HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 185 CHAPTER II. PREHISTORIC RACES - THE MOUND BUILDERS - INDIAN TRIBES-EARLY WARS WITH THE WHITES -LEWISTOWN RESERVATION - PROMINENT CHARACTERS DURING THE INDIAN DOMINATION. THE earliest history of Logan County, in common with that of the State, is veiled in mystery, and what share it had in the pre historic times can only be conjectured. It is the opinion of antiquarians that three distinct races have inhabited North America prior to '', the coming of the present inhabitants. Of these, the builders of those magnificent cities, the ruins of which strew for miles the plains of Central America were the first. °'The j mind is startled," says an eminent writer on this subject, " at the remoteness of their antiquity, when we consider the vast sweep of time necessary to erect such colossal structures of masonry, and afterward convert them into the present utter wreck. Comparing their complete desolation with the ruins of Baalbec, Palmyra, Thebes and Memphis, they must have been old when the latter were being built." Of this race, no trace has been found within the limits of this country, and whether Ohio ever shook under the step of their marching, or its wilds ever echoed to their cries, is still an open question. "The second race," continues the same writer, '° as determined by the character of their civilization, were the Mound Builders, the remains of whose works constitute the most interesting class of antiquities found within the limits of the United States. Like the ruins of Central America, they antedate the most ancient records; tradition can find no account of them, and their character can only be partially gleaned from the internal evidences which they themselves afford. They consist of the remains of what were, apparently, villages, altars, temples, idols, cemeteries, monuments, camps, fortifications, etc. The farthest relic of this kind, ever discovered in a northeastern direction, was near Black River, on the south side of Lake Ontario; thence they extend in a southwestern direction by way of the Ohio, the Mississippi, Mexican Gulf, Tex-as, New Mexico and Yucatan, into South America. Some of the most interesting and extensive of these works are found in Ohio. At the mouth of the Muskingum, or Licking River, near Newark, at Circleville on the Scioto, and on Paint Creek near Chillicothe, are found some of the most elaborate of these mounds, stored with some of the most important relics ever discovered. ut with all the discoveries and investigations made thus far, but little progress has been made toward a knowledge of their origin, civilization or destiny. They existed here, and built the works over which the archaeologists spend their efforts in vain. Col. Whittlesey, writing of this race, says :"There is no evidence that they had alphabetical characters, picture writing or hieroglyphics, though they must have had some mode of recording events. Neither is there any proof that they used domestic animals for tilling the soil, or for the purpose of erecting the imposing earthworks they have left. A very coarse cloth of hemp, flax or nettles, has been found on their burial hearths, and around skeletons not consumed by fire." The more important of these mounds being found in the southern part of the State, it is conjectured that the remains found in the northern part may have been. built by portions of 186 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. the race not contemporary with the builders of the southern structures: The difference in the extent and importance of these northern remains seems to indicate a people far less in numbers as well as in industry, and whose principal occupation was to war among them selves or against their neighbors. Along the water-shed in this State, which lies along the southern line of Wyandot and Crawford Counties, and through the middle of Hardin, extending irregularly east and west, there is a space where but few of these ancient earth works appear. It is conjectured, therefore, that this space was the "debatable ground" of the war-like tribes of the Mound Builders, and that the works found on either side of this line were the outposts of opposing forces. Whatever the truth may be in regard to these fanciful theories, the fact that this county was the scene of the busy activities of this strange people seems to be well substantiated. No remains, however, indicating that this people ever had a permanent residence in this county are found within the present limits of Logan county. Important earthworks, built in all probability by this race of giants, are found in Hardin county on the north, and in Champaign on the south, and large numbers of implements, weapons and ornaments have been found here, clearly indicating that this territory was frequently traversed, and was the scene of their temporary habitation, at least. Along the valley of Rush Creek, in the township of the same name, are found low mounds of gravel, heaped up some eight or ten feet in height and measuring some forty or fifty feet in diameter. The soil all about is of an entirely different nature and it has been supposed by some that these were remains of that ancient people. Other mounds of similar construction, have been found elsewhere in the county, but an intelligent examination into their structure reveals the fact that they must have been deposited by an ice-floe during the glacial period. Of the stone relics, large numbers have been found, and several fine collections have been made in the county. A round-ended ax is said to have been discovered, similar to those found among the remains of the Swiss Lake Builders, weighing something over one hundred pounds. A fine collection of these relics was made by Franklin C. Hill, who made the geological survey of the county for the State, and in his communication to the Assistant Geologist of the State, he described the collection as follows: "It is almost impossible to describe these relics without drawings, nor is it easy to classify them, as the dividing lines between axes, hatchets, and hammers, and between arrows and spear heads, etc., are by no means sharp and clear. They may, however, be roughly divided as follows: Grooved aces............. 11 Rolling Pin................ 1 Ungrooved aces......... 12 Grindstone................. 1 Hammers................... 8 Slate ornaments (?) ).. 9 Spear and arrow Leads 44 Flint fragments........... 14 Pestles......................... 7 Total .........................................................................102 By far the finest and best among the axes is a large one of polished black gneiss. It measures seven inches by four, with a cutting edge two and five-eighths inches long, and for symmetry of form and finish of workmanship will rank with the best of its kind, though not with the largest. It weighs but five pounds, while one in Cincinnati weighs fourteen, and we have an account of one weighing eighteen pounds. The next in point of size is an ax of pale bluish slate, as remarkable for eccentricity of shape as the other for symmetry. Cut obliquely to the stratification of the stone, its edge is thrown to one side as if for hewing to a line, and the body is curiously twisted, so that the edge makes a decided angle with the poll, as if to produce the effect of the bent helve of the broadax. But this is probably accidental rather than intentional, and is due HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 187 either to defects of the stone or the unskillfulness of the maker. The other axes are as variable in size and shape as in material. Some have cutting edges, others are sharpened to points, and others, still, are blunted until there is almost no distinction to be made between them and the hammers, which are simply ovate stones with shallow grooves cut around them. The term,' ungrooved ax,' though constantly met with in print, is not often used by the people. Their ideas of an ax imply a handle passing through or lashed to the head. But the relics from the Swiss Lake dwellings show axes passing through their helves. A knotted club has a hole mortised through its heavy end, into the upper part of which an ungrooved as is fitted, and as every blow on the edge serves to drive the ax more firmly into its handle, the implement or weapon must have been a very efficient one. The term 'skinner,' usually applied to these axes, is probably a misnomer. The most noticeable of the arrow heads is a large flat one, made of flint, that resembles moss agate. It measures four and three-fourths inches by two and one-eighth, and is about one-fourth of an inch in thickness. Its size and regular shape make it conspicuous in the collection, but its full beauty cannot be seen until it is held up against a strong light. An arrow head of blue and white flint is also worth notice. It measures four inches by one and five-eighths, and is very regularly formed, while the edges are sharp and beautifully serrated with notches of about one twelfth of an inch long. It must have been a very efficient weapon, capable of giving severe wounds. A fine black spear head was unfortunately broken into three pieces, and the middle one, about one inch in length, was lost. When entire it measured six inches in length. The seven pestles, or mullers, show as many different forms, all well adapted to their purpose, which was, doubtless, to grind grain. The stone described as a " rolling pin " for want of a better name is, perhaps, the poorest specimen in the collection, and the one most liable to be distrusted. Made of micaceous and crumbling stone, it seems scarcely fit for any use. Its length is nine and three-fourths inches, and its diameter varies from one fourth to one and one-half inches, its general shape being that of a cylinder with rounded ends. It is by no means clear for what purpose the mass of brown sandstone, which is called "grindstone " in the list, was intended. In shape it rudely approaches the ordinary grindstone, having a diameter of about six inches, and a thickness of three. On each of its flat sides are two confluent hemispherical cavities of about one and one-half inches in diameter. The two pairs of cavities happen to be placed at right angles with each other, though probably by accident. Dr. H. H. Hill, of Cincinnati, has several similar stones in his collection, and suggests that they were possibly used to round the ends of horn and bone implements. This stone was found in Bellefontaine. The nine slate ornaments differ entirely in shape and workmanship from the other relics, and seem to have. been made by a different race of men. I have called them ornaments because unable to imagine any use to which they could be applied, and yet they seem equally foreign to our ideas of decoration. Four of them are simply oblong slabs, of about four inches in length by two in breadth, and one-fourth of an inch in thickness, pierced with one or two holes each. One is apparently intended to be suspended by one end, as shown by the position of the hole. The other end is shaped somewhat like an. arrow-head. Its length is fire inches; breadth, one and a half, and thickness, five-sixteenths. 188 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. Possibly it was a Phallus. A sixth piece is almost semi-circular, being about five inches by two and a half. It seems to be half of the original instrument, which must have had the form of an ancient, double-edged battle-ax. The break has been through the eye, which was bored very truly, the hole being about two inches long by half an inch in diameter." This collection is preserved in the museum of the State Agricultural College by itself, and is very creditable to the county. There are large numbers of these stone relics yet in the county-, but they have long ago lost their attraction save for the few to whom they speak a " various language." Among the stone relics to be found here are many of the Indian tribes, who, if the more modern theories are to be accepted, are a far more ancient people. But whether we consider the red Indian the original possessor of this land or the natural successor of the Mound Builder, his early history is equally obscure. The Indians were found in full possession of the whole country so far as the earliest white explorers could determine, but the character of their customs and habits of life, and the uncertainty of their vague traditions, have left but little material for the use of the historian. The earliest pioneers found this State inhabited by the Iroquois, Delawares, Shawanoes, Miamis, Wyandots and Ottawas. These nations were all subject to the warlike Iroquois or Five Nations, and occupied their respective lands subject to the pleasure of their conquerors. The first of these tribes occupied that part of the State east of the Cuyahoga River, and a line drawn irregularly south from the source of that river to the Ohio. The Wyandots and Ottawas occupied a strip of country forty miles wide lying along the south and west shore of Lake Erie, west of the Cuyahoga River. The rest of the State vas divided in latitudinal sections, occupied by the Delawares, Shawanoes and Miamis, proceeding west of the Iroquois territory in the order named. The Shawanoes, or Shawnees, occupied the site of Logan County. . They occupied the country contiguous to the Wyandots, extending in a strip some fifty miles wide from about the middle of the Wyandot country on each side of the Mad River, and continuing in that course to the Ohio. The nation was divided into several tribes with villages, on the Scioto, Mad and Great Miami Rivers, and on the upper waters of the Miami of the Lake, being, as Col. Johnston terms it, "in the light of tenants-at-will under the Wyandots." They were tire devoted friends and allies of the latter tribe, though on good terms with no others save when warring with the whites. The earliest French geographers place the home of the Shawanoes in the basin of the Cumberland River. About 1672, it is said, they migrated to South Carolina to escape the fury of the all-conquering Iroquois. In 1698, however, hating obtained consent of the powers in Pennsylvania, a part of the Nation settled on the banks of the Susquehanna, where they attracted other tribes of their Nation, until 1732 their braces numbered fully one-half of the fighting Indians in that section of the country. In 1751, feeling more able to cope with their old enemy, they returned to the valley of the Ohio and located just below the mouth of the Scioto River. The larger part of the Nation soon after crossed over into this State, taking up their abode in the unoccupied valley of the Scioto. Heretofore, though bearing the name of a quarrelsome and warlike people among the natives, they were chiefly known to white explorers as a "restless nation of wanderers." From this period forward, however, they turned upon the whites, and during the sixty years of blood that pioneered the way of civilization in Ohio, they were foremost with the HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 191 scalping-knife and fire-brand. Under the leadership of Black-hoof they aided in defeating Braddock in 1784, and in the following year, emboldened by success, they carried their savage slaughter as far east as the Blue Ridge. To make head against this tide of savage war, Maj. Lewis was sent with a party of troops, in January of 1756, to attack the upper Shawanoese towns, situated on the Ohio, three miles above the mouth of the Great Kanawha. The towns were destroyed but the Indians maintaining au undaunted front, and boldly attacking the troops, barely failed of success. During the early part of the war between the French and English, the greater part of the Shawanoe nation under Black-hoof, was won over to the cause of the English, and were engaged in a bloody battle fought on the site of Piqua., Miami County. On this occasion, the Miamis, Wyandots, Ottawas, and other northern tribes, adhered to the French, I made a stand here and fortified-the Canadian traders and French assisting. The Delawares, Shawanoes, and other tribes, adhering to the English interest with the English traders, attacked the French and their Indian supporters. The siege after continuing a week, and entailing great loss upon the attacking party, was finally given up. Soon after the contest, however, the Miamis haying lost all their property outside of the fort, with their allies left this part of the country, and the Shawanoes taking their place called the village which occupied the site of Pigua, "Chillicothe," after the tribe of that name, and another village located three miles north of this point they named Piqua, from the name of a tribe of their nation. The treaty which ended the war between the French and English was ratified at Paris in February, 1763. In the meanwhile the Indians who had changed their allegiance from the French to the English, found small reason to congratulate themselves on the change. heir principal ground of complaint had been, that their former allies took forcible possession of their lands, and used whisky as a means of securing the advantage in every transaction. In these respects they soon learned that the English were not better than the French, while in other respects they were much less friendly. The latter were a merry, easy-going race, fond of gaiety, delighting in adventure, and easily affiliating with the savages. The English, on the contrary, absorbed j only in the pursuit of gain, and making no attempt, to conceal their contempt for their ignorance, treated the savages with such arrogance as to give rise to a wide-spread feeling of discontent. Notwithstanding the treaty, the French traders did not hesitate to foster this feeling and urge the malcontents to rise on the English. The tribes were thus " fit for stratagems and spoils," when Pontiac, in the fall of 1762, broached his plan of a war of extermination against the English, from Detroit to Niagara. The Shawanoes entered into his plan with great zest, and it was through their influence that a number of the western tribes were induced to join the confederacy. On the 27th of April following the treaty of peace between the French and English, the representatives of the confederated tribes, met to arrange the final plans for the new war. On the first of the following month the struggle for Indian independence was begun at Detroit, and one after another of the frontier posts from the first point of attack to the Fort at Niagara were swept with the besom of destruction. Everywhere the Shawanoes were prominent in the bloody work, and under such leaders as Black-hoof and Blue Jacket, achieved a wide-spread reputation for warlike prowess. But Fort Pitt and the post at Detroit still held out, and ere they could be reduced the forces of Gen. Bradstreet and Col. Boquet put an end to the confederacy, the Shawanoes and Delawares being 192 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. the last to yield. In 1774, the dispute between the authorities of Pennsylvania and Virginia led to the inevitable result of involving the natives. To provoke the latter to assault the Pennsylvanians, the partisans of Virginia basely murdered on the soil of the former State a number of Indians, decoyed into the hands of the whites by proffers of friendship and rum. Among the murdered Indians was a relative of the famous Mingo chief, Logan. This cold-blooded butchery provoked the savages into terrible deeds of reprisal, and led to the " Dunmore war." In the summer of 1774, an expedition under Col. McDonald marched into the Muskingum country and destroyed the Shawanoese town of Wapaughtomica. Though suing for peace, they were not subdued, and only took advantage of the cessation of hostilities to place their non-combatants out of the reach of the whites. In the fall of this year, in company with the Wyandots and Delawares, the Shawanoes, under the general command of Cornstalk, made a furious attack upon a division of Lord Dunmore's army under Gen. Lewis, at Point Pleasant, on the Virginia side of the Ohio. After a bitter and prolonged struggle the Indians retired discomfited, and shortly after sued for peace in earnest. The Revolutionary struggle between the Colonies and Great Britain breaking out soon after, no formal treaty arrangements were made. "At the commencement of the struggle of the American colonies for independence, the scattered settlements west of the Allegheny mountains had little to fear from the hostile armies of Great Britain. Their dread was of a more merciless foe. Nor were their fears groundless; for the Indians of the Northwest, influenced by British gold, and the machinations of English traders and emissaries, soon gave evidence of hostile intentions. Explanations by the Americans that the questions in dispute could not affect their interests, were made in vain. It was to no purpose that they were exhorted to take part on neither side. Painted and plumed warriors were early upon the war-path, carrying death and destruction to the dismayed borderers-the direct result of a most ferocious policy inaugurated by England-letting loose, in the language of Chatham, 'the horrible hell-hounds of savage war,' upon the exposed settlements." The warfare thus begun was made up, on the side of the savage, of predatory incursions of scalping parties, the tomahawk: and scalping-knife sparing neither age or sex, while the torch laid waste the homes of the unfortunate bordermen. As a natural consequence retaliatory expeditions followed. These were not always successful. At times they were highly disastrous. Occasionally, however, the foe received a merited chastisement. The centre of British power and influence, in the Northwest, was at Detroit, where Henry Hamilton, a vulgar ruffian, was in command; succeeded, however, before the close of the war, by Arentz Schuyler de Peyster, who, although carrying ing out the policy of the British government; did so in the spirit of a " high toned gentleman." Indian depredations received their inspiration and direction from this point. It was here the Wyandots from the Sandusky were enlisted in the interests of Great Britain. It was here these Indians and the Shawanoese frontier, Scioto and Miami rivers, received aid to murder, pillage and destroy on the border settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The frontiers of these colonies suffered terribly by this irregular warfare, legitimate, from the stand-point of the savages, but murderous and wanton in its instigators. In the Spring of 1778, there appeared upon the theater of conflict a new element of destruction to help on the work of destruction and death-tories, outlaws, and deserters from HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 193 the States; renegades among the Indians "of that horrid brood," wrote Hugh H. Brackenridge, of Pittsburg, in 1782, " called refugees whom the Devil has long since marked as his own." By these desperadoes and go-betweens, the hostile tribes were inflamed to a white-heat of rapacity against the frontier settlements.* To the student of Indian history it will seem superfluous to attempt to justify or extenuate the conduct of these tribes, but the majority of the readers of to-day are not versed in the history of the North American Indian. Popular resentment point to the exparte statements in regard to the Western tribes as a true account of their whole race, ignoring the fatal effect that one hundred years contact with civilization has wrought. The whites found the Indians possessing this land with all "the divine right" of Kings; their rulers, descending--from a race of kings whose dynasties were old before that of the proudest white monarch began, made treaties, formed alliances, oppressed the weak, respected the powerful, and determined the differences by war in right king-like fashion. But they were more than kings; in the cool recesses of the woods they had their homes, and here beyond the reach of the luxuries and vices of a corrupt civilization, "the wigwam blaze beamed on the tender and helpless, and the council fire glared on the wise and daring." The whites found these Western kings accessible, ready to make commercial treaties, and willing to make reasonable grants of land. The early traders, left alone and unprotected among these people, supported themselves upon their bounty, received their daughters as wives, and grew rich upon their trade, and yet for these gifts the red savages received at the hands of the white barbarians nothing but the basest treachery and ingratitude. As the * Butterfield's "Crawford's Campaign against Sandusky, 1782. country was explored, and the white population increased, the right of the Indians dropped out of sight and his existence was acknowledged only as an awkward obstacle in the way of accomplishing the greedy designs of the whites. Just preceding the breaking out of the war of the Revolution, Royal Governors and public officials rioted in greedy land-speculations that depended for their value upon the extermination of the Indians. The natives were not blind to this policy, and expostulated with their white "Protectors."-Said they, "where shall we go? You drive us farther and farther West; by and by you will want all the land," and history has verified their desponding prediction. In all the early wars, the Indians were used by the one faction or the other as a "catspaw," and were the greatest sufferers in a contest in which the success of either party was alike inimical to them. Outraged and betrayed thus on all hands, they were readily enlisted against the dominant party, whether French, English or American, and in this attitude fell readily into the plans of the British, at Detroit, at the beginning of the war between the Colonies and England. The Shawanoes were especially accessible to British influence. Their leaders, who were counted among the most intellectual and ablest chieftains of the Ohio tribes, had long ago fathomed the policy of the colonial powers, and had felt the pressure which was destined to drive them from their hunting-ground. They were, therefore, bitterly hostile toward the frontier settlers of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and had lent their heartiest co-operation to the various efforts made by the Indians to resist the encroachments of the whites. In the end they had suffered the loss of several villages, many braves, and had endured innumerable privations, and now that the aid of the British promised an opportunity for revenge and the hope of staying the progress of the settlements, 194 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. they eagerly entered into the alliance. The nation was early on the war-path, and signalized their attacks by their terrible success. In one of their raids into Kentucky the Shawanoes captured Daniel Boone with twenty-seven others, and brought them to their village of Old Chillicothe, situated on the Little Miami, about three miles north of Xenia (this village was named after the one on the Piqua plains, which occupied the site of Westfall, Pickaway County, and was burned by Lord Dunmore in 1774). Hamilton, who was in command at Detroit at that time, persuaded the nation to bring Boone to him, and offered his captors a large ransom, which they persistently refused, and bringing him back to their town adopted hirn into a family, and did their utmost to make him contented. "He mingled with their sports, shot, fished, hunted and swam with them, and had become deeply ingratiated in their favor, when, on the 18th of June, they took him to assist them in making salt in the Scioto Walley, at the old salt wells, near or at the present town of Jackson, in the county of that name. They remained a few nays, and when he returned to old Chilicothe, his heart was agonized by the sight of 450 warriors, armed, painted and equipped in all the paraphernalia of savage splendor, ready to start on an expedition against Boonesborough. To avert the cruel blow that was about to fall upon his friends, he alone, on the morning of the 16th of .tune, escaped from his Indian companions, and arrived in time to foil the plans of the enemy, and not only saved the borough, which he himself had founded, but probably all the frontier parts of Kentucky, from devastation." * "In the following year an expedition was organized to retaliate upon the Shawanoes for these excursions, and in July, 1779, Col. John Bowman, with 150 Kentuckians, marched against the town. The party rendezvoused * " Historical Collections of Ohio." at the mouth of the Licking, and at the end of the second night got in sight of the town undiscovered. It was determined to wait until daylight in the morning before they would make the attack ; but by the imprudence of some of the men, whose curiosity exceeded their judgment, the party was discovered by the Indians before the officers and men had arrived at the several positions assigned them. "As soon as the alarm was given, a fire commenced on both sides, and was kept up, while the women and children were seen running from cabin to cabin in the greatest confusion, and collecting in the most central and strongest. At clear daylight it was discovered that Bowman's men were from seventy to 100 yards from the cabins in which the Indians had collected, and which they appeared determined to defend. Having no other arms than tomahawks and rifles, it was thought imprudent to attempt to storm strong cabins, well defended by expert warriors. In consequence of the warriors collecting in a few cabins contiguous to each other, the remainder of the town was left unprotected; therefore, while a fire was kept up at the portholes, which engaged the attention of those within, fire was set to thirty or forty cabins, which were consumed, and a considerable quantity of property, consisting of kettles and blankets, were taken from those cabins. In searching the woods near town, 133 horses were collected. About 10 o'clock Bowman and his party commenced their march homeward, after having nine men killed. What loss the Indians sustained was never known, except Blackfish, their principal chief, who was wounded through the knee. The party had not marched more than eight or ten miles on their return home before the Indians appeared in considerable force on their rear, and began to press hard upon that quarter. Bowman selected his ground and formed his men in a square, HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 195 but the Indians declined a close engagement, only keeping up a scattering fire. It was soon discovered that their object was to retard their march until they could procure reinforcements from the neighboring villages."* This maneuver being repeated several times, about 100 of the rangers, mounted on their captured ponies, charged upon the savages, scattering them in every direction and putting an evil to the attack. This expedition did but little more than to exasperate the savages, and they showed their contempt for the power of the whites by repeated excursions of more or less magnitude during the fall of that y ear. In the meantime, Gen. George Rodney Clarke, who had emigrated to Kentucky, and been engaged two years before in capturing the English and French outposts in Illinois, turned his attention to the marauding Shawanoes and determined to bring them to terms, and on the 2d of August, 1780, took up his march for their towns. In the afternoon of the 6th the expedition reached the site of old Chillicothe, which Bowman had partially burned the rear before, without encountering any force of the enemy. On arriving at this town they found it not only abandoned, but most of the houses burned down, or burning, having been set on fire that morning. The army encamped on the ground that night, and on the following day cut down several hundred acres of corn, and about four o'clock in the evening, took up their line of march for the Piqua towns, situated about twelve miles above Chillicothe, on the Mad River. The town was built in the manner of French villages, extending along the margin of the river for more than three miles. According to Drake, the biographer of Tecumseh, "the principal part of Piqua stood upon a plain, rising fifteen or twenty feet above the river. On the south, between the village and the river, there was an extensive prairie; on the * Notes on Kentucky. northwest, some bold cliffs, terminating near the river, on the west and northwest, level timbered land, while on the opposite side of the stream another prairie, of varying width, stretched back to the high grounds. The river sweeping by in a graceful bend; the precipitous, rocky cliffs; the undulating hills, with their towering trees; the prairies, garnished with tall grass and brilliant flowers, combined to render the situation of Piqua both beautiful and picturesque. At the period of its destruction, Piqua was quite populous: There was a rude log but within its limits, surrounded by pickets, but the Indians, when attacked, feared to enter it, and took post in their houses. The force of Clarke numbered about 1,000 men, and its divisions were commanded by Cols. Logan, Lynn, Floyd, Harrod and Slaughter. The whites came upon the village on the morning of the 8th of August. They had marched most of the night before, and, after a short rest, were on the march by sunrise on the 8th, and arrived in sight of Piqua about two o'clock in the afternoon. The Indian road from Chillicothe to Piqua, which the army followed, crossed the river about a quarter of a mile below the town. There were but two avenues by which the town could be reached, viz: from up and down the river. These three avenues of approach were occupied by the different divisions of the army, an arrangement which was expected would result in the capture of the entire band, which consisted of Shawanoes, Mingoes, Wyandots and Delawares, numbering, it is said, nearly 4,000 warriors. But Col. Logan who had charge of the lower division was delayed, and did not reach its position before the attack commenced, and it is said never saw an Indian during the whole action. The fight was bitterly contested on both sides, but a defection of a large body of Mngoes and the artillery of the whites rendered the contest short, and the Indians were 196 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. thoroughly beaten. The loss on both sides was about equal, each haying about twenty billed. On the following day the army devoted its attention to the destruction of the village and crops; the amount of corn destroyed at the villages of Chillicothe and Piqua being estimated at 500 acres. These towns were never rebuilt by the Shawanoes, the inhabitants removing to the Great Miaini, where they built a town and named it from the one destroyed. This was a severe blow, and gave the hunters plenty of. occupation to provide for their families, which resulted in an extended cessation of hostilities on the border. Two years later Gen. Clarke organized another expedition, numbering 1,000 men, for the purpose of breaking up the new Piqua towns which the Shawanoes had built on the Great Miiarni, after the destruction of the old towns on the Mad River. They started from Kentucky after corn planting, and proceeded without regard to their former trail, crossing the Mad River, not far from the present site of Dayton, and, keeping up the east side of the Miami, crossed it about four miles below the Piqua towns. The Indians seem to have been taken completely by surprise, and shortly after gaining the bottoms on the west side of the river, the army came upon a party of Indians mounted, and with their squaws, going to Piqua to hold some frolic or festival. The Indians fled from their towns, leaving most of their property behind. Here the army remained over night, the natives gathering about in the hazel bush, and doing such small damage as occasion afforded. But few lives were lost on either side; and after destroying the. village and the store of the trader, Loramie, the army returned to Kentucky. Notwithstanding these repeated chastisements, the Shawanoes maintained an undaunted front, and avenged these comparatively slight damages by repeated forays upon the border, drat never failed to add to the bloody trophies of their savage war. "On Easter Sunday, Miller's block-house, on the Dutch fork of Buffalo Creek, in Washington County, Ohio, was attacked by a party of seventy Shawanoes." * This was not long after the attack on their towns in l782, and illustrated how difficult it was to quiet these irnplacable foes of the whites. "The war of the Revolution was now virtually, ended. The western border war, however, which it had evoked, was still raging with undiminished fury. Lord Cornwallis had surrendered, and the murdering forays of the Indians of the north were at an end; but, in the west, there' was no cessation of predatory incursions of the savages.* The repeated successes of Boquet, Dunmore, Bowman and Clarke, while not subduing the Shawanoes, had driven them from their old haunts, and had concentrated the hostile tribes in the northwestern part of the State. Retreating from the Scioto and the lawer waters of the Great Miami, the Shawanoes had rebuilt their destroyed towns in this section; Chillicothe on the Upper and Lower Piqua, on the upper waters of the two Miami Rivers, and the Mackachack towns- Macka-chack, Pigeon Town, and Wapatomica-on the Mad River. After the destruction of their principal town on the Muskingum, by Broadhead in 1781, the Delawares had retreated from that river and set up their lodges among the Shawanoes and Wyandots-the village chief, Buckongehelas, locating in one of the Hackachack towns-and were now, in 1782, in close alliance with these tribes. The rallying point for these tribes seemed to be at Upper Sandusky. "That most of the scalping parties prowling upon the frontiers came from Sandusky, was well known; not, however, that all the savages depredating upon the settlements were Wyandots; but that their town was the * Butterfield's Crawford's Campaign, 1782. HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 197 grand rallying point for the British Indians before starting for the border. The pressing need, therefore, for its destruction, none failed to appreciate. On a line running nearly north and south from near the mouth of the of the Sandusky River to the 'head of the Miami were located Wyandots, Shawanoes, Delawares and Mingoes."* On this line, about equally distant from the two extremes, was the objective point of an expedition then fitting out under Col. William Crawford. The disastrous termination of this expedition, and the cruel fate of its gallant leader, is well known. he Indians kept a strict watch upon the border, and long before the expedition reached its destination, its object was known, and measures for defence concerted. he Delawares and Wyandots were to keep the whites in check while the more remote nations-the Shawanoes and Mingoes, came to their relief. Word had been sent to Detroit, and troops were expected from there. On the 4th of June Crawford's command came in sight of the enemy. "The Indians had chosen a favorable point for the assembling of their forces. It was not far distant from the two traces the one leading northeast to the Half-king's town; the other, northwest to Pipe's town-branching off from the springs, the spot where Upper Sandusky now stands."t The fight that ensued was a stubborn one, in which the advantage was more with the whites, perhaps, than with their opponents, and on the following day the troops felt confident of victory. In the afternoon of the second day, however, matters took a serious change for the expedition. Reinforcements from Detroit arrived, and soon after them some 200 Shawanoes came upon the field. The only question then for the expedition was how to secure their retreat in the safest manner. As soon as it was * Butterfield. t Butterfield. dark they began to make preparations to withdraw, the Indians discovering their intentions as they were about to start. They at once began a furious attack, throwing the troops into disorder, inflicting severe loss upon them, in the way of killed and captured. The main body, finally shaking off their pursuers, reached the point from whence they started in safety, but a number that were separated from the troops in the confusion of the fight were either shot or captured. A party of six, one of whom was John Slower, a guide to the expedition, and who had been captured when a boy, ant adopted into the Shawanoese tribe, had reached a point within twenty miles of the Tuscarawas, in what is now Wayne County. "Here they were ambuscaded by a party of Shawanoes, who had followed their path all the way from the Sandusky Plains. The Indians killed two of the men at the first fire. One escaped, and Slower, with two men, were made prisoners. Strange to say, one of the Indians was of the party which captured Slower when a boy, in Virginia. He was recognized by him; came up and spoke to him, calling him by his Indian name-Mannucothe. He upbraided him, however, for coming to war against them. The three prisoners were taken back to the Plains, where the Indians had some horses they had taken, which had belonged to the Americans. These were found; and after the whole party had mounted, they started for the Shawanoes towns upon the Mad River, in what is now Logan County. On the third day after their capture, they came in sight of a small Indian village. Hitherto, the savages had treated their prisoners kindly, giving them a little meat and flour to eat, which they had found, or taken from other captives. Now, however, the Indians began to look sour. The town they were approaching was not far from Wapatomica, their principal village -situated just below what is now Zanesfield, 198 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY: in Logan County-to which the savages intended to take their prisoners. The inhabitants of the village, which they were nearing, came out with clubs and tomahawks-struck, beat and abused the three captives greatly. They seized one of Slover's companions, the oldest one, stripped him naked, and with coal and water painted him black. The man seemed to surmise, that this was the sign that be was to be burnt, and shed tears. He asked Slover the meaning of his being blacked; but the Indians, in their own language, forbade him telling the man what was intended. They assured the latter, speaking English to him, that he was not to be hurt. A warrior had been sent to Wapatomica, to acquaint them with the arrival of the prisoners, and prepare them for the frolic; and, on the approach of the captives, the inhabitants came out with guns, clubs and tomahawks. The three were told they had to run to the council-house, about 300 yards distant. The man who was painted black was about twenty yards in advance of the other two in running the gauntlet. They made him their principal object; men, women and children beating him, and those who had guns firing loads of powder into his flesh as he ran naked, putting the muzzles of their guns up to his body; shouting, hallooing and beating their drums in the meantime. The unhappy man had reached the door of the council-house, beaten and wounded in a shocking manner. Slover and his companion, having already arrived, then had a full view of the spectacle-a most horrid one! They had cut him with their tomahawks, shot his body black, and burnt it into holes with loads of powder blown into it. A large wadding had made a wound in his shoulder, whence the blood gushed very freely. The unfortunate man, agreeable to the declarations of the savages when he first set out, had reason to think himself secure when the door of the council-house was reached. This seemed to be his hope, for, coming up with great struggling and endeavor, he laid hold of the door, but was pulled back and drawn away by the enemy. Finding now that no mercy was intended, he attempted several times to snatch or lay hold of some of their tomahawks, but, being weak, could not effect it. Slover saw him borne off; and the Indians were a long time beating, wounding, pursuing and killing him ! The same evening Slover saw the dead body close by the council-house. It was cruelly mangled; the blood mingled with the powder was rendered black. He saw, also, the same evening the body after it had been cut in two pieces-the limbs and head about 200 yards on the outside of the town, stuck on poles. The same evening Slover also saw the bodies of three others at Wapatomica, in the same black and mangled condition. These, he was told, had been put to death the same day, and just before his arrival. One of these was William Harrison, the son-in-law of Crawford; another, young William Crawford, a nephew. The third body Slover could not recognize, but he believed it to be Major John McClelland, fourth in command of the expedition. The next day the bodies of these men were dragged to the outside of the town, and their corpses given to the dogs, except their limbs and heads, which were stuck on poles ! Such were the awful results of the wild orgies at Wapatomica. The surviving companion of Slover, shortly after, was sent to another town, to be, as the latter presumed, either burnt or executed in the same manner as the other comrades had been. In the evening the Indians assembled in the council-house. It was a large building about fifty yards in length, and about twenty-five yards wide. Its height was about sixteen feet. It was built with split poles acid covered with bark. The first thing done upon HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 199 the assembling of the savages was to examine Slover. This was done in their own tongue, as he spoke the Miami, Shawanoese and Delaware languages, especially the first two, with fluency. They interrogated him concerning the situation of his country, its provisions, the number of its inhabitants, the state of war between it and Great Britain. He informed them that Cornwallis was taken. The next day Capt. Matthew Elliot, with James Girty, came to the council. The later was the brother of Simon Girty and an adopted Shawanoese. The former assured the Indians that Slover had lied; that Cornwallis was not taken, and the Indians seemed to give full credit to his declaration. Hitherto Slover had been treated with some appearance of kindness, but now the savages began to alter their behavior toward him. The council at Wapatomica lasted fifteen days, from fifty to one hundred warriors being usually present, and sometimes more. Every warrior was admitted, but only the chiefs or head warriors had the privilege of speaking -these being accounted such, from the number of scalps and prisoners they had taken. The third day Alexander McKee was in council, and afterward was generally present. He spoke little. He asked Slover no questions; indeed, did not speak to him at all. He then lived about two miles out of the town; had a house built of square logs, with a shingle roof. He was dressed in gold-laced clothes. He was seen by Slover at the town the latter first passed through. On the last day of the council, save one, a 'speech" came from Detroit, brought by a warrior who had been counseling with De Peyster, the commanding officer at that place. The "speech" had long been expected, and was in answer to one sent some time precious to Detroit. It was in a belt of wampum, and began with the address, "My Children:" and inquired why the Indians continued to take prisoners. "Provisions are scarce; when prisoners are brought in we are obliged to maintain them; and some of them run away and carry tidings of our affairs. When any of your people fall into the hands of the rebels, they show no mercy; why, then, should you take prisoners? Take no more prisoners, my children, of any sort-man, woman or child." Two days after, all the tribes that were near, being collected in council-Ottawas, Chippewas, Wyandots, Mingoes, Delawares, Shawanoes, Monseys, and a part of the Cherokees-it was determined to take no more prisoners, and in the event of any tribe not present, taking any, the others would rise against thorn, take away the captives and put them to death. They laid plans also against the settlements of Kentucky-the Falls (Louisville) and Wheeling. About this time, twelve men were brought in from Kentucky, three of whom were burnt in Wampatomica. The remainder were distributed to other towns, where they shared the same fate. The council was now over, and on the following day about forty warriors accompanied by George Girty, an adopted Delaware, a brothel of Simon and James Girty, came early in the morning around the house where Slover was. He was sitting before the door. They put a rope around his neck, tied his arms behind his back, stripped him naked and blacked him in the usual manner. Girty, as soon as he was tied, cursed him, telling him he would get what he had many years deserved. Slover was led to a town about five miles away, to which a messenger had been dispatched to desire them to prepare to receive him. Arriving at the town, he was beaten with clubs and the pipe ends of the tomahawks, and was kept for some time tied to a tree before a house-door. In the meantime, the inhabitants set out for another town about two miles distant, where Slover 200 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. was to be burnt, and where he arrived about three o'clock in the afternoon. They were nor at Mckachack, not far from the present site of West Liberty, in Logan County. At Mckachack there was a council-house also, as at Wapatomica, but part only of it was covered. In the part without a roof was a post about sixteen feet in height; around this, at a distance of four feet, were three piles of wood about three feet high. Slower was brought to the post, his arms tied behind him, and the thong or cord with which they were bound was fastened to it ; a rope was also put about his neck and tied to the post about four feet above his head. While they were tying him, the wood was kindled and began to flame; just then the wind began to blow, and in a very short. time the rain fell violently. The fire, which by this time had begun to blaze considerably, was instantly extinguished. The rain lasted about a quarter of an hour. When it was over, the savages stood amazed, and were a long time silent. At last one said they would let him alone till morning, and have a whole day's frolic in burning him. The, sun at this time, was about three hours high. The rope about his neck was untied, and making him sit down, they began to dance around him.* He was afterward allowed to lay down to rest under guard of three Indians, and during the night he made his escape, reaching his home in safety. Their success in this campaign greatly emboldened the savages, and they carried out their plans concerted at Wapatomica, with terrible fatality among the scattered settlements of Kentucky and Pennsylvania. On the 11th of September, George Girty, at the head of 200 Indians, reinforced by a party of forty rangers from Detroit, and some small cannon, made an unsuccessful attack on the fort at Wheeling. As late as April 16, 1783, Gen. * Butterfield. Irvine wrote Gen. Lincoln, Secretary of War: " Savages have lately killed and taken a number of families, at nearly the same time, in many different places of the country, as well on the frontiers of Virginia as Pennsylvania.. Not less than seventeen persons are said to be killed and scalped in a small settlement on Wheeling Creek." * The greatest alarm prevailed along the border, and the frequent inroads of the savages had so intimidated the settlers that many were leaving their homes for the east, to places of greater security. The whole frontier was in danger of being surrendered before measures could be adopted to check the savages. In January, 1785, a treaty was concluded with the Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa and other nations, at Fort McIntosh, but the. Shawanoes could not be induced to bury the hatchet, and, in the following year, Gen. Clarke projected another expedition against the hostile tribes, a part of the troops lead by himself to attack the towns on the Wabash, and a part under Col. Benjamin Logan to attack the Shawanoese towns on the Mad River. This expedition started out in the fall, Col. Logan separating from the main command at the Falls of the Ohio, proceeding to the Mackachack towns. Gen. William Lytle, who was a boy of sixteen at the time, accompanied the expedition under Logan, and thus describes the march and its results, in Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio: "We came in view of the two first towns, one of which stood on the west bank of the Mad River, and the other on the northeast of it. They were separated by a prairie, half a mile in extent. The town on the northeast was situated on a high, commanding point of land that projected a small distance into the prairie, at the foot of which eminence broke out several fine springs. This was the residence of the famous chief of the nation-Moluntha. *Butterfield. HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 201 His flag was flying at the time, from the top of a pole sixty feet high. We had advanced in three lines, the commander with some horsemen marching at the head of the centre line and the foot men in their rear. Col. Robert Patterson commanded the left, and I think Col. Thomas Kennedy the right. When we came in sight of the towns, the spies of the front guard made a halt, and sent a man back to inform the commander of the situation of the two towns. He ordered Col. Patterson to attack the town on the left bank of the river. Col. Kennedy was also charged to incline a little to the right of the town on the east side of the prairie. He determined himself to charge with the centre division, immediately on the upper town. As we approached within I half a mile of the town on the left, and about three-fourths from that on the right, we saw the savages retreating in all directions, making for the thickets, swamps and high prairie grass, to secure them from the enemy. As we came up with the flying savages, I was disappointed, discovering that we should have little to do. I heard but one savage, with the exception of the chief, cry for quarter. They fought with desperation, as long as they could raise knife, gun or tomahawk, after they found they could not screen themselves. We dispatched all the warriors we overtook, and sent the women and children prisoners to the rear. We pushed ahead, and had not advanced more than a mile, before I discovered some of the enemy. When I arrived within fifty yards of them, I dismounted and raised my gun. I discovered at this moment some men of the right coming up on the left. The warrior I was about to shoot held up his hand in token of surrender, and I heard him order the Indians to stop. By this time, the men behind had arrived, and were in the act of firing upon the Indians. I called to them not to fire, for the enemy had surrendered. The warrior that had surrendered to me came walking toward me, calling his women and children to follow him. I advanced to meet him, with my right hand extended, but; before I could reach him, the men of the right wing had sur rounded him. I rushed in among their horses. While he was giving me his hand, several of our men asked to tomahawk him. I informed them that they would have to tomahawk me first. We led him back to the place where his flag had been. We had taken thirteen prisoners. Among them were the chief, his three wives-one of them a young and handsome woman, another of them the famous grenadier squaw, upwards of six feet high and two or three fine young lads. The rest were children. One of these lads was a remarkably interesting youth, about my own age and size. He clung closely to me, and appeared keenly to notice everything that was going on. When we arrived at the town, a crowd of our men pressed around to see the chief. I stepped aside to fasten my horse, my prisoner clinging close ,to my side. young man by the name of Curner had been to the springs to drink ; he discovered the young savage by my side, and came running towards me. The young Indian sup-posed he was advancing to kill him ; as I turned around, in the twinkling of an eye he let fly an arrow at Curner, for he was armed with a bow. I had just time to catch his arm as he discharged the arrow, which passed through Curner's dress and grazed his side. The jerk I gave his arm undoubtedly prevented his killing Curner on the spot. I took away his arrows, sternly reprimanding him, and led him back to the crowd which surrounded the prisoners. At the same moment, Col. McGary, the same man who had caused the disaster at the Blue Licks some years before, coming up, Gen. Logan's eye caught that of McGary. 'Col. McGary,' said he, 'you must not molest these prisoners.' I will see to that,' McGary replied. Coming 202 - HISTORY OF .LOGAN COUNTY. up to the chief, his first salutation was the question: Were you at the defeat of the Blue Licks?' he Indian, not knowing the meaning of the words, or not understanding the purport of the question, answered in the affirmative. McGary instantly seized an as from the hands of the grenadier squaw, and raised it to make a blow at the chief. I threw up my arm to ward off the blow, when the ax came down, the handle striking my wrist and nearly breaking it, while the blade sank into the head of the chief to the eyes, who fell dead at my feet. Provoked beyond measure at this wanton barbarity, I drew my knife for the purpose of avenging his cruelty by dispatching him. My arm was arrested by one of our men, which prevented me inflicting the thrust. McGary escaped in the crowd. A detachment was then ordered off to two other towns, distant. six or eight miles. The men and prisoners were ordered to march down to the lower town and encamp. As we marched out of the upper town, we fired it, collecting a large pile of corn for our horses, and beans, pumpkins, etc., for our own use. Next morning, Gen. Logan ordered another detachment to attack a town that lay seven or eight miles to the north or northwest of where we then were. This town was also burnt, together with a large block house that the English had built there, of huge size and thickness, and the detachment returned that night to the main body. Mr. Isaac Zane was at that time living at this last village, he being married to a squaw, and having at the place his wife and several children at the time." It appears that the warriors were absent hunting, and the occupants of the towns were principally the non-combatants of the nation. A deserting Frenchman warned these of their danger, but the troops, arriving so much sooner than was expected, effected a complete surprise and a easy victory . As it was, the expedition resulted in the destruction of eight large towns, and a large number of cornfields, captured seventy or eighty prisoners, and killed some twenty fighting men, among whom was the chief, Moluntha. Jonathan Alder was living with the Indians at that time in one of the upper towns. A runner brought the tidings, one morning, that Mackachak had been destroyed, when the squaws and children, taking what they could with them, retreated two days' march to the head waters of the Scioto, where they suf fered much for the want of food. There was not a man among them capable of hunting, and they were compelled to subsist on pawpaws, muscles and craw-fish. In about eight days they returned to Zane's town, tarried a short time, and from thence removed to Hog Creek, where they wintered; their principal living, at that place, was raccoons, and that with little or no salt, without a single bite of bread, hominy or sweet corn. In the spring, then moved back to the site of their village, where nothing remained but the ashes of heir dwellings, and their corn burnt to charcoal. They remained here during the sugar season, and then removed to Blanchard's Fork, where, being obliged to clear the land, they were enabled to raise but a scanty crop of corn. While this was growing, they fared hard, and managed to eke out a bare subsistence be eating a kind of wild potato and poor raccoons, that heel been suckled down so poor that the dogs would hardly eat them. For fear of losing a little, they threw them on the fire, singed the hair off, and ate the skim and all In spite of these privations, these implacable foes of the whites still continued their single-handed warfare against the settlements. The erection of Fort Harmer; in 1785, on the right bank of the Muskingum, where it joins the Ohio, and the erection of Fort Washing-ton on the site of Cincinnati, in 1789, with * Howe. HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 203 the numerous settlements that gathered about them, aroused the Indians to greater deeds of violence. Early in this year, a treaty was made with the Wyandot, Chippewa, Pottawatomie, and Sac nations, in which the treaty of Fort McIntosh was renewed and confirmed. It did not produce the favorable results anticipated, as the Indians resumed hostilities in the same year. In the fall of this year, therefore, fitting out a force of 1,300 men, Gen. Harmer proceeded to attack the towns on the Miami of the Lake, near the site of Fort Wayne. The tribes made a common cause, and united to defeat him. Harmer succeeded in burning the towns, but, dividing his force to devastate the country, he was attacked with ;rent fury by the allied Indians, and beaten in detail, when, disheartened by the loss of some 400 of his men, he retreated, entirely unsuccessful in his proposed intimidation of the savages. The Indians, emboldened by their success, redoubled their efforts to drive the pale faces beyond the Ohio, and in the following year Gov. St. Clair, collecting a force of some 3,000 troops, set out for the towns on the Maumee. The object of this expedition was to establish a fort at the Miami village, that stood on the site of Fort Wayne, Ind. On the evening of November 3, the army reached a branch of the Wabash, in the northern part of what is now Darke County. Here they were attached on the following morning before sunrise by some 3,000 Indians, and thoroughly defeated, with a loss of some 600 men killed. In these actions the whole Shawanoese nation was engaged, and their chief led the united forces of the allied savages. These successes on the part of the Indians now thoroughly alarmed the whites, and the attacks upon the frontier, becoming so frequent and disastrous, that emigration was almost suspended. "President Washington now urged forward the vigorous prosecution of the war for the protection oŁ the Northwest Territory, but various obstacles retarded the enlistment and organization of a new army. In the spring of 1794 the American Army assembled at Greenville, in Darke County, Ohio, under the command of Gen. Anthony Wayne, a bold, energetic and experienced officer of the Revolution. His force consisted of about 2,000 regular troops, and 1,500 volunteers from Kentucky."* On his advance Gen. Wayne directed his march to the Shawanoese town of Blue Jacket, at the junction of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers. Here the savages had a large town, extending a mile or two along the east bank of the Auglaize River, provided with fine orchards, which the French had planted, and surrounded by a thousand acres of corn. On the approach of the troops the natives retired, and assembled their combined forces, composed of Shawanoes, Delawares, Miamis, Pottawattomies, Chippewas, Ottawas and Senecas, at the rapids of the Maumee. The night previous to the battle a council was held at Presque Isle, when it was decided not to attack Gen. Wayne's forces at night. On the question of meeting him an the following day there was a diversity of opinion-Little Turtle, a prominent chief of the Miamis, opposing the fight, and Blue Jacket, then in chief command, strongly urging the Indians to meet the troops. The latter prevailed, and on the following day, August 20, the hostile forces met, resulting in a disastrous defeat to the Indians. After remaining on the ground for some days, the army returned to Blue Jacket Town, laying waste the villages and corn fields for some fifty miles on each side of the Maumee. On arriving at their destination they proceeded to build Fort Defiance. The result of this action was very disheartening to the Indians, but buoyed up by the memory of their former victories, they continued to hold out against the whites. *Howe. 204 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. Wayne's plan of occupying their country and devastating their corn fields and villages put another face upon affairs, and though urged to resistance by Girty, Elliott and McKee, who had great influence with the Indians, and were ably backed by the British authorities, the hostile tribes concluded a permanent peace with Gen. Wayne, at Greenville, on the 3rd of August, 1795. There were 1,130 savages present, and among them the chiefs, Tarhe, Buckongehelas, Black Hoof, Blue Jacket and Little Turtle. By this treaty the line between the United States lands and those of the Indians was fixed, beginning " at the mouth of Cuyahoga River, and from thence up the same to the portage between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum; thence down that branch to the crossing place above Fort Laurens; thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the Great Miami River, running into the Ohio, at or near which fork stood Loramie's store, and where commenced the portage between the Miami of the Ohio and St. Mary's River, which is a branch of the Miami which j runs into Lake Erie; thence a westerly course to Fort Recovery, which stands on the branch of the Wabash; thence southerly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the mouth of the Kentucky or Cuttawa river." This line passes through the central part of Logan County, in a southwesterly direction, dividing the township of Boke's Creek, Push Creek, Washington, Bloomfield, and forming the northern boundary of the townships of Harrison and Lake. Thus, after over forty years of the bitterest warfare against the whites, and that with scarcely an interruption, the Shawanoes buried the hatchet, not to dig it up again against the whites. This peace, however, was not brought about by any sudden conversion of sentiment, but from the dictates of prudence, in the face of circumstances which left extermination as the only alternative. Although the site of the Mackachack towns were thus ceded to the Government, the Indians, after the general pacification, returned and re-built their waste places. As late as 1800 the Wyandots had a village on the site of Zanesfield, which they called Zane's town. In the same vicinity was Solomon's Town, where Tarhe, "The Crane," a noted Wyandot chief, resided. On the site of Bellefontaine the Shawanoe chief, Blue Jacket, had a village, and not far away was Read's Towns where there were a few cabins. Three miles north of the site of the county seat was the village of the Delaware chief, Buckongehelas, and Lewistown, on the Great Miami. Wapatomica was not rebuilt, but a trading station on McKee's Creek, four miles south of Bellefontaine was known as McKee's Town. The Shawanoes had settled a town on the Auglaize River, which they called Wapaghkonetta,* after a noted chief of the tribe, and continued to live here in considerable numbers. It was hardly to be expected, however, that the nature of these implacable foes of the whites should be so suddenly changed as never again to harbor thoughts of revenge. Not long after the conclusion of the treaty at Greenville, the far-famed Tecumseh became a chief among his people, the Shawanoes. Notwithstanding he had shared in the crushing defeat administered at the battle of the Fallen Timbers, by Gen. Wayne, he did not share the prudent counsels of the older chief's, Black-hoof and Blue Jacket, but moving about among the people of his own and other tribes, secretly fostered their expiring hope for redress and revenge against the whites. In 1805, through tire influence of his brother and himself, a large part of the Shawanoese nation was induced to settle at Greenville, when his brother, assuming the office of Prophet, by a pretended sorcery, acquired a wonderful * Wapakonetta, the county seat of Auglarize County. HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 205 influence over the tribes that came in contact with the scheming brothers. The effect of all this upon the newly reconciled savages was soon apparent in this vicinity, and notwithstanding the powerful efforts of Black Hoof and the other more prudent chiefs, Tecumseh actually appeared on the Miami at the mouth of Stony Creek, a mile below the site of the village of DeGraff, at the head of 700 warriors, painted and plumed for war. The settlers who had built their cabins in the vicinity, were greatly alarmed at the reports, and sent out Col. Ward, Col.. McPherson and Simon Kenton, to learn their business. Kenton was spokesman, and putting a hold front on the mater, said all they cared to know was their disposition, "for,'' said he, " we have plenty of men to meet you." After a council of the chiefs present, a peaceful answer was returned, and the threatened war was deferred. A little incident occurred at this time, however, which shows how much the peaceful answer was probably due to Kenton's attitude. An In than who had abused a settler's wife some time before, had been whipped by Kenton's order, and at this meeting the fellow appeared sulky. Kenton, observing him, calling his comrades one side, told them he had nothing to defend himself with if the savage should attack him, and was furnished with a dirk. On returning to the Indians, Kenton, carrying the knife in his hand, struck it into the trees as if inviting an attack from his sulky adversary. This confident carriage had its effect upon the savage, who approached Kenton with outstretched hand, remarking, "Me velly good fliend."* These peaceful overtures, though gladly received, were accepted with many mental reservations, and in the following year a fort was erected in what is now Mad River Township, Champaign County. These manifestations of hostility soon * Antrim's History Logon and Champaign Counties. caught the watchful eyes of Gen. Harrison, and in the fall of 1807 he sent an address to the Shawanoes Chief, in which he exhorted them to send away the people at Greenville. This address resulted in the removal of Tecumseh and his followers, in the spring of 1808, to the lands on the Tippecanoe. As matters progressed it became evident that the Indians under the lead of Tecumseh were bent on again trying conclusions with the whites, and after various efforts at compromises Gen. Harrison met the hostile savages, November 7, 1811, and gained the brilliant triumph of Tippecanoe. At the very outset of the war of 1812, Tecumseh was on hand, with his followers, ready to join hands with the British, who had befriended him to the extent of furnishing him with the munitions of war in the preceding year. In all these hostile manifestations, however, it was but a small part of the Shawanoe nation that followed the lead of this rash chief. The greater part of the nation had gradually withdrawn before the advance of the settlements, and had their villages at Wapagh-ko-netta, on Hog Creek and the upper waters of the Maumee. The unsettled condition of Indian affairs, however, made some precautionary measures necessary to secure the continued friendship of this powerful tribe, and for this purpose Gov. Meigs came to Urbana in the spring of 1812 to confer with the Slrawanoes and Wyandottes.* In these negotiations, " Col. James McPherson, one of the Zanes, and perhaps one of the Walkers," were engaged to bear proposals for a council to these tribes. It was in the latter part of June before the council convened, but its results were very satisfactory to the government. The Indians expressed themselves as friendly to the United States Government, and accepted the proffered support and protection offered by the Governor. * Antrim's History. 206 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. A fort was erected soon afterward at Zane's town for the protection of their women and children, and was in charge of Col. McPherson. Others of the friendly tribes were placed under the care of Col. Johnston at Piqua, Miami county, and at Upper Sandusky, under Maj. B. F. Stickney. Here these tribes that had never before been idle when there was fighting to be done, resisted the machination of the British agent, and in spite of wanton injuries inflicted upon the members of their tribes by the undiscriminating militia, stood fast by their treaty of peace at Greenville. A remarkable incident of the faithfulness of the Shawanoes is related by Col. John Johnston in Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio." At the beginning of hostilities in the Northwest Fort Wayne was in danger of attack. "In the garrison were many women and children, who, in case of attack, would have been detrimental to its defense, and it therefore became necessary to have them speedily removed. Col. Johnston assembled the Shawanoe chiefs, and stating the case, requested volunteers to bring the women and children at Fort Wayne to Piqua. Logan immediately arose and offered his services, and soon started with a party of mounted Indians, all volunteers. They reached the post, received their interesting and helpless charge, and safely brought them to the settlements, through a country infested with marauding bands of hostile savages. The women spoke in the highest terms of the vigilance, care and delicacy of their faithful conductors." In 1814, an offensive and defensive alliance was formed with the Shawanoes and other friendly tribes, the former proving in many instances valuable and trusty scouts, and able warriors. In the general pacification of 1817, by a treaty at the rapids of the Maumee, the Shawanoes were given a reservation of ten miles square in Auglaize county, within which was their council house at Wapaghkonetta, and also a tract of twenty-five square miles, which included their settlement on Hog Creek; by the treaty of the succeeding year, made at St. Mary's, 12,800 acres adjoining the east line of the Wapaghkonetta reservation were added. A reservation of 40,300 acres around Lewistown, in Washington township, in this county, was granted also to the Shawanoes and Senecas jointly. The name of the principal town on this reservation was given for a noted Shawanoe chief, who made it his place of residence. An aged white woman by the name of Polly Keyser, did his drudgery when the whites first made his acquaintance. She had been taken prisoner in early life near Lexington, Kentucky, and had been adopted into the tribe. She had an Indian husband and two half-breed daughters. Another "pale face" who had been adopted into this nation, was James McPherson, or Squa-la-ka-ke, "the red faced man," as the natives called him. He was captured at Loughry's defeat, when on his way to join Clarke's expedition. He was engaged in the British Indian department, under Elliott and M'Kee; during his captivity he married a fellow prisoner, and after the treaty of 1795, came into the service of the United States. He had charge of the Lewistown reservation until 1830, when he was succeeded by John McElvain. The reservation life of the Shawanoes was as peaceful and happy as could be desired. The whole country was stocked with an abundance of game, while their own territory furnished a secluded spot for their towns, free from the encroachments of the whites. The natives were frequent visitors among the whites, and it was a common thing to see them with their families during the summer, encamped in some shady spot on the bank of a stream, the men hunting deer or lying about the camp, while the squaws were busy making There were no pages 207 -208 HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 209 or vending their baskets. M. Arrowsmith, in Antrim's History, relates several incidents illustrating their character in dealing with the whites. An Indian came to Thomas Kenton to buy a horse; the animals were running at large, and going to took at them, only one filled the eye of the savage. Mr. Kenton demanded eighty dollars, but the Indian offered seventy, and finally displayed both open hands seven times and a single hand once, signifying seventy-five e dollars; this was agreed upon, but there was only seventy-four dollars forthcoming; Kenton trusted him the dollar to he paid on a certain day, which came to hand promptly as agreed upon. They were frequently found about the large towns on the frontier, and the storekeepers carried on a thriving trade with them, selling the finest broadcloths to the squaws for petticoats, and the brightest prints to the men for shirts. The store of Gen. Gardner was the principal place for this trade in Bellefontaine, and he relates many interesting incidents of his dealings with them. On one occasion an Indian with his squaw came in the store to trade, the man remaining apparently uninterested, while the squaw bought the goods he desired. While thus engaged, an older squaw rode up on her pony with her papoose strapped to her back, and coming into the store, placed her papoose in the hands of the Indian without saying a word. This action caught the eye of the man's young squaw, who, without a word of explanation, set upon the mother, when ensued a scene of screaming and hair-pulling, probably not excelled in our civilized communities. The older squaw was finally exhausted; seizing her heir and "ground of offense," she mounted her horse and left without a word of explanation, the Indian in the meanwhile, as well as the occupants of the store, looking on with apparent indifference. Trials of skill and drinking bouts were of frequent occurrence, but there was but little friction between the two races, the more prudent of the tribes sanctioning any punishment which the justice of the case demanded. Ka-los-i-tah was a noted Shawanoe wrestler, and his contests with the most expert of the whites are remembered, and related with great zest by the older inhabitants. He was in his prime about the time of the removal of his tribe to the West, and was probably the most powerful man in the Northwest. At a grand hopping-match during the treaty making, Ka-los-i-tah distanced all competitors by going nearly fifty feet in two hops and a jump. On this occasion a wrestling-match was made up between him and a noted white wrestler by the name of Wilson. The Indian made a wager of a finely wrought belt against a checkered silk handkerchief, with Judge McCulloch, that he would throw his antagonist. After they had assumed their positions the Indian giant allowed his antagonist to do his utmost before attempting any aggressive movement. After using every art and displaying his full muscular power, Wilson failed to move his opponent. "Now, me! " said ha-los-i-tah, and laid Wilson on the ground gently as a child. Some people of Kentucky brought a stalwart negro to test the champion's powers, who caused even the friends of the Indian to indulge in serious doubts as to the outcome of the contest. The contest was not so unequal as the preceding one, but the red man threw this black antagonist to the ground with such a heavy thud, that only the bystanders prevented the contest taking on a more serious ending. Wrestling with this native athlete was at best a very serious business, and several suffered a broken leg for their temerity in challenging him. At West Liberty, on one occasion, a conceited saddler by the name of John Norris, tried conclusions with him. He had scarcely exerted himself, when catching his antagonist with his 210 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. "grape-vice twist," he snapped Morris' leg like a pipe-stem. As Morris sank to the ground, the only reply the imperturble Indian made to the expostulating cries of the whites, was, "leg must be rotten!" In the zenith of his glorious prime, Ka-los-i-tah was considerably over six feet in height, weighed about two hundred pounds, was strong as a buffalo, and as lithe as a tiger. A long career of intemperance enfeebled his powers, and he ,vas in later years frequently defeated when under the influence of liquor. At Wapagh-ko-netta Reservation the Shawanoe Chiefs Blue Jacket and Black Hoof resided, and at their village had fine orchards planted by the French, and a delightful location, embracing some 66,000 acres. Here, previous to 1829, Col. John Johnston presided, with David Robb as sub-agent. The latter, in a. communication embodied in Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, gives an interesting account of the reservation life of this nation. He says: "Intemperance to a great extent prevailed among the Indians ; there was, however, as wide a contrast, in this respect as with the whites, and some of the more virtuous refused to associate with the others. This class also cultivated their little farms with a degree of taste and judgment; some of these could cook a comfortable meal, and I have eaten butter and a kind of cheese made by them. Many of them were quite ingenious and natural mechanics, with a considerable knowledge of, and an inclination to use tools. One chief had an assortment of carpenter's tools which he kept in neat order. He made plows, harrows, wagons, bedsteads, tables, bureaus, etc. He was frank, liberal and conscientious. On my asking him who taught him the use of tools, he replied, "No one;" then pointing up to the sky, he said, " the Great Spirit taught me." With all their foibles and vices, there is something fascinating in the Indian character, and one cannot long associate with them without having a perceptible, growing attachment. The Indian is emphatically the natural man, and it is an easy thing to make nn Indian out of a white person, but very difficult to civilize or Christianize an Indian. I have known a cumber of whites who had peen taken prisoners by the Indians when young, and without exception they formed such attachments that, after being with them some time, they could not be induced to return to their own people. There was a woman among the Shawanoes, supposed to be near an hundred years of age, who was taken prisoner when young in eastern Pennsylvania. Some years after her friends, through the agency• of traders, endeavored to induce her to return, but in vain. She became, if possible, more of a squaw in her habits and appearance than any female in the Nation. As a sample of their punctuality in performing their contracts, I would state that I have often loaned them money, which was always returned in clue season, with a single exception. This was a loan to a young man who promised to pay me when they received their annuity. After the appointed time he shunned me, and the matter remained unsettled until just prior to our depart ure for their new homes. I then stated the circumstances to one of the chiefs, more from curiosity to see how he would receive the intelligence than with the expectation of its bring the means of bringing the money. He, thereupon, talked with the lad upon the subject, but, icing unsuccessful, he called a council of his brother chiefs, who formed a circle, with the young man in the centre. After talking with him awhile in e low tone, they broke out ant vociferously reprimanded him for his dishonest. conduct, but all proved unavailing. Finally the chiefs, in a most generous and noble spirit, made up the amount front their own pockets and pleasantly tendered it to me. The Indians being firm believers in witchcraft, generally attributed sickness and other misfortunes to this cause, and were in the habit of murdering those whom they suspected of practicing it. They have been known to travel all the way from the Mississippi to Wapakonetta, and shoot down a person in his cabin, merely on suspicion of his being a wizard, and return unmolested. When a person became so sick as to lead them to think that. he was in danger of death, it was usual for them to place him in the woods alone, with no one to attend except a nurse or doctor, who generally acted as agent. in hurrying on their dissolution. It was distressing to see one in this situation. I have been permitted to do this only through the courtesy of the relatives, it being contrary to rule for any to visit them except such as had medical care of them. The whole Nation are at liberty to attend the funeral, at which there is generally great lamentation. A chief (probably Black Hoof) who died just previous to their removal, was buried in the following manner They bored holes in the lid of his coffin (as is their HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 211 custom) over his eyes and mouth, to let the Good Spirit pass in and out. Over the grave they laid presents, etc., with provisions, which they armed the Good Spirit would take in the night. Sure enough ! these articles had all disappeared in the morning, by the hand of an evil spirit clothed in human body. There were many funerals among the Indians, and their numbers rapidly increased. Intemperance and pulmonary and scrofulous diseases made up a large share of their bills of mortality, and the number of deaths to the births were as one to three." In August, 1831, treaties were negotiated with the tribes at Lewistown and Wapaghko-netta, for their removal to the West. This treaty was made by James Gardner and Col. John McElvain, Special Commissioners in behalf of the Government, and in September, 1832, the natives were conducted by D. M. Workman and David Roble to a reservation in Indian Territory on the Kansas River. The following account of their removal we gather from the article of Mr. Robb, quoted from above: "While we were encamped, waiting for the Indians to finish their ceremonies prior to emigrating, we were much annoyed by an unprincipled band of whites who came to trade, particularly in the article of whiskey, which they secreted from us in the woods. The Indians all knew of this depot, and were continually going, like bees from the hive, day and night, and it was difficult to tell whether some who led in the worship passed most of the time in that employment or in drinking whiskey. While this state of things lasted, the officers could do nothing satisfactorily with them, nor were they sensible of the consequences of continuing in such a course. The Government was bound by treaty stipulations to maintain them one year only, which was passing away, and winter was fast approaching, when they could not well travel, and if they could not arrive until spring they would be unable to raise a crop, and consequently would be out of bread. We finally assembled the chiefs and other influential men, and presenting these facts vividly before them, they became alarmed and promised to reform. We then authorized them to tomahawk every barrel, ,keg, jug or bottle of whiskey that they could find, under the promise to pay for all and protect them from harm in so doing: They all agreed to do this, and went to work that night to accomplish the task. Having laid down at a late hour to sleep, I was awakened by one who said he found and brought me a jug of whiskey. I handed him a quarter of a dollar, set the whiskey down, and fell asleep again. The same fellow then came, stole the jug and all, and sold the contents that night to the Indians at a shilling a dram-a pretty good speculation on a half gallon of ' whisk,' as the Indians call it. I suspected him of the trick, but he would not confess it until I was about to part with them at the end of the journey, when ha came to me and related the circumstances, saying that it was too good a story to keep. "After we had rendezvoused, preparatory to moving, we were detained several weeks waiting until they had got over their tedious round of religious ceremonies, some of which were public and others kept private .from us. One of their first acts was to take away the fencing from the graves of their fathers, level them to the surrounding surface, and cover them so neatly with green sod that not a trace of the grass could be seen. Subsequently, a few of the chiefs and others visited their friends at a distance; gave and received presents from chiefs of other nations at their headquarters. Among the ceremonies alluded to was a dance, in which none participated but the warriors. They threw off all their clothing but their britchclouts, painted their faces and naked bodies in a fantastical manner, covering them with the pictures of snakes and disagreeable insects and animals, and then, armed with war clubs, commenced dancing, 212 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. yelling and frightfully distorting their countenances. The scene was truly terrific. This was followed by the dance they usually have on returning from a victorious battle, in which both sexes participated. It was a pleasing contrast to the other, and was performed in the night, in a ring, around a Large fire. In this they sang and marched, males and females, promiscuously, in single file, around the blaze. The leader of the band commenced singing, while all the rest were silent until he had sung a certain number of words; then the neat in the row commenced with the same, and the leader began with a new set, and so on to the end of their chanting. All were singing at once, but no two the same words. I was told that part of the words they used was hallelujah! It was pleasing to witness the native modesty and graceful movements of those young females in this dance. "When their ceremonies were over, they informed us they were now ready to leave. They then mounted their horses, and such as went in wagons seated themselves, and set out with their ` high priest' in front, bearing on his shoulders ` the ark of the covenant,' which consisted of a large gourd and the bones of a deer's leg tied to its neck. Just previous to starting, the priest gave a blast of his trumpet, then moved slowly and solemnly while the others followed in like manner, until they were ordered to halt in the evening for encampment, when the priest gave another blast as a signal to stop, erect their tents, and cook supper. The same course was observed through the whole journey; when they arrived near St. Louis, they lost some of their number by cholera. The Shawanoes who emigrated numbered about 700 souls, and the Senecas about 350, among whom was a detachment of Ottawas who were conducted by Capt. Hollister from the Maumee country." The principal speaker among the Shawanoes at the period of their removal was Wiwelipea.* He was an eloquent orator, and at times his manner was so fascinating, his countenance so full of varied expression, and his voice so musical, that surveyors and other strangers passing through the country listened to him with delight, although the words fell upon their ears in an unknown language. He removed with his tribe to the west. Cornstalk was a famous chief of this nation, and lead its warriors when the Shawanoes were in the prime of their tribal existence. At that time their principal village was at Old Chillicothe, which stood upon the site of the village of Westfall, Pickaway County. At the battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774, he commanded the forces of the allied Indians, consisting of some 1,000 warriors, with consummate skill, and if at anytime his warriors were believed to waver, his voice could be heard above the din of battle, exclaiming, in his native tongue, " Be strong ! be strong ! " When he returned to the Pickaway towns, after the battle, he called a council of the nation to consult what should be done, and upbraided them in not suffering him to make peace, as he desired, on the evening before the battle. " What," said he, " will you do now? The Big Knife is coming on us, and we shall all be killed. Now you must fight or we are undone."But no one answering, he said, "then lets kill all our women and children, and go and fight until we die." But still no answer was made, when, rising, he struck his tomahawk in a post of the Council House, and exclaimed, "I'll go and make peace," to which all the warriors grunted, "Ough ! ough !"and runners were instantly dispatched to Dunmore to solicit peace. In the summer of 1777 he was Atrociously murdered at Point Pleasant. As his murderers were approaching, his son Elinipsico trembled violently. His father encouraged * Howe. HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 213 him not to be afraid, for that the Great Man above had sent him there to be killed and die with him. As the men advanced to the door, the Cornstalk rose up and met them; they fired, and seven or eight bullets went through him. So fell the Cornstalk, the great chieftain, a man of true nobility of soul, and a brave warrior, whose name was bestowed upon him by the consent of the nation, as their great strength and support. Had he lived, it is believed that he would have been friendly with the Americans, as he had come over to visit the garrison at Point Pleasant to communicate the designs of the Indians of uniting with the British.* Catahecassa, or Black Hoof as he is more popularly known, rose into distinction in his nation even before the death of Cornstalk. "He was born in Florida, and at the period of the removal of a portion of the nation to Ohio and Pennsylvania, was old enough to recollect having bathed in salt water. He was present, with others of his tribe, at the defeat of Braddook, near Pittsburg, in 1755, and was engaged in all the wars in Ohio from that time until the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Such was the sagacity of Black Hoof in planning his military expeditions, and such the energy with which he executed them, that he won the confidence of his whole nation, and was never at a loss for braves to fight under his banner. He was known far and wide as the great Shawanoe warrior, whose cunning, sagacity, and experience were only equaled by the fierce and desperate bravery with which he carried into operation his military plans. Like the other Shawanoe chiefs, he was the inveterate foe of the white man, and held that no peace should be made, nor any negotiation attempted, except on the condition that the whites should repass the mountains, and leave the great plains of the West to the sole occupancy of the natives. * Reminiscences of Abraham Thomas. "He was the orator of his tribe during the greater part of his long life, and was an excellent speaker. The venerable Col. Johnston, of Piqua, to whom we are indebted for much valuable information, describes him as the most graceful Indian he had ever seen, and as possessing the most happy and natural faculty of expressing his ideas. He was well versed in the traditions of his people; no one understood better their peculiar relations to the whites, whose settlements were gradually encroaching on them; or could detail with more minuteness the wrongs with which his nation was afflicted. But, although a stern and uncompromising opposition to the whites had marked his policy through a series of forty years, and nerved his arm in a hundred battles, he became, a length, convinced of the madness of an ineffectual struggle against a vastly superior and hourly increasing foe. No sooner had he satisfied himself of this truth, than he acted upon it with the decision which formed a prominent trait in his character. The temporary success of the Indians in several engagements previous to the campaign of Gen. Wayne, had kept alive their expiring hopes; but their signal defeat by that gallant officer convinced the more reflecting of their leaders of the desperate character of the conflict. Black Hoof was among those who decided upon making terms with the victorious American commander; and having signed the Treaty of 1795, at Greenville, he continued faithful to his stipulations during the remainder of his life. He' was friendly, not from sympathy or conviction, but in obedience to a necessity which left no middle course, and under a belief that submission alone could save his tribe from destruction; and having adopted this policy, his sagacity and sense of honor, alike forbade a recurrence either to open or secret hostility. He was the principal chief of the Shawanoese nation, and possessed all 214 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. the influence and authority which are usually attached to that office at the period when Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, commenced their hostile operations against the United States. It became the interest as well as policy of these chiefs to enlist Black Hoof in their enterprise; and every effort which the genius of one, and cunning of the other, could devise, was brought to bear upon him. But Black Hoof continued faithful, and by prudence and influence kept the greater part of his tribe from joining the standard of Tecumseh. In January, 1813, he visited' Gen. Tupper, at Fort McArthur, in Logan County, and while there, about 10 o'clock one night, when sitting by the fire in company with the General and several other officers, some one fired a pistol through a hole in the wall of the hut; and shot Black Hoof in the face, the ball entering the cheek, glanced against the bone and finally lodged in his neck; he fell, and for some time was supposed to be dead, but revived, and afterward recovered from this severe wound. The would-be assassin was not discovered, but no doubt was entertained that it was a white man. Black Hoof was opposed to polygamy, and to the burning of prisoners. He is reported to have lived forty years with one wife, and to have reared a numerous family of children, who both loved and esteemed him. In stature he was small being not more than five feet eight inches in height" * He died at Wapagh-ko-netta in 1832, just before the removal of his tribe. His skull is now in the possession of a physician at New Paris, O., and was exhibited at the recent Centennial celebration of his fight with Clarke's forces, on August 8, 1780, near Springfield. Weyapiersenwah or Blue Jacket, as he was known to the whites, was a valiant chieftain of the Shawanoe tribe and had his residence in Logan County for a long time. He was * Drake's Tecumseh. second only to Black Hoof in influence, being at the head of the Shawanoe contingent in the fight with Harmer in 1790, and in full control of the allied forces in 1794 against Wayne. His voice was continually for war, and precipitated the battle of the Fallen Tim-ber by his headlong eloquence and earnestness against the more prudent counsels of the other chiefs. After this defeat Blue Jacket concurred in the expediency of suing for peace, but at the solicitation of the British emissaries delayed proceedings some time. Like other great leaders of his people he saw the land of his fathers passing out of their hands, and every sentiment of patriotism and affection urged him on to relentless war so long as there seemed a possibility of withstanding the encroachment of the whites. He was soon convinced that the representations of the British were only made for their own benefit, and dismissing them gave in his adhesion to the Americans and remained steadfast to the Treaty of Greenville, where he represented his nation jointly with Black Hoof. His wife at one time was a white woman by the name of Margaret Moore. She was carried away from Virginia when a child nine years old, and lived with the indians until maturity, when she became the consort of Blue Jacket. By him she had a son whom she called Joseph. In the general surrender of prisoners that followed the close of the English and French war, she paid a visit to her Virginia friends, but when she desired to return to her husband, whom she sincerely loved, her white friends refused to let her return. A daughter (afterward Mrs. Mary Stewart) was born to her while in Virginia, who grew up, married and afterward settled in Logan County. The son made a visit to his mother after she had accompanied her son-in-law to Ohio. He was a thorough-bred Indian so far as habits were concerned, and was never heard of afterward. Mrs. Stewart had four children, but they HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 215 never married and Blue Jacket's race has become extinct in Logan County. Tecumseh, whose history is better known than any of his illustrious predecessors, began his career as chief in the summer of 1795. The Treaty of Greenville, forced upon the leaders of his nation as the only alternative to the extermination of their race, had put an end to forty years of unavailing war. His haughty spirit could not accept the lesson taught by the experience of his people, and in spite of the pacific influences brought to bear upon him, he engaged in the struggle which received a crushing blow at Tippecanoe, and ended with his death at the battle of the Thames. He was a fine orator, and the chief speaker for the hostile Indians. "His manner when speaking, was animated, fluent and rapid," impressing his auditors with the high order of his moral anti intellectual character. In his orations, it is said, he indulged in such lofty flights of rhetoric, that the celebrated interpreter, Dechauset, found it difficult to translate them, though he was as well acquainted with the Shawanoe tongue e as with his own. Spemica Lawba, '° High Horn," or Captain Logan, as the whites named him, was a son of the celebrated Shawanoe chief, Moluntha, and was captured by the whites when a lad of sixteen years, at the burning of the Mackachack towns. He was taken to Kentucky where General Logan, being so well pleased with him, took him into his own family, in which he resided for some years. He was finally allowed to return, and later arose to the dignity of civil chief, through his many estimable, intellectual and moral qualities. He was known to the whites after his sojourn in Kentucky by the name of Logan, to which the title of Captain was afterwards attached. Logan was an unwavering friend of the whites, and lost his life in their service in the fall of 1812. Under orders from General Harrison, Logan took a party of his tribe in November of that year, and set out to reconnoiter the country towards the Maumee Rapids. He fell in with a party of the enemy, and barely escaped with two or three of his companions. A thoughtless officer expressed some doubt as to his loyalty, which so stung Logan's sense of honor that he organized an enterprise of his own to vindicate his fair fame. He took with him Captain Johnny and Bright Horn, and set out in quest of adventure. They were suddenly surprised by a party of seven hostile Indians, but pretending to be deserters, and ingratiating themselves into the confidence of their captors, until a favorite opportunity presenting, they arose upon their unsuspecting companions, and slew five of the seven, one of them being the celebrated Pottawatomie Chief, Winnemac. This was not accomplished without some damage to the attacking party, and Bright Horn and Logan reached camp badly wounded, the latter dying soon after reaching camp. The biographer of Tecumseh speaking of the exploit says: "It would, perhaps, be difficult in the history of savage warfare, to point out an enterprise, the execution of which reflects higher credit upon the address and and daring conduct of its authors, than this does upon Logan and his two companions. Indeed, a spirit even less indomitable, a sense of honor less acute, and a patriotic devotion to' a good cause less active, than were manifested by this gallant chieftain of the woods, might, under other circumstances, have well conferred immortality upon his name. Logan left a dying request that his two sons should be sent to Kentucky and there educated and brought up under the care of Maj. Hardin. When peace was restored Col. Johnston made efforts to carry out this desire of the deceased chief, but was thwarted by the unwillingness of the chief of the 216 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. nation and the children's mother. They finally allowed them to be taken to Piqua, where they were nut to school and boarded in a religious family, but the mother of the boys, who was a bad woman, interfered with this plan, taking the boys away frequently for weeks, and on one or two occasions getting them intoxicated at their schoolhouse. She finally took them to Wapagh-ko-netta, and raised them among her own people, from whence they• emigrated to the west with the Shawanoe nation in 1832. * Captain John, whose Indian name has not been perpetuated, was a well known chief of the Shawanoese nation, and was a frequent visitor to the early settlements of Logan County. He was one of the party with Logan in the exploit just noted, and was the only one not wounded in the action. He was over six feet in height, strong and active, and was noted among the white hardly less fur his happy faculty of merry making than for his bravery. Judge William Patrick, in his reminiscences, speaks of him as the merry and facetious Capt. Johnny; but there was a side to his character that was less lamb-like. Capt. John McDonald relates, that one day in the autumn of 1779, while out trapping by himself he met a trader and a half-breed near his trapping grounds, and whiskey being supplied, the two Indians got into a serious quarrel; they were separated by the trader, but they made arrangements to fight the next morning. " They stuck a post on the south side of a log, made a notch in the log, and agreed that when the shadow of the post came into the notch, the fight should commence. When the shadow of the post drew neat the spot, they deliberately, and in gloomy silence, took their stations on the log. At length the shadow of the post came into the notch, and these two desperadoes, thirsting for each others' blood, simultaneously * Howe's historical collection. sprang to their feet, with each a tomahawk in the right hand, and a scalping knife in the left, and flew at each other with the fury of tigers." After a terrible struggle of a few minutes' duration the tomahawk of John fell upon the head of his antagonist, killing him instantly. About 1800, while out with a hunting party in the Scioto valley, he had some difficulty with his wife and they agreed to separate. After divining the property, the wife insisted upon keeping their only child, a boy two or three years old. "The wife laid hold of the child, and John attempted to wrest it from her; at length John's passion was roused to a fury, he drew his fist, knocked down his wife, seized the child, and carrying g it to a log, cut it into two parts, and throwing one half to his wife, bade her take it, but never again to show her face, or he would treat her in the same manner." This brutal behavior was never punished or apparently heeded by his companions and he went scot-free from both offences. After the general pacification he was a general favorite among the settlers, and seems never to have lapsed into such savage brutality afterward. Such is the record-imperfectly given-of one of the most powerful and war-like tribes of Ohio. Among its leaders were numbered some of the ablest warriors and most brilliant intellects the Indian race has produced. Quick to fathom the policy of the whites and read in its success the doom of the red man, they became the most uncompromising foes of the whites, and at last, accepted peace as the only means of deferring the day of their extermination. The tide of civilization has at last swept them away, leaving behind no monument to mark the site of their former great ness. But their traditions still possess the land and it is still the privilege of the superior race to do justice to the memory of a people whose crowning crime was an ardent devotion to kin and country. HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 217 The religious denominations of Bellefontaine occupy an important place in its history, and hence we devote considerable space to their notice. It has been rather difficult to obtain a full and complete sketch of all the churches, but no pains have been spared to collect all the facts attainable. The oldest church organization in the city, perhaps, is that of the Methodist Episcopal, which is the pioneer church in many portions of the Western country. The itinerant ministers of this denomination were usually the first on the frontiersand often found in the wigwam of the savage before he was pressed back by his white neighbors. Methodist churches were built in the vicinity of Bellefontaine very early. The first regularly organized church was about the year 1819, but meetings had long been held in the pioneers' cabins, and in other convenient places. The first meeting looking to the establishing of a church here was held at Belleville, the first capital of the county, and the organization exercises conducted by Rev. John Strange, in the house of Samuel Carter. The first church edifice was built in 1823, in the town of Bellefontaine, and Rev. John' Strange, alluded to above, was appointed and regularly installed its first pastor. It prospered for a number of years, when certain differences caused a division, which, however, were finally and amicably adjusted in 1858. "During the separation,'' says a published record, "the church was known as the First Charge Methodist Episcopal Church, and the Second Charge Methodist Episcopal Church. On the 17th of April, 1858, a committee from each division was appointed to meet at the Mayor's office, at Bellefontaine, to agree to a proposition from the First to the Second Charge Church, whereby a Christian and brotherly union should be re-established. The committee from the First Charge consisted of N. Z. McColloch, Isaac S. Gardiner, and William Lawrence; that of the Second Charge, of Anson Brown, H. B. Lust and J. M. Kelley, all gentlemen prominently connected with the church, and of high social standing in the community. The result of this meet ing was of the most flattering nature. It was agreed that the United Church shall continue as one, without reference to the past, and as though no former division had existed. The document was signed by the six gentlemen above mentioned, and also by F. Marriott and O. Kennedy, the Pastors of the respective churches. The church, as thus reunited, has continued its labors in perfect harmony, and the greatest success has crowned the efforts of those whose duty it has been to conduct the religious services of it. "The church at present has an elegant brick building on North Main street, large and commodious, and imposing in appearance. The membership is large, and both church and Sabbath school are in a flourishing state. Rev Mr. Kennedy is at present the Pastor of the Church. The following history of the First Presbyterian Church of Bellefontaine was prepared by the Pastor, Rev. G. L. Kalb, and read by him at the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of its organization, on the 19th of October, 1878: "We know of this church's birth from the testimony of its first Pastor, Rev. Joseph Stevenson, that it was in 1823, and that there were thirty original members. As the early records of the church are lost, and as the minutes of the Presbytery contain nothing definite on the subject, we do not know the month and day of our separate organization. Mr. Stevenson came to Bellefontaine in May, 1825, for this work. September 24, 1824, in the house of Thomas Scott, a committee of the Presbytery of Columbus, consisting of Rev. James Robinson and Robert B. bobbins, organized the church of Cherokee Run, now Huntsville. The June preceding, Mr. 218 - HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. Robinson had been appointed by the Presbytery to eight days' mission work in Union, Champaign and Logan Counties. At its meeting in October, 1824, the Presbytery recognized this newly formed church, and called it the ' Church of Logan.' In January, 1825, Presbytery granted leave to this church to prosecute a call before the Presbytery of Washington for a portion of the ministerial labors of Rev. Joseph Stevenson, a. member of that Presbytery. Accordingly, Mr. Stevenson removed to this place, and took charge of the work in this vicinity. There were four congregations with but one session, viz: Cherokee, Bellefontaine, Stony Creek (now Spring Hill) and West Liberty. Mr. Stevenson was received into the Presbytery of Columbus January 3, 1826, and it was 'resolved that Mr. Stevenson be installed Pastor of the congregation at Bellefontaine on the first Tuesday of April next.' The Presbytery met at Bellefontaine, April 5, 1826, and, after ratifying an arrangement between the four congregations already named, divided Mr. Stevenson's labors equitably among them, and provided for the government of them by two sessions. It then installed Mr. Stevenson over the united charge as Pastor. A year from this time, the congregation at Bellefontaine had grown so, in importance at least, that Presbytery directed Mr. Stevenson to devote to it one-half of his time. Hence, while practically this church began its existence in the spring of 1825, it was not separately organized until 1828; and we infer that this took place in the fall, from the fact that the first notice of its separate organization is in a minute of the session of Stony Creek, dated June 24, 1829. "Mr. Stevenson had been Pastor of the church of ' Three Ridges,' Washington Presbytery, for seventeen years prior to his removal to this place, and he continued in charge of this church and Cherokee Run for nineteen years, or till the spring of 1844. In the fall of 1840, Rev. R. H. Hollyday came to assist him in his work, and continued in this relation for six months, when West Liberty was separately organized, and he became pastor of it and Stony Creek: Mr. Stevenson continued to reside at this place after he gave up the charge of the church, and, nearly twenty years after, he ended a holy and beauful life by a peaceful death, February 24, 1865, aged 86 years, less a month and a day. Of the growth of this church under him, only two notes are found: A revival in 1831 added fourteen to the church, and in 1833 the number of communicants was ninety-one. "The next stated minister of the church was the Rev. George A. Gregg. He removed here in April, 1845, and had been supplying the church for some time previous. He died of small-pox in February, 1854, while still Pastor. No record of his work here has been found, but he is remembered for his faithfulness and self-denying labors. After him, Rev. W. H. Babbitt, now of Glendale, Ohio, supplied the pulpit for six weeks in March and April, 1854; but the next settled minister was the Rev. E. B. Raffensperger, who began his ministry here in October, 1854, and continued till June, 1859. Three things may be said of his pastorate: 1. He was the first Pastor who gave his whole time to this church. 2. A division had occurred in the church under Father Stevenson, and a second church had been formed, which had for Pastors successively, Revs. J. A. Meeks, J. L. Belleville and J. L. Polk. The practical healing of this breach occurred under Mr. Raffensperger, many of the members of the now dissolved second church coming back to the first under his ministry. 3. Extensive revivals occurred under his ministry, and many were added to the church. With no long interval, Rev. Geo. P. Bergen took oharge of the church. He closed his ministry here the first Sabbath of June, HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 219 1863. he years between these dates were years of great political excitement; nevertheless, the church had a steady growth under his ministry. "On the last Sabbath of July, 1863, the present Pastor preached his first sermon here, on the invitation of the session. After preaching five Sabbaths, he was invited to supply the pulpit for six months from the 1st of September. On the first Monday in March, 1864, a call was made out for his services as Pastor, acting on which the Presbytery of Sidney installed him in April. " This church has belonged to four Presbyteries, viz.: Columbus ; Miami, to which it was transferred in April, 1829; Sidney, from the organization of the same, and Bellefontaine, by act of the Synod of Toledo, reconstructing the Presbyteries. The church has built three houses of worship, all of brink, and the second church during its existence built one of wood. "Hitherto bath the Lord helped us! May His mercy be larger still to this church, that in 1928 our posterity may, in celebrating the centenary of the church, have cause to look back on our day as the day of small things ."* Referring to the church buildings of this denomination, the one at present occupied was commenced in 1868, and was dedicated in January, 1874. It is a handsome brick of modern architecture, forty-three by eighty feet in dimensions, and cost about $30,000. The church at present has 275 members, and maintains a flourishing Sunday School. The United Presbyterian Church of Bellefontaine, the result of a union of the Associate and Associate Reformed congregations, is supposed to have been originally organized * We find the following note appended to the history of this church as spread upon the church records:-[Ed. "since the foregoing was recorded, the first book of records has strangely turned up, from which it appears that the resolution to organize Bellefontaine church was adopted Dec. 25, 1827; three elders were elected February 11, 1828; they were ordained and installed March ti, 1828, and a separate enrollment of members for Bellefontaine, and the completion of its separate existence were effected August 9, 1828." about the year 1831, by Rev. John Reynolds, though the early history of the church here is involved in some obscurity. From a history of the congregation written by Rev. John Williamson, and published in the " History of the United Presbyterian Presbytery of Sidney, and the Congregations," we gather most of the facts pertaining to its history. To trace the history of the two branches of the church which formed the United Presbyterian Church of Bellefontaine would take up more space than we can devote to it in this volume. We shall, therefore, give the main facts as briefly as possible. From the sketch of Mr. Williamson, alluded to above, we find that Rev. James N. Gamble was installed Pastor of the Associate Reformed Congregation on the 10th of September, 1833, and that the congregation at that time numbered fifty-two members. Mr. Gamble, it appears, remained Pastor of the church until his death, which occurred on the 19th of December, 1842, though for some time previous he was not able to perform much ministerial labor. Says Mr. Williamson: "His name is still remembered by many who knew him, and by some who enjoyed and appreciated his labors. To him, more largely than to any other man, the Associate Reformed Church of Bellefontaine is indebted for its existence and influence." From the death of Mr. Gamble until the Rev. Samuel Wallace was installed Pastor, June 25, 1850, the congregation seems to have been without a settled minister. About the same time the Associate Reformed Congregation was joined, an Associate Congregation was formed in Bellefontaine, by Rev. Samuel Wilson, D. D., but was afterward incorporated with the Associate Congregation of Cherokee. " The Associate Congregation," says Mr. Williamson, ''that was in Bellefontaine in 1855, and which entered into the union forming the United Presbyterian 220 - HISTORY OF LOG AN COUNTY. Congregation of Bellefontaine, was organized ha Rev. James Wallace, November 17, 1853." Rev. Joseph McHatton, Pastor of the Associate Reformed Congregation at the time of the union, rernained Pastor of the United Presbyterian Congregation until the 12th of April, 1859. He subsequently settled near Oxford, Ohio, where he remained until1 1874-5. The congregation remained without a Pastor after Mr. McHatton left it until 1862, when Rev. W. H. Jeffers assumed charge, and remained until 1865. The next Pastor was Rev. John Williamson, who is still in charge. He was ordained and installed on the 2d Tuesday in April, 1867, by the Presbytery of Sidney. They still worship in their original building, though considerable money has been spent on it in repairs, rendering it a comfort able edifice. It is in a flourishing condition, and has a large regular attendance. The Roman Catholic Church was organized in Bellefontaine in 1853. One of the first ministers of this Church who held services in the town, was Father Groan, of Urbana, and used to conduct church at the houses of Catholic families long before the organization of a church society. Upon the organization of the Society, Rev. Father Thomas Sheahan was in stalled Pastor. He was succeeded by Rev. J. F. McSweeney, and he by Rev. John Coveny, who served until November, 1869, when, as will be remembered, he was assassinated. Father Young was the next Pastor, and commenced his labors December, 1869. The present Pastor is Father Bourion, who assumed charge of the church in 1878. The church has a handsome brick building in the southeast part of town, and has a large membership, together with a good Sunday school. The First Christian Church of Bellefontaine* was organized on the 23d day of May, 1868. The same year the society built a hall * The facts for this sketch were furnished by H. C. Moore, Clerk of the church. on the second floor of a building on the north side of West Columbus street, which was dedicated to worship March 14, 1869. In May, 1870, the society sold the hall, and bought the old brick church, which stood on North Main street, of the Presbyterian Congregation for $1,600, and which it still owns, but is now rented to the Reformed Presbyterian congregation. The Pastors of the Christian Church were Revs. A. F. Abbot, T. A. Brandon, and William I. Lawrence ; the total membership was sixty, but, owing to death and removals, it is now reduced to twenty. Sabbath school was organized in the Spring of 1869, and continued until May, 187S, when preaching was suspended. The Superintendents were O. Hayes, H. C. Moore, H. T. Raymond, J. W. Harrington, and William I. Lawrence. The society has been without a Pastor since 1878. The Baptist Church, of Bellefontaine, was organized in 1845 by the Rev. James French, and about 1852, the church built a house of worship. At the time the church was built, Rev. Mr. Roney was Pastor. He was a zealous preacher and an exemplary Christian, and displayed wonderful energy during the building of their temple of worship, performing the work of a regular hand. Rev. A. J. Wyant, at present Pastor of the Baptist Church of Mt. Gilead, Ohio, was at one time connected with this church. Rev. W. H. Stringer was another of the efficient Pastors, and an able minister. An Episcopal Church was organized in 1856, and after two years became extinct, but in 1874 was again organized under Rev. A. B. Nicholas Meetings were held in the hall over the engine house for a time. At present, we are informed, the church is without a Pastor. The English Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in the old courthouse in 1849, by Rev. J. P. Bickley. Rev. J. W. Goodwin HISTORY OF LOGAN COUNTY. - 221 succeeded Mr. Bickley. The church has had several Pastors since that time. The congregation is at present building a new temple of worship, and when completed, will be one of the finest church edifices in the city. The church is in a flourishing condition, and numbers among its membership some of the most prominent citizens of Bellefontaine. There are, in addition to the churches mentioned above, two colored church organizations in the town, viz: The African Methodist Episcopal Church and Colored Baptist Church, but we have been unable to obtain any particulars in regard to them. The meager notice of some other of the churches of Bellefontaine results from our inability to obtain the facts. Application was made to the different Pastors for sketches of their respective churches, but some failed to respond, and we were forced to get what information we could from other sources. (RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE)