500 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY the population of Toledo was about 4,000, showing a ratio of death to population of 1 to 12, a ratio which, though a sad one, was far below the mortality in some other cities, where the disease raged with dreadful fury. The practice of medicine and surgery during the early history of Lucas county was not a sinecure. The roads—where there were any—were necessarily poor, and many journeys had to be made over bridle-paths. Sometimes even these were impassable and the journey had to be made or completed on foot and by fording streams, climbing over fallen trees, crossing marshes—in fact, any way possible to carry succor to the afflicted. And many times the doctor arrived after death had closed the eyes that had looked so long for his coming. The doctor went on horseback, carrying his saddle-bags, which contained his small stock of crude drugs (and he acquired rare proficiency in their efficacious combination) that he was compelled to use for all kinds of diseases. The medical practitioner of to-day can have but little comprehension of the arduous and resourceful life of the early "country doctor." Then, the physician furnished all of his medicine, many of his remedies being procured by himself from the vegetable kingdom, and they were administered in what was known in the vernacular as "horse-doses." To-day, the busy doctor hands a prescription to his patient, who, taking it to some drug store, is furnished with an elegant pharmaceutical preparation which is satisfying to the eye and pleasing to the palate, in place of the crude and frequently nauseating compound then administered. Then, he had no trained assistants or nurses, and the attention given to the sick, while prompted by love or friendship, frequently was disastrous from excess of kindness. In the domain of surgery, the advancement has been simply appalling. Then, the skill and ability of the operator were handicapped by his ignorance of sepsis, and many a patient paid with his life the penalty for the doctor's hands not being clean. Had we an authentic record of the early accidents, diseases and deaths, together with their causes, and could we appreciate the limitations of the early physicians, we would not wonder that so many died, but that so many lived ; and we of to-day should take off our hats to the resourcefulness and ability of the early practitioner, who derived no assistance from the multitudinous antiseptics and the operative paraphernalia and technique that have been evolved since the early days. The medical education of many of the early physicians was extremely limited, and even those who had taken a college degree and possessed a diploma had no such educational equipment as the graduate of to-day. The early requirements to enter a medical college was a certificate of "good moral character," no preliminary education being necessary, providing they could read and write ; and the requirements for graduation were that the student should have attended two terms of lectures, each of six months' duration. Since that time the requirements have been steadily increased until to-day most colleges require a term of four years, each of nine months' duration, and it is not an exaggeration to assert that it is now necessary THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 501 to know more to get into a medical college than was necessary forty years ago to get out of one, with a diploma. The history of the medical profession of Lucas county must necessarily be incomplete, as, unlike the legal and other professions, no early records are preserved from which authentic data can be secured. For the matter contained in the following pages, concerning the early physicians, the writer is indebted to a large extent to an article written by the late• Dr. William C. Chapman and published in "Waggoner's History of Toledo and Lucas County." The first physician that settled in this region was a Dr. Barton. Nothing can be said of him, except that he located about the Rapids of the .Maumee in the early part of the last century, taking the place of the missionaries who had some skill in the healing art, being accustomed to aid both Indians and whites when called upon. Dr. Barton was still at Maumee when Dr. Conant came to that place, in 1816. Dr. Horatio Conant, who is given personal mention among the county officials, on another page, was the second physician to locate in Lucas county, coming here in 1816. He first engaged in the mercantile business at Maumee, for about one year, and then commenced the practice of medicine, which he thereafter made his chief occupation, although he became prominent in public affairs and filled several important positions. His professional visits extended up the Maumee river to Defiance, embraced all the country below, north to the Raisin river, east and south to the Portage river and Blanchard's Fork, and on one occasion as far as Fort Wayne. One spring, in making a horseback trip to Defiance, he was obliged to swim eight streams, and upon reaching that place he left his horse and purchased a canoe, in which he floated to his home. As indicated by this statement, he was an active, earnest worker in his profession. Dr. Walter Colton, father of the late Carlos Colton, of Toledo, was born in New England in 1773, and after spending fifty years of his life in that region, he concluded to move westward, and selected Maumee as the place for his home. To this place he came in 1823, when there was nothing there but a few houses. He remained in Maumee until 1827, when he removed to Monroe, Mich., where he remained until his death, which occurred Sept. 26, 1834, of cholera. Dr. Oscar White was born Nov. 18, 1809, at Ackworth, N. H., a small village where school privileges were limited. He struggled along, working days and studying nights, until he was fourteen years old, when he went to live with his uncle, Charles White, who was a physician, and three years were spent in study and in helping about the office and house. He next attended Dartmouth College, taking first the academic and then the medical course. In 1829, at the age of twenty, he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. After a limited survey of prospective locations, he came to Maumee City and formed a partnership with Dr. Conant, which association extended over a period of many years, and a friendship was formed which was only terminated by death. The practice thus begun extended, in a few years, to large proportions, so that Dr. White received calls from Tecumseh. Mich., from Defiance, and from points equally 502 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY as remote in other directions. In 1858, he removed to Toledo, where he lived until called away from earthly scenes, in 1883, having spent over fifty years of his life in the Maumee valley. He gave to the Toledo Medical Association his large and valuable library, which he had accumulated during his practice. Dr. J. V. D. Sutphen was born July 24, 1802, in Hunterdon county, New Jersey. He attended school in New Brunswick, afterward studied medicine with Dr. Vandenburg, of Somerset county ; took a course of lectures in New York, and afterward at Castleton, Vt., where he was graduated in 1824. He came to the present site of Toledo in 1825. Subsequently, he bought an interest in a tract of land, elsehere referred to as purchased of him by Jessup W. Scott. Upon this land he erected his dwelling and commenced the practice of his profession. In 1832, he sold the greater portion of his tract of land to Mr. Scott for twelve dollars per acre, reserving the westerly portion for his homestead and erecting thereon a commodious frame house, in which he lived for several years. On the breaking out of the "Toledo war," he espoused the cause of Michigan, believing she was right in her claim, and when the question was finally decided he was so deeply chagrined that he determined to move to his beloved Wolverine State. Selling his house in the year 1836, he removed to Berrien, St. Joseph county, and after devoting himself to his professional duties for several years, he moved to Clay county, Indiana, where he died in 1856. Dr. John Fassett was born in Bennington, Vt., Dec. 17, .1769. In early life he removed to Cambridge, in the same State, and when old enough was sent to Amherst, N. H., to study medicine with Dr. Peabody, who gave him thorough instruction, thus fitting him for his after professional life. He began his practice in Cambridge, his home, but desiring to extend his usefulness, determined to move West. Selecting Vistula as his future home, he arrived there Oct. 12, 1832, and immediately entered eighty acres of land, at what is now the foot of Locust street. As there was no tavern in that section of country, he began the erection of a hotel building which came to be known as the "Mansion House." Having completed the hotel, he immediately constructed his own residence of logs, on the southeast corner of Superior and Locust streets. There being then no other physician in the neighborhood, and much sickness prevailing, Dr. Fassett was overworked to such extent that he was compelled to remove from the west side of the river, and, crossing to the east side, he established himself at the point where the Cherry street bridge now terminates. He named his home Utah Postoffice, as all mail for the surrounding country was left there for distribution. He died in May, 1853. Dr. Welcome Pray was born in the town of Winfield, Herkimer county, New York, Oct. 27, 1809. Having received an education in the schools of that part of the State, he attended lectures and was graduated at the Western College of Physicians and Surgeons, located at Fairfield, N. Y., an uncle, Dr. Paris Pray, being his preceptor. Having received his diploma in the spring of 183o, he immediately began the practice of his profession, but being a young man, he believed THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 503 that his field for usefulness was away from the scenes of his boyhood, and so chose Ohio as his future home, removing to this State in 1833. Maumee City was at that time the largest place in Northwestern Ohio, and he selected the village of Waterville, only a few miles south of the metropolis. There he continued to reside for more than half a century, engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Harvey Burritt was a native of Connecticut, having been born in that State in 1804. After attending school for some years, he began reading medicine, his early advantages in the study of his profession being of a high order. He was graduated at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, under the tutorship of those giants of the profession of that day, Willoughby, Delamater, Mc-Naughton, Romeyn, Beck, and others. He came to the Maumee valley. in 1833, and settled at Gilead, Wood county, where for nearly twenty years he followed the practice of medicine with continued success. beloved and honored by all classes of his fellow-citizens. In 1853 he removed to Maumee City, where he was engaged in his professional -duties until his death, Feb. TO, 1868. Dr. Jacob Clark was another of the pioneer physicians of Toledo, taking up his residence here in 1834, and he is elsewhere mentioned in connection with the political history of the county. Dr. John Mosher was another of the pioneer physicians of Lucas county. He was born in Dorset, Vt., March 28, 1805, and was graduated at Woodstock, same State, in 1831. He removed to Toledo in 1834. and after practicing his profession there for eleven years, he retired. in 1845, to a farm in Oregon township, where he led the quiet life of a farmer, yet occasionally rendering medical aid to his neighbors. While not regarded as wealthy, he accumulated considerable property, and died at his residence Oct. 24, 1872. Dr. Horace Green was born in Amherst, Mass., in 1811. He attended school there until his father moved to Wayne county, New York. when he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Lovejoy. He attended lectures at Geneva College. receiving his diploma there in 1835, and removed to Sylvania in the same year. He was successful in business, but during the cholera epidemic of 1852 he contracted that disease. of which he died. Dr. Tames L. Chase was born in Litchfield, Conn., Feb. To, 1805. In 1816 the family removed to Titusville, Pa., then a mere hamlet, when "Seneca Oil," now the great "Petroleum," was known only as a remedial agent. In 1827 the family removed to Forest county, same State. where James engaged in iron manufacture. At the age of twenty-three years he commenced the study of medicine, and three years later had completed the prescribed course. On Jan. 1, 1836, he reached Lucas county, then just organized, and stopped at Manhattan. which continued to be his home while there was a Manhattan. He soon began the practice of medicine, which he continued for nearly forty years in that locality. He was the township treasurer of Manhattan for thirty-six years and a trustee for several terms. He remained in Manhattan as long as the name was spared from the terri- 504 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY torial grasp of its older rival, and then, in 1874, he removed to Toledo, taking up his residence on Superior street. Dr. Blakesley Henry Bush was born at Sangerfield, Oneida county, New York, March 25, 18o8. Having received a good common-school education, he entered the College of the Medical Society of the County of Madison, at Eaton, N. Y., where he was graduated with honors, Jan. 26, 1831. After graduation, he remained for some time in the office of Dr. Thomas Spencer, president of the college, but practiced for a short time thereafter at Chittenango. From that place he went to Manlius and, in 1834, came to Port Lawrence township, living for a short time in a log house, the site now being the corner of Monroe street and Detroit avenue. Shortly thereafter, he moved into the Vistula division of Toledo and located a drug store on Cherry street, near the corner of Superior. Having always had a natural taste for farming, he soon purchased a farm near his old home on Monroe street, and moved there, continuing for some years the practice of his profession ; but finding the labor too severe, he finally retired entirely from the work and remained upon the farm until his death, in 1874. Dr. Alexander Anderson, an eminent physician, commenced the practice of medicine in New Philadelphia, Ohio, but soon thereafter removed to Fremont. then called Lower Sandusky. There he practiced from 1826 to 1842, when he removed with his family to Maumee, thus entitling him to rank as one of the pioneer physicians of this county. In the year 1849, in company with James B. Steedman and others, he "crossed the plains" for California, in which trip he encountered hardship and found "all is not gold that glitters." Having accumulated money, he returned to Maumee ; but not being content to remain, he went back to California. Being interested in some mines in Mexico, he took his family to New Albany, Ind., and went to Mexico to look after his interests there. Having accumulated enough to satisfy him, he started on his journey homeward, but was stricken with disease and, in the year 1862, in a strange land, surrounded by friends, he passed to "the bourne whence no traveler returns." Dr. Horace A. Ackley was born in Genesee county, New York, in 1805. He removed to Elba, in the western part of that State, when a boy, and studied in both the common schools and the academy. He began the study of medicine with Dr. Billings and continued it under Dr. Coats, of Batavia. He was graduated at Fairfield, N. Y., under Dr. Delamater, in 1833, and went to Rochester, N. Y., remaining there a short time, giving a course of lectures on anatomy at that place. In the spring of 1835, he came West and settled at Akron, Ohio, and, in the winter of 1835-36, gave his first course of lectures in the medical college at Willoughby. In the summer of 1836 he located in Toledo and, in 1837, entered into partnership with Dr. George R. Perkins, with whom he remained until he removed to Cleveland. in 1839. He was appointed to the chair of surgery in the medical college at Cleveland, which position he retained until 1855, when he resigned on account of failing health. In the year 1849, when the cholera in its worst form visited Sandusky, he went thither with his students and THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 505 remained until the scourge had abated. When returning from a visit to Detroit, April 21, 1854, he was taken severely ill with pneumonia, and died three days later. Dr. Manley Bostwick was the oldest son of Shelburn and Mercy (Smith) Bostwick, and was born Jan. 29, 181o, in Manlius, N. Y. His father removed to Ohio with his family in the summer of 1828, and located on a new farm in Geauga county. Manley remained at home, assisting his father in clearing up the farm, until he reached the age of twenty-one, when he entered school at Concord. In the fall of 1831 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Gorham, and continued it under Dr. Sherwood, of Unionville. Having received license to practice medicine and surgery, from the Medical Society of Northwestern Ohio, he went to Jefferson and afterward to Toledo, arriving at the last-named place in May, 1836. He soon entered into partnership with Dr. Mosher, which association continued until 1838, and then, after practicing alone for several years, he became a partner of Dr. Jacob Clark. Dr. Bostwick died April 27, 1849. Dr. Charles McLean was graduated in Washington City, and came to Toledo in 1836, locating at the corner of Summit and Walnut streets, where he opened an office and drug store. During his stay of about four years in Toledo, he was a leading physician, doing a large and lucrative business. His health failed him and he was compelled to move East, and selecting Baltimore, he remained there, practicing his profession until he died, in 1883, at the age of seventy-six. Dr. B. S. Woodworth was born in Leicester, near Worcester, Mass., in 1816 ; went to Rome, N. Y., when thirteen years old, and resided there eight or nine years. In 1831, he went to Hamilton College, but did not graduate, although in after years the honorary degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by that college. Dr. Woodworth began the study of medicine in Rome, attended his first course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was graduated at the Berkshire Medical College, Massachusetts, in 1837. Soon after his graduation he came west. and was the pioneer physician at the head of the Rapids of the Maumee, selecting Providence, then one of the embryo towns of this seemingly inviting country, as a location. After practicing at Providence for about nine years, he removed to Fort Wayne, where he remained until his death. Dr. William St. Clair was born at Bangor, Me., May 23, 1799. He was graduated at Harvard in 1834, and came immediately to Bucyrus, Ohio, where he practiced about two years. From there he came to Maumee, in 1837, and in that place he practiced for many years. In 1864 he retired from his profession and removed to Kansas City, where he engaged in the banking business. He died Nov. 4, 1877. Dr. Wheeler came to Manhattan, in 1837, from Unionville, having previously been graduated at Willoughby Medical College. He remained at Manhattan but a few years, r and then returned to Unionville. Dr. Calvin Smith was born Feb. 23. 1811, in Franklin county, Massachusetts, and received his academical education at his home, where he also read medicine. He attended lectures at Pittsfield and 506 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY Woodstock, and afterward in Philadelphia. In 1835 he came West and settled in Ypsilanti, Mich., afterward removing to Manhattan, and in 1841 he came to Toledo, where he continued in practice until his death, in 1852. Dr. George R. Perkins was born .at Roxbury, Conn., Jan. 6, 1813. He studied medicine in Utica and Geneseo, N. Y., was graduated at the Fairfield Medical School, in Herkimer county, New York, and, in 1835, moved to Toledo, where he soon built up a good practice. He died in Geneseo, N. Y., July 15, 1846. Dr. Parker came from Massachusetts to Manhattan in 1844, remained about a year, and then removed to Monroe, Mich., where he died. Dr. Chauncey Matthews was located in Maumee, where he practiced medicine and engaged in lumbering. He was in charge of the county infirmary for some time. He died from erysipelas in 1847. Dr. Isaac Hazlett was born in 1815 was graduated at the Medical College of Ohio in 1842 practiced medicine in Dresden and Zanesville, Ohio, and came to Toledo in 1848. He was one of the founders of the Toledo .Medical Association, and took deep interest in medical questions. He died in Toledo, May 10, 1861. Dr. Hosmer Graham was born in West Simsbury, Conn., Oct. 26, 1797. He accompanied his father's family to Madison county, New York. when quite young, and his medical education was received at Lexington, Ky., being graduated at Transylvania University in 1827. He first practiced in Rochester, N. Y., removing thence to Willoughby, Ohio, and from there to Monroe, Mich. In 1843 he was called to fill a professor's chair in the Willoughby Medical College. Dr. Graham came to Toledo in 1848, and there resumed the practice of his profession. He died Nov. 1o, 1855, from injuries caused by a runaway horse. Dr. John H. Van Avery studied medicine under Dr. Oscar White, at Maumee graduated at Cleveland, and was appointed surgeon in the Mexican war. He came to Toledo in 1849, and remained several years. Dr. Alfred Taylor was born in Cherry Valley, N. Y., in 1827 ; was graduated at Philadelphia : came to Lucas county in 185o, and practiced in both Maumee and Toledo. He lived for a short time in Bryan. He enlisted as surgeon of a cavalry regiment, soon after the breaking out of the Civil war, and died on the way to join the regiment. He was one of the original members of the Toledo Medical Association. Dr. Franz Joseph Klauser was born at Hallingen, Oberamt Riedlingen. Kingdom of Wuertemberg, Germany, Feb. 21, 1824. At the age of eight or nine years he prepared for the gymnasium, after passing through which he entered the University of Tuebingen, where he studied medicine and surgery, as he also did at Heidelberg and Freiberg. He began the practice of medicine in 1849 (the year of his graduation), but as most of the students of that time and vicinity were readily thrown into the German revolution. known as the Baden Insurrection, he became one of the revolutionists and was attached to THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 507 the movement as a surgeon, fleeing with the others to Switzerland, where they were received and treated as political refugees. While in Switzerland, he was married to Miss Loeffler, and with his wife emigrated to America in the winter of 1849-50, settling in Toledo, where, with a brief intermission, he practiced his profession until his death. He served as United States- consul at Amsterdam, Holland, from September, 1861, to the summer of 1863. Dr. Klauser died Sept. 1,. 1883, the immediate cause being a cold which he contracted while making professional calls, he not having rallied from a serious illness which had previously confined him to the house for many months. Dr. David L. Briggs was born in the State of New York, in November, 1824. He moved to the West when a youth, selected medicine as his profession, and was graduated at Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, in 1850. He commenced practice in St. Joseph county, Michigan. where he remained until 1859, when he came to Toledo and 'there devoted his energies to his profession until the time of his death, Feb. 6, 1863. Dr. Frederick Hohly was born in Neustadt, Wuertemberg, Germany, Nov. 27, 1831. He studied medicine in Germany for four years and came to this country in 1856, locating in Toledo. He shortly afterward removed to the upper peninsula of Michigan, and also, for a short time, was located in Wisconsin and Minnesota. In 1860 he returned to Toledo, where he practiced his profession until his death, which occurred Oct. 16, 1884. In 1863 Dr. Hohly enlisted in the army as surgeon of the Twelfth Missouri cavalry, was subsequently transferred to the Thirty-seventh Ohio infantry, and served with it as surgeon until mustered out, in the summer of 1865. He served two terms as coroner of Lucas county, which office he filled with credit. Dr. Gustave Fenner von Fenneberg was born at Cassel, Germany, Jan. 29. 1823. He studied at the University of Marburg. first as a pharmacist, and after having received his diploma as such, he journeyed through Italy and Switzerland, and then returned to the university and studied medicine. After graduating, he emigrated to the United States, in 1853, landing in New York in September of that year. For a year he practiced medicine in Cincinnati and then came to Toledo. where he located permanently. For a time he practiced alone, but afterward with Dr. Valentine Braun, his office being on Summit street, near Perry. In 1869, he formed a partnership with Max Witzigareuter, in the drug business, locating on the corner of Huron and Washington streets. Two years later, he purchased his partner's interest and remained sole proprietor until his death. In the spring of 1883 he suffered a stroke of paralysis, from which he never fully recovered. From that time until his death he was frequently attacked by pneumonia, which, accompanied by grave complications, led to his death, June 17, 1887. Dr. Thomas Waddel was born in Seneca, Canada West, Oct. 13, 1843. His preparatory education was obtained in the common schools of Canada. In 1865, he went to Buffalo and began the study of medicine. His first course of lectures was taken during 1866-67, 508 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY and then he was obliged to discontinue his studies for a time on account of failing health. In 187o, he attended lectures in the medical department of the University of Wooster, Cleveland, Ohio, and on graduating, in 1871, he was elected valedictorian of his class. He entered upon the practice of his profession in Chardon, Geauga county, Ohio, and, in December, 1873, moved to Toledo, where he remained until his death, which occurred March 9, 1879, after an illness of forty-eight hours. William W. Jones was born in Smyrna, Chenango county, New York, Sept. 28, 1819. He was in a district school until his tenth year, when he went to a private academy for three years, and then to an academy at Salem, N. Y., where he completed his studies. When about thirteen years of age he entered a printing office at Forestville, Chautauqua county, New York, which establishment closing, he went to Buffalo. There he was employed on a literary publication for a time, and then he obtained work on the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, remaining there until his removal to Dresden, Muskingum county, Ohio, in 1836. There he took an interest, as partner, with his brother, who was engaged in the wholesale manufacture of flour and the sale of merchandise. But determining upon a professional- life, in 1844 he began the study of medicine, his preceptor being Dr. W. W. Rickey, of Dresden, who was prominent in the profession, having been the president of the Ohio State Medical Society. For some time Dr. Jones was a student of Dr. Frank H. Hamilton, then Professor of Surgery in the University of Buffalo, where Dr. Jones was graduated, in the winter of 1848-49. He at once came to Toledo, then a town of less than 4,000 inhabitants, and entered upon the practice of his life-calling amidst strangers. The first case of lithotomy successfully performed in this section was by him, and he became very prominent as a physician. He also became identified with public affairs and for six years served as mayor of Toledo, having been elected to that office in 1871, 1873, and 1877. Semmes Henry Bergen was born near Princeton, N. J., July 15, 1826. When thirteen years old he was sent to a private school at Free-bold, where he remained until prepared for the senior year at college, and, in 1844, he began the study of medicine with a brother, in 1846 matriculating at Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Mass. The next year he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York City. There he remained but six months, when, at the earnest solicitation of Dr. Alonzo Clark, he went to Woodstock, Vt., and accepted the position of demonstrator of anatomy in the Vermont Medical College, from which institution he received his diploma, in 1848. His practice' of medicine was begun in North Bay, Oneida county, New York, at which place he remained seven years. He came to Toledo in 1855, and became a successful and honored physician, always commanding an extensive and lucrative practice. During the Civil war he was coroner of the county four years. He was physician' to the county infirmary for ten years and for several years was consulting physician for the St. Vincent Hospital. He was for some years THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 509 United States pension examiner at Toledo, and served as treasurer of the pension board. William C. Chapman was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 15, 1840, and his early educational advantages consisted of the public schools. Subsequently he attended an academical course in the private school of Charles E. Matthews, and, at the age of eighteen years, he directed his attention to pharmacy, under the instruction of his father, a leading pharmacist of Cincinnati. In 1861 he entered upon the study of medicine as a profession, taking a partial course of lectures in the Medical College of Ohio, and pursuing his studies under the preceptorship of Drs. William Clendenin and William H. Musser. His course of study was for a time interrupted by reason of business connections, but it was resumed in 1871, and, in the spring of 1873, he was graduated at the Miami Medical College of Cincinnati. Having received his diploma, he directed his steps toward Toledo, choosing that locality for entering upon his life work, and it was ever after his home. He continued the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred May 29, 191o. Samuel Wolcott Skinner was born at New Britain, Conn., June 19, 182o. Shortly after his father's death, which occurred in 1825, the family removed to Weatherfield, Conn., and soon thereafter to Hartford. The family finally moved to East Windsor, where the future doctor's preparatory studies were continued until 1837, when, for one year following, he attended school at Gorham, Me., and then he returned to Yale College, where he graduated, in 1842. After graduation he commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Elijah Reed. of East Windsor, and at the same time he attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at New Haven, in 1846, and soon thereafter commenced practice at Windsor Lock, Conn., where lie established for himself the reputation of a competent and successful practitioner. There he continued until the breaking out of the Civil war, when, the principles involved in that struggle appealing to his patriotism, in May, 1861, he left his practice and entered the service as surgeon of the Fourth Connecticut infantry, which soon was reorganized as the First Connecticut heavy artillery. He served with this regiment until it was mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865, a considerable portion of which time he was surgeon-in-chief on General De Russey,s staff. So well did he perform his duties that, when the regiment was mustered out, lie received a brevet commission as lieutenant-colonel, for efficient and meritorious service. In January, 1866, he removed with his family to Toledo, where he was ever after engaged in a general medical practice, and where he justly gained a high reputation for professional attainments, and as a public-spirited citizen. Dr. Waldo C. Daniels was born in Syracuse, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1833, and, having gained a liberal education at the University of Michigan, he studied medicine, and was graduated at the Buffalo Medical College, in 1854. Soon after graduation he settled in Toledo and was one of the original members of the Toledo Medical Association. He died in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1882. Dr. Spencer Dills was born in Warren county, Indiana, and, hav- 510 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY ing obtained an education in the schools of that State, studied medicine, and was graduated at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in the spring of 1871. He was an earnest and faithful student and gave great promise of a useful life, but died soon after establishing himself in Toledo, Oct. 20, 1872. Dr. William M. Douglass was born May 28, 1843, at Johnstown, Pa. He received his education in his native place, entered the army when nineteen years of age, and remained in the service until the end of the war. In 1868 he began the study of medicine and was graduated at the University of Michigan, in 1871. He began practice at Commerce, Mich., but, in 1872, came to Toledo, where he remained until August, 1874, in active practice. At this date he fell sick with pneumonia, resulting in abscess, from which he never recovered. He was removed to his native city, where he died, May 4, 1877, having been a continuous sufferer for nearly three years. Dr. Harry D. Earl was born at Massillon, Ohio, Aug. 9, 185o. Having obtained an education in Toledo, he spent three years in the study of medicine at the University of Michigan, and was graduated at Bellevue Medical College, in 1876. He began the practice of his profession in Toledo, but soon moved to Texas, where he died from typhoid fever, Nov. 3o, 1878. Dr. John W. Bond, who is now retired from active practice, is one of the oldest physicians, in point of years, in Lucas county. He was born in Baltimore, Md., May 8, 1824, and received his early education in his native city. He was graduated in the medical department of the University of the City of New York, in 'March, 1846, and practiced his profession in the city of Baltimore from that year until 1852. He then removed to Ohio, first locating at Zanesville, where he remained until 1854, and then practiced at Mansfield until 1856. In the last named year he removed to Keokuk, Iowa, where he practiced his profession until 1862, when he entered the Union army as surgeon of the Thirtieth Iowa infantry. After eleven months, service in that capacity, he was discharged on account of ill health and, coming to Toledo. he was here continuously engaged in the practice of his profession from 1863 to 1892. Failing eyesight then caused him to give up his practice and has since lived retired. While yet a resident of Baltimore, Dr. Bond occupied the chair of Demonstrator of Anatomy in Washington University of that city, and while in Keokuk, Iowa, he filled the chair of Practice of Medicine in the Keokuk Medical College. He served as health officer of the city of Toledo for several years, and was chief of staff at St. Vincent,s Hospital for nearly a quarter of a century. It is not the aim of the writer to give anything like a complete list of the men who have "lived and labored" in the practice of the medical profession in Lucas county. For reasons that are obvious, that task would be impossible of accomplishment if entered upon, as there have been scores of physicians who have been "birds of passage ;" but those who are mentioned in this chapter fairly represent the class of men who devoted their time and talents in the earlier days of the county to preserve the health of the people. Of the physicians now engaged in active practice, and others who are deceased, many are THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 511 given extended mention in the biographical volume of this work, and some are given a place in chapters upon affairs with which they were prominently identified. MEDICAL SOCIETIES. The earliest organization of physicians in this section, of which record is found, was the Maumee Valley Medical Association. The date of its start is not known. Notice was given in the public press of a meeting of this association, held at the Commercial building in Maumee, June 6, 1842, with Dr. Horatio Conant, president, in the chair. Dr. Calvin Smith, of Toledo, submitted the following resolution, which, after discussion, was unanimously passed : "Resolved, That in the opinion of this society, the so-called science of 'Mesmerism' or 'Animal Magnetism,' as generally understood and advocated, is an imposition upon' the public credulity." Among the officers chosen at this meeting were : Harvey Burritt, of Maumee, vice-president ; Cornelius Matthews, of Toledo, secretary ; Oscar White, of Maumee, treasurer ; Calvin Smith, of Toledo, and Horace Green, of Sylvania, censors. The first organization by the medical practitioners of Toledo was effected June 22, 1851, by Drs. Graham, Jones, Hazlett. Timpany, Scott, Taylor and Dawson, who then met at the Office of Dr. Graham. After discussion of the matter it was resolved to organize a medical association, and a .committee was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws, and the secretary, Dr. Jones, was instructed to notify other physicians in the city of the action taken. At a meeting held Sept. 29, a constitution and by-laws were reported from the committee and were adopted by the society, thus bringing into existence the Toledo Medical Association. The following named gentlemen then signed as charter members of the new society : Hosmer Graham, P. H. Dawson, I. N. Hazlett, Alfred Taylor, William W. Jones, F. J. Klauser, W. C. Scott, and R. H. Timpany. William C. Scott was a prominent physician and a valuable citizen of Toledo, but his career was a brief one, as he died May 9, 1857. At a subsequent meeting, officers were elected and fee bill and additional by-laws adopted. The officers elected were as follows : Dr. Hosmer Graham, president ; Dr. R. H. Timpany, vice-president ; Dr. P. H. Dawson, treasurer ; Dr. William W. Jones, secretary ; and Dr. I. N. Hazlett, Dr. Alfred Taylor, and Dr. Smith constituted the executive committee. The association as thus formed was destined to be short-lived. During the cholera epidemic of 1852, the physicians were so busy that meetings were neglected, and the society was allowed to languish. There are no reports of proceedings until at the call of Dr. Jones, who still remained the secretary, a meeting was held in the parlor of the Collins House, July 26, 1856. Again was considered the question of organization, and a committee was appointed to draw up a new constitution and by-laws. At this meeting, Drs. Timpany, Jones, Swain, Bergen, Bostwick, Ellis, Forbes, Braun, Coldham, Fenneberg, Norris, and Daniels were present. At a subsequent meeting the following officers were elected : Dr. Jacob Clark, president ; 512- MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY Dr. William C. Scott, vice-president ; Dr. S. H. Bergen, treasurer ; Dr. William W. Jones, secretary ; Dr. Charles H. Swain, librarian ; and Dr. S. H. Bergen, Dr. C. H. Swain, and Dr. Samuel F. Forbes constituted the executive committee. In May, 1857, the association was made auxiliary to the Ohio State Medical Society at its meeting held in Sandusky that month. The "Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County" was organized in 1902 as an amalgamation of the "Toledo Medical Association" and the "Lucas County Medical Society," the latter organization having been formed in 1894, with Dr. John A. Wright as president, and the "Academy of Medicine" has maintained an unbroken existence from the day of its birth to the present time. The main objects of the society are to raise the standard of professional education ; to promote interest in professional work, and to foster and encourage a fraternal spirit among physicians. The officers in 1910 were : John G. Keller, president ; Clarence D. Selby, vice-president ; Charles F. Tenney, secretary. The regular meetings of the society are held in the auditorium of the Young Men,s Christian Association Building every Friday night, the months of July, August and September excepted. The meetings are in the nature of a post-graduate course, papers being read upon different subjects, which are freely discussed. The membership of the society is divided into resident and non-resident membership, of which 202 are residents of Lucas county and 135 are non-residents, who live in adjoining counties and are frequent attendants at the meetings. There are also associate members, who are men engaged in sciences allied to the practice of medicine. The society was incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio in 1909. MEDICAL COLLEGES In the spring of 1878, the Toledo School of Medicine was organized, its object being to provide preliminary instruction desirable for admission to medical colleges. A more thorough preparation of students, particularly in the fundamental branches of medical science, was considered desirable as contributing toward the elevation of the standard of medical education. The session opened in March and continued twenty weeks. In 1882, the idea of a preliminary school was abandoned, and a charter for a medical college was obtained, under the name of the Northwestern Ohio Medical College. The faculty comprised some of the original members of the preliminary school, with the addition of other well known members of the medical, legal, and scientific professions. The aim of the college was to furnish a thorough course of instruction in medicine and surgery, hygiene and state medicine equal to that obtainable at the best colleges in the United States. A college building, especially adapted to its purpose, was located on Lagrange street, and classes were graduated every spring after its organization until 1892, when the college was suspended. The Toledo Medical College was organized in 1882, a charter being obtained in that year, and a course of lectures was given in both the spring and the winter. The rooms were on Superior street, near the THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 513 corner of Monroe, but that location being undesirable, a building was remodeled for college use on Superior street, near Cherry, and this was occupied for a number of years. In 1892, the building at the corner of Page and Cherry streets was completed, and here the college has since had its home in a building especially designed and erected for the purpose, embracing the necessary lecture rooms, laboratories, etc., which go to form the equipment of a first-class medical college. In 1905, the college became a department of the Toledo University, and with the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Pharmacy, and the College of Music goes to the present formation of that institution. In 1909, there were nineteen professors and twenty-four associate professors and instructors in the College of Medicine. It owns and maintains a free dispensary, and for teaching purposes it has access to the Toledo State Hospital, St. Vincent,s Hospital, and the Toledo, the Robinwood, the Deaconess, and the Lucas County hospitals. From the beginning the school has stood for higher medical education. The course of study is four years, and the requirements for admission are evidence of good moral character, signed by two reputable physicians, and a certificate from the Ohio State medical examiner, in conformity with the State law. The growth and success of the college have been all that its founders could desire, and its future prosperity is assured. HOMEOPATHY. The foregoing portion of this chapter appertains to the Allopathic or "regular" school of medicine, the object of which is to produce in the human body suffering from disease a condition different from that in or from which the disease originated, the theory being that if this can be accomplished the disease will cease. Homeopathy proceeds on an entirely different hypothesis. The founder of the Homeopathic school was Samuel Hahnemann, a celebrated German physician, a native of Saxony. It is related that, in 1790, while engaged in translating Cullen's Materia Medica from English to German, he was not satisfied with the author,s explanation of the cure of ague by the use of Peruvian bark. By way of experiment, to ascertain the action of the bark on a healthy body, he took a large dose of it and soon thereafter experienced symptoms of ague. After further investigation he arrived at the conclusion that for every known disease there is a specific remedy, and that this remedy will produce in the healthy person symptoms of the disease it is intended to cure. In 181o, he published at Dresden his "Organon of Rational Medicine," in which he set forth his theory, and also proclaimed the advantages of small doses. This work was followed by one on "Materia Medica," which consisted of a description of the effects of medicines upon persons in good health. From this theory came the school of Homeopathy, the fundamental idea of which is expressed by the Latin dictum : "Similia similibus curantur," or, in plain English : "Like cures like." "The introduction of Homeopathy in Toledo was made under the happiest auspices," said Dr. W. T. Rowsey, in an article written more than a score of years ago. "Its local founder was a man pre-eminently 514 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY fitted for the work. Alas ! that after many years of earnest labor, wearying of the struggle, the strife and the success, the courtly gentleman and splendid physician turned to quieter pursuits for the employment of the talents which had secured for his beloved school so firm an abiding place in Toledo. Although a quarter of a century has passed since his withdrawal, the chiefest glory of the new school in Toledo is the memory of its founder—Arthur F. Bissell, M. D." Dr. Bissell was born in Geneseo, N. Y., and removed at an early age to Toledo. His boyhood was passed at school, where he won his diploma in his eighteenth year, and then, after a few months of rest, he began the study of medicine. In the autumn of 1844, the young student matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City. Remaining there two years, he passed successfully an examination for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the sessions of 1846-47, but not then being of legal age his diploma was delivered to-him at the spring term, 1848. While a matriculant, he was an office student of Willard Parker, professor of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and one of the oldest and most widely known surgeons of that time. For a brief period after graduation the young physician was placed in charge of the Children,s Hospital on Blackwell’s Island. Subsequently he opened an office in New York City, devoting himself to such practice as he could obtain and to attendance at the college clinics. Closing up his affairs in New York City, in the fall of 1848,. he at once returned to Toledo, where he began his unusually brilliant professional career. On July 20, 1849, he was elected physician to the Hospital of Toledo, erected for the reception of cholera patients. He was elected city physician, June 18, 185o. At the fall term of the same year he was induced to accept the Chair of General and Special Anatomy in the Western Homeopathic College, of Cleveland. He occupied this chair during 1850-51, and also the chair of Surgery during the latter year. But his professional duties at home demanded his undivided attention, and, resigning his professorships, he returned, hoping to devote himself wholly to his large practice. However, the earnest solicitations of the faculty won him back to his old chair, in 1856, and that position he retained with increasing honor until February, 1858, when professional demands forced him to resign. In 1859, he was elected a member of the Board of Censors of the Homeopathic College of Missouri. He continued actively engaged in the practice of his profession until the spring, of 186o, when, hoping to get some relief from excessive labor, he accepted as a partner Dr. S. S. Lungren, of Hagerstown, Md. But the experience of another year decided him to quit .the field altogether. Accordingly, he arranged to transfer his professional interests to Dr. Lungren, and soon removed to New York City, where he became a member of the Stamford Manufacturing Company, one of the oldest and wealthiest houses in that city. Some time about 1855, Dr. F. Bigelow, of Syracuse, N. Y., located in Toledo and began the practice of Homeopathy. Dr. Bissell could not have had a more admirable colleague than was Dr. Bigelow, who remained in active practice until 1866, when ill-health drove him out THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 515 of the field and compelled him to seek much needed rest. He returned to Syracuse, N. Y., where he entered on a less active scene; but broken and enfeebled by overwork, he never regained his old time strength, and after a brief struggle passed away, sincerely mourned by a multitude of sorrying friends. Dr. Bigelow admitted Dr. Silas Bailey to a partnership, which continued only a little while, the latter retiring to an office of his own, some time in 1862. When the Civil war first stirred the country, Dr. Bailey received an appointment from the Government as examiner of soldiers applying for enlistment. He soon retired from the practice of medicine and established himself in the book trade, which, after a few years, he abandoned and left the city-. After the advent of Dr. Lungren came Dr. Rowsey ; then E. M. Goodwin, A. C. Barlow, Russell C. Calkins, Myron H. Parmelee, S. S. Parker, Albert Claypool, and Herbert Chase, in about the order named. Dr. House, later of Tecumseh, Mich., tarried here a while just previous to his fortunate removal to the scene of his labors and honors. Dr. E. P. Gaylord, later of Detroit, was for a time associated with Dr. Bigelow. Dr. H. W. Hartwell, with his accomplished wife—Dr. Emma Hartwell, Dr. Zubenden, and Dr. R. D. Tipple, the eye and ear specialist who located here in 1883, were among the earlier practitioners of Homeopathy in the city. Dr. F. P. Taylor, a bright young physician, settled here about 1885, and the future seemed full of promise to his eager gaze. A seemingly slight sickness confined him to his house for a few days, when the rupture of a large blood-vessel drained his life away in a few hours. Dr. Samuel S. Lungren, heretofore mentioned, was born in York county, Pennsylvania, Aug. 22, 1827, and was of Swedish origin. When sixteen years of age he entered the drug store of French & Richards, in Philadelphia, on the corner of Tenth and Market streets, and remained there until he had almost attained his majority. His leisure hours were devoted to the study of medicine and to the acquiring of Latin and French in the night schools of the city. His progress in his studies, even under adverse circumstances, was rapid, and in October, 1848, he became qualified to enter the Jefferson Medical College as a student, and he graduated there in March, 185o. Soon thereafter he began the practice of his profession at Hagerstown, Md., where he remained for the ensuing ten years. After mature study and reflection he became a convert to the system of Hahnemann, and attended a course of lectures at the Homeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia, where he was graduated in March, 1852. After graduation he continued to practice after the tenets of the new system, in Hagerstown, until November, 186o, when, desiring a more extended field of action, he removed to Toledo, where he became recognized as a skillful and able practitioner. He devoted himself more particularly to uterine surgery, and in that branch of medical science attained notable success. William Thomas Rowsey was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 29, 1838, and in 1852, with his parents, he removed to Toledo. Soon thereafter lie became a student in the University of Notre Dame, at South Bend, Ind., where for four years lie pursued a classical course of instruction. He then, for the two years following, pursued a colle- 516 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY giate course at Mount St. Mary,s College, Cincinnati, at the expiration of which period he returned to Toledo. In deference to the wishes of his father, he entered the law office of William Baker, of Toledo, but after a few months, study he relinquished the idea of becoming a member of a profession for which he had no taste or inclination. In conformity to a desire long entertained, he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. A. F. Bissell, of Toledo. He also received a course of instruction at the Hahnemann Medical College, at Philadelphia, and the Homeopathic Medical College of Cleveland. At the latter institution he was graduated, in March, 1862. He began the practice of his profession with a fellow-student at Logansport, Ind., continuing there with fair success three years. He then returned to Toledo, where he continued to practice his profession the remainder of his life. In the work of the charity hospitals, homes, dispensaries, etc., of the city the homeopathic physicians have always shown a willingness to contribute their share of professional work, giving their services gratuitously upon request of the patients. The Lucas County Homeopathic Medical Society was organized at an early day by the few doctors of that school in the county, and was maintained by them for several years, when it was allowed to pass quietly out of existence. Several other organizations have existed for a time and then been succeeded by others, and to-day there are two existing in a flourishing state—the Northwestern Ohio Homeopathic Medical Society and the Toledo Homeopathic Club. The former was organized about 1886, and has maintained a permanent existence ever since. Of the charter members, from among whom the first corps of officers was selected, those whose names follow are still engaged in the practice of medicine : Dr. George W. Rhonehouse, of Maumee ; Dr. A. E. Scheble, Dr. E. M. Goodwin, Dr. A. C. Roll, and Dr. Myron Parmelee, all of Toledo. The present officers of this organization are : Dr. George W. Rhonehouse, of Maumee, president ; Dr. W. S. Walker, of Toledo, secretary, and Dr. I. O. Denman, of Toledo, treasurer. The society meets twice a year—in June and December—at Toledo. The Toledo Homeopathic Club, a decidedly active organization, dates from about 1900, when it came into being a s the successor of the Toledo Homeopathic Society. Its first president was John Howard McVey, who is still in active practice in the city, and a great interest has been manifested in the meetings of this society ever since its organization. Meetings are held at the Hotel Secor, every two weeks, from Oct. to May 1 of each year, and they are devoted exclusvely to the discussion of matters pertaining to the medical science. The present officers are : Dr. Myron Parmelee, president ; Dr. Stafford, treasurer, and Dr. A. A. Taylor, secretary. The Eclectic School of medicine also has representatives in the city, and there are a number of practitioners of Osteopathy, all doing their part in the preservation of the health of the people. The medical profession in Toledo maintains a position abreast of the times ; her surgeons perform successfully the most difficult operations from day to day ; her physicians treat in a scientific manner the most difficult THE MEDICAL PROFESSION - 517 and obscure diseases ; those engaged in special work rank among the best in the medical societies. The future of medical science is no doubt very great, and Toledo, with its medical college, its laboratories, libraries and medical societies, is well equipped to join the advance. The high standing and lofty aims of her medical men should stimulate a just pride and confidence in all who believe in true scientific progress, and if education and research mean anything, the medical profession of Toledo merits consideration. CHAPTER XIX MILITARY HISTORY. THE "PATRIOT" WAR-EARLY MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS-THE TOLEDO GUARDS-THE MEXICAN WAR-THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD-FIRST MASS MEETING IN TOLEDO-ENLISTMENTS-THE FOURTEENTH INFAN TRY-SKETCHES OF OTHER REGIMENTS-BATTERIES OF ARTILLERY -CAVALRY-SOLDIER ORGANIZATIONS-SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY- COMPANIES FROM LUCAS COUNTY. The early Indian troubles, the War of 1812, and the "Toledo war" have all been treated of in other chapters of this work. And now it remains to give a history of the military affairs in which the people of Lucas county participated since the territory became an integral part of the great Commonwealth of Ohio. The latter part of 1837 and the early days of 1838 were stirring times in the annals of Lucas county, as well as in that portion of country bordering on the Great Lakes, in both the United States and Canada. What was known as the "Patriot" insurrection, the alleged object of which movement was the overthrow of British rule and the establishment of an independent government, to be known as the "Republic of Upper Canada," began in 1837, when there was great agitation, and some hostile collisions in Canada. By December of that year, such forces as the leaders had been able to raise were gathered along the line between the United States and the British possessions for the purpose of a combined movement. The two ends of Lake Erie were the scenes of the revolutionary forces that intended to invade Canada. For purposes of communication with the American shore a small steamboat, the "Caroline," was employed. This craft proved very useful and so far aggravated the British authorities that, on the night of Dec. 29, a British force sent for the purpose burned the steamer, while lying at Schlosser, on the American side of the Niagara river. This action inflamed the American patriots and aroused our government in protest against such unwarranted violation of our territorial rights ; the question at one time threatening the peace of the two countries. The people of Toledo were not united in sentiment, as to either the merits of the revolutionary movement or the character of the Schlosser affair. A meeting of about 15o citizens was held at the Mansion House, Toledo, Jan. 20, participated in by a number of leading citizens. Resolutions were adopted, after much debate, denouncing the - 519 - 520 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY destruction of the "Caroline" as "an outrage upon a body of unoffending and unarmed citizens of the United States" and "an open violation of the laws of nations," etc. The outrage was further characterized as "an unprovoked invasion of our soil and wanton massacre of our citizens." With these declarations, however, was another by the same meeting, that its members would "use all their power to prevent the unlawful organization of armed forces within our territory, and to avoid any measures calculated to involve our country in further trouble and at the same time pledging "sympathy with the people of Canada in their grievances," and promising whatever aid "a neutral people could consistently" render them. The meeting was addressed by Mr. McDermott, late of London District, Upper Canada, and by several citizens of Toledo. The campaign at the eastern end of Lake Erie collapsed with the loss of the "Caroline," and operations were transferred to the West. In February, 1838, the volunteers from Ohio made a movement from Sandusky, crossing on the ice to Point au Pelle Island, where they landed on the 25th of that month, and took possession. On March 3, British troops arrived, and then was fought the "Battle of Point au Pelle," in which Col. Edwin D. Bradley, long a resident of Stryker, Williams county, Ohio, later a captain r in the war with Mexico and colonel of the Thirty-eighth Ohio infantry in the Civil war, commanded the "Patriot forces." Coincident with the advance of Colonel Bradley's forces across the lake from Sandusky was a similar movement by another command from the Michigan side, to Fighting Island, in the Detroit river, some eight miles below the city of Detroit, and there an engagement took place, Feb. 25, 1838. The Detroit Free Press of Feb. 26 had the following report of this bloody trouble : "Yesterday the war commenced in or near Canada. On Sunday p. m. the Patriot forces, which had been lurking in small and detached squads at various points between Toledo and Gibraltar, collected on the American shore, opposite Fighting Island, belonging to the British, their number amounting to between 200 and 300, without arms, except five or six muskets and a small field piece mounted on two rails. In this condition, after receiving and cheering a patriotic speech from General McLeod, who commanded them, they crossed (on the ice) and took possession of the island. They did not, we understand, intend to cross until their arms, which were undoubtedly delayed, had been reecived ; but they were forced immediately to abandon American territory, in order to evade the civil authorities, which, aided by the United States troops, were in close pursuit of them. In the course of the night, about fifty stands of arms were conveyed to them on the island. About daylight yesterday morning the British troops opened a fire on them with grape-shot from the Canadian shore. After receiving two or three shots and returning as many, the islanders retreated in confusion to the American shore, -with three wounded—one severely and two slightly. At the shore they were met by the United States troops, who arrested and disarmed them as fast as they landed. The British troops took possession of the island as soon as it was evacuated. MILITARY HISTORY - 521 . . . General Vreeland, of the Patriot, forces, has been arrested by the United States authorities," Toledo contributed her quota to the revolutionary forces on this occasion, the contingent from this locality being commanded by Captains Dodd and Crane, who were strongly endorsed for their bravery and skill by General McLeod, the "Patriot" commander, in a letter published in the Blade at the time, The letter is as follows : "I beg to recommend to your favorable notice the gallant and intrepid conduct of Capt, William Dodd of this city, and his company, who so gallantly and intrepidly sustained me in the unequal contest of the morning of the 25th instant, I have seen much service in Europe and America, but never witnessed officers of a commission who conducted themselves so coolly, determinedly, and deliberately, as did Captains Dodd and Crane for three and one-half hours, with forty men against 500 British troops, well armed," With the disastrous result at Fighting Island and also at Point au Pelle the revolutionary movement collapsed, and conditions that imperiled the peace of two nations soon passed away, The arrest and trial of General McLeod, by the authorities of the United States, for the part taken by him in the movement, led to complications and discussion with the British government, which for a long time excited more or less alarm and apprehension of serious trouble. But the prudence of the two governments prevailed in an amicable adjustment of the delicate questions involved. EARLY MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. During the interim between this warlike episode and the commencement of the war with Mexico, in 1846, the martial spirit of the people was kept in forced abeyance. This was due partially to the stern realities of pioneer life, with which they had to contend, and partially to the lack of opportunity or occasion to show their fighting tendencies. Hence, facts and dates as to early military organizations are difficult to be obtained. The first military company in Toledo was the Lucas Guards, which had its birth in 1835, amid the stirring scenes of the so-called "Toledo war." Capt. Granville Jones was in command. How long the Guards maintained their organization is not definitely known, but probably not long after the boundary question ceased to call for warlike defense from "Wolverine" aggression, In 1838 a second military company was in existence—the Toledo Guards—but nothing can be learned of its organization at that time, In 1840, Charles W. Hill was its captain, and Charles B, Phillips secretary of the company. The company was connected with the First regiment, First brigade, of the Eighteenth division of Ohio militia. While probably not a partisan organization, the Guards became prominent in the political campaign of 1840, and especially in its attendance at the great Whig gathering at Fort Meigs, in June of that year. Under the head, "Military Election," the Blade of May 22, 1839, says : "On Thursday last, John R. Osborn, Esq., of this city, was elected colonel of the regiment of Ohio militia in this city," 522 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY Colonel Osborn not accepting command of the First regiment, First brigade, Eighteenth division, Ohio militia, he was succeeded by Col. B. P. Peckham, with L. S. Lownsbury as adjutant. Edson Allen, paymaster of the same regiment, on Dec. 26, 1842, reported that the amount of fines collected for non-performance of military duty during the year was $36.50. Capt. C. W. Hill of the Toledo Guards was elected brigadier-general in June, 1842. THE TOLEDO GUARDS. A new military company, taking the name of the old Toledo Guards, was organized, in August, 1855, with Charles B. Phillips as captain, and at a convention of the several military companies, held in Toledo, June 6, 1857, James B. Steedman was unanimously chosen as major-general of the division. A military election was held at Toledo, Sept. 29, 1857, when Charles B. Phillips was elected brigadier-general of the Ohio militia, receiving fifty votes to forty-six for Garret Dunn. In February, 1859, Col. James M. Ashley, having resigned his position on the staff of Governor Chase, was commissioned as commissary-general of the volunteer militia of Ohio, with rank as brigadier-general, and Maj. John Stevens, of Milan, Erie county (later of Toledo), was at the same time commissioned as engineer-in-chief of volunteer militia of the State, with the rank of colonel. THE MEXICAN WAR. Lucas county's part in the war with Mexico, while not conspicuous, was such as to reflect credit. One company was raised in the county, of which Daniel Chase, then of Manhattan, was elected captain. It left Toledo for the field, May 18, 1847. The Toledo Guards, commanded by Captain Willey, turned out on the occasion to escort the company to the steamboat, and the citizens, through Judge Myron H. Tilden, presented Captain Chase with a sword. Little appears in the records concerning the service of this company, but what is known is creditable to men and officers. It became Company B of the Fifteenth United States infantry, which regiment proceeded to Vera Cruz, in the spring of 1847, and participated in the advance on the City of Mexico. The regiment was mustered out Aug. 21, 1848. In a letter dated at Chapultepec, near the City of Mexico, Dec. 19, 1847, Captain Chase furnished the following list of deaths in his command : Chester G. Andrews and John Sleath, killed in battle near City of Mexico, Aug. 20, 1847 ; Joseph F. Clark, died of wounds received in same battle ; Jonas G. Anglemyer, died of wounds received at storming of Chapultepec ; John Ball, died in hospital at New Orleans, Aug. 20, 1847 ; Solomon Blenbaugh, died in hospital at City of Mexico, Oct. 6, 1847 ; Chauncy Crego, died at San Borgia, Sept. 3, 1847 ; Robert Graves, killed at City of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1847 Isaac H. Huyck, died in hospital at Chapultepec, Nov. 19, 1847 ; Joseph Hickory, died in hospital in Vera Cruz, June 22, 1847 ; Samuel Jennings, died near Jalapa, June 26, 1847 ; Thomas L. Kolloch, died in MILITARY HISTORY - 523 hospital at Chapultepec, Dec. 15, 1847 ; Thomas Marks, died near Sante Fe, June 19, 1847 ; Jacob Reid, died in Perote, July, 1847 ; David Robinson, died in Chapultepec, Nov. 19, 1847 ; Noble Robinson, died in hospital at Perote, July 3, 1847; George W. Hough, died in same, July 15, 1847 ; James W. Skoen, died in hospital at Mexico, Sept. 27, 1847 ; and members of the company who died in hospital at Puebla were : Calvin Waggins, Charles Carroll, Edward Bennett, Joseph Cummings, William Davis, Samuel Garrison, William Gee, _____ Hann, George Holder, Robert Kinkley, William Reigert, Ephraim Smith, Aaron Strevor, Leander P. Stoddard, Charles Tupel and Charles Smith. It is evident from this record of fatalities that the members of Company B did hard service, and by their conduct reflected honor upon Toledo. THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD. The "irrepressible conflict" had raged fierce and hot for a whole decade previous to April 13, 1861, when Major Anderson pulled down the American flag from the ramparts of Fort Sumter, and the fiercest, bloodiest and longest enduring war of modern times was on. The four following years will remain for all time the epoch-marking period in the heroic life of *the Republic. We must remember that before General Beauregard sent the swift cannon messengers against the walls of Fort Sumter, April 12 and 13, 1861, that six Southern States had seceded from the Union, and a Confederate Government had been organized at Montgomery, Ala., and proclaimed to the world as the Confederate States of America. In the four succeeding years of desperate struggle, Toledo and Lucas county furnished at every call for volunteers more than her share and also gave to the cause a large number of volunteer officers who won continental fame in battle. The most distinguished volunteer officer of the war, James B. Steedman, was one of the first volunteers from Lucas county. He inaugurated his enduring fame as colonel of the Fourteenth Ohio infantry in the first battles of the war in West Virginia. The day following the fall of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln issued his call for 75,000 volunteer soldiers "to put down the rebellion." The first mass meeting in Toledo was held at the Union Depot on the evening of April 15. Speeches were made by General Steed-man, M. R. Waite, M. T. Brown, H. L. Hosmer, S. A. Raymond, D. S. Price, H. S. Commager, E. P. Bassett, and others. The news of the fall of Fort Sumter set the people of Toledo and the surrounding country to the highest tension of patriotism, and the call for this meeting was signed by Republicans and Democrats indiscriminately. The universal feeling was that the Government must be sustained. This first war meeting was one of the largest and most enthusiastic public gatherings that had ever been held in Toledo. Judge James Myers was president of the meeting. Patriotic resolutions were adopted and the fiery war speeches were wildly cheered. Those were days of deeds, and not of words. Philharmonic Hall, 524 - MEMOIRS OF LUCAS COUNTY on Summit street, was at once engaged for "Patriotc Headquarters." The Blade of April 17 said : "Many of our citizens are awaiting instructions from General Carrington, adjutant-general of Ohio, as to the mode of raising troops. Persons requiring information may call on Gen. C. B. Phillips, Gen. J. B. Steedman, or George P. Este." The same paper of the 18th said : "The work of enlistment is progressing here actively, and the enthusiasm is more general and deeper than at any former time." The recruited men were already drilling at Philharmonic Hall. The first company of volunteers for the Union army, from Lucas county was sworn in April 17. Sheriff Henry D. Kingsbury, George P. Este, E. P. Bassett, and John A. Chase each was raising a company, and it was expected that these would be filled in Toledo, and a regiment recruited within the military district in a week from that time. On April 19, Robert H. Bell, Joel W. Kelsey and Augustus Thomas, as a committee, gave notice that they had obtained from citizens contributions sufficient to defray the immediate necessary contingent expenses of the companies organizing at Toledo. On April 23 these companies recruited at Toledo organized, and on the following day Col. J. B. Steedman, commanding, issued his order for the "Northwestern Ohio Regiment" to proceed the next morning for rendezvous at Camp Taylor, Cleveland. D. H. Nye was detailed as quartermaster. The Blade said of this occasion : "Never has our city experienced such a day as the present. At early dawn, the people from the country began to arrive in immense crowds, and the firing of cannon aroused our citizens from their slumbers, and by 9 o'clock there must have been 10,000 people on the streets. At the railroad depot the scene was truly grand. The crowd filled the entire space devoted to passenger trains ; but after energetic effort by the police, a passageway was made and the troops, in sections, marched to the cars. The regiment numbered 1,058 men, all told, composed mainly of young men. At 8 a. m. religious services had been conducted on the parade ground by Rev. H. B. Walbridge, of Trinity Episcopal Church. Much disappointment was felt by the Waynesfield Guards, Lieut. R. B. Mitchell commanding, that the offer of that company had not been accepted by the President." THE FOURTEENTH OHIO INFANTRY. At Cleveland, regimental officers were chosen—James B. Steedman being elected colonel, George P. Este lieutenant-colonel, and Paul Edwards major—and upon organization at Camp Taylor, Cleveland, the regiment became the "Fourteenth Ohio." It was composed of four companies from Lucas county (three from Toledo and one from Waterville), two from Williams county (one from Bryan and one from Stryker), one from Defiance, one from Napoleon, one from Antwerp, and one from Wauseon. The German Rifles of Toledo, the Waynesfield Guards of Maumee, and one company each from Delta, Bryan and Defiance were not accepted, for the reason that the regiment was full.