignited by an incendiary and burned to the ground with Mr. Parlett's house adjoining. An arrest was made, but the evidence was insufficient to convict, and the jury, after several hours deliberation, returned a verdict of not guilty. The structure has not been rebuilt. The Presbytery of Ohio was formed out of Redstone in 1793, and extended to Scioto River. On October 11, 1819, the Synod of Pittsburgh resolved that "so much of the Presbytery of Ohio as lies northwest of the Ohio River including the Reverends Lyman Potter, Joseph Anderson, James Snodgrass, Abraham Scott, John Rea, Thomas Hunt, Thomas B. Clark and Obediah Jennings, 494 - HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY with their respective charges, should be formed into a separate Presbytery, to be known as the Presbytery of Steubenville." The boundaries then fixed were : Beginning at the mouth of Big Yellow Creek, thence by direct line in northwest course to intersection of the west line of the Seventh Range with the south line of the Western Reserve ; thence south along said west line to the Ohio River and up the river to the place of beginning. The Presbytery included the churches of Richland (1798), Short Creek (1798), Steubenville (1800), Island Creek (1800), Crabapple (1801), Beech Springs (about 1802), Cedar Lick, (Two Ridges, 1802), Richmond (Bacon Ridge, 1804), Tent (Center, 1803), Cadiz (about 1817), Nottingham (about 1816), McMahon's Creek (Belmont County, perhaps in 1806). The first meeting of Steubenville Presbytery was held October 19, 1819, Joseph Anderson, Moderator, and Lyman Potter delivered the sermon. All the ministers were present, together with Robert Brown, David. Hoge, Stephen Coe, James McLean, elders. At its organization Steubenville Presbytery contained twelve churches, eight ministers and nine hundred members. St. Clairsville Presbytery ,was formed from a portion of this territory, at Mt. Pleasant, October 3, 1838. THE FRIENDS AND THEIR HISTORY-EXCITING EPISODES. We come now to the religious side of the Society of Friends, the dominating factor of the township. They were not only thrifty and industrious, but possessed decided religious convictions which they carried out in their daily life, in their dress, their conversation and their actions. Their distinction from their neighbors tended to develop a similarity of feelings and thought which induced them to form communities of their own, although the sense of individuality as a rule (though not always) prevented them from forming communistic property organizations, as did the Zoarites, Economites and others. Con sequently it was rarely if ever that a Quaker was found living where there were no other Quakers, and where one was found there would be pretty certain to be others. So when the first Quaker settlers came to Mt. Pleasant others naturally gravitated in the same direction. The mere fact that his co-religionists occupied one part of the county while. they were absent from another was sufficient to turn the steps of the immigrant in the former direction. The Mt. Pleasant Quakers came from Pennsylvania,. New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, some as early as 1799, but the majority from the last named state about 1800 and later. One cause of migration from the slave states was as has been stated, their opposition to that peculiar institution. While Mt. Pleasant was the center, the overflow extended northward into Smithfield Township and southward into what is now Belmont County. Their governing body religiously was the Baltimore Yearly Meeting. The first Friends meeting west of the Ohio River was probably held in the autumn of 1800, near the tent of Jonathan Taylor, near what is now Concord, Belmont County, about five miles from Mt. Pleasant. Taylor had camped in the forest while building his cabin. He, his wife and a few other individuals gathered there, and when the cabin was erected and before the puncheon floor was fully laid the meetings were transferred thither. The first meeting held in this cabin was on Sunday (First Day), preceding rains having made the outdoor accommodations uncomfortable. Jonathan Taylor moved to what is known as the Updegraff farm, and in 1804 a log meeting house was built near where Short Creek meeting house now stands, half a mile west of Mt. Pleasant. The records show that a monthly. meeting opened here called Short Creek, third month, 5th, 1804, the minutes showing that, "At this first meeting the subject of- pius and guarded education of the youth and state of the schools was weightily considered, and a committee appointed to give the sub- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 495 ject further solid consideration." Nathan Updegraff was appointed clerk, Jesse Hall and Henry Lewis from Short Creek pre-paratory meeting to serve as overseers. Hanna Trimble and Hannah Kimberly were the first Friends who traveled as ministers in Ohio, and in 1807 a quarterly meeting was held at Short Creek, being. composed of Concord, Short Creek, Plymouth, Plainfield and Stillwater monthly meetings. The Short Creek meeting built a house in 1806, the structure being 45x70 feet, at that time the largest church build-ing in the state, costing $2,000. It is still standing. Ten acres of land were pur-chased for a graveyard on September 25, 1806, from Norton Howard for $30, the trustees being Nathan Updegraff, Aaron Brown, Enoch Harris and Jonathan Tay-lor. Ohio Yearly meeting was set off from the Baltimore Yearly meeting in 1812, and the first Ohio Yearly meeting was held at Short Creek in 1813. Mar-riages in accordance with the established usage of the Friends' meeting were fre-quent. On December 20, 1814, are record-ed the bans of Benjamin Lundy, the first American Abolitionist, and Esther Lewis. In 1815 the erection of the large Yearly Meeting house in Mt. Pleasant was begun and completed the following year. It is a brick building 90x62, and will accommodate 2,500 persons. It is used for general purposes, being even yet the largest place for public gatherings in the county. The minutes of tenth month, 1813, recommend-ed Friends to continue their labor with those "who are still deficient in support-ing our testimony respecting spirituous liquors," and a committee was appointed on the subject. On sixth month, 20th, 1815, a resolution in favor of making wills in time of health was adopted. As is known, the term Friends or Quaker has been a synonym for peaceful thoughts and actions. The scrap of history now to be related indicates that the natural man will sometimes come to the front here as well as elsewhere. While there had no doubt been differences of opinion in the society from its rise in the Seventeenth Century, yet they held together until the yearly meeting at Mt. Pleasant on Sunday, September 6, 1828, when the Friends of America divided into two factions, one the followers of Elias Hicks, adopting the name of Friends, and the other Orthodox Friends. The meeting at which the separation occurred, according to the account written by Thomas Shillitoe, who was present, was broken up in a riot. Those who had gathered in the meeting house, knowing that Hicks and those with him had come prepared to make trouble, re-fused them admittance to the house, where-upon Hicks and his faction held a meeting in the open air. The next day Hicks and his friends were in the house early and as soon as the meeting had fully gathered, says Shillitoe, "Elias Hicks stood up and occupied much time in setting forth his 'doctrines.' On their being requested again and again to sit down, the Hicksite party shouted from various parts of the meeting, manifesting such violence of temper that it appeared safest to suffer them to go on." The next day, September 8, the op-position to the Hicksites organized door-keepers for the purpose of preventing the admission of the "Separatists," who be-came so violent that it was considered the better part of peace to admit the disturb-ing element. The door-keepers being re-moved from service, "the mob, headed by two Hicksite preachers, rushed into the house like a torrent, accompanied by some of the rabble of the town." The Hicksite party prevented the clerk, Jonathan Taylor, from opening the meeting, and even forced him from the table, which was broken, and Taylor injured, from which injury he never recovered, it being the cause of his death. "My seat," writes Shillitoe, "being next to the clerk, a man (David Burson) of large stature and bulk came over the gallery rail almost upon me, followed by two young men. I was on the point to leave the house, but before I was on my feet one of the Separatists near me, looking up, exclaimed that the gallery over 496 - STORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY our heads was falling. A great crash at this moment was heard over our heads, which it was afterwards proved had been produced by one of the Separatists break-ing a piece of wood. Immediately an alarm being given, 'the gallery is falling!' from the other side of the house, there was an outcry, 'The House is falling!' A sudden rush in every direction produced a sound like thunder, and brought down a small piece of plaster, which raised considerable dust and had the appearance of the walls giving way." Further confusion AT S caused by the Friends calling out that the alarm was false, and mixed with their voices were the voices of the Hicksites declaring that the building was falling, although it was observed that while the Hicksites were urging the others to leave they made no effort to get away from the danger themselves. "I, had difficulty," says Shillitoe, "until I reached the door, where the crowd was very great. Some were thrown down and were in danger of being trampled to death." "The Separatists having now obtained possession of the house, voices were heard above the general uproar, 'Now is the time, rush on !' When the tumult and uproar had somewhat subsided, it was proposed that we should leave this scene of riot ; which, being united with Friends, adjourned." The Hicksites retained possession of the house and the other Friends met in the open air, adjourning afterwards to the Short Creek meeting house. The next year the Hicksites built a meeting house, but continued to have the use of the other two houses. The Hicksites continue to hold meetings in the house erected by them in the primitive style of the Friends. According to Shillitoe, the turbulence occasioned by the attempts of the Hicksites to control the Stillwater meeting, was even greater than that at Mt. Pleasant. He says: "The meeting was informed before it was. fully gathered, that some persons were on their way who had been members of this select meeting, but who had been disowned in consequence of uniting them-selves with the Separatists (Hicksites). On their making the attempt to enter the house, and the door-keeper preventing them, they assembled on the meeting house lot, where they held their meeting., praying and preaching, so much to the annoyance of Friends that they were obliged to close the windows of the meeting house." The next day while proceeding. towards the meeting house Shillitoe observed a vast crowd of people assembled; the nearer he approached the more awful the commotion appeared; "the countenances and actions of many manifested a determination to make their way into the house by resorting. to violent means, if no other way would effect their designs. By pressing through the crowd we gained admittance. The tumult increased to an alarming degree; the consequences of keeping the doors fastened any longer were to be dreaded, as the mob was beginning to break the windows to obtain an entrance, and to inflict blows on some of the door-keepers. It was therefore concluded to open the doors. The door of the men's room being opened,— to attempt to describe the scene to the full would be in vain. The feelings awakened in my mind were such as to almost over-power my confidence in the superintending care of a Divine Protector. The countenances of many as they entered the house seemed to indicate that they were ready to fall upon the little handful of us in the minister's gallery, there being few others in the house. Some of their party forced open the shutters as if they would have brought the whole of them to the ground; others ran to the doors, which had been made secure, seizing them, tore them open and some off the hinges. The cracking and hammering this occasioned for the short time it lasted was awful to me, not knowing where or in what this scene of riot and wickedness of temper would end. The house was very soon crowded to an extreme, the Separatists taking possession of one end of the men's room and Friends AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 499 the other." Business of the two meetings then proceeded as though nothing had happened. The cause of the division was a statement made a year before by Elias Hicks, who was a prominent resident of Philadelphia and a leading Friend. During a heated discussion at the Mt. Pleasant Yearly meeting Hicks declared that there "was no more efficacy in the blood of Christ than in the blood of goats." This position was vigorously contested but Hicks stood his ground, and being a fluent speaker had many followers. The subsequent bitterness between the two factions was so intense that separate graveyards were used for burials. The Orthodox Friends had Hicksites arrested and brought before court both in criminal and civil cases. There is the ease of "Jonathan Taylor, Rouse Taylor, Isaac Parker, Jas. Kinsey, Horton Howard, who sue for the Society of Friends, consisting of the Ohio Yearly meeting, vs. Holiday Jackson, James Toleston and Nathan Galbraith; action in trespass $5,000 damages for disturbing plaintiff's house and injuring property. September 9, 1828." In 1831 the record shows, " judgment for defendant for costs." The records for 1832 show payment of $19.79 costs. The Friend, or Advocate of Truth, a Quaker magazine published in Philadelphia, tenth month, 1828, contains reports of the "riot" at Mt. Pleasant from the Hicksite point of view, the writers employing the most vigorous language in denouncing the actions of the Orthodox. It was charged that Jonathan Taylor feigned injury in order to procure indictment against Hicks. Altogether the affair was quite different from the general idea of a "Quaker meeting." But the troubles were not yet over. Abby Kelly, a disciple of the Graham system of diet and a spiritualist, lectured in Mt. Pleasant in 1840 and gained many converts in the society of Friends to her theories. John O. Wattles, the noted vegetarian, also won many converts among the Friends. He was likewise a spiritualist and would not move a finger without direction by a spirit. Some of his Mt. Pleasant converts dying, it was said they starved to death as the result of the restricted diet advocated by him, he holding the theory that eating the flesh of animals was .a violation of the laws of God. His wife was living at Oberlin at the age of eighty in 1898, her daughters, who were educated in Paris, teaching music in the conservatory. Mrs. Wattles had not eaten meat for fifty years and her daughters never tasted flesh, holding as they do, strictly to the doctrine taught as a religion by their father. Another division was made by Elisha Bates. The followers of Fox did not believe in baptism by water, but of the Holy Ghost. Bates, while on a visit to the Holy Land, submitted to baptism in the River Jordan, and was taken to task for this lapse from the doctrine as promulgated by the father of the meeting; but he held to the ordinance of baptism as a saving means, on which subject he wrote a book. This he afterwards renounced and the copies of the book in the hands of the Mt. Pleasant Friends were burned with ceremony; but he again recanted and in 1844 left the Friends to become a Methodist Episcopal minister, readapting the tenets he had set forth in the book, the copies of which had been burned at his request. He had followers in each of the several movements, and of course took with him into the Methodist communion a number of Friends. While addressing a large camp meeting near Mt. Pleasant in 1844, Bates was interrupted by persons he had offended by his various changes; boys even pelting him with buckeyes. He grew angry and declared that he had left the most tranquil church in the land and now found himself in the noisiest, extremes that he could not reconcile. He then left the Methodist Church. The Orthodox Friends continued meetings for worship at both Mt. Pleasant and Short Creek. Early in 1829 the Hicksites purchased land adjoining Trenton, a mile west of Mt. Pleasant, and built a meeting