300 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY of the divisions of accounts, treasury, purchases and supplies and assessments and licenses. The department of public service consists f the divisions of engineering and construction, streets, harbor and bridges, markets and public buildings. In the department of public safety are the divisions of fire, police, inspection and weights and measures. The department of public welfare includes six divisions, viz., health, cemeteries, playgrounds, charities and corrections, labor, parks and boulevards. The divisions in the department of public utilities have to do with water, light and heat, transportation and communication. Each division is under a commissioner or chief, appointed by the director of the department and who shall, with the approval of the director, appoint all employes in the division. The names f the several departments and divisions indicate their functions. Initiative and Referendum—Any proposed ordinance may be submitted to the council upon a petition signed by qualified electors equal in number to twenty per cent of the first-choice votes cast for mayor at the preceding election. Such petition shall be filed with the clerk, who shall certify it to the council, with the proposed ordinance, at the next meeting. If the council fails to act upon the ordinance within thirty days it may be submitted to a vote of the people ; or if the council should pass the ordinance with amendments changing its general tenor, the said ordinance in its original form shall be submitted to the voters f the city. If it receives a majority of the votes it becomes effective in the same manner as though passed by the council. Certain measures are required to be submitted to a referendum vote of the electors, such as resolutions for a public improvement to cost $500,000 or more, or for the granting of a general public utility franchise. Every ordinance passed by the council shall be subject to a referendum at any time within thirty days, provided a petition signed by electors equal in number to fifteen per cent of the first choice votes cast for mayor at the preceding election be filed with the clerk, requesting such referendum vote on the ordinance. Amendments to the charter may be proposed by initiative petition, the same as ordinances, and all amendments proposed by the council shall be submitted to the voters before they become effective. Recall—Section 87 f the charter reads : "Any elective officer provided for in this charter shall be subject to recall by petition to be filed with the clerk of the council. In case of an officer elected from the city at large, the petition requesting a recall election shall be signed by electors equal in number to twenty-five per cent of the first-choice votes cast for mayor at the preceding election. If the recall petition is circulated against an officer elected from a ward, it shall be signed by electors equal in number to twenty-five per cent of those who voted in the ward at the last regular city election. But no recall petition shall be circulated against said officer until he shall have held his office for at least six months." When a recall petition complying with all the provisions of the charter is filed with the clerk, his first duty is to notify the officer against whom it is filed. If the officer resigns, the vacancy shall be filled according to the method prescribed by the charter and there the matter ends. If he refuse to resign, an election shall be ordered, at which the officer's name shall be placed on the ballot, with not more than two others, and if he receives a majority f the votes he shall not again be subject to recall petition during the term for which he was at first elected. Miscellaneous—The charter provides for a commission f publicity and efficiency, which shall publish weekly the "Toledo City Journal," containing the city's TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 303 legal advertisements ; notices and reports of the civil service commission ; proceedings of the council, etc. The mayor is authorized to appoint a civil service commission f three members, which commission shall adopt and enforce a code of rules for the classification of all positions except elective offices and positions filled by appointment by the mayor and heads f departments. Municipal ownership is provided for without qualification, and eight hours shall constitute a day's work, except in cases of extraordinary emergency. The 235 sections of the charter cover every phase f municipal government. LIST OF MAYORS Following is a list of all who have held the office of mayor, from the incor-poration of the city in 1837 down to 1922, with the year in which each was elected or entered upon the duties of the office : John Berdan, 1837; Hezekiah D. Mason, 1839; Myron H. Tilden, 1840 (resigned soon after his fourth election in 1843, to accept the office of president judge f the Court of Common Pleas, and James Myers was elected to the vacancy) ; George B. Way, 1844 ; Richard Mott, 1845 ; Emery D. Potter, 1847 ; Daniel O. Morton, 1849 ; Caleb F. Abbott, 1850 ; Charles M. Dorr, 1851 ; Daniel McBain, Egbert B. Brown, Ira L. Clark and Mayor Brigham, 1852 (the several changes in this term were caused by resignations) ; Charles M. Dorr, 1853 ; Alexander B. Brownlee, 1857 ; Alexander H. Newcomb, 1860 ; John J. Manor, 1861 ; Charles M. Dorr, 1863 ; Charles A. King, 1867 ; William Kraus, 1869 ; William W. Jones, 1871 ; Guido Marx, 1875 ; William W. Jones, 1877; Jacob Romeis, 1879 ; Samuel F. Forbes, 1885 ; J. Kent Hamilton, 1887 ; Vincent J. Emmick, 1891 ; Guy G. Major, 1893 ; Samuel M. Jones, 1897; Robert H. Finch, 1904 (for the unexpired term caused by the death of Mayor Jones) ; Brand Whitlock, 1905 ; Carl Keller, 1913 ; Charles Milroy, 1915 ; Cornell Schreiber, 1917; Bernard F. Brough, 1921. Vice Mayors—The office of vice mayor was created by the charter f 1915. Those who have held the office, with the year in which each was elected, have been as follows : Philip Hassenzahl, 1915 ; Claude C. Kilbury, 1917 (reelected, in 1919 and resigned in September, 1921, when Edward Cullen was appointed to the vacancy) ; Edward Cullen, 1921. Several of Toledo's mayors were lawyers and further mention of them will be found in the chapter on the Bench and Bar. Dr. William W. Jones was a prominent physician and a sketch of his life is given in the chapter on the Medical Profession. There were a few, however, who belonged to neither of these professions, and who are deserving of more than passing notice. John Berdan, the first mayor of the city, was born in New York City, December 16, 1798, and there grew to manhood. He married Miss Pamela Freese and soon after their marriage came to Ohio and located at Brunswick, Medina County. There he engaged in business as a merchant and for several years held the office of justice of the peace. In September, 1835, he removed with his family to Toledo, where he formed a partnership with B. H. Peckham, under the firm name of B. H. Peckham &. Company. in the forwarding and commission business. Their warehouse was located at the foot of Lagrange Street. Nearly all the steamboats on the Maumee stopped at their dock and they were regarded as the leaders in their line at Toledo. When the city was incorporated in 1837, Mr. Berdan was elected may-or. He was 304 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY reelected in 1838 and soon after the close of his second term he was elected by the Legislature to the office of associate justice of the Court of Comnion Pleas for Lucas County, which office he held until his death on October 11, 1841. His son, Peter F. Berdan, afterward became a prominent figure in the wholesale trade of Toledo, and a daughter, Rachel, became the wife of Valentine H. Ketcham. Richard Mott was born on a farm in Westchester County, New York, July 21, 1804. parents were Quakers and he was educated in a Quaker boarding school. In 1815 the family removed to New York City, where Richard began his business career as clerk in a store. At the age of twenty he became clerk in a bank, where he remained for about twelve years. While in this position he married Miss Elizabeth Smith and in March, 1835, he arrived in Toledo. He engaged in the forwarding commission business, in which he continued until 1860, at the same time dealing extensively in real estate. In 1845 he was elected mayor and was reelected in 1846. He was one of the promoters of the Erie & Kalamazoo Railroad and as a director of the company was active in averting the disaster which threatened that road during the early years of its existence. He took an active part in political affairs ; was influential in the "Free Soil" movement in 1848; was elected to Congress in 1854 as an opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill; was reelected in 1856, but declined a third term in 1858. During the latter years of his life he was intimately associated with the Toledo Savings Bank. He died at his home in Toledo on January 22, 1888. Alexander Bruce Brownlee was born in Falkirk, Scotland, in the year 1806. At the age of twenty-six years he came to America and located at Maumee City, where he engaged in the grocery and provision trade as a member of the firm of Pratt & Brownlee. In 1847 the firm of Brownlee, Pendleton & Company was organized at Toledo and began business in the canal elevator at the foot of Madison Street. After a few years Mr. Brownlee retired and in 1857 was elected mayor of Toledo. He was again elected in 1859, but resigned before the expiration of his second term to accept the position f secretary of the Fire and Marine Insurance Company, which position he held until his death on March 17, 1872. Alexander H. Newcomb, who became mayor upon the resignation of Mr. Brownlee, was born at Waterloo, New York, August 6, 1824. When he was about a year old his parents removed to Rochester, New York, thence to Buffalo and next to Detroit. In the fall of 1835 they came to Toledo, where the future mayor began his business career as a carrier for the "Toledo Blade." From twelve to eighteen years of age he was employed in various stores. He then began an apprenticeship at the painter's trade and after mastering it opened a shop on the corner of Adams and Summit streets. He was a member of old Fire Company No. 1, and assisted in organizing the first hook and ladder company in the city. In 1844 he joined the Toledo Guards and remained a member of the company until 1861. As a member of the gun squad, he lost his left arm while firing a salute at a Democratic meeting in 1856. In 1860 he became mayor and in his official capacity incurred the displeasure of the so-called "liberal element," which resulted in his being defeated for reelection in 1861. He afterward served as deputy collector of internal revenue. Jacob Romeis was a native of Bavaria, Germany, having been born in Weisenbach, December 1, 1835. When about eleven years old he accompanied his permits to America. They located in Buffalo, New York, where Jacob attended the TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 307 common schools for one year and later a German Protestant school. At the age of fourteen he obtained a position as cabin boy on the "Oregon," running between Buffalo and Detroit. While thus engaged he obtained his first view of Toledo in 1849. From 1850 to 1856 he was employed on various passenger steamers. In 1856 he obtained a place as train baggageman on the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad. He then became a resident of Toledo. During the next fifteen years he held the positions of freight and passenger conductor, but in 1871 a spell of sickness made it necessary for him to leave the road temporarily. Upon regaining his health he was made general baggage agent and later depot master of Toledo. Mr. Romeis' political career began in 1874, when he was elected to represent the Seventh Ward on the board of aldermen. Two years later he was reelected and in 1877 became president of the board. In 1879 he was elected mayor and was twice reelected, serving six years in all. In 1884 and 1886 he was elected to Congress, after which he was connected in an official capacity with the Toledo Natural Gas Company for several years. Samuel Milton Jones, frequently referred to as "Golden Rule" Jones, was born in Wales on August 3, 1846. When about three years of age he came to America with his parents, who settled in Lewis County, New York, where Samuel obtained most of his schooling. At the age of eighteen he went to Titusville, Pennsylvania, having heard of the high wages and opportunities for making money in the oil fields. He found employment and studied the methods of oil production, finally becoming a producer himself in 1870. In 1886 he began operating in the Ohio oil fields, with headquarters at Lima. Later he was interested in the oil fields of Indiana and to some extent in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. In 1893 he invented an improvement in appliances for producing oil, but, as frequently happens in the case of inventors, he failed to interest manufacturers in the production of his sucker rod, which was the principal feature. In 1894 he located at Toledo and organized the Acme Sucker Rod Company, of which he was the controlling spirit. Three years later he purchased some vacant ground adjoining his factory, equipped it with everything necessary for a playground, and named it Golden Rule Park. The same year he was elected mayor as an independent candidate. He was elected again in 1899, 1901 and 1903, each time as an independent. His death occurred on July 12, 1904, before the expiration of his fourth term. His widow was still living in Toledo in the spring of 1922. FIRE DEPARTMENT The first movement toward providing fire protection for the City of Toledo was made on May 29, 1837, when the council appointed a committee to ascertain the cost of two fire engines. Some time that summer, two engines of the old hand-power type were purchased from a Mr. Platt, of Buffalo, New York, for $1,909.50. In September Hoisington & Manning were employed to erect two engine houses—No. 1 on Cherry Street, not far from Summit, and No. 2 at some suitable point in the western part of the city. House No. 1 cost the city $68.00 and No. 2 cost $13.00. On November 27, 1827, the council passed a resolution to the effect that whenever forty or more citizens should form themselves into a fire company, such company should be placed in possession of an engine, hose, hose cart, hooks and ladders, etc. The resolution also provided 308 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY that the companies should be designated by numbers, the first company formed to be No. 1, the second, No. 2, and so on. On December 11, 1837, an ordinance regulating the fire department was passed by the council. Among- other things this ordinance provided that : "Every owner or occupant of a building shall keep good fire buckets, made of leather, as follows: For a building with one or two fireplaces or stoves, one bucket ; for buildings with more than two fireplaces or stoves, one bucket for every two such; the buckets to hold three gallons each." The ordinance also provided for the appointment f fire wardens—one for each f the three wards—and on the 29th James M. Whitney, Worden N. Richardson and Daniel Segur were appointed. Engine Company No. 1 was organized late in the year 1837, but its records, if any were kept, seem to have disappeared. In looking through the old newspaper files, the first mention found of a No. 2 company is on November 21, 1838, when Joseph B. Gardner, secretary, gives notice f a meeting f the "Davy Crockett Fire Engine and Hose Company No. 2," to be held on the first day of December, "at the Engine House." In February, 1839, J. W. B. Hyatt, second assistant foreman, issued a call for a meeting f the same company. It would no doubt be interesting to know the names of these early volunteer fire companies, but the writer has been unable to find them. At a meeting of the council on November 30, 1840, Edward Bissell was elected chief fire engineer ; Richard Mott, first assistant ; Walter Titus, second assistant ; Junius Flagg, Peter H. Shaw and William Hoskins, fire wardens for the three wards, respectively. At the same session a resolution to organize two hook and ladder companies was adopted, and the engineer was directed "to procure two fire hooks and two ladders of sufficient length and strength for the purpose for which they are intended." By this time the interest and enthusiasm of the volunteer fire department seem to have waned, for on February 8, 1841, the council instructed the committee of fire department "to ascertain whether any fire companies do in fact exist at this time, and report upon the expediency of disbanding the same." The committee reported that the companies nominally in existence were inactive and a reorganization of the department was recommended. On the 22nd of the same month, C. W. Hill, W. N. Richardson and C. G. Shaw were authorized to organize a company, "to be known as Fire Engine and Hose Company No. 1, to be the successor of Engine Company No. 1, which is hereby disbanded." Two days later the company was organized with the following members : Edson Allen, Aldrice A. Belknap, C. H. Bentley, Leverett Bissell, S. S. Blanchard, Charles Border, Manly Bostwick, S. H. Bradford, George P. Clark, Henry Clark, H. G. Cozzens, Joel W. Crane, Samuel Eddy, W. H. Elder, A. W. Fairbanks, Junius Flagg, J. J. Fullerton, Elijah S. Hanks, C. W. Hill, Joseph Jones, Valentine H. Ketcham, R. N. Lawton, J. N. Mount, B. P. Peckham, W. H. Raymond, John Ream, George Redding, George H. Rich, W. N. Richardson, Erastus Roys, Daniel Segur, Cor-nelius G. Shaw, Thomas Southard and Walter Titus, Jr. J. J. Fullerton was elected foreman ; Cornelius G. Shaw, first assistant ; Leverett Bissell, second assistant ; Erastus Roys, secretary ; William R. Raymond, treasurer. Engine House No. 1 was remodeled and improved and the company was placed in possession. For some time this was the only fire company in the city. Better discipline prevailed after the reorganization and the company TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 311 proved to be more of a success in fire fighting than those which had preceded it. A No. 2 company was organized in the spring of 1842, but the names of the members cannot now be learned. On May 3, 1842, the council passed a resolution directing the chief of the department (David Crane) to "organize a hook and ladder company and superintend the erection of a house for the same, located on Summit Street, between Adams and Cherry streets, for which he shall receive compensation at the rate f $1.50 per day." Mr. Crane delegated the work of building the house to his first assistant, Mayor Brigham (his name was Mayor), and the structure was completed some time in July. The city now had two engine companies and a hook and ladder company, as well equipped as those in most cities of Toledo's size. During the next five years considerable progress was made by the department. A third company had been organized and on September 24, 1847, the council passed an ordinance providing for the purchase "of a portion of lot No. 161, Port Lawrence division, and the erection thereon of an engine house, the cost of which shall not exceed $2,500." This house, when completed, was occupied by the No. 3 Engine and Hose Company. Under the ordinance of March 20, 1848, the Toledo Fire Department began to "put on style," as the following extracts will show : "The mayor and aldermen, acting as such at fires, to bear a staff, painted white, with a gilded flame at the top; the chief engineer a leather cap, painted white, with gilded combs, and having a fire engine and the words 'Chief Engineer' in gilt in front, and carrying a black speaking trumpet with the same words in white and a gold rim ; the assistants to wear white leather caps, with black combs, gilded front. and the words 'Engine No.—' in black . . . Fire wardens to wear hats with black rim, the crown and front white, with the word 'Warden' in black, and carry trumpets ; foremen to wear black leather caps, with white fronts and the words 'Foreman No.—' in black ; foremen of hook and ladder companies to have a hook and ladder in black on their caps." The ordinance provided that all persons present at fires should be subject to the orders f the mayor and aldermen, fire wardens or other officers, and made liable to arrest and a fine f $5.00 for refusing to obey such orders. Members of fire companies were required to meet at their respective houses on the first of each month for the purpose of exercise and for cleaning the apparatus. A premium of $10.00 was provided for the company which should first arrive at a fire with its apparatus ready for use, and $5.00 for each company arriving in ten minutes thereafter. The several companies were required to meet in joint convention in March of each year and nominate a chief engineer and two assistants, to be submitted to the council for confirmation. Sextons of churches provided with bells were required to ring the same for a period of twenty minutes, immediately upon an alarm of fire. Failure to do so was punishable by a fine of $2.00. One might reach the conclusion that, with all the "pomp and circumstance" of white staffs, gilded caps and speaking trumpets, the Toledo fire department was more of a parade than a utility. But there were many earnest, conscientious members of the several engine companies, whose foremost ambition was to render effective service at fires. Among these may be mentioned Junius Flagg, B. P. Peckham, Coleman I. Keeler, Richard Mott, Peter F. Berdan, Cornelius G. Shaw, Valentine H. Ketcham, Mayor Brigham, Peter H. Shaw, E. B. Brown and a 312 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY number of others; who were or afterward became prominent in the business circles of Toledo.  By the ordinance of June 14, 1851, the council directed that the foremen of Engine Companies No. 1 and No. 2, and Hook and Ladder Company No. 1, should each procure a key. to the Episcopal Church and keep the same in the houses of said companies. In case of fire, any member f either company was authorized to open the church and ring the bell "until relieved by the sexton f the church, or until the bell of the Catholic Church shall begin to ring." To stimulate watchfulness, it was provided that the company whose member should be the first at the church and the first to ring the bell should receive a premium of $2.00, which the Company might give to the member by vote. In 1852 Fire Company No. 4 was organized. As most of its members were Germans, it was named the "Germania Fire Company." On October 27, 1853, the council passed an ordinance providing for the purchase of an engine for this company. At the same meeting an appropriation of $1,000 was made for the purchase of new hose, "provided no commission shall be charged or received by the chief engineer for the purchase of the same." The decade between 1853 and 1863 witnessed several important improvements in the fire department. Two new companies and two companies of fire guards were organized, and the city spent considerable sums for new engine houses and equipment. In 1861 a new house was erected for Engine Company No. 1, on Cherry Street, between Superior and Huron streets. Connected with this house there is a little incident, which contains both romance and pathos. William P. Scott, who was very much interested in the new engine house, enlisted as first lieutenant of Company K, Twenty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. When the building was completed a picture of it, with the company, engine and hose cart in front, was taken and sent to Lieutenant Scott at Cheat Mountain, Virginia, where he received it in August, 1861. He carried the picture with him during the remainder of his service and upon his return used to tell how homesick he would get when he looked at it. Lieutenant Scott, after the war, served for thirty-three years upon the Toledo police force.. He died in 1898 and his daughter, Mrs. Nellie Young, had the picture enlarged and framed for her parlor. The annual report of Robert Cummings, chief fire engineer, in March, 1863, says : "There have been during the past year 22 fires, involving a loss of $285,000, which was covered by insurance to the amount of $131,000, making a total loss over insurance f $154,000. Of this loss, $225,000 occurred at the burning of the Michigan Southern Elevators. The above returns of loss are as accurate as could be obtained. "There are now connected with the fire department, two steam engines, three hand engines and one hook and ladder company, with their hose carriages and carts—all in good order with the exception of the hose carts, which are now being made. . . . At the close of my term of office, I wish again to mention the importance of having cisterns built at various points through the city- for fire purposes. It is also important to have a coal cart to run to fires, to carry coal to the two steamers. The city should own the cart and make arrangements with a drayman to haul it to fires." At the time this report was made the Civil war. was at its height and little attention was paid to local affairs, such as building fire cisterns. In 1866 Toledo had a TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 313 population of 20,000 and was advanced to the rank of a city of the first class. The old volunteer department was then superseded by a paid department, with the exception of the engine companies in the Fifth and Sixth wards, which were also placed upon a paid basis in 1868. In the early history of the department, when the old hand engines were used, these engines were drawn by hand to the scene of the fire. With the pumps properly manned, one of these machines would throw a stream from 250 to 300 feet through an inch and a quarter nozzle. After the introduction of steam fire engines, arrangements were made with some owner of a team of horses to draw the engine to fires. This plan was abandoned when the department went upon a paid basis, the city then purchasing horses for the several fire companies. With the invention and improvement of the automobile, motor driven fire apparatus came into use and the horses were discarded. Under the charter of 1915 the fire department is under the director of public safety, the chief of the fire division having exclusive control of the stationing and transfer of firemen. He may suspend a fireman, though the suspended member f the department may appeal to the civil service commission, whose decision shall be final. At the beginning of the year 1922, Toledo's fire department numbered 411 men. There were then eighteen fire stations, or engine houses, fully equipped with modern fire-fighting apparatus, and an electric alarm system with 234 signal boxes, so located that no part of the city is without fire protection. POLICE DEPARTMENT The only police officer provided for by the original charter of 1837 was the city marshal. Police powers were exercised, to some extent, by constables elected under the laws of the state. At times the marshal was allowed one or more deputies, especially during the building of the canal, when a large number of laborers were quartered in and near the city, many of whom were inclined at times to "look upon the wine when it was red" and become disturbers of the peace. But the city was fifteen years old before the first steps were taken to organize a regular police force, competent to cope with any situation likely to arise. On May 13, 1852, the council passed an ordinance providing for the organization of a volunteer police force. Under this ordinance, as soon as ten citizens or more, not exceeding fifty, offered to volunteer their services to preserve the peace and assist in the enforcement f the laws and ordinances, they should organize them-selves into a company and elect a captain and a lieutenant for one year. Constant service was not demanded, but when called upon to act as police officers the members were invested with all the police powers then conferred upon the city marshal. The ordinance required the officers and members of the company "to hold themselves in readiness, by day and by night, to protect the city and the inhabitants thereof against injuries by thieves, robbers, burglars and other persons violating the public peace, and for the suppression f riots and other disorderly conduct." In July following the passage of the ordinance, a company was formed, consisting of the following members: Robert H. Bell, Peter F. Berdan, John R. Bond, Egbert B. Brown, Joseph W. Brown, I. N. Hathaway, W. W. Howe, Joel W. Kelsey, Henry Ketcham, William Kraus, Jacob Landman, I. R. Nelson, C. B. 314 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY Phillips and Andrew Shurtz. Such was Toledo's first police force. It was not intended as a permanent institution and, except for the moral support it brought to. the city government, it was not very effective. During the brief period of its existence there were no riots or other unusual demonstrations that called for the active service f the members and the company died a natural death, without being formally disbanded. From the time the city was incorporated in 1837. to 1866, seventeen men held the office of city marshal. Following is a list of these marshals, with the year in which each was elected, and each serving until his successor was elected and qualified : Calvin Comstock, 1837; O. W. Whitmore, 1839 ; John Goettell, 1841; Charles L. Mattison, 1842 ; Thomas D. Thomas, 1843 ; O. W. Whitmore, 1845; Henry D. Kingsbury, 1846; Charles L. Mattison, 1849; W. F. Pregizer, 1850; Gideon W. Weed, 1851 ; Stephen J. Springer, 1853 ; Barney Mahon, 1856 ; Stephen S. Kingsley, 1857; Michael Carney, 1858 ; John W. Beecher, 1860; Elijah S. Hanks, 1862 ; John R. Bond, 1864. When the city was advanced to the first class in 1866, the municipal government was changed accordingly. This change brought what was known as the metropolitan police system. The office of city marshal was abolished and the governor appointed as police commissioners Mayor Brigham, Charles A. King, William Kraus, Joseph K. Secor and Dennison Steele. Upon these commissioners devolved the work of organizing a police force for the city. They appointed Henry Breed, superintendent, or chief ; Michael O'Connor, captain, William P. Scott, sergeant, and the following patrolmen : Elijah S. Hanks, Cornelius Heline, Patrick Horan, Henry Nellis, John D. Nicely, William R. Osborn, Joseph A. Parker, Jacob Pfanner, Jacob Rudolph, Conrad Schilling, Henry Streicher, Jacob Winnie and George Wise. The superintendent was paid a salary of $1,500 ; the captain, $900, the sergeant, $800; patrolmen, $720 each, and George W. Kirk was appointed turnkey at a salary of $600. The cost of Toledo's metropolitan police force for the first year was therefore $13,160. In 1868 the police department passed under the control of a local board, of which Mayor Charles A. King was ex-officio president. The other members were : Bailey H. Hitchcock, George Meissner, Patrick Murray, Edward Malone, Horace S. Olds, William H. Smith and Horace S. Walbridge. H. K. Stephens was appointed secretary to the board and the force was reorganized. The office of superintendent was abolished and William P. Scott was appointed captain ; Patrick Horan and Henry Streicher, sergeants. By an act of the Ohio General Assembly early in the year 1881, the metropolitan police system for cities of the first class was reestablished. Gov. Charles Foster appointed as police commissioners for Toledo, Abner L. Backus, John Cummings, Guido Marx and George Milmine. These commissioners were all residents of the city, interested in its welfare and progress, and they instituted a number of reforms in the police system. The metropolitan system did not continue long. It was succeeded by a system consisting of one police commissioner elected from each ward, who, with the mayor, constituted the police board. This system, with some modifications, continued in operation until the adoption of the charter of 1915. The new charter provides that the chief of police shall have exclusive authority in the matter of stationing and transfer of patrolmen, etc. He also has the right The plat of Toledo on the opposite page was drawn in 1862 by Henry Lovejoy, from the original notes which he and Gower took in the survey of 1837. It presents, however, the dock line of 1862. The original plat did not include Water Street, which is on filled ground. The Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad terminating in 1837 near the corner of Summit and Monroe, coming in from the west along Railroad Street, now called Avondale Avenue, was extended in a year or two to Lagrange Street on piling placed from 80 to 200 feet from the shore line. This was afterwards filled to make Water Street. The plat on the south side of Swan Creek was later vacated for a new plat. About 1840, a start was made for the building of a Courthouse in the place marked "courthouse square," getting as far as the foundation when the enterprise was abandoned because of the fixing of Maumee as the county seat. This plat is a combination of the Port Lawrence and Vistula plats. Oak Street, now called Jackson Street, marked the east side of Vistula. Port Lawrence was first platted in 1817, the plat reverting to the government, some of it becoming afterwards the property of the University of Michigan. Thereafter it was re-acquired by William Oliver of Cincinnati in the interest of himself and associates and re-platted in 1827, as recorded at Maumee. The 1827 plat gave the name Erie Street to Summit, Ontario Street to St. Clair and Huron Street to Superior. These names were changed subsequently and Oak Street was afterwards changed to Jackson. 318 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY to suspend any officer or employe of the department for incompetence, gross neglect of duty, immorality, habitual drunkenness, failure to obey orders and certain other just and reasonable causes. But he must immediately notify the director f the department of public safety, who may sustain or reverse the action of the chief. The suspended officer or employe also has the right of appeal to the civil service commission, whose decision shall be final. The result of these provisions has been to secure better discipline and more efficient service in the police department. As organized at the beginning of the year 1922, the police department consisted f a chief, an inspector of police, an inspector of detectives, 3 captains, 6 lieutenants, 13 sergeants,. 38 detectives, 350 patrolmen, 3 matrons and 3 turnkeys. STREET IMPROVEMENT When Toledo was formed by the consolidation of Port Lawrence and Vistula in 1833, there was not an improved street in the town. Summit Street, which connected the Upper and Lower Towns, was the principal thoroughfare, but all the improvement that had been made in it was to cut the timber and open a sem-blance f ditches or gutters along the sides of the roadway. Much f the ground was low and wet. In some places boards were thrown down to form a sort of sidewalk, but for the most part the men wore boots, tucked their trousers. inside their boot tops, and—waded through. The act f incorporation provided for a street commissioner, but it would seem that his office was a sinecure during the first few years f Toledo's corporate existence. The first mention of street improvements of any character, in the minutes of the city council, was in the fall of 1839, when sidewalks were ordered in Summit Street, between Cherry and Monroe. In March, 1840, a petition was presented to the council asking for sidewalks on Monroe Street, but the council, after weighing the matter, decided that "it is inexpedient to grant the petition until the condition of the treasury is better known to the council, and until the Summit Street work, now in progress, is completed." When the plank road was built out Cherry Street in 1848, that street was considered the best in the city, and a number of the merchants moved over to Cherry in order to get their share of the country trade that came in over the new highway. The first real sidewalks were laid of boards or brick. A little later stone was brought up on boats from the quarries at Berea, Ohio. Sidewalks of this material proved to be more durable than either the board or brick walks. The "grit" in the stone was hard on shoe soles, but the walks were a great improvement over walking through the mud. There are still many f these Berea stone sidewalks in the city, but most f the sidewalks built in recent years are of cement. Toledo was not behind the other cities of the country in the construction of streets with modern paving materials—asphalt, brick, wood block, etc. Without undertaking to follow this improvement step by step, it is only necessary to say that in the spring of 1922 the city had 498 miles of streets, of which 265 miles were paved according to modern ideas. Of the remaining 233 miles a large portion consisted f graveled roadway, which would have been considered an excellent street thirty-five or forty years ago. TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 321 SEWER SYSTEM One of the early problems with which the people of Toledo were confronted was to drain the low places, to render them habitable, facilitate transportation and improve the health of the community. As illustrating the general nature of a large part of the unimproved land about Toledo, the story has been told that when Jessup W. Scott purchased seventy acres of land, including the present court house square, in 1833, he and his brother, J. Austin Scott, went out to look at the land. At the present intersection of Huron and Adams streets they encountered a marshy place which at first seemed impassable. By jumping from log to log they proceeded some distance, when they discovered that they had lost their bearings and could not find their way out. While they were discussing their predicament, a steamboat chanced to pass up the Maumee. The puff f the escaping steam served as a compass to guide their footsteps back to civilization. As early as April, 1839, the city council adopted a resolution authorizing the street commissioner "to take immediate steps to fill up, drain or otherwise improve all the low and marshy grounds in the city, provided such improvement shall not cost to exceed $500." The appropriation was found to be inadequate, and not much was accomplished under the resolution. Since that time the city has expended over a million dollars on a sewer system, a large part of which has been rendered necessary by the conditions which the early "city dads" undertook to overcome with a paltry $500. The first regular sewer was built in 1848. It began at the Maumee River and extended 1,700 feet up Monroe Street, thence in an easterly direction for 300 feet, to the lagoon between Monroe and Jackson streets. It was about three feet in diameter and cost $1.50 per foot, or a total of $3,150. The second sewer, built soon afterward, was in Jackson (then called Oak) Street and extended from the river to St. Clair Street, a distance of 850 feet. At St. Clair Street it connected with an open drain that extended to the canal, a distance of 1,400 feet. The total cost of this improvement was $6,800. These two sewers were constructed more for drainage than for sanitary purposes. The benefits to the adjacent property were soon apparent and demands for other sewers followed. By 1880 the city had about forty miles of sewers, constructed at a cost of over $300,000. But the lagoons and swamps had disappeared, the general health had improved, and every thoughtful citizen regarded the money expended on sewers as a good investment. As yet, however, there was no sewer system. The early sewers were built independently of each other. Most of them discharged their contents into the Maumee River or Swan Creek, though a few f them opened into the canal and at least one connected with the Ottawa River. In 1880 the population of the city was 50,137. The average rainfall was sufficient to keep the streams in condition to carry off the sewage. As the population grew the quantity of sewage increased accordingly and the people living near the streams began to complain of their pollution. Still, no plans for the disposal of sewage according to modern scientific methods were adopted until after the new charter went into effect in 1916. These plans contemplate three trunk lines, or intercepting sewers, into which all other sewers empty. One of these intercepting sewers follows the Manhattan Boulevard from Monroe Street to the Maumee River, or rather to the pumping station on the island opposite Bay View Park. The second runs from this 322 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY island up Summit Street to Monroe, where it divides, one branch continuing up the river and the other up Swan Creek to South Street. The third main trunk sewer is in east Toledo and follows the bank of the river to the pumping station. The system also contemplates a disposal plant, at which all sewage will be treated in accordance with the best known scientific processes, and when com-pleted will give Toledo one of the best sewer systems in the country. TOLEDO IN 1922 From the straggling village of 1833, Toledo has grown into a city with an area of 32 square miles and a population of approximately 250,000. The assessed valuation of property in 1921 was $418,310,010 and for that year the people paid over $9,500,000 in taxes. The city is divided into twenty wards, each of which is represented by one member in the city council. Toledo has 498 miles of streets, 1,000 miles of sidewalks, 350 miles of sewers, 120 miles of street railway, 15 public parks with a total of 1,389 acres, 15 steam and 10 electric railways, 16 banking institutions with deposits of over $100,000,000, a public library with 170,000 volumes, an art museum, 50 public school buildings, 10 hospitals, more than a score of modern hotels, 82 theaters and motion picture houses, and 140 churches and religious institutions. (See chapters on Commercial Toledo, Public Utilities, Manufacturing Interests, etc.) CHAPTER XIX CHURCH HISTORY DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING CHURCH HISTORY-EARLY MISSIONARIES-AN INDIAN ARGUMENT-THE BAPTISTS-CHRISTIAN CHURCH-CHRISTIAN SCIENCE- CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH-EVANGELICAL AND REFORMED CHURCHES- LUTHERAN CHURCHES-METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH-THE PRESBYTERIANS- PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH-ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH-DIOCESE OF TOLEDO-UNITED BRETHREN-MISCELLANEOUS RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS. To write a comprehensive history of the religious development of any community —a history that would be satisfactory to everybody—would probably be the most difficult assignment that could be given to the historian. The actual church development of Toledo and Lucas County began almost a century ago. The pioneers who founded the early churches have joined the silent majority ; in many instances church records have been lost or destroyed ; in others they have been poorly and irregularly kept ; pastors have come and gone, and consequently much of the religious history is shrouded in obscurity. There are nearly two hundred churches and religious organizations in the city and county. Even if correct data concerning everyone were at hand, it would be impracticable to attempt a complete history, of each of these organizations in a work of this character. In these churches numerous denominations are represented. Naturally, the members of each denomination are more interested in the history of their own church than in that of any of the others. In this fact the chronicler of church history encounters another difficulty. If he gives to one denomination more prominence than he does to another, he is liable to be criticized for showing partiality. Therefore, in this chapter, the aim has been to show, in a general way, tilt religious progress of city and county, with brief accounts of the older congregations, from which the newer churches have sprung. The rural churches are mentioned in we chapter on Townships and Villages. EARLY MISSIONARIES The first missionary work in the Maumee Valley, of which there is any authentic record, was undertaken in 1749. In that year Rt. Rev. Henri M. de Pontbriand, Bishop of Quebec, visited Detroit in connection with his episcopal labors. While in Detroit he learned something f the Indians in the Maumee Valley and upon his return to Quebec he sent Father Potier, a Jesuit missionary, into the Ottawa country. Occasional missionary work was done by the Jesuits in Northwestern Ohio until their suppression in 1773. From that time until after the Revolutionary war, priests f other Catholic orders visited the Indians along the Maumee and in South-ern Michigan at irregular intervals. - 323 - 324 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY When Fort Miami was built by the English in the spring f 1794, the Bishop of Quebec obtained permission to send a priest to the post. Father Edmund Burke, an Irish priest, was chosen for the mission, which he established in the Indian village on the site f the present City f Perrysburg. On February 2, 1796, he wrote to Archbishop Troy : "This is the most distant parish inhabited by Catholics on this earth. In it is neither law, justice nor subjection. You never meet a man, either Indian or Canadian, without his gun and knife. My house is on the banks of a river which falls into the lake, full of fish and fowl of all kinds, the finest climate in the world." There were a few Catholics in the garrison at Fort Miami and Father Burke said mass there several times. His stay on the Maumee was only about a year, when he was called to a larger mission. From the time of his departure until after the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, religious services among the Indians of the Maumee country were like the proverbial angels' visits, "few and far between." In 1802 Rev. David Bacon was sent out by the Connecticut Missionary Society to establish a mission among the Indians on the Maumee. He first went to Detroit, of rom which place he set out on April 29, 1802, with two companions and made the trip to the mouth of the Maumee River in a canoe. The time of his arrival was inopportune, as the Indians were celebrating the successful conclusion of a winter hunt and were well supplied with whisky. In his account f the affair, Mr. Bacon says he went on up the river to Fort Miami, where he stored his belongings, and returned to the Indian village the next day, which was the 5th of May. He met Little Otter, the principal chief, and explained to him the desire to establish a mission. Little Otter promised the missionary a hearing, but just then a death in the village led to another debauch. It was not until the 14th that Mr. Bacon got his hearing at the mouth of the river. In his report to the Connecticut Missionary Society, he says : "Having heard f four objections which I supposed they stood ready to offer, I brought them up and answered them. The first objection was, that our religion was not designed for the Indians. The second objection that I noticed was, that our religion was not good for them. The third objection was, that by listening to me they would expose themselves to the fate of the poor Moravians, who were destroyed by our people, in consequence of their embracing our religion. The fourth objection . I thought to be much the most important, and the most difficult to answer. It was this : That they could not live together so as to receive any instructions, on account of their fighting and killing one another when intoxicated. . . . To remove this objection, I proposed to them that they begin and build a new village upon this condition, that no one should be allowed to get drunk in it ; that if they would drink. they should go off and stay till they had it over, and that if any would not comply with this law, they should be obliged to leave the village." ' The report also gives in detail the argument used in answering all the objections and the missionary admits that his address was "pretty lengthy," and adds : "They heard me with the more patience on account of my having furnished them, in the first place, with as much tobacco as they could smoke." That night the chiefs held a conference and at noon the next day Little Otter replied to the missionary. The principal points of that reply were as follows : "Brother, we listened to you yesterday and heard all you had to say to us. Since then we have been thinking f what you said to us and have been talking it over among ourselves and have made up our minds. Now, brother, if you will listen to