250 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY its position for some time against overwhelming numbers. Its loss was 120 in killed, wounded and prisoners. The next battle was at Winchester, on March 23d. At 3 o'clock P. M. the battle began in earnest and raged furiously until dark, resulting in success to the Union army. Again at Port Republic the Seventh fought splendidly and effectively. In that engagement, with less than 3,000 men, Stonewall Jackson's force of 14,000 Confederates was held at bay for five hours. The Union forces were, however, obliged to retreat. On August 9th, at Cedar Mountain, the regiment was again at the front and engaged in a fierce hand-to-hand conflict. Of the 300 men engaged, in the "Seventh" only 100 escaped unhurt. The next battle was at Antietam, but it would require a volume to tell of all the fighting the regiment did. On Saturday, June 24, 1864, it took its departure for Cleveland, where it was mustered out of the service on the 8th day of July following, having been in the field a little more than three years. During that time 1,800 men had served in it, and when mustered out there were but 240 men remaining to bring home their colors, pierced by the shot and shell of more than a score of battles. FATALITIES The fatalities of Company C, which exceeded those of any other similar command which was drawn from Lorain County, were . as follows: Killed in battle : First Sergeant Arthur C. Danford, promoted to first sergeant November 20, 1861 ; killed at Winchester, Virginia, March 23, 1862. Sergeant Charles P. Bowler, promoted to sergeant April 1, 1862 ; killed at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862. Corporal John J. Evers, promoted to corporal November 20, 1861 ; killed at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862. Corporal Lewis R. Gates, promoted to corporal April 1., 1862 ; killed at Port Republic, Virginia, June 9, 1862. Corporal George R. Matgary, promoted to corporal April 1, 1862 ; killed at Port Republic, Virginia, June 9, 1862. Romain J. Kingsbury, killed at Port Republic, Virginia, June 9, 1862. Charles F. King, killed at. Ringgold, Georgia, November 27, 1863. James M. Rappleye, killed at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862. Warren F. Richmond, killed at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 251 Edward P. Sheppard, killed at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9, 1862. Charles E. Wall, killed at Ringgold, Georgia, November 27, 1863. Daniel P. Wood, killed at Ringgold, Georgia, November 2, 1863. Died : Sergeant William W. Parmenter, taken prisoner at battle of Cross Lanes, Virginia, August 26, 1861; died in Parish Prison, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 18, 1861. Sergeant John Gardner, appointed sergeant May 1, 1863 ; died December 19, 1863, of wounds received in battle of Ringgold, Georgia, November 27, 1863. Sergeant Oliver C. Trembly, appointed sergeant January 1, 1864 ; drowned in the Ohio River, June 24, 1864. Corporal Edward W. Goodsel, died September 19, 1862, of wounds received in battle of Antietam, Maryland, September 17, 1862. William Biggs, taken prisoner at battle of Cross Lanes, Virginia, August 26, 1861, and died in Parish Prison, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 17, 1861. Wallace Coburn, died March 29, 1862, of wounds received in battle of Winchester, Virginia, March 23, 1862. Joseph H. Collins, died August 27, 1861, of wounds received at battle of Cross Lanes, Virginia, August 26, 1861. Cyrus P. Hamilton, wounded and captured at battle of Port Republic, Virginia, June 9, 1862 ; died in Rebel hospital of wounds. Daniel S. Judson, wounded and captured at battle of Port Republic, June 9, 1862 ; died of wounds in Rebel hospital. Burford Jenkins, wounded and captured at battle of Cross Lanes, Virginia, August 26, 1861; died of wounds September 6, 1861. Harrison Lewis, died in Fairfax Seminary Hospital, Virginia, December 6, 1862, of fever. Joseph McCanan, died July 22, 1863, of wounds received at battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Levi Myers, died in hospital at Nashville, Tennessee, December 20, 1863, of smallpox. Fred M. Palmer, died April 7, 1862, of wounds received in battle of Winchester, March 23, 1862. Edward G. Sackett, died March 29, 1862, of wounds received in battle of Winchester, Virginia, March 23, 1862. Thomas Sweet, died November 30, 1863, of wounds received in battle of Ringgold, November 27, 1863. Orlando Worcester, died April 15, 1862, of wounds received in battle of Winchester, Virginia, March 23, 1862. 252 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY THE SQUIRREL HUNTERS In striking contrast to the foregoing record is that of the organization, which so promptly assembled, in the autumn of 1862, to repel the Confederate general, Kirby Smith, from his anticipated attack upon Cincinnati. Governor Tod had issued a proclamation calling upon all who would furnish themselves with rations and arms to turn out, organize under their own officers, and rendezvous at the threatened city, transportation over the railroads to be provided by the Government. About 350 citizens of Lorain County responded to the call of the governor. They saw no fighting, but their work was cheerfully performed, and they were ready for whatever might come. Governor Tod caused lithograph discharges to be forwarded to those whose names could be obtained, and not a few of them have been preserved by the descendants of the home guard, as highly prized documents. Although those who thus gathered at Cincinnati were afterward jocosely called Squirrel Hunters, they were always honored just the same. COMPANY D, TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT Company D, of the Twenty-third Regiment, was recruited mostly from Lorain County. It went into the service over 100 hundred strong, being organized at Camp Taylor, Cleveland, May 16, 1861. It was mustered out at Cumberland, Maryland, July 26, 1865. The commissioned officers of Company D were as follows: Captain Howard S. Lovejoy ; resigned February 13, 1863. First Lieutenant Abram A. Hunter, promoted to captain March 1, 1862, and assigned to Company K. Second Lieutenant Henry Richardson, promoted to first lieutenant July 24, 1861, and assigned to Company B. FATALITIES Corporal John H. Lindley, promoted to sergeant ; killed at South Mountain, Maryland, September 14, 1862. Isaac W. Barker, Hiram Durkee, Frederick Hooker and Edmund A. Sims, also killed at South Mountain. James V. Eldridge, killed at Antietam, Maryland, September 17, 1862. John R. Searl, died at Raleigh, North Carolina, July 17, 1864. Samuel Clifford, died in Confederate prison, July 12, 1864. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 253 COMPANY K, TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT Company K, of the Twenty-third Regiment, was organized at Elyria, and mustered into the service the month following the organization of Company D. They were both mustered out with their regiment, at Cumberland, Maryland, July 26, 1865. The commissioned officers of Company K were as follows : Captain Dewitt C. Howard, resigned July 11, 1862. First Lieutenant Frederick H. Bacon. Second Lieutenant Archie C. Fisk. FATALITIES The fatalities of the company during the war include the following : Sergeant Thomas G. Wells, killed in the battle of South Mountain, Maryland, September 14, 1862. Corporals Timothy C. Wood and Lyman W. Carpenter, both of whom died at Charleston, West Virginia, the former November 20, 1862, and the latter, August 8th of that year. Jonathan Ring, wounded at Antietam, September 17, 1862 ; died September 21, 1862. Fitzland Squires, wounded at South Mountain, Maryland, September 14, 1862 ; died September 27, 1862. REGIMENTAL HISTORY Companies D and K had the honor of being units of one of the most famous regiments which ever went from Ohio—famous, not only for its soldierly record, but for the after-fame of its commanding officers. Their simple names are the proof to all who have even an inkling of American history. William S. Rosecrans was colonel, Stanley Matthews lieutenant colonel, and Rutherford B. Hayes major, when the regiment was first organized. Under command of Colonel E. P. Scammon, the Twenty-third went into active service in West Virginia, meeting with the new and exciting events common to inexperienced soldiers, which were almost forgotten amid the sterner realities of active warfare. The regiment participated in the battles of Carnifex Ferry, Virginia, September 10, 1861, and Giles Courthouse, May 10, 1862, and had the honor of opening the battle of South Mountain, September 14, 1862, where it lost thirty-three men killed and eighty wounded, among the latter Rutherford B. Hayes, afterward President of the United States. As an incident of this battle, it is said that the Twelfth and 254 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY Twenty-third Ohio and Twelfth and Twenty-third North Carolina—Companies B on each side—were directly engaged with each other. The Twenty-third, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Hayes, was in the advance on that day. It was an early hour to advance up the mountain and attack the enemy. From behind stone walls the Confederates poured a destructive fire into the Federal ranks at very short range. The command of the Twenty-third fell upon Major Coady after Lieutenant Colonel Hayes was wounded, the latter again making his appearance on the field, with his wound half dressed, and fought, against the remonstrances of the whole command, until carried off. Near the close of the day at Antietam a change was made by the division to which the Twenty-third belonged, and it was exposed to a large force of the enemy posted in a cornfield in the rear of the left. Its colors were shot down, and at the same time a feint was made in its front. The colors were planted on a new line at right angles with its former front, and the regiment formed a line in the new direction, and opened fire upon the enemy, who retired. The division withdrew, but no order reached the Twenty-third, and it remained on the field until the division commander returned and ordered it to the rear. The Twenty-third assisted in heading off Morgan's command at Buffington's Island, then returned to Charleston, West Virginia, and afterward joined General Crook's forces for a raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. May 9, 1864, the Twenty-third fought at Cloyd Mountain. The enemy occupied the first crest of the mountain, defended by artillery and rudely-constructed breastworks. The hill was steep, thickly wooded, difficult of ascent, and skirted by a stream of water two or three feet deep. At the word of command the regiment advanced across the stream to the foot of the mountain, under a heavy fire of musketry and artillery, without returning the fire of the enemy. A furious assault was made upon the enemy's works, carrying them, with two pieces of artillery. The struggle at the guns was of the fiercest description. The Confederate artillerymen attempted to reload their pieces when the Federal line was not more then ten paces distant. The Twenty-third was with Hunter in the attack on Lynchburg, and in numerous skirmishes and battles in the Shenandoah Valley. At Winchester, July 24, 1864, it lost 153 men. At the battle of Opequan, September 19th, Hayes' brigade had the extreme right of the infantry. Moving forward under fire, the brigade came upon a deep slough, forty or fifty yards wide and nearly waist deep, with soft mud at the bottom overgrown with a thick bed of moss. It seemed impossible to get through it, and the whole line was staggered for a moment. Just then Colonel Hayes plunged in with his horse, and under a shower of bullets and HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 255 shells he rode, waded and dragged his way through—the first man over. The Twenty-third was ordered by the right flank over the slough. At the same place men were suffocated and drowned ; still the regiment plunged through, re-formed, charged forward again, driving the enemy. The division commander was wounded, leaving Colonel Hayes in command. He was everywhere, exposing himself as usual ; men were falling all around him, but he rode through it all as though he had a charmed life. No reinforcements, as promised ; something must. be done to stop that fire that is cutting the force so terribly. Selecting some Saxony rifles in the Twenty-third, pieces of seventy-one calibre, with the range of twelve hundred yards, Lieutenant McBride was ordered forward with them to kill the enemy's artillery horses, in plain sight. At the first shot a horse drops, immediately another is killed, a panic seems to seize the artillerymen, and they commence limbering up. The infantry take the alarm, and a few commence running from the intrenchments, and the cavalry, which has been hovering upon the flanks, sweeps down upon the enemy, capturing them by regiments ; and the battle is at an end. The Twenty-third fought at North Mountain, September 20, 1864, and at Cedar Creek, October 19—a day that is a household word throughout the land. The Twenty-third was mustered out on the 26th day of July, 1865, at Cumberland, Maryland, and was paid and disbanded at Camp Taylor, Cleveland. COMPANY H, FORTY-FIRST REGIMENT Company H, Forty-first Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, was largely recruited from Lorain County, and several joined Company K, of the same regiment. With other companies of that stalwart command, they saw more than four years of service covering every phase of warfare conceived by the brave and ingenious soldiers of those days. The commissioned officers of Company H included the following : Captain, Alonzo Pease, resigned January 9, 1862. First lieutenant, John W. Steele, promoted to captain, February 3, 1862. Second lieutenant, Albert McRoberts, promoted to first lieutenant, March 1, 1862 ; resigned. May 24, 1862. REGIMENTAL HISTORY The Forty-first was one of the famous veteran regiments of the Union army. It was raised immediately after the battle of Bull Run by a number of citizens of Cleveland and Capt. William B. Hazen, of 256 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY the Eighth United States Infantry, was appointed colonel. The camp was established near Cleveland, and by September 1st it was quite full and the work of instruction commenced. An officers' school was instituted, and the strictest discipline enforced, and, by the time the regiment was mustered as complete, on the 31st of October, 1861, the officers and men were quite well drilled. On November 6th the regiment moved by rail to Camp Dennison, where it was supplied with arms. These consisted of the Greenwood rifle, a weapon nearly useless and soon discarded by the Government. After a week at Camp Dennison, the regiment proceeded to Gallipolis, taking steamer from Cincinnati. A few raiding excursions from this point into Virginia was the only relief from daily drills, and in the later part of the month, the regiment was ordered to Louisville, and reported to General Buell then organizing the Army of Ohio. The Forty-first became a part of the Fifteenth Brigade, Nelson's division, and during the winter remained at Camp Wickliffe, Kentucky. There the Forty-first was made the nucleus of a new brigade (the Nineteenth), to which were assigned the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Indiana and the Sixth Kentucky, commanded by Colonel Hazen. On the 14th of February, 1862, Nelson's. division marched to West Point, which was reached after a severe march of three days. Thence the two Indiana regiments were sent to Grant. Nelson embarked on transports for the Tennessee River, and arrived at Nashville on the 27th of February, 1862. About the middle of March, the regiment moved with the army to Savannah on the Tennessee River, arriving within two miles of that point •the Saturday preceding the battle of Pittsburg Landing. Heavy firing was heard on the morning of the 6th of April, and at 1 o'clock P. Ifs., after being supplied with rations and ammunition, the regiment moved for Pittsburg Landing, one company (G) being left to guard the camp and garrison equipage. At 5 o'clock, the troops arrived opposite the battlefield, and Hazen's brigade was the second to cross the river. The regiment lay that night on the field, in the driving rain among the dead and wounded, and at day-light moved forward in its first engagement. The Forty-first was on the right of Nelson's division, and when the rebels were discovered to be advancing Hazen's brigade was ordered to charge. The Forty-first was placed in the front line, and advanced steadily through a dense thicket of undergrowth, and, emerging into the more open ground, was saluted with a murderous fire. The line still advanced, checked the approaching Confederates, drove them back beyond their fortifications and captured their guns. Three officers and HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 257 three men, who, at different times, carried the colors in the charge, were either killed or wounded, and, of the 373 who entered the engagement, 141 were put out of the fight in the space of half an hour. The night after the battle, Hazen's brigade, as an outlying force, occupied the Tan Bark Road upon the left of the army. The regiment occupied a miserable camp on the field of battle, surrounded by the half buried bodies of men and horses, until the army moved on Corinth. It suffered very much from exposure, during the march and in the operations immediately following. The Forty-first was with Buell's army on its march to Louisville, moving, day after day, over bad roads, with short rations and water supply, until, nearly exhausted, ragged and dirty, it entered Louisville on the West Point Road, and encamped for a three days' rest. On the 2nd of October, the regiment marched against Bragg. At the battle of Perryville, its duties were chiefly in the line of skirmishing. About October 20th, the brigade commenced its return to Nashville. December 26th, the Forty-first, with the army, moved on Murfreesboro. At midnight, on the 30th, the regiment took position in the first line facing Cowan's house, and from this time, until the cessation of hostilities, was actively engaged. Of the 410 officers and men of the Forty-first, the largest number it ever took into battle, 112 were killed and wounded. On January 10, 1863, the regiment moved to Reedyville, where it remained, in comparative quiet, until the 24th of the following June, when the command moved to Tullahoma; but as that place had been evacuated before they reached it, the troops returned to Manchester and went. into camp. Tents were struck on the 15th of August, and the command moved toward Chattanooga, near Gordon's Mills. About 9 o'clock A. M., the battle commenced, and at 1 o'clock P. M. Palmer's division (comprising the Forty-first), went into the fight, attacking in echelon by brigades, Hazen's brigade being the first echelon. The regiment advanced rapidly, over an open field, to a strip of woods. After holding the position two hours, and, during the time losing 100 men, the regiment was withdrawn. It was immediately moved to the assistance of General VanCleve, and was continually under fire. At length the brigade was formed in columns, by regiments, and advancing, one after the other, delivered its volley into the dense masses of the enemy, who reeled and fell back. This was the last fighting on Chickamauga. The next day was spent on Mission Ridge, and on the following night the regiment retired to Chattanooga. In the reorganization of the army, Hazen's brigade was composed of the First, Forty-first and Ninety-third Ohio, Fifth Kentucky and Vol. I-17 258 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY Sixth Indiana, and was assigned to the Fourth Army Corps, Maj.-Gen. Gordon Granger, commanding. At 3 o'clock in the morning of October 27th, fifty-two pontoons, bearing Hazen's brigade, pushed out silently from Chattanooga and floated down the river. In half an hour's time the leading pontoons were passing in front of the enemy's pickets on the bank, 100 feet above. The conversation of the rebels could be distinctly heard, but their attention was not once directed to the 1,200 silent enemies floating past, within pistol shot. Just as the first pontoon arrived opposite its landing, it was discovered; but the landing was effected, the pickets driven in and the hill gained. When the morning haze cleared away, the Confederates on Lookout saw the hills beneath them, commanding two roads to Bridgeport, covered with Union soldiers who occupied a position from which they could not be driven, with a pontoon bridge to connect them with Chattanooga, almost completed. At noon, on the 23d of November, the brigade was ordered to fall in for a reconnoissance. The brigade advanced briskly, driving the enemy's skirmishers into a dense undergrowth, on a small ridge, between Chattanooga and Mission Ridge. The line followed, and received a heavy fire. Nothing could be seen ; but it was too hot a fire to bear quietly. Colonel Willey ordered the regiment to charge, and orders from Hazen, at the time, directed the taking of the line on the hill. The Forty-first delivered a volley, trusting to fortune for its effect, then dashed forward through the thicket and balls into the enemy's works, capturing the colors of the Twenty-eighth Alabama. Regiment. In this, its severest, engagement, the Forty-first was associated with the Ninety-third Ohio, which shared fully the danger and honor of the fight. The position was held without trouble, and was known as Orchard Knob. Soon after the fight, Generals Grant, Thomas and others, passed along the new line, when Thomas, looking at the ground within fifty paces of the rebel works, where the fight had been fiercest and where lay the horses of Colonel Willey and Lieutenant-Colonel Kimberly, called for the officers of the regiment, and said to Colonel Willey : "Colonel, I want you to express to your men my thanks for their splendid conduct this afternoon. It was a gallant thing, Colonel—a very gallant thing." That, from General Thomas, was better than an hour's speech from any other man. On the 25th, Hazen's brigade moved across the valley from Orchard Knob to Mission Ridge, under a heavy artillery fire; and, at the foot of the ridge, a dash was made and the enemies' works captured. The troops were here exposed to canister and musketry, and to remain was impossible : so they advanced up the steep hill, swept by an enfilading HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 259 fire of artillery ; up they went, and when near the top, the fire of the Forty-first was directed to the batteries on the right. The Confederates retired, and, with a cheer, the line occupied the works on the ridge. A squad of the Forty-first seized a battery almost. before the enemy had left it, turned it to the right and discharged it directly along the summit of the ridge, where the enemy in front of Newton's division still stubbornly held their position, with the result that they were quickly dislodged. Eighteen captured pieces of artillery graced General Hazen's headquarters that night, of which the Forty-first and Ninety-third could fairly claim six as their trophies, while the former also captured a battleflag. The losses were severe. One hundred and fifteen of the Forty-first, most of them in the fight of the 23d, had fallen. After resting scarcely long enough to bury the dead, the regiment moved with its corps for Knoxville. Supplies had been scarce, and before the march was half accomplished two-thirds of the men were walking over the frozen ground barefooted; but with their feet wrapped up in sheep-skins and cow-hides they journeyed on, and finally reached Clinch Mountain, twenty miles above Knoxville. There the regiment re-enlisted, 180 out of 188 becoming veterans, and on the 5th of January, 1864, starter for Chattanooga, reaching Cleveland, Ohio, on the 2d of February. With nearly 100 recruits, the regiment joined its division, in East Tennessee on the 26th of March, and was placed in a battalion with the First Ohio, Lieutenant-Colonel Kimberly commanding. At Rocky Face Ridge the battalion was complimented for its steadiness under a galling fire, and at Resaca it gained a crest within seventy-five yards of the enemy's main line and effectually prevented the use of his artillery. At Dallas, on May 26th, the Forty-first lost 180 men out of 260. During subsequent movements the regiment was engaged at Peach Tree Creek, before Atlanta, in the movement against Hood, in December, where it did noble work ; it participated in the pursuit of Hood, and finally rested at Huntsville, Alabama. In June, 1865, the corps embarked at Nashville, for Texas. Near Cairo the steamer collided with a gunboat, and sank in a few minutes, with all the regimental and company papers and most of the personal property of the officers and men. Fortunately no lives were lost. In Texas the regiment was stationed near San Antonio until November, when it was ordered to be mustered out. It reached Columbus, Ohio, about the middle of the month, and was discharged on the 26th of November, 1865, after four years and one month of creditable service. The fatalities of Company H, of the Forty-first Regiment, were: 260 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY First Sergeant Henry S. Dirlam, promoted to first lieutenant March 24, 1863; killed November 23, 1863. Hyman A. Brown, died at Corinth, Mississippi, in 1862. James W. Blackwell, killed in battle, November 23, 1863. Matthews Chamberlain, killed at Shiloh, April 7, 1862. Albert I. Clark, died at Corinth, Mississippi, 1862. Albert M. Kellogg, died 1862. Ebenezer Kingsbury, killed in battle, November 23, 1863. Daniel Lawrence, died in 1862. John C. Lenhart, killed at Stone River, December 31, 1862. Joseph H. Lincoln, died in 1862. William A. Mills, killed in battle, November 23, 1863. John G. Mills, killed in battle, May 27, 1864. Franklin Pomeroy, died in 1862. Harvey Sanderson, died at Corinth, Mississippi, 1862. Oliver H. Smith, died in 1862. Josiah Staples, killed in battle, May 27, 1864. Benoni B. West, died in 1864. Henry West, killed at Shiloh, April 7, 1862. FORTY-SECOND OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY The band of the Forty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry and Company E, of that regiment, drew much of their membership from Lorain County. The company was mustered into the service at Camp Chase near Columbus, in October, 1861, and the band was organized in the following month. The Forty-second was a three-years' regiment, being mustered out of the service in November, 1864. COMPANY E Commissioned officers of Company E : Captain, Charles H. Howe, resigned May 1, 1863. First lieutenant, George F. Brady, resigned March 27, 1862. Second lieutenant, Melville L. Benham, promoted to captain, May 17, 1863. The record shows the list of fatalities to be as follows: Frederick Brooks, died at St. Louis, Missouri ; date not given. Christopher Dimmock, wounded in battle ; died March, 1863. Luke Flint, died February 8, 1862. Henry Hibner, died August 19, 1863. Lyman Hawley, wounded at Vicksburg; arm amputated ; drowned March 12, 1864. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 261 Martin Lilly, killed in battle December 29, 1862. George W. Lee, died January 12, 1862. Charles O'Brien, died May 18, 1862. Sanford Phinney, died ; no date given. George Sexton, died February 7, 1862. Cornelius Springer, died of wounds, 1863. Mason Terry, died at Baton Rouge, Louisiana ; date not given. Thomas Williams, died in Memphis. Frederick Watson, killed in battle July 12, 1863. John Curl, died June 30, 1863. George Goldsmith, died February 12, 1863. Alfred Lucas, died May 6, 1863. Friend McNeal, died March 25, 1863. Julian W. Smith, died January 29, 1862. Thomas F. Williams, died of wounds, April 11, 1863. REGIMENTAL HISTORY Companies A, B, C and D of the Forty-second Regiment were mustered into the service at Camp Chase, September 25, 1861; Company E, October 30th; Company F, November 12th, and Companies G, H, I and K, November 26th. On the 14th of December, 1861, orders were received to take the field, and on the following day the regiment moved by railroad to Cincinnati, and thence by steamer up the Ohio River to Catlettsburg, Kentucky, where it arrived the morning of December 17th. The regiment, together with the Fourteenth Kentucky Infantry and McLaughlin's squadron of Ohio Cavalry, proceeded to Green Creek. Another advance was made December 31st, and on the night of January 7, 1862, the whole command encamped within three miles of Paintville. The next morning five companies, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Sheldon took possession of the village. On the evening of the same day Colonel Garfield took the Forty-second and two companies of the Fourteenth Kentucky, and advanced against Marshall's fortified position, about three miles south of Paintville Village. Arriving at about 9 o'clock P. M., they found the works evacuated, and everything valuable either carried away or destroyed. Marching all night, they reached Paintville a little after daylight. About noon on the 9th, Colonel Garfield, with 1,100 infantry from the Forty-second Ohio and other regiments, and about 600 cavalry, started in pursuit of Marshall, and about 9 o'clock in the evening the advance was fired upon by Marshall's pickets, on the summit of Abbott's 262 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY Hill. Garfield took possession of the hill, bivouacked for the night and the next morning continued the pursuit, overtaking the enemy at the forks of Middle Creek, three miles southwest of Prestonburg. Marshall's force consisted of about 3,500 men, infantry and cavalry, with three pieces of artillery. Major Pardee, with 400 men, was sent across Middle Creek to attack Marshall directly in front, and Lieutenant-Colonel Monroe (Twenty-second Kentucky) was directed to attack on Marshall's right flank. The fight at once opened with considerable spirit, and Pardee and Monroe became hotly engaged with a force four times as large as their own. They held their ground with great obstinacy and bravery until reinforcements reached the field, when the enemy commenced to fall back. The National forces slept upon their arms, and at early dawn a reconnaissance disclosed the fact. that Marshall had burned his stores and fled, leaving a portion of his dead upon the field. From this date, for a considerable time, the regiment was engaged in several expeditions against guerillas. The arduous nature of the campaign, the exceedingly disagreeable weather, and the want of supplies, were disastrous to the health of the troops, and some eighty-five of the Forty-second died of disease. On June 18, this regiment led the advance, and was the first to plant the Union flag on the stronghold of Cumberland Gap. When the regiment left the Gap it numbered 750 men, and while on the march there were issued to it 275 pounds of flour, 400 pounds of bacon, and two rations of fresh pork: the rest of the food consisted of corn grated down on tin plates and cooked upon them. The distance marched was 250 miles. The weather was very dry and the men suffered for water. They were without shoes, and their clothing was ragged and filthy. The Forty-second lost but one man from all causes, and it was the only regiment that brought through its knapsacks and blankets. These proved of great service, as the men were compelled to camp at Portland, Jackson County, Ohio, two weeks before clothing, camp and garrison equipage could be furnished them. While at Portland the regiment received 103 recruits, and at Memphis, whither it arrived on November 28th, sixty-five more. It had from time to time received a few, so that the whole number reached 200 or more, and the regiment could turn out on parade nearly 900 men. At Memphis the division was reorganized as the Ninth Division, Thirteenth Army Corps. On the 20th of December the Forty-second, with other troops, under Gen. W. T. Sherman, embarked at Memphis, and proceeding down the river, landed at Johnston's plantation on the Yazoo. The Forty-second led the advance against the defenses of Vicksburg on the 27th of December, and skirmished with the enemy until dark. The next morning the HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 263 regiment resumed the attack, and by a charge, which was made with great spirit, succeeded in gaining possession of the woods, driving the Confederates into their works. About 9 o'clock A. M., on the 29th, a charge was made, the Forty-second being on the extreme right of the assaulting column. The storm of shot and shell was terrific, but the regiment maintained its organization and came off the field in good order. An important victory followed, in January, 1863, being the assault upon and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas. In this the regiment led the advance. The spoils were 7,000 prisoners, all the guns and small arms and a large quantity of stores. At Port Gibson the regiment had hot work, and sustained a heavier loss than any regiment in the corps. After the surrender of Vicksburg the regiment marched to Jackson and participated in the reduction of that place, and then returned to Vicksburg, where it remained until ordered to the Department of the Gulf. Companies A, B, C and D were mustered out November 25th, and the other four companies, December 2, 1864. One hundred and one men remained whose term of service had not expired, and they were organized into a company and assigned to the Ninety-sixth Ohio. THE ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD INFANTRY The One Hundred and Third Ohio was composed of men from the counties of Cuyahoga, Lorain and Medina, Companies F and H being especially representative of Lorain County. Its service covers the period from September, 1862, to June, 1865, and Cleveland saw both the commencement and the close of its good record. Field and staff officers from Lorain County : Major, Dewitt C. Howard, discharged February 15, 1865. Surgeon, Luther D. Griswold, resigned August 1, 1864. Quartermaster sergeant, Clark P. Quirk, promoted a. regimental quartermaster, July 21, 1863. Hospital steward, Cyrus Durand, promoted from sergeant in Company H. Fife major, John Mountain, discharged May 15, 1863. COMPANY F Commissioned officers of Company F : Captain, Philip C. Haynes, promoted to colonel of the regiment, June 6, 1865. First lieutenant, Simeon Windecker, promoted to captain, June 24, 1862. Second lieutenant, Charles E. Morgan, promoted to captain November 18, 1864. 264 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY Fatalities of Company F : Luther Bemis, died at Danville, Kentucky, July 17, 1863. John H. Bowers, died November 26, 1863, of wounds received in battle near Knoxville, Tennessee, on the preceding day. Lewis Carver, died at Camp Nelson, Kentucky, October 3, 1863. Lampson B. Franklin, died at Lexington, Kentucky, November 21, 1862. Silas Kingsley, died at Camp Dennison, Ohio, July 12, 1863. David Robinson, died November 28, 1863, of wounds received in battle near Knoxville, Tennessee, three days before. COMPANY H Commissioned officers of Company H : Captain, George F. Brady, resigned May 9, 1863. First lieutenant, John Booth, promoted to captain May 9, 1863; resigned April 24, 1864. Second lieutenant, P. B. Parsons, resigned June 18, 1863. Fatalities of Company H : Frederick Ambrose, died April 27, 1863. Thomas Bunnell, died January 14, 1863. Benjamin F. Crippen, died January 18, 1863. Robert Dickson, died October 15, 1863. Harrison Goding, died November 25, 1863, of wounds received at battle of Armstrong Hill. Martin Hudson, died November 3, 1863. William Howes, died December 6, 1863, of wounds received at Armstrong Hill. Joseph Mathews, died at Frankfort, Kentucky, March 26, 1863. Hannibal T. Osgood, died March 23, 1863. Grosvenor Pelton, died November 10, 1863. Carey J. Winckler, died March 13, 1863. REGIMENTAL HISTORY Ten companies of the One Hundred and Third Regiment rendezvoused at Cleveland, in August, 1862, and on the 3d of September started for Cincinnati, which they found in a state of excitement and alarm, because of the near approach of the enemy, under Kirby Smith, upon Lexington, Kentucky. Having received arms in Cincinnati, the regiment crossed over to Covington, where it was furnished with clothing and other necessaries for camp life. Thus equipped, it marched out to Fort Mitchell, on the evening of the 6th. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 265 After a few days of suspense, information was received at headquarters that the enemy had retreated. Immediate pursuit was ordered. The One Hundred and Third moved out on the 18th, with other forces, in pursuit, taking the pike toward Lexington. Having followed three days, without being able to overtake the Confederate cavalrymen, the National forces returned as far as Snow's Pond, where they encamped for a short time. While there sickness prostrated nearly one-half of the regiment. It was now organized, with two other regiments, into a brigade under the command of Brig.-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore. The regiment, with its brigade, moved on the 6th of October, to repress the outrages of the enemy's cavalry, and, becoming separated from the brigade, went into camp on the bank of the Kentucky River, at Frankfort, where it remained until the 5th of April, 1863. At that date, the regiment marched to Stanford. Marauding bands of mounted men, nominally belonging to John Morgan's command, but, in reality, independent squads of freebooters, had kept all this region in a constant state of excitement and alarm, and gave considerable annoyance to the National troops—capturing parties stationed at outposts and destroying supply trains. A large force was gathered at Stanford, and on the 25th an advance was ordered by Gen.. S. P. Carter, then commanding. The National forces moved forward to Somerset and Mill Springs, the enemy falling back all the time ; but there were not wanting indications of an intention, on the part of the Confederates to concentrate their scattered forces for the purpose of making a stand at some point favorable for- defense. The Union infantry had considerable difficulty in crossing the Cumberland, on account of high water; but, once over, it pushed rapidly after the enemy, preceded by the cavalry which had crossed a little below. On the 30th, the cavalry came up with a body of Confederates, when a smart skirmish took place. On the 5th of May, the Federal forces were ordered back to the Cumberland. The One Hundred and Third took a position near Stigall's Ferry, where it was soon visited by a body of enemy troops, who fired on them from the southern bank. Much power was expended by bath parties, but with little result. On the 5th of July, the regiment, with other troops, marched toward Danville, where they remained a few days and then fell back to Hickman Bridge. Returning to Danville, shortly after, the regiment, with other commands, was formed into the Twenty-third Army Corps, and placed under the command of Major-General Hartsuff. The Ninth Army Corps having been added to the Union force at that point, the troops began to move on the 18th of August under the command of Gen. A. E. Burnside. That army suffered many hardships in its march from 266 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY Danville, via Stanford, Crab Orchard, the Cumberland, Burnside's Point, Chitwood, Montgomery, Emery's Iron Works and Lenoir, to Concord, Tennessee. On the 19th of September, the regiment joined in the general advance, which resulted in driving back the enemy to his main force, then assembled at Jonesboro. On the 4th of November, the regiment proceeded by railroad to Knoxville, and was stationed with its brigade, on the south side of the river. Longstreet was now advancing upon the city, with a large force. During the investment, the Union troops suffered much from insufficient clothing, short rations and other privations. About noon, on the 25th, six companies of the regiment were sent forward to relieve a company on picket-duty, and, while so doing, a heavy charge was made by the Confederates with the intention of capturing the entire detachment. The men, assisted by the pickets of the Twenty-fourth Kentucky and the Sixty-fifth Illinois, poured into the ranks of the enemy a well-directed fire ; but this did not check them in the least, for, with wild yells, they rushed upon the picket-line, and a desperate struggle ensued. The regiments of the respective pickets coming up, in full force, a bayonet charge was ordered, which soon decided the contest, for the opposition broke and fled, leaving the dead and wounded upon the field. The regiment lost, in this engagement, some thirty-five in killed and wounded. The One Hundred and Third Regiment finally became a part of the grand army, with which Sherman marched to the sea, and on the 13th of May arrived in front of Resaca. The next day, the Twenty-third Corps charged the enemy's works and carried his two lines. The regiment lost, in this engagement, over one-third of its effective force. Among those who fell were Captains W. W. Hutchinson and J. T. Philpot. The regiment finally reached Decatur on the 8th of September. It had lost heavily during this campaign. On May 1st its effective force numbered 450 men; but when it encamped at Decatur, it could only muster 195. At Spring Hill, the regiment, while supporting a battery, showed conclusively its reliable material. On the 24th of February, 1865, with its corps, it arrived at Wilmington, and on the 6th of March it started forward, moving through Kingston to Goldsboro, where it again met Sherman's army. The whole army soon took up its march, and on the 13th of April reached Raleigh, where the regiment remained till the 10th of June, when it started for Cleveland, Ohio, to be mustered out. As the train, conveying the men, was descending the western slope of the Alleghany Mountains, a truck broke loose, throwing three of the ears down a steep embankment and causing the death of three men, HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 267 and the mutilation of a much larger number. On the 19th, the regiment reached Cleveland, and on the 22d it was paid off and mustered out. THE FORTY-THIRD INFANTRY The Forty-third Infantry had quite a number of Lorain County men, Companies F and I being well represented in that regard. Company F served from the fall of 1861 to July, 1865, and Company I was mustered in in 1862 and out, in the last year of the war. As a regiment, the Forty-third was organized at Camp Andrews, Mount Vernon, Ohio, February 7, 1862, and left its rendezvous for the front on the 21st of the same month. On the 26th of February, it reported to Brig.-Gen. John Pope, commanding the District of Mississippi, and was at once assigned to the Ohio brigade, composed of the Twenty-seventh, Thirty-ninth, Forty-third and Sixty-third regiments, First Division, Army of the Mississippi. It was but a few days before the regiment was introduced to active service, for in March, 1862, it was under fire at New Madrid, Missouri; and in all the operations against that post it bore a prominent part, especially in its final bombardment and capture on the 13th and 14th of March. The loss of the regiment in killed and wounded was quite severe. In the movements against Island No. 10, and the crossing of the Mississippi River in the face of the enemy, the Forty-third bore a conspicuous part, as also in the subsequent capture of the forces of General McCall, at Tiptonville, Tennessee. The next movement was against Fort Pillow. In all the operations or that campaign, the Forty-third bore its part. The actions of the 8th, 9th •and .20th of May, may be particularly mentioned. At Corinth, the Forty-third was posted immediately on the left of Battery Robinett, and the Sixty-third on the right of the battery ; and it is said these two regiments did more to save the day than any other organization engaged. The grand assault of the Confederates was made at daylight on the 4th of October. They opened on Battery Robinett with artillery at about 300 yards, and at 10 o'clock A. M., led by Colonel Rogers, of the Second Texas, moved forward to the assault. The Forty-third and Sixty-third Ohio stood firmly at their posts and succeeded in staggering the assaulting column and in hurling it back, at a time when the Union lines were broken and the troops were seen flying from every other part of the field. The opposing forces were but a few feet apart, and fought almost hand to hand, and men went down on both sides in great numbers. Colonel Smith fell mortally wounded at the first onset, while gallantly discharging his duty. 268 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY Adjutant Heyl and Captain Spangler were killed at about the same moment. Capt. S. F. Timmons and Lieut. S. McClaren, A. L. Howe and H. L. Prophet received honorable wounds. The casualties among the men were very severe. In a few minutes of fighting, over one-fourth of those engaged of the Forty-third were either killed or wounded. Colonel Smith died eight days after the battle. The next movement of the Forty-third was with Grant's army, at Oxford, Mississippi. In the campaign against Forrest, in West Tennessee, in the winter of 1862-63, and in General Dodge's raid in North Alabama, in April, 1863, the Forty-third was with General Sherman when he made his memorable march from Memphis to the relief of the Army of the Cumberland. In December, 1863, the regiment almost unanimously re-enlisted as veterans, and went home on a furlough of thirty days. Returning, the regiment assisted at the capture of Decatur, Alabama, and lay at that point until the opening of General Sherman's campaign against Atlanta. On the 1st of May, 1864, the command began the march for Chattanooga. On the 13th, it was engaged in the advance on Resaca and suffered severely. At Dallas, the Forty-third took an important part; and in the advance on the enemy's position near Big Shanty, Company D, of the regiment, participated in a most brilliant charge of skirmishers, capturing a strong barricade from the Twenty-ninth Tennessee and numerous prisoners. Immediately thereafter came the siege of Kenesaw, with its deadly skirmishing, its grand cannonading and the disastrous repulse of the National forces on the 29th of June. The Forty-third participated in the general movements of the corps until the advance of the army on Decatur, when it was detached to hold the bridge across Chattahoochee. This was successfully accomplished, and during the remainder of the Atlanta campaign the Forty-third shared the trials and successes of the Sixteenth Army Corps: and on the 4th and 7th of August, particularly, in advancing the National lines, won the thanks of Ransom, the division commander, by splendid and steady fighting. After the fall of Atlanta, the Forty-third enjoyed General Sherman's "full month's rest ;" after which, the regiment participated in the chase after Hood as far as Resaca, and then hurried back to join Sherman in his great "march to the sea." Of this campaign, the history of one regiment is the history of all. It was a daily succession of easy marches, with little interruption, with plenty of forage for both man and beast and full of pleasant adventure. Savannah was reached and besieged. In this the Forty-third performed its full share of duty. In January, 1865, the regiment moved to Beaufort, and directly afterward upon Pocotaligo, where it lay until the beginning of HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 269 Sherman's march through the Carolinas. On the 2d of February the Seventeenth Corps crossed Whippy Swamp, and was soon confronting the enemy, strongly posted at River's Bridge. There Colonel Swayne lost a leg by a shell. The regiment lost in him a brave and competent leader, who had been with it from its organization, and who had always shown the utmost devotion to its interests. The next day, the regiment received a baptism of fire, in a charge on a battery which commanded the bridge and the causeway approaching it. Down this narrow causeway the regiment rushed amid a storm of shot and shell, compelling the Confederates to withdraw their battery and uncover the crossing. The war closing, the regiment went to Washington and took part in the grand review ; returning to Ohio, it was mustered out of service on the 13th of July, 1865. THE FIFTY-FOURTH REGIMENT The Fifty-fourth Regiment was represented in the county by Company B, of which Robert Williams was captain. He was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, and honorably discharged September 14, 1864. The reported fatalities were : Samuel Glunt, died July 6, 1863. Jesse and John Glunt, died in hospital ; no record. Francis V. Hale, killed in the battle of Shiloh. Recruiting for the Fifty-fourth Regiment began late in the summer of 1861, at. Camp Dennison, where it was organized and drilled during the fall of 1861. It entered the field February 17, 1862, with an aggregate of 850 men. The regiment reached Paducah, Kentucky, February 20th, and was assigned to a brigade in the division commanded by General Sherman. On the 6th of April the regiment engaged in the battle of Pittsburg Landing, its position being on the extreme left of the army ; but, on the second day, it was assigned a new position near the center of the line. In the two days' fighting the regiment sustained a loss of 198 men killed, wounded and missing. It was next engaged upon the movement upon Corinth, and, upon the evacuation of that point, was among the first organized bodies to enter the town, and afterward performed provost duty there. During the summer the regiment was engaged in several short expeditions. It was engaged in the assault on Chickasaw Bayou, December 28th and 29th, with a loss of twenty killed and wounded. On January 1, 1863, the regiment ascended the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers and engaged in the assault and capture of Arkansas Post. On the 6th of May, the regiment began its march to the rear of 270 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY Vicksburg, by way of Grand Gulf, and was engaged in the battles of Champion Hills and Big Black Bridge. It was engaged in a general assault on the enemy's works, in the rear of Vicksburg, on the 19th and 22d of June, losing in the two engagements forty-seven killed and wounded. It was continually employed in skirmishing and fatigue duty during the siege of Vicksburg. After the fall of Vicksburg, the Fifty-fourth moved with the army upon Jackson, Mississippi, and was constantly engaged in skirmishing from the 9th to the 14th of July. It was engaged in the battle of Missionary Ridge, November 26th, and the next day marched to the relief of the garrison at Knoxville, Tennessee. It went into winter quarters, January 12, 1864, at Larkensville, Alabama. The regiment was mustered into the service as a veteran organization on the 22d of January, and at once started to Ohio on furlough. Returning, it entered on the Atlanta campaign on the 1st of May. It participated in a general engagement at Resaca, and at Dallas, and in a severe skirmish at New Hope Church, June 6th and 7th. It was in the general assault upon Kenesaw Mountain, June 27th, losing twenty-eight killed and wounded, and was in a battle on the east side of Atlanta, July 21st and 22d, sustaining a loss of ninety-four killed, wounded and missing. The Fifty-fourth lost eight men killed and wounded at Ezra Chapel, July 28th; and from the 29th of July to the 27th of August, it was almost continually engaged in skirmishing before Atlanta, was in the march to Savannah, and assisted in the capture of Fort McAllister, December 15th. It was closely engaged in the vicinity of Columbia, and participated in the last battle of Sherman's army at. Bentonsville, North Carolina, on March 21, 1865. The regiment marched to Richmond, Virginia, and thence to Washington City, where it engaged in the grand review. It was mustered out at Camp Dennison, Ohio, August 24, 1865. During its term of service the Fifty-fourth Regiment marched a distance of 3,682 miles, participated in four sieges, nine severe skirmishes, fifteen general engagements, and sustained a loss of 506 men killed, wounded and missing. THE GERMAN ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTH The One Hundred and Seventh Regiment was composed almost entirely of Germans and recruited principally in Cleveland. Company G was raised to a large extent in Lorain County. It was mustered into the service at Cleveland, September 9, 1862, and mustered out, July 10, 1865, at Charleston, South Carolina. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 271 Commissioned officers: Captain, Anton Peterson, resigned November 7, 1862. First lieutenant, John Pfaff, resigned November 23, 1863. Second lieutenant, Charles F. Marskey, promoted first lieutenant November 25, 1862; resigned January 12, 1863. Fatalities : Nicholas Burr, died March 25, 1865. Joseph Cramer, died of wounds, January 22, 1863. Michael Klinshern, died prisoner, January 13, 1864. Mathias Pfeifer, died January 25, 1863. Peter Simmer, died prisoner, January 7, 1864. John Weber, killed in battle, July 1, 1863. Martin Walls, died prisoner, November 16, 1863. Company E, which contained a few Lorain County men, had the same length of service as Company G, and both were mustered out with their regiment. The One Hundred and Seventh Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, was organized at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, and lay in camp at that place until late in September, when it moved under orders to Covington, Kentucky. The move was made with reference to the anticipated attack on Cincinnati by Kirby Smith's Confederate cavalry. The regiment was next ordered to Washington and for nearly a month was engaged in the construction of fortifications around the national capital. In November it was assigned to the Second Brigade, First Division, Eleventh Army Corps, Major-General Sigel commanding. On the 2d and 3d of May it participated in the battle of Chancellorsville, and suffered a loss of 220 officers and men, killed, wounded and captured. On July 1st is reached Gettysburg, was at once engaged with the enemy on the right wing of the Union army, and was obliged to fall back, through the Town of Gettysburg, to Cemetery Hill, which it held during the remainder of the battle. In that movement it was further decimated to the number of 250, and it also lost heavily in the second day's fight. The total loss of the regiment in the three days' battle was over 400 out of about 550 rank and file, with which it entered; but the remnant joined in the pursuit of the enemy. Its subsequent engagements were light, the most important being at Sumterville, South Carolina, March 23, 1865, where it captured quite a detachment of the defeated enemy. On April 16, 1865, news was received of the surrender of Lee's and Johnston's armies. Three weeks thereafter the regiment was taken by steamer to Charleston, South Carolina, where it was mustered out of the service and sent home to Cleveland, where the soldiers were paid off and discharged. 272 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY OTHER INFANTRY BODIES Company C, One Hundred and Seventy-sixth Regiment, was mustered into the service for one year, in September, 1864. Its commissioned officers were: Captain, Aaron K. Lindsley, mustered out with company. First lieutenant, Joseph A. Lovejoy, promoted captain April 8, 1865, and assigned to Company H ; mustered out with company. Second lieutenant, Ramson Peabody, promoted to first lieutenant April 8, 1865, and assigned to Company C ; mustered out with company. Several of its members died before the muster-out of June, 1865, as follows: Luther S. Brown, died December 16, 1864. Albert Forbes, died December 5, 1864. James Foote, died May 2, 1865. Nathan Gray, died November 2, 1864. Morris W. Plain, died April 14, 1865. Albert S. Reynolds, died December 24, 1864. Company C, One Hundred and Ninety-seventh Regiment, was mustered in for a year in April, 1865, but its services were only required until the following July. BATTERY B, LIGHT ARTILLERY Quite a number of the men from Lorain County joined the light artillery service of the state. Battery B and the Fifteenth Independent Battery were the representative commands from Lorain County. The former was mustered into the service October 8, 1861; re-enlisted January 4, 1864, and was mustered out July 22, 1865. The Independent Battery's service commenced in January, 1862, and ended in June, 1865. Non-commissioned officers of Battery B: Corporal, Addison J. Blanchard, discharged on account of disability, July 15, 1862. Corporal, Alonzo Starr, died of fever at Mount 'Vernon, Kentucky, November 19, 1861. Corporal, Harvey P. Fenn, died of fever at Lebanon, Kentucky, February 22, 1862. Corp. Merwin Blanchard, discharged by reason of severe injury caused by his horse leaping a fence while endeavoring to escape the enemy, by whom he was captured and paroled. Corp. Lewis R. Penfield, promoted to sergeant October 2, 1862 ; re-enlisted as veteran volunteer, January 4, 1864. Besides the deaths of Corporals Starr and Fenn, Thomas White died at Lebanon, Kentucky, February 18, 1862, and Leonard G. Starr, HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 273 who joined the battery September 28, 1862, died of fever on the 27th of November following. Battery B, First Ohio Light Artillery, was organized at Camp Dennison and mustered into the service October 8, 1861, with an aggregate strength of 147 men. By order of Gen. O. M. Mitchell it left Cincinnati to report to Gen. George H. Thomas, then in command at Camp Dick Robinson, Kentucky. The first experience it had in the field was a brisk little affair at Camp Wild Cat, in which it fired twelve rounds and silenced one of the enemy's guns. From Wild Cat it marched to London, Kentucky, where it remained two weeks. On November 5th, the battery, under orders, joined the Seventeenth Ohio at Fishing Creek, and was engaged during the whole of that month in skirmishes and scout duty, with headquarters at Somerset. On January 27th, it moved to Mill Springs to re-enforce General Thomas. It took part in the battle of Mill Springs, and performed very effective service. On February 10th, it took up its line of march for Louisville, Kentucky, where it embarked for Nashville ; arriving there, it was assigned to Colonel Barnett 's Artillery. Reserve. On July 18, 1862, the battery reported to Major-General Nelson at Murfreesboro, and during the months of July, August and September was almost constantly on the march, and frequently engaged in skirmishes with the enemy. On December 26th it moved with its brigade and division from Nashville towards Murfreesboro, skirmishing heavily in and about La Vergne. It was there that John Blanchard, afterward county recorder, lost his right arm.. In the battle of Stone River Battery B was stationed -on the left of General Negley 's division. It was involved in the disaster on the right, but succeeded in withdrawing all its guns from the field. It bore its full part in the battle, and lost seventeen men, killed, wounded, and missing, and twenty-one horses killed. On June 24, 1863, it joined in the advance of the National forces on Tullahoma, and on September 19th, it engaged in the battle of Chickamauga. On the next day it was charged by the enemy, but succeeded in beating him off. A second charge soon followed which overwhelmed the battery, and it was obliged to leave two of its guns in the hands of the enemy. In this charge several members of the battery were wounded and captured. .This was at the siege of Chattanooga. On January 4, 1864, sixty-five of the original members of the battery re-enlisted as veterans, and were furloughed home for thirty days. The battery returned to Nashville in March, and on the 16th of that month reported at Bridgeport, Alabama, where it remained until July, 1866. It was then sent home to Columbus and there mustered out, being one of the last organizations to leave the service. Vol. I—18 274 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY FIFTEENTH OHIO INDEPENDENT BATTERY Of those residing in Lorain County James Burdick, promoted from first lieutenant, was at one time captain of the Fifteenth Independent Battery. The members who died were as follows : William Berry, at Vicksburg, Mississippi, August 7, 1863; George W. Knoup, at Memphis, Tennessee, September 23, 1862; John H. Taylor, Curtis E. Thompson, and Lyman W. Smith, in the same city, during 1863 ; Chester Phillips, at Collierville, Tennessee, February 7, 1863 ; John H. Taft, at LaGrange, Tennessee, January 23, 1863, and Charles I. Spencer, at home (date unknown). The Fifteenth Ohio Independent Battery was recruited by Capt. J. B. Burrows and First Lieut. Edward Spear, Jr.; was mustered into the service February 1, 1862; ordered to Cincinnati, where it embarked February 16th, under orders for Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, but on reaching Paducah, Kentucky, was disembarked by order of General Sherman. Horses were drawn here and the battery embarked to report to General Grant, at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee. While proceeding up the Tennessee and when near Whitehall Landing, the boat was fired into by guerrillas from the shore. The fire was returned with shell, under cover of which the men of the battery landed, drove the guerrillas from their cover and captured some prisoners and horses. In this expedition, the battery lost one man wounded. It reported to General Grant on the 20th, and was assigned to the Fourth Division, Army of the Tennessee. The battery was on the first line during the siege of Vicksburg, having position on the Hall's Ferry Road, southeast of the city and within 200 yards of their line. In this, as in all engagements in which the battery figured, most excellent service was performed. The Fifteenth was with General Sherman and participated in his famous "march to the sea." An incident is related that at the battle of Chattahoochee River a bird flew upon the shoulder of Private Seth Bowers, who was acting No. 1 on one of the guns, where it remained during the engagement. At every discharge of the piece, the bird would thrust its head in the man's hair. After the recoil, it would again take its position on the man's shoulder and watch the operations of loading. After the battle, the bird remained around the men's quarters, but, after a few days, disappeared. The Fifteenth Battery was mustered out June 20, 1865, at Columbus, Ohio. SECOND REGIMENT, OHIO VOLUNTEER CAVALRY The Second Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Cavalry was organized at Camp Wade, Cleveland, in the fall of 1861, and served for three years. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 275 A portion of the men then re-enlisted, thereby becoming veterans of the service. The local company, H, was mustered into the service in October, 1861, and served as a body until September, 1865. Commissioned officers : Captain, Aaron K. Lindsley, discharged February 15, 1863, and second lieutenant, Franklin S. Case, promoted captain. The Second Cavalry was recruited and organized in the summer and autumn of 1861, under the supervision of the Hon. Benjamin F. Wade and Hon. John Hutchins, who received special authority from the war office. The regiment rendezvoused at Camp Wade, near Cleveland, Ohio, and the last company was mustered in on the 10th of October, 1861. Being the first cavalry regiment raised in the northern part of the state, it drew into its ranks a large proportion of wealth, intelligence, capacity and culture. Men and officers were almost wholly from the Westcrn Reserve, and represented every trade and profession. The Second was uniformed, mounted and partly drilled at Cleveland, and in November was ordered to Camp Dennison, where it received sabers and continued drilling during the month of December. Early in January, 1862, under orders from the war department, the Second proceeded, by rail to Platte City, Missouri. On the 18th of February, Doubleday's Brigade, of which the Second was a. part, was ordered to march through the border counties of Missouri to Fort Scott, Kansas. On the 22d of February, and during the march, a scouting party of 120 men of the Second Ohio Cavalry was attacked in the streets of Independence, Missouri, by an equal force, under command of Quantrel. As the result of the Second's "first fight," Quantrel was routed in fifteen minutes, losing five killed, four wounded and five captured, including one officer. The Second lost one killed and three wounded. Arriving at its destination about March 1st, it remained for several months doing garrison and scouting duty. In the fall following, it participated in the campaign ending in the victory of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 3, 1862. It also fought at Carthage and Newtonia, Missouri, and at Cow Hill, Wolf Creek, and White River, Arkansas. In November and December, the Second was transferred to the Eastern army, moving by rail to Camp Chase, Ohio, to remount and refit for the field. This accomplished, the regiment left early in April for Somerset, Kentucky, and remained in camp there, with the exception of an occasional reconnoissance, until the 27th of June. In May and June, the Second fought twice at Steubenville, twice at Monticello, and once at Columbia, Kentucky. On the 1st of July it joined in the pursuit of John Morgan, and followed the great raider 276 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY 1,200 miles, through three states, marching twenty hours of the twenty-four, living wholly upon the gifts of the people for twenty-seven days and finally sharing in the capture at Buffington Island. On January 1, 1864, nearly the entire regiment re-enlisted and it was mustered out at Camp Chase, Ohio, September 11, 1865. The Second Regiment campaigned through thirteen states and one territory. It marched an aggregate distance of 27,000 miles ; fought in ninety-seven battles and engagements ; served in five different armies, forming a continuous line of armies from the headwaters of the Arkansas to the mouth of the James. THE TWELFTH OHIO CAVALRY Company F. of the Twelfth Cavalry Regiment, served from October, 1863, to November, 1865. First Lieut. Reuben H. Sardane, of Lorain County, who had been first lieutenant, was promoted to the captaincy. The fatalities : Sergt. William W. Worcester, died October 19, 1864 ; Sergt. Charles H. Sherburne, died from wounds December 13, 1864 ; Corp. George C. Rising, died March 20, 1864; Charles M. Hall, died from wounds, June 16, 1864. The Twelfth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, was recruited during the months of September and October, 1863, from nearly every county in the state, rendezvousing at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, where it was mustered into the service on the 24th day of November, 1863. One-half of the regiment was engaged in doing guard duty, during the winter of 1863-64, on Johnson's Island, having been ordered thither on the 10th of November. The regiment was mounted, armed and equipped at Camp Dennison, and moved successively to Louisville, Lexington and Mount Sterling, Kentucky. Little of importance transpired until the 23d of May, when the regiment was a portion of General Burbridge's command on the first Saltville raid. On the arrival in the vicinity of Pound Gap, after eight days' marching, it became evident that John Morgan had entered Kentucky, and the command immediately started in pursuit. After severe marching, with but little time for eating or sleeping, the command arrived at Mount Sterling on the 9th of June, 1864. The Twelfth was closely engaged with the enemy at this point, behaving with so much gallantry, as to be especially complimented by General Burbridge. The Twelfth again overtook Morgan at Cynthiana and fought with him, scattering his forces in every direction. The regiment charged through the town, crossed the river, and pursued the retreating cavalrymen for three days. During the second expedition to Saltville in September, it became necessary to HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 277 silence a battery posted upon a hill ; the Twelfth, with its brigade, charged up the hill and drove the enemy from his works. Afterward the regiment encamped at Lexington, until ordered to Crab Orchard to join another Saltville expedition. The division left Crab Orchard on the 22d of November, during a severe snow-storm, and moved to Bean's Station. On the night of their arrival the Twelfth made a successful reconnoissance to Rogerville. It did its full share of duty under General Stoneman, at Bristol, at Abingdon, at Marion, and thence as support to General Gillam in his pursuit of Vaughn. It then returned to Marion, where General Stoneman engaged Breckenridge for forty hours and finally defeated him. In this engagement all of the Twelfth bearing sabers, participated in a grand charge, driving back the enemy's cavalry. The regiment behaved gallantly throughout the fight, and received the praise of Generals Stoneman and Burbridge. On the 21st of December Saltville was captured, and the forces returned to Richmond, Kentucky, where headquarters were established. As a result of this raid four boats were captured, 150 miles of railroad, thirteen trains and locomotives, lead mines, salt works, iron foundries ; and an immense quantity of stores of all sorts were destroyed. During the raid, Company F acted as escort to General Burbridge. About the middle of February the regiment was thoroughly armed, equipped and mounted. It then proceeded by way of Louisville and the river to Nashville, arriving March 6th. Thence it moved to Murfreesboro and Knoxville, where it again formed part of a raiding expedition under General Stoneman. The Twelfth finally rendezvoused at Nashville, and was mustered out on the 14th of November, 1865 ; thcn proceeded to Columbus, Ohio, where it was paid and discharged on the 22d and 23d of the same month, after two years of incessant service. OTHER CIVIL WAR ORGANIZATIONS Among other military organizations which may be credited, at least in part, to Lorain County, may be mentioned : Company E, Sixteenth Ohio Infantry, which served more than a year of the later war period ; Company G, Seventy-second Regiment, with a record of over three years in the field; Company C, Eighty-sixth Regiment, a six months' organization ; Company D, Eighty-seventh Regiment, which served three months; Company C, One Hundred and Eleventh, a three years' command ; Company K, One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment, Ohio National Guard (100 day men) ; Company A, B and G, Twenty-seventh Regiment United States Colored Troops; Fifth Independent Company 278 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY of Sharp Shooters, who served from December, 1862, to July, 1865, and the so-called Hoffman's Battalion, comprising Companies B, C, D, E, F, I, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Regiment, although chiefly occupied in guard duty within the borders of the state, was an organization of three years' troops, enlisted and mustered into the United States service the same as other volunteer troops, and was liable to service wherever required. It attained maximum strength on the 25th of December, 1863, and consisted of four companies before known as the Hoffman Battalion raised at different times in 1862. At and before the time of forming the regiment, the Hoffman Battalion was under the command of a lieutenant-colonel and major. Six new companies were mustered in at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, between the 8th and 15th of January, 1864. The four old companies had been on duty at Johnson's Island nearly all the time since their muster-in, but had frequently furnished detachments for service elsewhere, including a short but active campaign in pursuit of Confederate troops in West Virginia in 1862. The One Hundred and Twenty-eighth was chiefly occupied at the frontier posts of Johnson's Island and Sandusky. Fortune did not give the regiment an opportunity to win a battle-record, but it performed all the duties assigned to it with faithfulness and efficiency—both essentials of military service and success. The regiment left the island on July 10, 1865, and was mustered out at Camp Chase, on the 17th of that month. The fatalities reported during the foregoing period of service, were as follows : Company B—Privates William H. Lindmnan and Amasa Squires, the former of whom died July 3, 1862, and the latter, November 8, 1864. Company D—Sergt. Andrew Ryan, died March 29, 1.86:3; privates, George Phipps (died October 24, 1862), Henry C. Royce (February 15, 1863), and Andrew F. Hamlin (January 23, 1863). Company E—George Puff died January 2, 1865. FIFTH REGIMENT, OHIO NATIONAL G UARD The Ohio National Guard, as the organization affects Lorain County, originated in the Ely Guards, afterward changed to the Hart Guards. They were mustered into the service of the state in July, 1877, to serve for a period of five years. The organization was soon afterward assigned to the Fifteenth Regiment as Company G, with headquarters at Cleveland. With the subsequent reorganization of the Ohio National Guard, into nine regiments of infantry, with cavalry, artillery, signal and engineering corps, and marine companies, to complete the state military HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 279 system, the various units of the Fifth Regiment were distributed through Northeastern Ohio. Company headquarters were established at Cleveland, Berea, Elyria, Norwalk, Geneva, Warren and Youngstown. Company B is stationed at Elyria, with Capt. Roy E. Hultz in command. It was organized at Elyria January 25, 1907. Captain Hultz' predecessors were Captains H. W. Davis, S. A. Beyland, J. L. Richey and H. B. Clawson. The present strength of the company is fifty, including three officers. CHAPTER XIV LAND ROUTES GREAT INDIAN SHORE TRAIL-THE GIRDLED AND STATE ROADS-EARLY POST ROUTES-CANALS GIVE LORAIN THE GO-BY-THE OLD TURNPIKES—THE STAGE ERA-ELYRIA, FIRST RAILROAD CENTER-RAILROADS CRUSH SIDE-WHEEL STEAMERS-THE AWAKENING LORAIN- "WHEN THE RAILROAD CAME "-THE GREAT RAILROAD DOCKS-THE NEW YORK CENTRAL SYSTEM-THE ELECTRIC LINES-MACADAM ROADS. With the exception of the Indian trail along the lake shore, which was also used by traders, missionaries, soldiers and the pioneer settlers of the Western Reserve, the territory now embraced in Lorain County had nothing which by the most painful stretch of the imagination could be called a road, when its first settlements commenced in 1807-10. Inland, there were numerous Indian paths which led from one Indian village to another, or from stream to stream. The Indians used the creeks and streams for transportation sometimes, but as their courses were winding and therefore longer than land trails most of their travel was done on foot. GREAT INDIAN SHORE TRAIL But until Lorain County was well settled the lake shore route was the main line by land. In 1796, the same year that the surveyors came into the Reserve, the Moravian missionary, Heckewelder, published a map based on his travels, showing numerous Indian paths, the main trails being from Pittsburgh, through what is now Trumbull County, toward the lake shore. It followed the shores of Lake Erie from a point further east and in the direct line of travel most convenient for the Indians of the Six Nations and white travelers from Western New York and Northern New England. The trails shown on the Heckewelder map all converge at the mouth of the Cuyahoga. The main lake shore line - 280 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 281 of travel reaches the Moravian villages occupied temporarily in 1786-87, although its lessening importance is evident after it passes the mouth of the Cuyahoga. THE GIRDLED AND STATE ROADS One of the first works accomplished by the surveyors employed by the Connecticut Land Company was to lay out a road along the old Indian trail, from the northeastern corner of the Reserve at Conneaut to Cleveland. Where it entered the timber the trees were girdled thirty-three feet each side, and for that reason was called the Girdled Road. It was completed in 1798, and about the same time the more southern thoroughfare, known as the Kirtland or State Road, was put through from the Pennsylvania line by way of what are now Trumbull, Geauga and Lake counties to Fairport, at the mouth of Grand River midway between Conneaut and Cleveland. Later, came the old Chillicothe Road, put through from Kirtland, Lake County, on the line of the State Road to Chillicothe, the state capital. But all these roads were of little benefit to the residents of Lorain County, who came to the country some years later. In fact, it was not until thirty years after the laying out of the Girdled Road along the lake shore that its settlers, even a few miles inland, saw any material improvement in their transportation conveniences. EARLY POST ROUTES The first mail in the Western Reserve west of Cleveland was carried by Horace Gun in 1808. The route was from Cleveland to the Maumee. The only houses on the route were one at Black River, occupied by Azariah Beebe, and one at Milan, occupied by a Frenchman by the name of Flemins. In 1809 the mail over this route was carried by Benoni Adams, of Columbia. It required two weeks to make the trip. The only road was the Indian trail along the lake, and the carrier went on foot. There was no postoffice between Cleveland and the Maumee, no way mails, and but few who could either read or write. The carrier was compelled, from the length of the route, to lodge one night in the Black Swamp. In 1818 a post route was established between Cleveland and Lower Sandusky, and Elyria became one of the stations, with Heman Ely as postmaster. The official duties were not especially wearing upon his vigorous physique, as the mail for the first year was carried but once a 282 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY week, and after that, for some time, twice weekly; but even these accommodations were considered somewhat unusual before the year 1820. Judge Ely continued to be Elyria's postmaster for fifteen years. The postmastership was not lucrative enough to warrant any political fight over it, but the mail route was considered by the pioneer business man as something quite desirable. In 1826 Artemas Beebe and Ezra Adams became proprietors of the route, and in 1827 the former went to Washington and, through the influence of Judge Ely and Elisha Whittlesey, secured the contract for carrying the mail from Cleveland to Fremont, Sandusky County, and as his six-passenger coach was the first to appear in the western part of the Reserve, it created fully as much excitement as did the first railroad train which commenced to run through the same country a quarter of a century later. CANALS GIVE LORAIN THE GO-BY The Beebe stage line was something, but far from satisfactory. Even in the late '20s and the '30s, when Ohio's system of internal improvements was under way, the canals and the turnpikes built between the lake and the Ohio passed either to the east or the west of Lorain County. Cleveland and Sandusky were naturally favored at the expense of the City and County of Lorain. THE OLD TURNPIKES Even as late as 1830 there were only about 100 miles of public roads, or turnpikes, in the entire territory of the old Western Reserve, and none in Lorain County. The- First Range turnpike, sixteen miles in length, commenced near the northeast corner of the state and ended at the mouth of Conneaut Creek ; the Trumbull and Ashtabula turnpike, forty-eight miles, was from Warren to Ashtabula, and the third thoroughfare, fifty-one miles, had its southern terminus at Wooster, Wayne County, and followed the route to Cleveland by way of Medina. In the year mentioned (1830), a. fourth turnpike was under construction from Columbus to Sandusky, 106 miles; but neither did this penetrate any Lorain County territory. These highways are mentioned to show the paucity of such accommodations in other parts of the state, more thickly settled, and to indicate that the people of Lorain County were not so far behind the times after all. THE STAGE ERA In 1820 a stage line was also established between Cleveland and Columbus, and soon thereafter to Pittsburgh and Buffalo. This system, HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 283 with Cleveland as its center, connected with the Elyria-Norwalk line, controlled by Mr. Beebe ; so that the county seat was by no means isolated during the thirty years which covered the stage era, when the coaches thundered along the ridge roads which paralleled the lake shore and the bugle and the whip-crack enlivened the villages and hamlets along the well-traveled routes. ELYRIA, FIRST RAILROAD CENTER Before the coining of the railroads many roads had been opened in Lorain County away from the lake shore, especially between Wellington, Oberlin, Elyria and Lorain, and in 1850 commenced the new era. In that year the Junction Railroad, now the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, was completed, by way of Elyria and Amherst, looping southward through the county several miles from Lake Erie and Lorain. It was not until 1866 that the line to Toledo, by way of Oberlin and Norwalk, Huron County, was opened. Its completion gave Elyria two east and west. outlets by rail, and Lorain seemed destined to be neglected by all enterprises designed to furnish adequate land transportation. RAILROADS CRUSH SIDE-WHEEL STEAMERS Then, in 1850-52 came the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati, Cleveland & Pittsburgh, Cleveland & Toledo and the Cleveland & Ashtabula, or Lake Shore, connecting with the New York Central and Erie lines. "Thus, as early as 1852," says a local writer, "a complete line was in operation from the seacoast to Chicago, and even to Rock Island on the Mississippi river. This great system of travel and transport had the immediate effect of sweeping from the chain of lakes, as it had the stages from the land, the line of splendid side-wheel steamers and floating palaces that for many years had plied between Buffalo and Chicago, each crowded with hundreds of passengers. "The railroads changed the order of business at Cleveland, and for a brief season the lake commerce at that port presented a gloomy aspect, and the total ruin of the marine industry was prophesied. Fortunately, however, the Cleveland & Mahoning Valley Railroad was soon completed, extending into the great coal fields, opening up a new territory to trade and laying the foundation and stimulating manufacturing enterprises." The City of Lorain passed through the same experience as Cleveland. The causes were general and widespread and in both cases the result of placing them in touch, by rail, with the rich coal districts of the southeast, was to stimulate them as industrial centers, to give their lake 284 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY commerce a new lease of life under vastly enlarged conditions, and eventually to furnish them with complete railway connections as well, east and west. In other words, as far as this county was concerned, Lorain had now the advantage of Elyria and the interior points. THE AWAKENING OF LORAIN With the advent of the year 1872 came the notable awakening. The Cleveland, Lorain & Wheeling Railway was projected, and in August of that year its first passenger train entered Lorain. Its southern terminus was then still far north of the Ohio River, but the road nevertheless served as an open door yielding communication with a world which had been shut off, tapping at Elyria the great east and west trunk line whose advantages had maintained commercial supremacy at the county seat and, opening to the vast and prolific coal regions, it traversed a port at the mouth of the. Black River whence distribution of their yield could be made at a minimum cost to any point upon the 'chain of lakes. The creation of this direct air line, straight as the bee flies, from north to south, from Lake Erie to the Ohio River, developed Lorain as a most advantageous point of transshipment for the ore produced in the northern peninsular iron region and brought by water to find conversion into steel in the immense mills of the Pennsylvania ironmasters. The lumber of the Wisconsin and Minnesota pineries, seeking the. least costly route to a market, also found here rare facilities for an interchange of cargoes. With such a start, accelerated by the natural requirements of commerce, that vast trade wherein the ore and lumber of the northwest exchanges itself on Lorain docks for the fuel and mill products of the central states, became established and thrived amazingly. Neither the rail lines nor the lake freighters are compelled to go empty-handed either in or out. The one bears in its coal and returns with ore and lumber. The other discharges lumber and ore and goes back loaded with fuel and iron. Since 1899 the Cleveland, Lorain & Wheeling line has been a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system. The main line is from Bridgeport, Ohio, to Cleveland, 160 miles, with a branch of thirty-one miles from Lester to Lorain. "WHEN THE RAILROAD CAME" The Lorain Times-Herald has the following regarding this first of the railroads which started the city toward permanent growth and prosperity ; the account fills in with details the general narrative which has already been presented : " 'When the railroad came.' So spoke HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 285 the Lorainites of another day, dating the happenings of their lives from the event that marked in their community a great awakening—an awakening that followed years of discouraging relapse. When the railroad came, Lorain was given a new lease on life. "The railroad was the Cleveland and Tuscarawas Valley, which line, tapping the coal fields of southeastern Ohio, touched the banks of .Black River in 1872. Since 1872 that pioneer railroad that brought renewed hope and communal life has passed through changes in name and ownership, but day by day and year by year the foresight of its founders has been vindicated. " Today that which was the Cleveland and Tuscarawas Valley railroad is a. division of the Baltimore and Ohio, the oldest railroad system in America and one of the greatest. At its Lorain terminal the Baltimore & Ohio is transshipping annually quantities of coal and iron that are running into billions of tons. Its facilities here represent an investment running into millions of dollars. Hundreds of men find employment upon its terminal premises. To her wonderful harbor and to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad Lorain must give the credit for her reputation as a leader among the shipping points of the Great Lakes. "It was the failure of the Cleveland and Toledo railroad to pass through Lorain and the selection of the route through the county seat, Elyria, that brought a commercial relapse to Lorain (Charleston then) after the heydey years of wooden shipbuilding and lake trading. Commerce flowed to Elyria and the village at the mouth of the Black River slumbered. "But the coal fields of southeastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania and West Virginia were overflowing with a product that could find no outlet. A few men saw the possibilities of building a railroad from the coal mines direct to the lakes; and among these were Selah Chamberlain, W. S. Streator and Amasa Stone, Cleveland capitalists. With others. to aid them in financing the project, Chamberlain, Streator and Stones late in the 60's organized the Cleveland and Tuscarawas Valley railroad. It was originally proposed that the lake terminal of the line should be Cleveland. The southern end was to be Uhrichsville, Ohio. "The project became a reality, and the Cleveland-to-Uhrichsville line began operation. After a year or so business had become so flourishing that an extension to Lorain was proposed. Land was purchased on the west side of Black River for dockage facilities, a right-of-way was improved, and the Lorain branch began operation. This was in 1872." 286 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY THE GREAT RAILROAD DOCKS Although the dock facilities of the old Cleveland and Tuscarawas Valley line at Lorain were at first crude, the business of shipping the ore at the upper lake region to the Pennsylvania mills and receiving coal for distribution throughout the northwest was the basis of a solid commercial expansion from the first. Until 1883 the southern terminus of the system was Uhrichsville, Tuscarawas County, where it connected with the Pennsylvania system, but in that year a direct line was built southeast to the Ohio River, and the Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling, of the Baltimore and Ohio system, was created. In 1900 the Baltimore and Ohio absorbed the line and thenceforth terminal facilities at Lorain were expanded with redoubled speed. The story of that expansion, which is such a marked feature of the city's growth, is deferred to the pages devoted to its history. THE NEW YORK CENTRAL SYSTEM Neither the City or the County of Lorain at first realized the advantages of being placed in railway connection with the rich and populous regions of three states bordering on the Ohio River, as the entire country was soon in the throes of the stagnation following the panic of 1873. The storm and the depression had been weathered, however, by the early '80s, when the Nickel Plate (the New York Central) line was constructed nearer the lake than the old Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and gave Lorain a direct east and west outlet. At the same time, such lesser points as Avon, Sheffield and Brownhelm were accommodated. It may serve to create a better understanding on the part of those not familiar with the relations of the great railroad systems which cover Northern Ohio to note that the New York Central system controls the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company, the main line of which runs from Buffalo to Toledo, via Norwalk, with a. branch from Elyria to Millbury Junction, seventy-three miles. The Lake Erie, Alliance & Wheeling Railroad Company came into the system in 1912. The railroad popularly known as the Nickel Plate is officially designated as the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, and is within the New York Central system. The Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad, which passes through the southwestern part of the county, taking in Brighton and Wellington as stations, is controlled by the Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal Railway Company. It runs from Lake Junction to South Lorain and is for freight service only. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 287 THE ELECTRIC LINES There is probably no section of the United States which is more thoroughly provided with electric roads than Northern Ohio, and Lorain County is in the very heart of the best system. The Lake Shore Electric Railway, running from Cleveland to Toledo, a distance of 125 miles, is the longest traction line in the United States under one management. It completes Lorain's free outlets to the east and west. The Cleveland, Southwestern and Columbus line connects Lorain, Elyria, Oberlin, Grafton and Amherst with minor points. A more local line is known as the Lorain Street Railway, specially connecting Lorain with Oberlin, and is chiefly patronized by the hundreds of workmen connected with the great steel plant in South Lorain. MACADAM ROADS Especially within the past four years, Lorain County has been conducting a vigorous campaign against bad roads, with the result that there are now within her borders 215 miles of good macadam highways, fifty-seven miles of which have a bituminous surface ; of the total, 165 miles are credited to the period named. The estimated cost of construction is $1,200,000. In addition to the macadam roads of the county, concrete road has been constructed to the extent of over ten miles, of which only about a mile has been built by the townships. The foregoing figures are given upon the authority of C. T. Biggs, road engineer. CHAPTER XV CORPORATE LORAIN BLACK RIVER " BOOM " OF THE '30s—RISE AND FALL OF CHARLESTON-THE SAVIORS OF THE TOWN-VILLAGE CHARTERED AS LORAIN-FIRST SCHOOL AND POLICE DEPARTMENT-INCREASE OF POPULATION-INCORPORATION AS A CITY-CONSERVING PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL HEALTH-THE FILTRATION PLANT-THE FIRE DEPARTMENT-EARLY EDUCATIONAL ITEMS-LORAIN 'S FIRST UNION SCHOOL-SPECIAL SCHOOL ELECTIONS-SUPERINTENDENTS AND CLERKS-STATISTICS -SCHOOL POPULATION-PRESENT SCHOOL BUILDINGS—THE LORAIN FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY-THE POSTOFFICE. With the coming of its first railroad in 1872, the settlement of Charleston, or of Black River (as it was called from the postoffice), commenced to talk of villagehood, and two years thereafter was actually incorporated. It was proposed to incorporate as Charleston, but as it was necessary to have a postoffice also and there were several of that name in the state, the new body-politic was designated as Lorain. It is quite probable, also, that as not a few distasteful memories were attached to the old days when the struggling town at the mouth of Black River was so overshadowed by the brisk railroad village and county seat, the reincorporation and rechristening as Lorain were matters of general felicitation. The general causes for the stagnation of Black River and Charleston, which commenced with the decline of the old-time ship building and continuing as long as the railroads neglected her, have been stated; the details follow. BLACK RIVER " BOOM " OF THE '30s The Ohio Railroad was surveyed in the year 1832. It was the pioneer enterprise of the kind in the state, and its route, as originally surveyed, led through the settlement of Black River. The following year work was begun on the Ohio Canal, whose terminus, it was confidently - 288 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 289 expected, would be at the mouth of the Black River. The expected early completion of these two great commercial enterprises gave a decided impetus to the activity of the young town; especially in the boom of real estate. A part of the John S. Reid farm at the mouth of the river was surveyed into lots in 1834 by Edward Durand. Soon afterward land for a considerable distance around the Center was held as high as $1,000 an acre, while village lots were almost beyond reach. The canal went to Cleveland, but the price of village lots and the high spirits of the villagers were bolstered up for some time by another anticipated canal and the railroad, work upon which was actually commenced in 1837. In 1835 the following were the principal business men of Black River : William Jones, merchant ; Gates & Green, general merchandise; Delos Phelon and O. Root., forwarding and commission merchants; Daniel T. Baldwin, farmer ; Barna Meeker, proprietor of the old Reid House ; A. T. Jones, blacksmith ; E. Miller, shoemaker ; Thomas Brown, tailor ; W. E. Fitch, stave dealer ; Quartus Gillmore, farmer and justice of the peace, and Conrad Reid, postmaster. Mr. Gillmore controlled the original plat of Black River and in 1836 Mr. Reid's farm adjoining was cut up into lots. This "boom" period is described by Nahum B. Gates, who, at the time was a young Vermonter of two years' residence at Elyria and Black River. He afterward became one of the most prominent men in the county—in business, in the building and operation of mills, in the construction of plank roads and railroads, and in public life. Mr. Gates writes thus in the Elyria Republican : "In early spring, 1836, State Engineer Dodge, with his corps of assistants, came in from Coshocton, via Wooster, surveying what was termed the Kilbuck and Black River Canal. As the engineers came down, real estate went up. About this time Dr. Samuel Strong put in an appearance. His first purchase of real estate was some five acres of land taken from the farm of Conrad Reid adjoining the village plat of Black River. This was mapped out on paper, with streets, lanes, etc., and sales commenced. Every person in Black River that could write and had any leisure time, was set to writing out articles of agreement for the Doctor and his purchasers. The five acres were soon exhausted and the Doctor bought six acres from the same farm adjoining the five already platted. All the Black River clerical force was again employed writing land contracts. About this time the great patroon, H. C. Stevens, put in his appearance and gobbled up all that was left for sale. He purchased the residue of the Conrad Reid farm, entering into contract to pay for the same seventy-five thousand dollars. He also purchased of Quartus Gillmore a third-interest in the original plat of Black River for a liberal sum. We all dabbled in city lots more or less, Vol. I-19 290 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY and nearly everybody in Black River and a good many in Elyria got rich—on paper—in a very short time. H. C. Stevens claimed to be worth half a million—in fact, we were all rich." RISE AND FALL OF CHARLESTON In 1836 the village was honored by the Legislature with a corporation charter by the name of Charleston, and in the spring of 1837 the first and only charter election under that name was held. As that set of officials never entered upon their official duties, their names did not become a matter of record. Charleston's monopoly of the grain business of much of the lake region of Northern Ohio continued for ten years or more. It had stores, grain warehouses and hotels, property was held at a high figure and its population reached several hundred. Of course, it is known to those at all acquainted with state history that the original Ohio Railroad completely collapsed ; but as long as other neighboring towns did not secure railway connections Charleston, with its fine harbor and water transportation by lake, was not materially affected. But in 1851 its grain trade was seriously curtailed by the building of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad, and in 1853 its gloom increased by the commencement of the Cleveland & Toledo road. These two lines of land travel gave Elyria the upper hand, and Charleston fell into a dead faint. Its hotels practically closed ; its merchants departed ; its warehouses were partitioned among the farmers of the vicinity for barns and fences; its corporate organization was abandoned, and Charleston was placed in the long list of defunct paper towns. THE SAVIORS OF THE TOWN Although corporations may die, there are always some vital characters in any community which has once prospered who refuse to succumb to the general paralysis. "Not dead," they insist, "but only sleeping." Several were left on the site of Charleston who still had firm faith in the ultimate triumph of its favorable geographic position for purposes of commerce and industrial expansion. Of these were H. R. Penfield and S. O. Edison. Mr. Penfield almost. at his own expense, had a survey made from Rocky River to Vermilion, through Black River (as the place again came to be called), for the proposed Cleveland, Port Clinton & Toledo Railroad ; but capitalists could not be induced to foster the scheme. Mr. Edison, also a large owner of land, established a charcoal furnace and built a sawmill on the river nearly a mile from its mouth. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 291 The furnace was afterward burned to the ground. Yet for two men to thus show their faith in the final founding of a city at the mouth of the Black River held the locality in public view, and when the Lake Shore & Tuscarawas Valley Railroad finally came in 1872, such faith became a progressive realization. VILLAGE CHARTERED AS LORAIN At a regular meeting of the Lorain County commissioners, late in January, 1874, that body unanimously granted to Black River a charter of incorporation under the name of Charleston, but the authorities at Washington refused to give the town a postoffice with that name, which had already been granted elsewhere in the state. At the request of citizens Lorain was therefore substituted, and under that name it received its charter. The first election of the reincorporated village was held on April 6, 1874, with the following choice : Conrad Reid, mayor; E. Gregg, treasurer ; H. A. Fisher, clerk ; E. C. Kinney, civil engineer ; Quartus Gillinore, marshal ; R. J. Cowley, street commissioner ; E. Gillmore, Thomas Gawn, E. T. Peck, John Stang, James Porter and F. W. Edison, councilmen ; Drs. R. O. Rockwood and A. Beatty, James Connelly, E. Swartwood, William Cunningham and Beaver Brown, board of health. FIRST SCHOOL AND POLICE DEPARTMENT The year after the village was reincorporated under the name of Lorain, the old wooden building afterward used as a fire station for No. 1 was replaced by a four-room brick structure, which is now the middle portion of the Washington schoolhouse. Then, it was considered imposing and an evidence of civic enterprise and dignity. The school and the local system was also under the first superintendent. The peace and dignity of the village was further personified in Lance Bridge, who had been tender at the lighthouse for several years and when the corporation was created was appointed marshal. One who knew of those times asserts "There wasn't much for a marshal to do. Nor would the duties of lighthouse tender consume all of the time of an active man like Bridge. His services in other than purely official directions were cheerfully volunteered and gratefully received. When necessity demanded, the marshal directed funerals. At the launchings of the wooden sailing vessels in the shipyards that dotted the river and lake banks, his two-fold representation of the majesty of the government of the United States and of the government of the village of Charleston, 292 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY threw an agreeable glamour over his momentary authority of master of ceremonies. He was a versatile man, was Lorain's first police department." INCREASE OF POPULATION By 1880 the population of Lorain had reached 1,595 and three years afterward, when direct railroad connection with the southeastern coal fields was secured through the Cleveland, Lorain & Wheeling line, her expansion became really noteworthy among the growing ports of the Great Lakes. In 1890 the population of Lorain was 4,863, an increase of 300 per cent; in 1900, it was 16,028, and in 1910, 28,883. The estimate for 1916 was 33,000. INCORPORATION AS A CITY As Lorain dates her revival and awakening from the time " when the railroad came" in 1872, so her people consider that the really modern epoch of her development originated with the planting of the great Johnson steel mill on her site in 1894. That was the leader of a noble procession of industries. In that year the local government also became a municipality, the first election, in the spring of 1894, resulting as follows : Mayor, George Wickens; clerk, J. B. Chapman ; treasurer, John Stang; city solicitor, C. G. Washburn ; city engineer, L. A. Fauver ; marshals, Charles Doll and G. J. Braman. Councilmen—First Ward, E.. M. Pierce and F. W. Pierce ; Second Ward, C. E. Hagerman and H. Griffiths; Third Ward, William McAllister and James Reid ; Fourth Ward, Frank Snow and E. A. Ault. CONSERVING PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL HEALTH Lorain's remarkable expansion of population was attended with the development of measures and institutions designed to protect the public health and furnish the provisions for popular education demanded by all intelligent communities. The churches and societies developed with the schools and the sanitary systems, but they were in the domain of private activities and have a place of their own in this history. THE FILTRATION PLANT The main considerations for conserving the public health are the proper disposition of the sewage and an adequate and pure supply of HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 293 water. Both of these Lorain now enjoys, but did not obtain without careful consideration, hard work and great expense. The filtration plant, which is the gem of the system, gives Lorain as healthful a water supply as can be found anywhere. "The first installation," says Thomas H. Tristram, superintendent of filtration and long connected with the system, "was built in 1884, and consisted of an intake, pumping station and distribution system. The method was to pump the water direct to the consumer without any previous treatment or purification. "This method obtained without any very serious effect on public health, until the year 1892, when a system of sanitary sewers was constructed in Lorain, and these carried practically all of the sewage of the city into Black River. The effect of this sewage, on the wholesomeness of the water supply is indicated by the fact that the typhoid death rate for 1893 increased to the unusually high figure of 183 per 100,000. A high death rate from this disease prevailed for two or three years after the sewers were built. "To remedy this disastrous and undesirable condition the intelligence and enterprise of our citizenship was exerted to the end, that in the year 1897 a mechanical filtration plant of three million gallons daily capacity was built. This plant has the distinction of being the first municipal filter plant in the country to be built upon a. bacterial guarantee. "For several years after the installation of the improved equipment, the city experienced a comparatively low death rate from typhoid until the latter part of the year 1903 when it became necessary to make extensive repairs to the filters, and the plant was shut down. The typhoid death rate immediately mounted upward and the rate for that year reached 51 per 100,000, the highest to that time since the building of the plant. "No more striking proof of the efficiency of filtration in the removal of pollution in a water supply can be found than that presented during the months of inactivity of the filter plant in the year 1903. "For a number of years the city had enjoyed a rapid growth in population and in the year 1905 it was found that the capacity of the old purification plant was exceeded by the quantity of water pumped, and, with commendable zeal on the part of public officials and citizens to maintain the standard already attained, plans were drawn for a new filtration plant of double the capacity of the old one. "The new plant went into operation April, 1907; and has been in successful operation until the present time. "About the same time in which the new plant went into service the government breakwater at the harbor entrance was being built out to 294 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY the westward and threatened to enclose the intake pipes through which the supply was then being drawn. "Plans were immediately made to extend the intake to a point beyond the breakwater and outside the danger zone. "This, however, was not accomplished until the year 1912, when, in the month of April, the plant began receiving water through this new intake and has so continued to the present time. "With all of these improvements to the water supply, the typhoid death rate in Lorain has, with one or two exceptions averaged close to the so-called 'normal' rate of 20 per 100,000 population. Much can yet be done, however, to reduce this rate, and plans for extensions and improvements to the filtration system have been prepared and submitted to the State Board of Health." THE FIRE DEPARTMENT With the development of the local waterworks, the protection of Lorain against fire has been considered by residents and experts as fully adequate. The large industrial plants of South Lorain also have special apparatus and sources of water supply, in case of emergencies. The fire department of the city comprises eight well-organized companies, with its central station on Fourth Street, all under David E. Hatt, chief. Fire hydrants are distributed at convenient points throughout the city, and are especially easy of access in localities where the property interests are heaviest and where human life would be most endangered by a serious conflagration. The pumps at the water works drive the water through the mains at. a pressure of sixty-five pounds to the inch for ordinary daily service. In case of fire, at a moment's notice, through an arrangement with the local telephone company, the pressure may be increased to 100 pounds. The public tests have shown that a good stream can be thrown 150 feet high through a 2 1/2 inch hose and a 1 1/8 nozzle. The fire apparatus is up-to-date, so that, taking all into consideration, the people of Lorain are not thrown into a panic at the sound of a fire-alarm. The fire fighters of Lorain connected with the department number more than 100 men, of whom about a third are paid. It costs about $40,000 annually to maintain the department. Besides two Knott steam engines and plenty of hose carts, the equipment includes two up-to-date motors. The smaller of the two is a combination chemical apparatus and hose carrier ; the larger, an aerial ladder truck. Each is propelled by a six-cylinder 90-horse power gasoline motor. The aerial HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 295 truck carries a self-raising ladder, long enough to reach the roof of the highest building in the city. No. 1, or Central Station, on Fourth Street near Washington Avenue, is an architectural ornament to the city, being constructed of pressed brick with a tile roof, bungalow style. The interior furnishings are handsome and the arrangements convenient and sanitary. The two motors are housed in No. 1, which is in the heart of the city. No. 7, on Fourteenth Street near Broadway, is the largest fire house in the county, as No. 1 is considered the most elegant. It is headquarters for the only all-paid fire company in the city, and has accommodations for twenty firemen, two pieces of apparatus and six horses. No. 2 Station, on Broadway between Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, like several other houses, is used for apparatus and horses. In general, Nos. 1, 7 and 2 are designed to protect the business and resident districts, both down-town and up-town. EARLY EDUCATIONAL ITEMS If the lines are drawn very closely around the subject, the record of the public schools of Lorain commences with the incorporation of the village in 1874, but some of the old books in the office of the board of education furnish a few items of comparative interest, chiefly illustrative of how small were all educational matters in the times when Charleston had its "deestrict" school as a modest part of the township system. The first item is recorded August 30, 1862, and shows the semiannual tax apportionment for the educational support of the township to be $396.20. The total cost of teaching for the township in 1865 was $489.06, while for the year 1870 it had increased to $1,175.00. The first adoption of books seems to have been in 1871 and includes, McGuffy's readers, Ray's arithmetics and Harvey's grammar. The first graded school within what is now the City of Lorain, was organized and housed in the old hose house which stood where our new modern hose house No. 1 now stands. It consisted of a two-room school and was the only school building within the present limits of the city until 1875, when the new brick school, now the middle portion of the old Washington Street building, consisting of four rooms, was completed and occupied. LORAIN 'S FIRST UNION SCHOOL The initial steps which led to the erection of the Lorain Union School were taken at a special election held May 30, 1874, when it was unan- 296 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY imously voted to bond the village in the sum of $14,000, to be used as follows: Two thousand dollars for the purchase of a site, $10,000 for the building and $2,000 for maintenance of the two schools within the district. Stanley Griffin, the contractor, completed the building during the following year, at a cost of $15,000. Benjamin F. Bellows was accorded the honor of being the first superintendent of schools. With one assistant, Miss Kirkbridge, he constituted the entire teaching force. The following year Miss Hannah E. Burrett was made the third member of the faculty. Her name will ever be a synonym for faithful, efficient service and devotion to the interest to those to whom for thirty-seven years she so unselfishly gave the best years of her life. From 1875 to 1877 Miss Hettie Ayres was superintendent and teacher of upper grades. SPECIAL SCHOOL ELECTIONS A second bond election was held in June, 1882, asking for $8,000, for the purpose of erecting three frame schools, one to be located east of the river, one on the Washington Street grounds and one in the Braman addition at the south end of the city. The bond issue was lost by a vote of 63 to 7. The next meeting night the board asked the people to bond the village for $4,500, to erect two buildings, one to be located east of the river and one at the south end. This election was held early in July and carried by a vote of 46 to 4. In May, 1883, the village carried a bond issue for $5,500, to build the south wing of the Washington Street building, by a vote of 39 to 5. These four rooms cost, completed, $5,030. SUPERINTENDENTS AND CLERKS From 1877 to 1888, with the exception of one year, 1881-82, when Mr. J. A. Wilson was in charge, Mr. J. R. Rogers was the capable head of the system. It was during the first years of his administration that the schools were thoroughly organized, a definite course of study provided, a high school organized and equipped and the schools put upon a workable business basis. E. E. Raymond was superintendent of schools from 1888 to 1890, and was succeeded by H. D. Ward, who served until 1905. During that period, from 1887 to 1899, Miss E. N. McConnell was principal of the High School and is honored for her splendid work by all those who have also been identified with the development of the public system. HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY - 297 D. J. Boone, the present superintendent, was subsequently principal. A. C. Eldredge succeeded Mr. Ward as superintendent in 1905, and was followed by Mr. Boone in September, 1915. The clerks of the board of education have been as follows: E. Gill-more, 1862-72; J. C. McDowell, 1873 ; Otto Braun, 1874-75 ; E. Gillmore, 1876-79 ; E. C. Kinney, 1880; F. J. King, 1881-82 ; Otto Braun, 1883-88 ; Jay Cobb, 1889-99 ; E. E. Hopkins, 1900-07; E. Bruell since September 1, 1907. The Lorain Board of Education (1916) : Dr. Frank Young, president ; H. P. Nielsen, vice president ; Mrs. Eva E. Hills, R. J. Aspin and W. H. Williams, other members. STATISTICS The statistics considered most germane to indicate the growth of the public school system in any community are those which deal with the progressive enrolment and increase in school property. Many educators consider such illustrations rather crude and materialistic, and would rather gauge such progress by actual advance in methods of instruction and appliances to carry out approved courses of study. But, as a rule, the increase in the value of school property indicates, in progressive communities, like Lorain, an expansion of up-to-date facilities. It may he added that. the problem in Lorain is similar to that With which the school authorities of Gary, Indiana, have wrestled, as many of the pupils are of foreign blood and the children of those connected with the great industries of the city. It is worthy of note that both the schools and the Public Library make special efforts to educate and improve this element, in whatever expansion is undertaken. SCHOOL POPULATION When the old building afterward known as Fire Station No. 1 on Fourth Street was first occupied as a school in 1871, three years before the incorporation of the village, seventy-five scholars were crowded into its two little rooms. The population of school age in the township, recorded in 1870, numbered 292. Fifteen years later the enumeration of children of school age in the village alone was 885, and the following year (1886) it had increased to 1,033. In 1887 the actual enrolment in the elementary grades was 602, and in the high school, 40. From that year until 1894, there was a slow increase in the enrolment, the figures for the latter year being 907 298 - HISTORY OF LORAIN COUNTY for the elementary pupils and 77 for those attending high school. With the founding of the steel works during 1894 and the establishment of other large industries during the following decade, including the building of steel ships in 1898, the population of Lorain nearly doubled, with the natural effect of pushing forward the enrolment in a cor-responding ratio. From 1897 to 1902, the period of greatest industrial expansion, the enrolment in the Lorain city schools increased from 1,850 to 2,646. In 1897 the enrolment in the elementary schools was 1,745, and in the high school, 105; while in 1902 it was, respectively, 2,460 and 186. In 1913, the elementary schools enrolled 4,072 pupils and the high school, 462, and two years later, as we have seen, the figures had increased to 4,246 and 523. By the early '90s, the value of school property within the city limits was less than $30,000 ; in 1897, it was $89,000, and in 1902 had increased to $186,700. Ten years later it was about $250,000 and at the present time (January, 1916), according to the estimates of the board of education, about $750,000. Following is the enrolment in the public schools, with names of principals: