THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 325 the political campaign of 1840, Andrew Palmer, formerly a Democrat, but an active supporter of William Henry Harrison for president, edited the paper and cohtinued in such position until December of that year. In April. 1841, Samuel S. Blanchard became a partner in the publication and continued as such until July, 1842, at which time Edward A. Graves appeared as sole publisher, with Daniel McBain as editor, Mr. Fairbanks having taken over the job printing and bindery departments of the business. Mr. McBain became a co-publisher, in January, 1843, and remained as such until July following, when he and Mr. Graves retired and Mr. Fairbanks again assumed entire charge. The last-named gentleman remained alone in the publication of the Blade until March. 1844, at which time Jessup W. Scott assumed the duties of editor, and continued as such until July, 1847, being also associated as publisher, from March, 1845. In May, 1846, Messrs. Fairbanks & Scott started a tri-weekly publication of the Blade, which marked a point of progress of special importance in the paper's history, and on July 19, 1847, Hezekiah L. Hosmer became a partner as publisher and assumed editorial charge, remaining in such capacity until March. 1849. Mr. Hosmer was a young man of marked characteristics as a student of law as well as of literature. He was educated for the legal profession, but had a taste for journalism, which at length drew him away from the law. Prior to his connection with the Blade, he had been the editor successively of the Perrysburg Journal and the Maumee Express. As a writer he was fluent and descriptive. His account of the grand celebration at Fort Meigs, June 11. 1840. when Gen. William Henry Harrison was present and delivered an address, was so graphic and piquant that it was published in every Whig paper in the State and thus obtained wide circulation. Some years after his final retirement from the Blade. Mr. Hosmer removed to California, where he resided the remainder of his life. Upon his temporary retirement, in 1849. Mr. Fairbanks again assumed the duties of publisher, with Dr. Graham as editor, but this arrangement was closed in October, 1849. April 17. 1848. was a red-letter day for Toledo journalism, as it marked the issue of the first daily paper ever published in the town—The Daily Blade—with Fairbanks & Hosmer as publishers and Hezekiah L. Hosmer as editor, the size of the sheet being 20x26 inches. In January. 1850. the Blade was sold by Mr. Fairbanks to Stephen T. Sr Hezekiah L. Hosmer, and the last named again became editor. Mr. Fairbanks then left Toledo and removed to Cleveland. where he became a partner of Josiah A. Harris in the publication of the Cleveland Herald. Stephen T. Hosmer was among the earliest printers in the Maumee valley. In 1840. he published the Maumee River Times at Maumee City, afterward selling his interest to H. T. Smith and coming to Toledo as a "jour." employed on the Blade. About 1843, he started the Reveille, a Whig paper, at Perrysburg, and in 1850, as before stated, became a publisher of the Blade. Two years later he withdrew from that publication and went to New York to act as proof-reader on the Herald. where he remained until his death, March 5, 1865, at the age of fifty-eight years. When he left the Blade, Jan. 29, 1852, the 326 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY work was taken up by Peter E. Latimer, Samuel Andrews and Hezekiah L. Hosmer, under the firm name of Latimer, Andrews & Company, Mr. Hosmer continuing to act as editor. Mr. Latimer was a young lawyer, a partner of William Baker and a brother of Mrs. Baker. He died Nov. 20, 1853, at the age of twenty-seven years. In January, 1853, Hosmer, Andrews & Company became the publishers, with Mr. Hosmer still acting as editor, his associate being G. G. Lyon. This arrangement was closed in May, following, by the sale of the establishment to Joseph R. Williams, who both published and edited the paper for most of the time until September, 1856. Then, Clark Waggoner, of Toledo, and G. T. Stewart, of Norwalk, purchased the establishment, including the newspaper, job printing office and book bindery, for $6,000• Clark Waggoner was born in Milan township, Huron (now Erie) county, Ohio, Sept. 6, 1820. His school facilities consisted in what were furnished by the village district and ended when he was twelve years old, except two short terms at Huron Institute, in Milan. Whatever of literary education he afterward acquired he was indebted chiefly to what "Sunset" Cox so aptly termed "the poor boy's college" —the printing office—which he entered as an apprentice at the age of thirteen years, in the office of the Milan Times, completing his trade in the office of the Norwalk Reflector. In 1838, as a "jour. printer," he accepted a situation at Fremont, and in May, 1839, at the age of eighteen, became the publisher of the Lower Sandusky Whig, a new paper. He continued in this capacity until 1843, when he removed the office to his native town and established the Milan Tribune, which he published until 1851, at which time the paper was merged with the Clarion, at Sandusky, the consolidated publication being called the Register. In this venture, Earl Bill, afterward clerk of the United States Court for the Northern district of Ohio, and Henry D. Cooke, later governor of the District of Columbia, were associated with Mr. Waggoner. In 1856, Mr. Waggoner removed to Toledo and with G. T. Stewart purchased the Blade, Mr. Waggoner becoming the manager of the establishment and ere long the editor of the paper, continuing as such until 1865, when he retired. In 1866, in connection with his eldest son—Ralph H. Waggoner—he purchased the Toledo Commercial, which he edited during his connection• with the paper until January, 1876. The following year President Hayes appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue at Toledo, and he served in that capacity until Aug. 1, 1882, a period of five years. After the close of his service as collector, he directed his attention chiefly to obtaining historical material for use in different forms, and in 1888 the "History of Toledo and Lucas County" appeared, with him as editor. The work mentioned contains a large fund of historical information concerning the city and county, and it has been freely drawn upon by the compilers in the preparation of the different chapters in this volume. Samuel G. Arnold was in charge of the editorial department of the Blade from early in 1856 until the spring of 1858, when he was succeeded for a few months by William C. Earl, and then Mr. Waggoner took charge of the paper as editor and continued as such until THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 327 his withdrawal from the establishment, in August, 1865. In January, 1857, Alonzo D. Pelton became a partner in the business, and in September, 1865, became sole proprietor, with David R. Locke as editor. David Ross Locke was born in Vestal, Broome county, New York, Sept. 20, 1833. At the age of ten, he entered the office of the Cortland Democrat to learn the printing business, and while yet young, started out as a journeyman in search of work. At Pittsburg, Pa., he was employed, first as reporter and then as assistant to the editor of the Chronicle. In 1852, with James G. Robinson, he started the Plymouth Advertiser, at Plymouth, Richland county, Ohio, and that paper they published for two years. In 1856, Mr. Locke started the Bucyrus Journal, and subsequently, in succession, he conducted the Mansfield Herald, the Bellefontaine Republican and the Findlay Jeffersonian. It was while connected with the last-named paper, and during the Civil war, that he commenced writing the "Nasby" letters, which subsequently attained extensive circulation and gave him special prominence throughout the country. In September, 1865, previously having closed his connection with the Findlay paper, Mr. Locke began his connection with the Toledo press, as heretofore stated. For several years he spent considerable time in the delivery of public lectures in different parts of the country. He made a somewhat extended trip through Great Britain and the Continent, during which he wrote a series of letters, entitled "Nasby in Exile," and they were subsequently published in book form. The original "Nasby" letters were also thus issued, as were other volumes of his writings, chief among which were "Ekkoes from Kentucky," "Morals of Abou Ben Adhem," "Struggles of Petroleum V. Nasby," "Swinging 'Round the Circle" and the "Paper City"—all of them, partaking of the style of satire, being intended to correct erroneous views and sentiments in regard to matters of political, social and practical life. In this department of literature he attained prominence which very few American writers have enjoyed. Some months before his death, Mr. Locke's health became seriously impaired and the end occurred at his home in Toledo, Feb. 15, 1888. In 1867, Mr. Locke and John Paul Jones became partners in the firm ,,f A. D. Pelton & Company. In 1868, Dr. A. P. Miller having purchased the interest of Mr. Pelton, the firm of Miller, Locke &. Company took the paper, and in turn was succeeded by Locke & Tones. Mr. Locke continuing as editor. In 1874, Mr. Jones became sole proprietor, with E. A. Higgins as editor, and was succeeded in 1876 by Dr. Miller and T. P. Brown, Dr. Miller being the editor. In August of the last hamed year, the Toledo Blade Company was organized with A. P. Miller as president and editor T. P. Brown as vice-president. and Frank T. Lane as secretary and treasurer. In the same year Mr. Locke purchased the paper and became the president of the company, with Alfred W. Gleason as vice-president. Under previous management the Blade had wielded considerable influence in public matters, but it had not been a profitable undertaking from a purely business point of view. The new corporation, however, placed the paper on a sound financial basis for the first time in its history. It published three editions of the Blade, Locke's Monthly and the Amer- 328 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY can Farm Journal (two monthly publications previously started), until March, 1877, when Alexander Reed and Heman D. Walbridge, under the style of the Toledo Newspaper Company, became the publishers of the daily and tri-weekly editions. They continued to publish these editions until 1878, the weekly edition and the monthly issues still being published by the Blade Company, and in the year named, the Blade Company resumed control of the daily and tri-weekly. Since 1878, that company has continued to publish all editions of the Blade, the monthly publications heretofore mentioned having been suspended many years ago. Mr. Lane has acted as business manager since the organization of the Blade Company, in 1876, while David R. Locke officiated as editor from 1878 until the time of his death, in 1888. Then Robinson Locke, son of the deceased editor, succeeded his father as president of the Blade Company and editor, in which position he has remained up to the present time. Besides those already named, Rev. Robert McCune, later of Ironton, Ohio ; W. H. Busby, later of Chicago, Ill. ; John H. McElroy, later of Washington, D. C., and S. S. Knabenshue, each at different times acted as managing editor of the Blade. In addition to those regularly employed as writers, a large number of persons—especially in the first years of the existence of the paper, when its limited resources forbade much expenditure for editorial service—have rendered valuable gratuitous assistance in that department. Among its earliest contributors were George B. Way, Pierre M. Irving ( a nephew of Washington Irving), Richard Mott, John R. Osborn, Charles W. Hill, Ralph P. Buckland (later of Fremont). Hiram Walbridge, Myron H. Tilden. and Judge Emery D. Potter. In some cases the news matter was supplied weekly by several of these, and sometimes a single writer would do all, and the columns of the paper bear testimony to the ability and success of the volunteers. At the present time, with telegraph lines and long-distance telephones, coupled with the facilities of the different press associations, the work of obtaining news from the outside world is comparatively an easy matter. But it was not so in the early newspaper life of Toledo. At that time the President's message was looked forward to with interest, and the paper that produced it first was regarded as the most enterprising and worthy of patronage. And the mails were so unreliable as to admit of no dependence being placed upon them. As an example of the hardships of newsgathering in those days, the following story of how a "scoop" was accomplished by the- Milwaukee (Wis.) Courier, and in which story the Blade appears to advantage, was thus told by the late E. A. Calkins, of Milwaukee, who at the time of which he writes was a compositor on the Courier. "All hands at the Courier office had sat up two or three nights in the middle of December, 1846, waiting for the President's message. After two all-night waits of the kind, I was standing by the exchange table and picked up a copy of the Toledo Blade, in a wrapper, that had been lying there forty-eight hours. I pulled it open and found that it contained the message. The printers of that paper had got hold of a New York paper that came west partly by rail and partly by stage, and THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 329 had issued the message in time to get it to the western stage for Chicago. The copy had got into the Millwaukee mail and had so come through ahead of time. We printed the Courier with the message long ahead of the other papers, and they wondered where we had procured the copy, but it might have been put on the street a couple of days earlier if the wrapper had been torn from all the exchanges on Brown's table." On Sept. 14. 1841, the first number of the Toledo Register was issued, with Charles I. Scott as editor and publisher. Its appearance marked the advent of Democratic journalism, the Gazette having been neutral as to national politics, and the Blade a Whig paper. The editor of the Register explained the appearance of his paper in this way : "The necessity for the establishment of a newspaper in this district, advocating Democratic principles, has long been felt, but the success of the present undertaking depends upon the support of those who feel friendly to the great political party it will endeavor to support." At that time, the rupture at Washington between President Tyler and the Whigs was taking definite shape. and the Register was in a measure in sympathy with the former in the contest. Mr. Scott continued to conduct the paper until 1843. when he sold it to Garrett D. Palmer, who soon changed its name to Toledo Herald, and continued its publication until May, 1844. when it was suspended and was not revived. The proprietor stated that he stopped publication "on account of the general apathy of the Democrats of the district in supporting their newspaper press in such manner as was both their duty and interest to do." "The present number, then," he continued, "will be the last, until an entirely different state of feeling exists among the Democracy of the county and this district.- In another article, calling attention to the job printing office connected with the Herald establishment. the proprietor stated that job work would be done "cheaper than the same could be done by any newspaper establishment west of New York. This fact was explained by saying that it was "customary for publishers to make their job work pay for a large portion of the heavy expense of publishing a newspaper. and as he no longer had such encumbrance on his hands, he would he able to do work at 40 per cent. below the usual prices." The Toledo Gazette, a paper having the same name as the one published in 1834 by J. Irvine Browne, was started in June, 1844, as a weekly publication. with R. M. Morrison. formerly of the Manhattan Telegraph, as editor. The paper did not last long. In March, 1849. Miller & Co. began the publication of the Toledo Commercial Republican, daily and weekly. with. Charles R. Miller as editor. . It was what then was known as "Free Democratic," or Democratic with "Free Soil" proclivities. Under such management it was continued until 1851, when James Myers and Josiah Riley became the publishers, with Mr. Riley as editor. This arrangement continued for two or three years, and then Silas W. Wilder succeeded Judge Myers as co-publisher. Mr. Wilder was a native of Ashburnham, Mass., and learned his trade in the office of the Spy, at Worcester, that state. He afterward published, in succession. the Patriot. in Woonsocket, R. I., the Norfolk Democrat, at Dedham. Mass., and the Pathfinder and the 330 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY Carpet Bag, at Boston. He came to Toledo, in 1852, and soon thereafter became associated as before stated. He was a man of great industry and unexceptionable habits. He died on Nov. 26, 1854. Prior to his death, however, in June of the same year, he had disposed of his interest in the newspaper to Josiah Riley, who thus became the sole proprietor, and in November following Wilshire Riley became a partner. This firm continued until September, 1855, and was then succeeded by Riley, Boyd & Co.—James A. Boyd, a practical printer, being a member of the firm—which published the paper until 1858, when it was suspended. In February. 1862. tinder the name of the Toledo Commercial, it was revived by James A. Boyd and Cyrus H. Coy, the firm name being Boyd & Co., Josiah Riley continuing as editor. It was thus conducted until January 1864, when the Commercial Printing Company was organized. Under this arrangement the paper was continued for something over a year, and then passed into the hands of Isaac R. Sherwood, J. W. bailey and Joseph E. Marx, with Stephen J. Meany as editor. Samuel Andrews, G. T. Stewart and P. T. Bartlett became partners later. In September, 1866, Clark Waggoner and Ralph H. Waggoner, constituting the firm of Clark Waggoner & Son, purchased the establishment and continued the business until April, 1871, the former acting as editor and the latter as business manager. The Toledo Commercial Company was then organized. with Clark Waggoner as president and editor and Ralph H. 'Waggoner as secretary and treasurer. This company continued the business until it was succeeded by the Toledo Newspaper Company, March 1, 1877. the Messrs. Waggoner having withdrawn in January. 1876. The Toledo Newspaper Company was succeeded by S. D. Rich, Nov. 18. 1878. and that gentleman remained about one year, at the end of which time A. W. Search, of Coshocton, Ohio, took the paper for a few weeks. It then reverted to the Commercial Company, which conducted it until November, 1880, at which time J. B. Battelle & Co. purchased it and changed its name to Toledo Telegram.. This company continued the publication of the paper until March, 1883, when it was purchased by James M. Comly, Andrew W. Francisco and Alfred E. Lee, from Columbus. In the following July, Captain Lee withdrew. and the business was then continued by his associates until the withdrawal of Mr. Francisco. in 1885. General Comly and A. D. Pelton. as Comly & Co., then took the paper and published it until the death o f the former, in 1887, he haying been the editor since March, 1883, the name Commercial having been resumed in the meantime. Guy S. Comly, a son of the deceased editor, succeeded his father, Mr. Pelton acting as business manager, and this arrangement continued until 1889, when the paper became the property of the Commercial Company. of which Richard Smith was the president. About one year later, Patrick C. Boyle became the president of the Toledo Commercial Company, and he controlled its editorial policy until 1892, when the paper passed into other hands. with H. C. Vortriede as president of the company and managing editorof the paper. On Dec. 7, 1896, the paper again changed hands. Levi A. Cass becoming the president and principal stockholder of the corn- THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 331 pany. Under his management the Commercial was conducted until 1899, when it ceased to appear under that name, being succeeded in the morning newspaper field at Toledo by the Toledo Times, publishes: by the Toledo Times Company, of which H. P. Crouse was president. On Jan. I, 1873, the Toledo Printing & Publishing Company was organized, with Col. J. C. Frankenberger as president, and S. G. McCullough as secretary and treasurer. In 1876, H. S. Chapin became the president of the company and continued as such until 1883, when John Paul Jones succeeded to the position, in the meantime the name of the corporation having been changed to "The Toledo Bee Company."' For over three years the business of the company consisted of job and book printing exclusively, but in April, 1876, Mr. Chapin started the Toledo Evening Bee, and soon thereafter that paper was transferred to the corporation. H. S. Chapin was the editor of the Bee from April, 1876, to December, 1883, when he was succeeded by John Paul Jones, who continued as such until January, 1885, at which time Flavius J. Oblinger became editor. As a newspaper worker Mr. Oblinger was one of the best known in Northwestern Ohio, and was connected with the press of Toledo in various capacities for a number of years. He was born in Dayton, Ohio, but at the age of three years moved with his parents to Germantown, Montgomery county. He attended the public schools, academies and normal schools in Germantown and Franklin, Ohio, and at an early age entered the printihg office of the Germantown Gazette, published by William Gunckel, father of John E. Gunckel, the newsboys' friend of Toledo. At the end of a three years' apprenticeship Mr. Oblinger went to Cincinnati and accepted a position in the book printing office of J. & U. P. James. In 1849 he assisted David Fleming, in establishing the Democrat at Piqua. The following year, with William Gunckel and Joseph Z. Reeder, he established the Western Emporium at Germantown, which paper succeeded the Gazette. This partnership continued one year, and Mr. Oblinger then went to Middletown, Ohio, and established the Middletown. Emblem, continuing there two years. He then removed to Goshen, Ind., and for a time had charge of the Goshen Democrat, of which Hon. Robert J. Lowry—later a member of Congress from the Fort Wayne (Ind.) district—was editor and publisher. After severing his relations with Mr. Lowry, Mr. Oblinger returned to Ohio and taught school eighteen months. In 1856, he went to Cincinnati and worked successively on the Cincinnati Gazette, Commercial, Times, Enquirer, and in the book concerns of Robert J. Clarke and James Morgan. In 1862, he removed to Perrysburg and, with H. S. Chapin, took hold of the Perrysburg Journal. At the end of fifteen months the partnership was dissolved, and in November, 1863, Mr. Oblinger entered the office of the Toledo Commercial, succeeding Josiah Riley as editor, when the latter removed to Arizona. He continued with the Commercial until the summer of 1865, when he again took hold of the Perrysburg Journal, with a Mr. Guyer of Wood county as partner. This relationship continued until 1868, when Mr. Oblinger sold the Journal to James Timmons and entered the auditor's office of Wood county, continuing therein 332 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY for six years, during the terms of Capt. Joseph B. Newton, part of the time serving as deputy auditor. The ensuing two and one-half years Mr. Oblinger was again on the Toledo Commercial, and in 1877 he entered the office of the Toledo Evening Bee, continuing therein until 1887. In 1888, he took charge of the telegraphic department of the Commercial and was its assistant editor, resigning his position in 1892 to again accept a position on the editorial staff of the Bee, where he -remained until the close of 1895. The following year he was with the News, and his last connection with the press was at the proofreader's desk in the Bee office. In 1864, Mr. ()Winger assisted in the organization of Toledo Typographical Union No. 63. and was elected its first president. In 1881, he assisted in the organization of the Toledo Press Club, and was also chosen as its first president. Personally, he was held in the highest esteem by all. In September, 1885, Mr. Oblinger was succeeded as editor of the Bee by R. W. Harris, and in October, 1886, Elmer White became the editor. The last named gentleman remained at the helm until 1892, when he was succeeded by Archibald Stuart, and in 1895 the latter was superseded by Thomas A. Starr. In 1897 the corporation was reorganized under the name of "The Bee Publishing Company," and Kegley D. Cochran became the president of the company and the editor of the paper, which latter position he continued to fill, ably and successfully, as long as the paper maintained its separate existence. In 1881 the Toledo News, a weekly periodical, .was launched by James M. Bloomer and Thomas O'Keefe, as proprietors and publishers. The following year Mr. Bloomer became the sole proprietor, and in 1883 the name of the publication was changed to the Sunday News. In 1886 .it became the property of the Toledo News Company, which had been incorporated in 1878, and the old name, Toledo News, was again adopted. In 1887 it became a daily newspaper, conducted by The News Publishing Company, of which Henry Stocks was president and Mr. Bloomer secretary. In 1888 Joseph A. Arkenberg became the president of the corporation, and in 1889 he was succeeded by J. Proctor Coates, Mr. Bloomer becoming vice-president and A. D. Fassett secretary. In 1895 another change was made in the corporation—G. Adolph Tanner becoming president, Joseph Arkenberg vice-president, J. Proctor Coates treasurer and manager, and James M. Bloomer secretary, Mr. Fanner having been the business manager of the paper since January, 1889. The Evening News became one of the leading papers of Toledo, presenting both foreign and domestic items of interest in a bright and concise manner, which especially commended it to the large laboring class and to those who have not time in their busy lives to read lengthy and diffuse articles. In 1900 it was sold to the Toledo Times Company, and its publication was continued as the evening edition of the Morning Times until 1902, when it was consolidated with the Evening Bee, and the combined papers are now issued as the Toledo News-Bee, with Negley D. Cochran as editor. In 1899 the Toledo Times, with daily morning and Sunday editions, was inaugurated by the Toledo Times Company, of which H. P. Crouse was president, George P. Jones vice-president, and H. A. THE PRESS OP THE COUNTY - 333 Eoff secretary and treasurer. As before stated, the Times became the successor of the Commercial in the morning newspaper field at Toledo, and by Mr. Crouse and his associates it was published until 1902, when the property passed into the hands of the Toledo Newspaper Company, of which Milton A. McRae was president, H. P. Crouse vice-president and manager, and H. A. Eoff secretary and treasurer. This new corporation also purchased the Evening News and the Evening Bee, uniting them in one publication—the News-Bee—and issued the Sunday edition of the Times under the name of the Sunday Times-Bee. In 1905 the management of The Toledo Newspaper Company changed, W. W. Thornton becoming president, H. A. Eoff vice-president, J. C. Harper secretary, C. J. Stein treasurer, E. B. Conliss business manager, and Negley D. Cochran editor, and the News-Bee is still published by that organization. After severing his connection with the Toledo Newspaper Company, in 1905, H. P. Crouse became the president of The Press Publishing Company, and with A. B. Wertz and G. Adolph Tanner as his associates began the publication of the Toledo Evening Press. After an existence of about two years, however, in 1907 the plant was sold to a company, which, at about the same time, also purchased the Toledo Times of the Toledo Newspaper Company, and the last named paper has since been issued as a separate and distinct publication, the Evening Press having been suspended upon the sale of its plant. The Toledo Times is the only occupant of the morning newspaper field in Toledo, and is published by the Toledo Times Company, of which George \V. Dun is president. In 1868 P. H. Bateson began the publication of the Toledo Journal, a weekly paper, and it was continued by him until John J. Manor became associated with him, in 1870, the firm then becoming Bateson & Manor. For a time the paper was issued three times a week, but in 1871 H. S. Chapin acquired an interest in the business, and the Journal became a Sunday paper. In 1873 Mr. Bateson retired, and Mr. Chapin continued the paper alone until May, 1874, Mrs. Sarah R. L. Williams becoming associated in the business and assuming charge of the Woman's Rights Department, which had existed since 1870. Ih November, 1875. the establishment passed into the hands of Isaac R. Sherwood and George S. Canfield. The Woman's Rights Department was then suspended and the Journal, in politics, became independent Republican. subsequently becoming a Greenback or National paper. In 1883 Mr. Canfield withdrew and Isaac R. Sherwood continued as sole proprietor. Mrs. Kate Brownlee Sherwood assisting in the editorial management of the paper. until 1886. when Condict C. Packard and E. J. Tippett purchased the establishment. Messrs. Packard & Tippett continued the publication, with both a Sunday and a weekly edition, until 1892, when the Journal Company was formed. with Condict C. Packard as president and Robert J. Hicks as secretary. The name of the paper was then changed to the Sundae' Journal, and as such it was continued until 1900. when it was consolidated with the Sunday Horning Courier, and the name was changed to the Sunday Courier-Journal, with Michael P. Murphy as editor. 334 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY This arrangement continued until 1906, when R. F. Booth became manager, and in 1907 the name was changed to the Sunday Journal, with L. E. Ingalls as manager. The paper is now included with the Sunday edition of the Toledo Times. The Sunday Morning Courier was established in 1893, with Charles Reed as editor, and that gentleman continued to preside over its destiny until 1900, when it was consolidated with the Journal, under the name of the Sunday Courier-Journal, and Michael P. Murphy acting as editor. In 1906, R. F. Booth assumed the managerial duties and continued in that capacity until succeeded by Mr. Ingalls. The Manhattan Advertiser was started in July, 1836, by Benjamin F. Smead. It was suspended in the spring of 1840, and revived in July of the same year, Mr. Smead dying only one week thereafter. July 25, at the age of thirty-five years. He was a man of exceptional ability and gained honorable prominence as an editor under circumstances by no means favorable. He was called to conduct a newspaper, which was ostensibly a public journal, but in reality little more than the advertising medium for the proprietors in a young village, struggling with desperate persistence for life and mastery over older rivals. When the Advertiser was first issued, in 1836, the town plat of Manhattan was not a year old, and the paper was started virtually without subscribers and with slight prospect of ever having enough patronage to pay the cost of publication. And yet, through the pecuniary sacrifice of those for whom it was issued, and the efficient efforts of its manager, it soon assumed abroad the character and influence of a real newspaper. Mr. Smead spent much of the winter seasons at Columbus, whence he wrote letters to his paper. In one of these he said he had "taken a case" in the Statesman office as a typesetter, and he hoped to be able with the wages thus earned "to keep the Advertiser going." The late Horace S. Knapp, the author of "Knapp's History of the Maumee Valley," was at one time the editor of the Advertiser. It is impossible, for reasons that are apparent, to give in detail the complete record from the newspaper grave-yard of Toledo. In common with all growing cities, Toledo has been the home of a great many journalistic enterprises, but the greater number of them were induced by special interests and, being of little value to the general public, were short lived. Others have been launched by over-zealous promoters in fields that were already occupied, and in such cases the projects met the inevitable fate and suspended publication. An effort has been made, however, to learn the names and something of the careers of as many of these defunct publications as possible, and while the list is probably not complete, those are represented which to the greatest degree received the favor of the public. Among the early daily publications of Toledo was the Toledo Times, the first number of which was issued early in or some time prior to the year 1857, and it was then published by Norman T. Nash. In 1858, H. T. Smith appears as associate publisher with Mr. Nash, and a year later the name of the paper was changed to Herald and Times, with Mr. Smith as the proprietor and Mr. Nash as associate editor. The paper was suspended some time thereafter. In 1865 another news- THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 335 paper venture appears under the name of the Toledo Times, with S. J. Meany as editor, but after a short period it ceased to exist. In 1870, A. C. Tucker launched a paper under the name of the Toledo Times, but it, too, fell by the wayside in a comparatively few months, and no publication by that name again appeared until 1875. Then, Sumner Folsom & Company launched a semi-monthly publication, with the same name—Toledo Times. In 1877, its editions appeared monthly, and the following year it was changed to a weekly, having in the meantime passed into the hands of C. Ti. Coy, who continued its publication until 1880, when it ceased to exist. In 1865, the first number of the Toledo Democratic Record was issued, with E. A. Higgins as editor. Some months later, Mr. Higgins was succeeded by William S. Glessner, but the paper ceased to appear in 1867. In the last named year, Frank A. Hine & Company began the publication of a monthly publication, called the Bulletin, but its existence was also short and within a year its demise was recorded. In 1867, Willard NV. Whitney, long a dealer in musical instruments in Toledo, began the publication of a monthly journal, called the Musical Guest, devoted to the subject which its name implies and in which its publisher was interested. The publication of this paper was continued by Mr. Whitney, sometimes as a monthly and sometimes as a quarterly, for about fifteen years, but it finally ceased to exist in 1881. Soon after the suspension of the Toledo Democratic Record, in 1867. Thomas P. Ackers, H. A. Hoyt and R. D. Dunn began the publication of The Democrat, and continued the same until 1870, when it passed into the hands of Powell & Bebout. One year later, the Toledo Democrat Company was formed and continued the publication of the paper until 1873, when it passed into the hands of the Toledo Newspaper Company and its name was changed to the Democrat and Herald. Its proprietors at this time were A. T. Stebbins, Charles J. Kirschner and E. S. Dodd, but in 1874, the paper was purchased by Dodd & Bebout, and its name was changed to Northern Ohio Democrat. In 1876, it was issued as a semi-weekly, with the Northern Ohio Democrat Company as publishers. E. S. Dodd being the president and A. T. Bebout secretary of the company. In 1880, Gen. James B. Steedman became the president of the company and the editor of the paper, which latter position he occupied until his death, in 1883. The Ohio Printing Company then took charge of the paper, with Alfred S. Bebout as secretary and treasurer, and in 1885, the Toledo Publishing Company, with L. H. Wilkinson as manager. assumed control. In 1879, a Sunday edition, called the Sunday Democrat, was started, and it was published in addition to the regular weekly edition until 1886. when both were suspended. When the fire of amateur journalism was beginning to spread over the country, Toledo was not much behind. The first paper issued here was the Young Enterprise, published by William H. and George Fred. Reed and Charles P. Nagar. The by number was published in December, 1869, and bore the date of Jan. 1, 1870. It was enlarged twice, and with the fifth number had an engraved heading. With the sixth number the publishers published De Omnibus, one of the first, if 336 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY not the first, amateur journals published in Ohio, and after publishing this for a year, they sold it to C. H. Fowle, of West Newton, Mass. The next paper of this kind to appear in the field was the Corn City Compliments, started by George B. Smith and Nathaniel Dyer, in June, 1872. This paper was enlarged once, and issued several supplements. It had the reputation of being one of the spiciest papers of the kind ever published and met with great encouragement. In 1874, the publishers purchased the famous Our Boys, of Chicago. and changed the name to that of the latter journal, which paper continued to be published in Toledo for a number of years. The Critic, a spicy paper, was published by F. T. Lindenberger, who afterward changed the name to Occasional, which was very appropriate for an amateur paper. The year 1869 was a very prolific one insofar as the birth of periodicals was concerned in Toledo. Aside from those already mentioned, there were three journals started—The Index, a religious paper, edited by Rev. F. Ellington Abbott, and which continued publication until 1873 ; the Monthly Visitor, by H. J. Raffensperger, published until 1876 ; and the American Farm Journal, issued from the Blade office and later by Joseph B. Battelle until it was suspended, in 1879. In 1871, John A. Lant started the publication of the Sunday Morning Sun, which he continued to publish with varying success until 1874, when he changed it to a daily paper, called the Evening Star. It was suspended, however, in the following year. In 1872, several more publications made their obeisance to an expectant public. The Crystal Fountain was started by Don A. Pease, but disappeared within the ensuing year ; the Toledo Review was inaugurated by Michael W. Carr, and was published by that gentleman and later under the firm name of Carr Brothers until 1878, when it suspended publication ; and Locke's National Monthly also made its first appearance, soon gaining widespread fame and an extended circulation through the renown of its editor, David R. Locke. Its publication was suspended in 1876. In this year, also, the Young Men's Christian Association of Toledo began the publication of Our Paper, a paper devoted to the interests of that organization, and it was issued continuously for a couple of years. In 1879. a monthly journal with the same object in view and called the Golden Sheaf was issued, with George B. Brown and Franklin M. Chase as publishers. Its publication was suspended in 1882. The Fellowship, a monthly publication, was issued in 1873 by W. H. Marvin, J. G. Frazer and G. R. Merrill, and it was published continuously until in 1876, when it suspended. The Daily Railway Bulletin, being devoted to railroad matters, as its name implies, was issued by Edward J. Barkdull, in 1874. and that gentleman continued its publication until 1876. In 1877. E. V. E. Rausch issued his Official Railway Guide, and continued the same as a monthly publication until 1881. In that year Wagar's Official Railway Guide made its appearance. the publisher being Charles P. Wagar, and that gentleman continued its publication until 1895, in which year the Toledo Official Railway Guide was issued by the Bark- THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 337 dull Printing House. with Harry W. Barkdull as manager. This publication was discontinued in 1906. In 1877, a monthly periodical called The Railroader, was started by John H. McElroy, who continued its publication until 1879, when William H. Fisher became the manager of the paper. One year later William R. Leflet and Fred. Reed became 'the publishers and continued to issue it until 1892, a part of the time under the name of the Railway Service Gazette. In 1885, another monthly publication of similar kind, called the Railroader Guide and issued monthly, was launched by the Railroader Printing Company, of which the members were James M. Hall. W. 0. Brown, Jr., and Walter Brown. The Railroader Guide ceased to appear in 1891. In 1874 the Argus, especially devoted to the real-estate trade, was started by I. H. Detwiler & Company, who were prominent in that line of business. and they continued its publication until in 1877. Three papers made their appearance in 1875, but each of them died in infancy. The Social Mirror was published by L. Dunlap & Company as a weekly ; the East Side, also a weekly publication, was introduced by George A. Darke ; and the last of the trio, a monthly paper. was called the Ballot-Box, the mission of which was to gain for women the right to vote in full equality with their liege lords. Mrs. S. R. L. Williams. who had formerly conducted the Women's Rights Department in the Sunday Journal, was the editor of the new publication. but interest in the cause was not very great, and the paper soon suspended publication. George A. Darke afterward became the publisher of the Register at Genoa, Ohio. Edward V. E. Rausch, a native of Sandusky county, Ohio, where he was born July 21, 1853, established himself in the book and job printing business at Toledo, Jan. 1. 1876. He subsequently associated himself with George W. Lipscombe. a real-estate dealer, in the publication of the Industrial News, a monthly periodical devoted to art, science, literature and general information. This paper was one of the publications afterward issued by the News Publishing Company, the corporation which at one time owned the Toledo Bee, the Daily News, and the Times, and it found many friends and patrons among the people of the rural districts especially. In 1895 the name was changed to Tri-State Farm News, and two years later it assumed the more lengthy title of Tri-State Farm News and Oil Journal. In 1900 it became the property of the Toledo Times Company, and about 1902 it suspended publication. One of the most popular of Toledo productions in the past was the Scientific Monthly Magazine. This paper was started in 1875 by E. H. Fitch. who continued the business until January, 1876, when the Scientific Publishing Company, consisting of five members, was formed. Mr. Fitch, who was a lawyer by profession; and well versed in the current and scientific literature of the day, was admirably adapted for carrying on such an enterprise. The articles in the magazine were furnished by the most learned men of the State and gave to the magazine an enviable notoriety which it attained throughout Ohio and other States. In 1877 its name was changed to Journal of Science, and in 338 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY 1882 to International Journal, but it suspended publication not long thereafter. The Toledo Medical and Surgical Journal was first issued in 1876, by the Medical Press Association. Its editor was Dr. W. C. Chapman, and it continued as a popular monthly publication among the members of the medical fraternity until it was suspended, in 1881. The Stumbling Stone, a monthly religious periodical, was first issued in 1876 by the Rev. Lyman H. Johnson, who continued its publication regularly until 1903. It was strictly non-sectarian in its policy and relied for support upon voluntary contributions. It was succeeded in the field which it occupied by The Search. Light, which is now being published by Burnell D. Johnson. The year 1877 witnessed the birth of five Toledo publications, all weeklies, and all destined for short careers. The Manufacturer and Land Register was started by E. J. Hammer, but its term of usefulness ended within the following twelve months. The Toledo National, a Greenback paper, was launched by j. A. Haigh, but it was suspended in about a year, while the True Nationalist, another venture in the political field, and also expressing the Greenback faith, with Charles Coughlin as sponsor, existed throughout the greater part of two years. The High School Gazetteer, with E. H. Wells as editor, survived until 1879, and the La Phare des Lacs was destined for a longer life. It was started by Claude Petit, who presided over its destinies until 1880, when Edward V. E. Rausch assumed control, and it went the way of all earth in 1883. The Collingwood Quarterly Review, a religious periodical, was started in 1878 by Rev. J. H. Wilson, but after a few issues it suspended. Three candidates for public favor made their appearance in 1879. The Guiding Star, a monthly publication for the promotion of the temperance movement, was discontinued within a year, and the Toledo Weekly Globe, for which Patrick H. Galloway stood sponsor, suffered a similar fate. The National Literary Monthly, with J. Russell Fisher and Benjamin F. Miller as publishers, was published until some time in 1881, when it was discontinued. The Truth, by Philip O'Reilly and Thomas J. Martin, was started in 1880, but its career was a decidedly brief one. Messrs. Fisher & Miller, the publishers of the National Literary Monthly, already mentioned, in 1880 began the publication of an illustrated weekly paper called the Saturday American, and this they pub- lished until 1882, when they gave way to G. Adolph Tanner. The name of the paper was changed to the Toledo American, and in 188.4. it became the property of the American Printing & Publishing Company. Edward V. E. Rausch became the proprietor, and he continued its publication until 1900, the name having been changed, in 1897, to Social American. Three monthly publications were started in 1881. Of these, Farm and Fireside suspended after a few issues, and the Golden Era, of which William H. Bishop was proprietor, existed until some time in 1883. The third of these publications proved to be a permanent yen- THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 339 ture. It was first issued under the name of the Ohio Journal of Dental Science, its publishers being John R. B. Ransom and Thaddeus F. Randolph, of the well-known firm of Ransom & Randolph. In 1892 the name of the publication was changed to Ohio Dental Journal, and in 1905 it was again changed to Dental Summary, under which cognomen it is now issued. It has a large circulation, and stands unrivaled as a magazine of dental surgery and literature. In 1882 three other ventures in the monthly periodical field was made. Leander F. Harris began the publication of Our National Union Magnet, which he continued to publish under that name for a short period, and then united it with the Farmers' Recorder, which was started in 1883, the name of the combined publication being Farmers' Reporter and Magnet. It was then changed to a weekly issue and so continued until 1891, when it ceased to appear. The Ohio Good Templar was started as a semi-monthly publication by William H. Bishop, in 1882. In 1883 Harry B. White became the publisher, and in 1885 changed the name to Central Good Templar, and it was so issued for a number of years thereafter. In 1885 Mr. White began the publication of a weekly paper, which he styled the Good of the Order, and it continued to appear until the Good Templar was suspended. Health and Home, a monthly publication, was started in 1882, under the management of C. W. Munson. The following year it was changed to a weekly issue, under the name of Health and Home Journal, and it was so issued until its publication was stopped, a number of years later. In 1886 Dr. Munson began the publication of the People's Dental Journal, and the following year issued the Practical Dentist, both of which were monthly publications, and were continued until about 1890. A monthly, a weekly, and a daily constituted the contribution of entries to the journalistic field of Toledo in 1883. Edward T. Keyes was the manager of the monthly, which was issued for several months under the name of The Manufacturer, and then ceased to exist. The East Toledo Gazette was launched by Francis Brooks, and it was issued weekly during the short period of its existence. The Toledo Post was a daily paper, first issued in 1883, by Chapin, Brinkerhoff & Company as proprietors. The following year the Toledo Post Company was organized. with William H. Maher president, C. C. Schutt vice-president, R. A. Brinkerhoff secretary, and A. T. Stewart treasurer. In the course of a couple of years the promoters discovered that there was no popular demand for such a paper, and ceased to publish it. The Toledo Sunday Republican, the first number of which appeared in 1884, was established by Charles A. McCleave, but after an unsuccessful experience it passed out of existence in the course of a year. The National Poultry Gazette appeared in 1885, as a monthly periodical, with Col. S. R. Holmes as editor and publisher. The following year its name was changed to National Poultry and Pets, and in 1888 'Charles Coughlin became the publisher, continuing it until 1890, when its publication was suspended. A monthly publication, called The Matrimonial, was launched in 340 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY 1886, with J. H. Joyce as the editor and proprietor, but its excuse for existence was not sufficiently strong to sustain it, and it died a natural death in the course of a few months. Upon the suspension of the Northern Ohio Democrat, in 1886, the field for a paper advocating Jeffersonian doctrines was occupied by a new weekly publication, called the Democratic Herald and Times, with R. Selner & Company as proprietors. Its name was afterward changed to the Herald and Times and it continued its weekly visits until 1889, when it passed out of existence. Two monthlies and a semi-monthly were the publications that first saw the light of day in Toledo in 1887. The Syinposiac, with H. W. Tiernan as manager, was started as a monthly, but a year later its name was changed to the Catholic Standard, and it was published continuously until 1890. A semi-monthly, entitled the Business World, was launched with Joseph B. Battelle as manager. In 1892 the Tri-State Grocer was started by C. N. Bellman and George Tuttle. In 1895 these two papers were consolidated, and under the name of Business World and Tri-State Grocer continued to be published until some time in 1896. The Toledo Medical and Surgical Reporter was also started as a monthly publication in 1887, with Dr. Charles P. Wagar as editor. In 1908 Dr. Oscar Hasencamp became the managing editor of the journal, and under his supervision it is now being published. The year 1888 recorded the birth of a considerable number of publications in the Toledo field. The Industrial Farm and Fireside appeared as a weekly, with Galen Oderkirk as proprietor, and its publication was continued for a couple of years. The Advocate and Reporter, issued quarterly, was started by the Lucas County Sunday School Union and continued to appear until 1891. The East Toledo Record began to make weekly visits in that year, with Quaife & Leddy as publishers. A year later its name was changed to East Side Record, with Quaife & McCune as publishers, and in 1890 the name of John Quaife appears alone as proprietor. The paper ceased publication in 1892. S. A. Court started the Toledo Knight, a year later changed its name to Ohio Knight, and he continued its publication until 1892. The Toledo Independent, with Johnson & Bray as proprietors, was started as a weekly publication. In 1902, George W. Acker became the editor and publisher, and in 1903 the paper ceased to exist. The Game Breeder was launched in 1888, but the following year its name was changed to Care's Game Breeder, Patrick W. Carew being the publisher. In 1899 the name was changed to Chanticleer, and it continued to make its monthly appearance until 1903. The Home Magazine, which soon thereafter became popularly known as Gunnels' Monthly, was first published in 1888, with J. W. Gunnels as proprietor. It was issued regularly until 1905, when its publication was suspended. In 1899 Mr. Gunnels began the publication of The Correspondent, a monthly paper, which he still continues to issue. The year 1889 marked the appearance of six new applicants for public favor. The Toledo Eagle, a weekly paper, was started by John C. Keelan, but ceased to exist after a few months. The Maumee Val- THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 341. ley Sentinel, also a weekly, was launched by Clark & Canfield, and its publication was continued until 1892. The .Medical Compend, a monthly periodical, was started in 1889 by Blaine & Priest, who continued to publish it until 1891, when H. S. Havighorst became the editor. In 1892 H. G. Blaine assumed editorial supervision, C. S. Miller being later associated with him, and the paper continued to be published until 1894. In 1895 Harry G. Blaine established a monthly journal which he called Blaine's Medical Footprints, but it succumbed to the fates after a few issues. The Ohio Sunday School Worker, a quarterly publication, was established in 1889, with Marion Lawrence as editor, and it made regular visits until 1899. The same editor conducted The Helper, a monthly journal established in 1881. In 1898 the name of S. B. Crosby appears as business manager of The Helper, succeeded soon thereafter by E. F. Gleason. The Helper was suspended in 1900. The Parish Guide, another monthly publication of a religious nature, appeared in 1889, with Rev. Edwin R. Atwill as editor. In 1891, Rev. Charles Scalding took charge of the paper and conducted it until its suspension, in 1899. The editors were rectors of Trinity Episcopal Church in Toledo. The Monthly Reminder was another religious paper that appeared in 1890, with Rev. William H. Sloan as editor, but its life was a comparatively brief one. The same year, a semi-monthly publication was started with the name of Union Defenders' Review, the publishers being Davis & McCune,, but it was discontinued after a few issues. The Toledo Labor Record, a monthly paper devoted to labor interests and reform in general, was started by D. L.. Mynihen in 1890. In 1892 its name was changed to the Labor Advocate, but it met the fate that seems to await most periodicals of that class, and closed its career in 1895, because of ihadequate support. It was succeeded by the Toledo Union, with Mason Warner as editor, who continued to issue the publication for about four years. In 1901 the Labor Union, as the official journal of the Central Labor Union and Building Trades Council. made its appearance, with P. J. Moran as editor, and it was published continuously until 1905. Another labor paper, called the Union Leader, was first issued as a weekly publication in 1907, and is still in existence. It is ably edited by James P. Egan, who is a consistent advocate of the proposed reforms which are engrossing the attention of the trades unions. The paper is full of bright and intelligent items and bids fair to become a permanent and successful enterprise. The Critic Publishing Company was organized in 1890, and the first issue of the paper bearing the name of The Critic appeared that year, with Miss May I. Fassett as manager. In 1904 the name of the publication was changed to Toledo Critic, and since 1906 it has been published by the International Publishing Company, of which A. D. Fassett is president, R. D. Fassett manager, and K. C. Kaichen secretary. This company also publishes The World, which was established in 1903, the Toledo Search Light and Fraternal Journal, established in 1905, and the East Toledo Enterprise, established in 1907. The 342 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY Afro-American Progress, established in 1906, and the West Toledo Times, established in 1907, were also published, during the short existence of each, by the International Publishing Company. Four weekly publications made their appearance in 1891. The Public Record existed but a comparatively sort time, and the Saturday. Herald, with H. H. Moore as publisher, and the Toledo Weekly Leader, with Gilsdorf & Samberg as publishers, had a similar experience. The Toledo World, a Catholic weekly, was started by Thomas J. Martin. In 1897 its name was changed to Catholic Universe, and in 1898 Toledo Review, and its publication was suspended in 1900. The Woman's Recorder, a weekly paper, also made its appearance in 1891. The following year its name was changed to Woman's Medical Journal, and it is still being published by the Hackedorn Printing Company. A semi-monthly, two monthlies and two weeklies made their appearance on the troublesome sea of Toledo journalism in 1892, but after a short experience of not to exceed a year each of them suspended. The Mirador, a semi-monthly publication, was established in July, 1892, by A. Riley Crittenden, but only a comparatively few numbers were issued. In 1894 the same editor began the publication of the Toledo Christian Advocate, which he still continues to publish. The Review, a monthly paper devoted to religion, education and literature, was started in 1892 by Archie B. Clark, but only a few numbers were issued, and the same fate was met by the Toledo Telegrapher, established by I. R. T. Austin. The two short-lived weeklies established in that year were the Trade Review, by J. H. Andrews, and the West Side Local, by Hamley & Fraser. The Toledo Daily Reporter was started by George M. Luttrell in 1892, and was published regularly until 1895. In 1893 the same gentleman began the publication of a weekly called the Legal Bulletin. In 1903 its name was changed to Toledo Bulletin, and it is now being published Oby the ,Toledo Legal News Company, of which 0. P. Wilkinson is president and manager. The company also publishes a daily, called the Toledo Legal News, which was established in 1893. The Toledo Saturday Record made its obeisance to the public in 1892, with Elmer White and N. B. St. John as proprietors, and the following year its name was changed to Toledo Record, and Blacque Wilson became associated with the other gentlemen in its publication. In 1894 it was issued as a semi-weekly, with Elmer White as sole editor, and in 1896 it became the property of the Toledo Record Printing & Publishing Company, its publication being continued until 1898. The Toledo Industrial Gazette, with A. W. Campbell as editor and manager, was published for a few months after being established in 1893, as was also the Toledo Sunday Globe, with L. S. Watson as proprietor; and the Toledo Enterprise, by William H. Mitchell and McPherson Phillips, survived until 1896. The Lucas County Christian Endeavor, a monthly publication, was started in 1893, with Leddy & Hamlin as publishers. Our Union was its successor in 1894, and it continued in existence until 1898, A. T. Leddy being the manager. Three monthly publications were candidates for public favor in THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 343 1894. The Ceramic and Glass Teachers' Guide, with Theodore Hoelzer as manager, was issued until 1896. as was also The Pathfinder, of which J. E. Gunckel was editor ; and the American Land acid Title Register, which was devoted to real estate and municipal reform, made regular visits for a period of ten years, until 1904. The Cycling News, a weekly, was started in 1895, with E. R. Waite as editor. It was published until 1897, after which Mr. Waite became the proprietor of Talk, a weekly that was issued for a short time, following the suspension of the Cycling News. A semi-monthly, called the Tri-Color, was published by A. D. Pelton from 1895 until 1899. A monthly publication, entitled Mother and Child, made several appearances, beginning in 1896, as did also Toledo Town Talk, a weekly, of which Merritt & Perry were proprietors. The Dorr Street Press, Phillips & Company publishers, and the Toledo Trade, with E. 0. Brown as editor, were two weekly publications that existed but a short time after being established, in 1897, while the Italian. and Syrian Message, of which Miss May Eddy was publisher, the Venezuela Notes, of which R. W. Crichton was editor, and the Toledo Herald, with Mitchell & Keyt as publishers, survived until 1900. The Toledo Midget, with George Shultz as editor, was established as a weekly publication in 1898, but ceased to exist the following year; the Ohio Endeavorer, a monthly, with S. J. Clark as publisher, made regular visits until Iw0; and the Fraternal Home Mirror, established in 1898. is still being published as a monthly by Robert Martin. A weekly paper, called .Le Courrier, was started in 1899 by J. L. Harquell, but it ceased to exist within the following twelve months. The Toledo Tribune was established in April, 1899, with C. W. Seiner as publisher, and it made weekly visits until 1906, when it was issued monthly, and suspended publication in 1907. A weekly called Toledo Saturday Night, was also established in April, 1899, with C. C. Packard as publisher. Its existence was a brief one, and Mr. Packard became the publisher of North and South, a periodical which was established in 1900, and is still being issued. The foregoing list includes the principal English papers that are or have been published in the city of Toledo. Others have sprung up and flourished for a brief period and then passed away, but it is unnecessary to give each an individual mention in this connection. Those now being published and not already mentioned will be given in the complete list of Toledo publications in another paragraph of this chapter. The Toledo Express, which was the first German publication in the city, was started Jan. I, 1854, under the name of Ohio Staats-seitung by Messrs. Marx & Hauschild. as a weekly paper. Mr. Hauschild took the editorial management and succeeded in building up a flourishing business. On his retirement, the Marx Brothers took the paper in their own hands and conducted it as a weekly until the latter part of 1856, when a small daily was started, with Julius Vortriede as editor. At the time of the starting of the daily the name of the 344 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY paper was changed to the Toledo Express. The daily proved only short-lived, and after a brief career of a year its publication was stopped, the weekly Express still being published. In 1860 Joseph E. Marx, haying previously purchased the interest of his two brothers. went into a corporation under the name of the Toledo Commercial Company. The Express was published by this company until March. 1866, when it was sold to Joseph Bender. During the next five years attention was paid exclusively to the weekly, and a large circulation was obtained. In 1871 the daily was started again, and Mr. Bender conducted the daily and weekly editions until 1887, when Charles A. Vortriede became the proprietor. In 1889 the Toledo Express Company was organized, and the different editions of the Express have since been published by that corporation. In politics, the Express was at first liberal in its views, espousing the cause of no political party, but in 1856 it supported Fremont, and since that time has been a strict Republican paper. The Toledo Demokrat, another prominent German paper, was founded in the year 1859, by Charles H. Buelow, and soon became recognized as a stanch supporter of Democratic principles. The publication of this ,paper, however, was suspended about 1863. The Toledo Volksfreund was established in 1878, by C. G. Busch, who conducted it until 1882, when Edward V. E. Rausch became the proprietor. That gentleman continued to issue the paper until 1896, when its publication was stopped. The Toledo Freie Presse was established in 1887, with Emil V. Schleinitz as editor, and both daily and weekly editions were published. In 1889, H. G. Kimmich became the publisher, but after a struggling existence of about three years, both daily and weekly editions were suspended. The Gwiazda, a Polish semi-weekly publication, was established in 1887 by A. A. Paryski. In 1889 the name of the paper was changed to Ameryka, and as such its publication was continued until 1906. In the year 1902 Mr. Paryski became convinced that the large number of Poles in Toledo would justify the publication of a daily paper, and in accordance with that idea the initial number of The Echo made its appearance in that year under his management. He continued the publication of The Echo as a daily until in 1906, when he merged it with the Ameryka, and since that time the Ameryk-Echo has been issued as a weekly publication. The Polish population in America, numbering about 3,000,000, consists chiefly of the laboring classes, and the intellectual progress has not always kept pace with the vast numbers that are pouring annually into our country. In order to remedy this state of affairs, and to facilitate the study of the English language, Mr. Paryski, in 1898, began the publication of an illustrated monthly which he calls the Dictionary of English and Polish Languages. It has gained wide circulation and is eagerly perused by the Polish population in America. In 1901 Mr. Paryski began the publication of another Polish weekly, devoted to the humorous and the satirical, under the name of Latarmia, and this paper is also widely circulated. THE PRESS OF THE COUNTY - 343 The Kuryer Katolicki, a weekly paper, established in 1906, with C. W. Westfall as manager. is the only other Polish periodical now published in the city. The list of publications in Toledo, with their respective publishers, as given in the City Directory of 1909, is as follows : Ameryk-Echo, A. A. Paryski Correspondent, J. W. Gunnels ; Dental Summary, Ransom & Randolph ; East Toledo Enterprise, International Publishing Company ; Grocer and Butcher, Toledo Retail Grocers' and Butchers. Association : Kuryer Katolicki„ Kuryer Katolicki Publishing Company ; Motordom, Motordom Publishing Company ; Official Guide of Toledo, Miller & Dreher : Official Trolley Guide, Roy Van Wormer ; St. John's College Quarterly, St. John's University ; Search Light, Burnell D. Johnson : Steam Shovel News, B. F. Johnston ; Success Magazine; Sunday Times-Bee, Toledo Newspaper Company ; Toledo Blade, Toledo Blade Company ; Toledo Bulletin, Toledo Legal News Company ; Toledo City Directory, Toledo Directory Company ; Toledo Club Woman, Toledo Federation of Women's Clubs and Societies ; Toledo Critic, International Publishing Company ; Toledo Daily Market Report, Franklin Printing & Engraving Company ; Toledo Directory for Graduate Nurses, William Bowman ; Toledo Express, Express Publishing & Printing Company ; Toledo Havi Ujsag, Rev. Francis Eller : Toledo Labor Search Light, International Publishing Company ; Toledo Legal News, Toledo Legal News Company ; Toledo Medical and Surgical Reporter, Toledo Medical & Surgical Reporter Company Toledo News-Bee, Toledo Newspaper Company ; Toledo Plain Dealer, John Samsey Toledo Progress, Ira G. Squires ; Toledo Record, Toledo Catholic Record Publishing Company ; Toledo Times, Toledo Times Company : Toledo Young Women, Young Women's Christian Association : Union Leader, Central Labor Union ; Women's Medical Journal, Hackedorn Printing Company ; The World, International Publishing Company. Only two papers are published in the county outside of the city of Toledo—one each at Maumee and Sylvania. The first newspaper in Maumee was the Express. the first number of which appeared March 25, 1837. It was published by an association of citizens, for whom Calvin Frary acted as agent. the editor being Henry Reed. Jr. It was a neat. well printed sheet. 22x33 inches in size, and in typographical appearance and contents was specially creditable to both proprietors and editor. and to the towh whose interests it was intended to represent. No rival or neighboring town had a more creditable representative in its press than did Maumee City. After the issue of six numbers the name of Mr. Frary as publisher disappeared and that of J. H. Brown was substituted. That gentleman had recently been connected with a paper at Tiffin. Two weeks later the Express passed into the hands of Henry Reed, Jr., and H. L. and S. T. Hosmer, the editorial department remaining with Mr. Reed, and S. T. Hosmer having charge of the mechanical branch. Mr. Reed and H. L. Hosmer were then partners in the practice of the law at Maumee City. It would be both impracticable and unprofitable to attempt to follow the varying course of the Maumee Press for nearly three-quarters 346 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY of a century following its advent. In common with all Western towns, it has had many newspapers, published by many proprietors. After the Express came the Maumee River Times, which was published jointly at Maumee and Perrysburg, by H. T. Smith, and which, in changed forms, was continued until the removal of the office to Toledo, in 1855. The New Era was established at Maumee, in February, 1872, by P. C. Holt & Company, and that firm was succeeded by J. E. Wilcox. The latter conducted it until 1881, when F. D. Crane assumed the management. The name has since been changed to the Advance-Era, and Herbert S. Dickson is the present editor. It is independent in politics and devoted to news and home interests. The Sentinel was established at Sylvania in 1908. THE PRESS CLUB. In writing an historical sketch of the Toledo press, the Toledo Press Club should not be overlooked. This club had its origin in November, 1880, when the preliminary steps were taken for the formation of a permanent organization, and upon this being effected the following officers were elected : Flavius J. Oblinger, president ; William R. Leflet, vice-president ; James W. Erwin, secretary, and Fred. W. Baker, treasurer. The officers were distributed with impartiality among the representatives of the different papers, and the club started off with every prospect of success. During the first years of its existence the club held its meetings at the office of the Evening Bee, but in 1888 a room was secured in the Law Building. From this place the club removed to rooms at 239 Superior street, but in 1891 another removal became necessary, and rooms in King's Block, at the foot of Madison street, were leased. In 1897 rooms were secured on Summit street, and after two or three other changes of location, in 1906 it became housed in pleasant and commodious rooms in the Smith & Baker Building. Flavius J. Oblinger, the first president. served until in January, 1883. Since then the presidents have been as follows : 1883, Charles Reed ; 1884, J. H. McElroy ; 1885. Flavius J. Oblinger ; 1886, Robinson Locke ; 1887, R. W. Harris. 1888, William R. Leflet ; 188990, William Beatty ; 1891, Negley D. Cochran : 1892. Robinson Locke ; 1893, Michael P. Murphy ; 1894, Samuel S. Knabenshue 1895, Theodore F. McManus ; 1896. Archibald Fleming ; 1897. C. C. Wilkinson; 1898, Harry Howard ; 1899, F. M. Heller ; 1900. R. A. Brinkerhoff ; 1901, George W. Pearson ; 1902, E. F. Kemp : 1903. Blaque Wilson ; 1904, A. C. Crouse ; 1905, Alexander G. Anderson ; 1906, E. R. Kelsey ; 1907, Ralph Le Blond ; 1908. Kevin O'Dwyer ; 1909, W. F. Hedrick. CHAPTER XV. BANKING AND FINANCE. ANTIPATHY TO BANKS-"WILD-CAT" BANKING-CITY BANK OF BREST, IN MICHIGAN-PANIC OF 1837-COMPLETE FINANCIAL RUIN-"MICHIGAN MONEY" IN LUCAS COUNTY-BANK OF MANHATTAN-FIRST BANKING HOUSE IN TOLEDO-PERIOD OF SANE BANKING-THE COMMERCIAL BANK AND THE BANK OF TOLEDO-KRAUS & COMPANY-KETCHAM, BERDAN & COMPANY- FIRST NATIONAL BANK-SECOND NATIONAL BANK-OTHER BANKING INSTITUTIONS-FINE RECORD. Although the bank is an effect rather than the cause of industrial or commercial activity in any city or community, it is generally a good index to the state of industrial or commercial prosperity. In a review of the history and development of the city of Toledo and Lucas county, it is therefore eminently proper that its banking history should be considered. During the era of settlement, and for some years after the creation of Lucas county, the people of Ohio were not friendly to banks. This was chiefly due to the unstable character of the currency then in circulation. Most of the paper money of that day was issued by private banking concerns, and went current only so long as some man of known integrity and business standing said it was good. Nor was this prejudice—if prejudice it can be called—indigenous to the Western frontier. Many of the pioneers had been forced to leave their homes in the older States and begin life anew on the margin of civilization through the failure of some "wild-cat" bank. Hence the antipathy to banks whose solvency was liable at any moment to be called into question. And it becomes necessary here to notice a series of events in the neighboring, State of Michigan that had an important bearing upon the development of Lucas county, as well as Ohio in general. In its effects upon the business of this section, the wretched so-called "currency" of Michigan was no less unfortunate than was the boundary question, which then had .just been settled. "In fact," as another writer has said, "the contest with the `wild-cat' brood, while perhaps not more bloody than was the 'Toledo war,' nevertheless was far more calamitous to the material interests of both sides of the disputed boundary." On March 13, 1837, the legislature of Michigan enacted a law providing for the incorporation of moneyed institutions. This law provided that any number of men might associate together, subscribe $30,000 for a capital stock, and by filing articles of association with the county clerk. become incorporate. It was required that one-third of - 347 - 348 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY the capital be owned in the county, ten per cent. be paid in before election of directors, and thirty per cent, before bank notes should be issued. The law also contained this restrictive clause : "It shall not be lawful for any such banking association to issue, or have outstanding or in circulation at any time, an amount of notes or bills loaned or put in circulation as money exceeding twice and a half the amount of its stock then paid in and actually possessed nor shall its loans and discounts at any time exceed twice and a half the amount of its capital stock so paid in and possessed." This was bad enough, but a subsequent statute allowed them to deposit, instead of specie, a bond secured on real estate. Under the operation of this law, hundreds of banks sprang into existence. Nearly every cross-road had its bank, and it is indeed a wonder that the inhabitants of any community could forego the luxury of a banking association. Every kind of property was quoted at inflated prices, and wild land, valued at three or four times its actual worth, became the security for the bank circulation of Michigan. These banks, on account of the character of their securities, were called "wild-cat banks," and the old banks were known as "chartered banks." The law required a certain amount of specie to be kept within the vaults of the bank, but this provision was evaded. The same specie served for exhibition for a dozen banks, at various intervals. The bonds and mortgages which were deposited were upon city lots in the woods, or on real estate at fictitious values. The notes of one wild-cat bank were held as capital by another wild-cat bank. They clandestinely put out a much larger circulation than the law allowed them. In these and a hundred other ways they evaded the law and practiced outrageous swindles upon the public. Incidents connected with the operations of these banking schemes properly form a part of history, and none will serve as a better illustration than the City Bank of Brest. Brest was a magnificent city (on paper), situated at the mouth of a little creek, about seven miles from Monroe, Mich. An excellent lithographed and beautifully colored map of the city represented it with broad avenues, lined with palatial residences and handsome grounds. The extended river front of the city had continuous lines of docks, above which towered, on either hand, lofty warehouses, filled with the merchandise of the world. The largest steamers were represented as sailing up past the city, whose docks were crowded with vessels of all descriptions, while the streets were thronged with busy life. The ruins of Nineveh or Baalbec are not more desolate now than are the ruins of Brest, and it is little less a wilderness to-day than it was seventy-odd years ago. But Brest had a bank, with a capital of $100,000. It was a fair sample of a wild-cat bank, and an illustration of how those affairs were managed. The law compelled the bank commissioners to make an investigation into the affairs of the banks. Spies dogged the footsteps of the commissioners, and it was generally found out when they were to visit a bank for inspection, whereupon the affairs of that particular bank were put into favorable shape forthwith. On Aug. 2. 1837, the commissioners examined the Bank of Brest and found that its principal resources con- BANKING AND FINANCE - 349 sisted of loans on bonds, $16,000 ; bank stock, $10,000; specie, $12,900. It appears that of the specie, $10,500 belonged to Lewis Godard (who is elsewhere mentioned in this volume as having opened the first store in the village of Vistula, in 1831), and had been received by the bank the day before examination, and was drawn out the day after examination. The $16,000 loan on bond and mortgage was a loan to the trustees of the town of Brest, to secure which the bank received an assignment of the bonds executed by Lewis Godard for the sum of $34,000, and also of mortgages of 118 city lots in Brest. On the day after the examination the directors assigned the bond and mortgage back to the trustees of Brest, having received nothing for them. Seven days later, an impromptu investigation of the affairs of the bank showed that the amount of specie on hand amounted to $138.89, while the whole amount of bills of the bank which were in circulation was $84,241. A few days after the investigation into the affairs of the Bank of Brest, the commissioners examined the Bank of Clinton, and found specie on hand to the amount of $11,029.36. On the day succeeding the examination, $10,500 of this specie was drawn from the bank by the cashier, taken to Detroit and paid over to Lewis Godard, it being precisely the same specie that had done duty a few days before in the Bank of Brest. Thus the specie was carted about. the country in advance of the commissioners. Isolated banks, which could not enjoy the benefits of this rotation of specie reserve, resorted to other devices. Some of them, it is said, would buy a small quantity of specie, and nearly filling small kegs with pounded glass, would cover the top with specie and thus pass the examination. Before the bursting of this financial bubble, the amount of notes these banks had in circulation is estimated to have been not less than $300 for every man, woman and child in the State of Michigan. Banks were established in the most inaccessible places, which it was not likely the holders of the bills could ever find, and hence the hank would not be asked to redeem its currency. About the time these wild-cat banks had got to work, the country experienced one of those financial panics which so frequently shake commercial communities to their very center. President Andrew Jackson, it will be remembered, was hostile to the United States Bank, which had been in existence since 1816. It had been chartered in December of that year for a period of twenty years, and as its term was about to expire, "Old Hickory" fought the movement for renewing the charter with all of his characteristic determination. He conquered, the bank was discontinued, its stock was sold and the money was paid into the United States treasury. The banks in the several States were thereupon designated as banks of deposit, and were used for collecting, transferring and disbursing the public revenues. There was then a surplus in the United States treasury, and after a long and exciting debate in Congress, in the session of 1835-36, it was determined to distribute this surplus among the several States in proportion to their representation in Congress. to deposited hi the various banks for safe keeping.