of a new one. They purchased the stock of R. L. McElroy & Company and opened at 209-11 Summit Street. From the start the new store proved to be popular and it was not long until the problem of obtaining more room came up for solution. The Coghlin building, on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Summit Street, had been completed about a year before and was still unoccupied. It had a frontage of 80 feet on Summit Street and 120 on Jefferson, six stories in height. Few imagined. that a single firm could use the entire building, but Milner & Company ventured to undertake it. Elevators and an escalator were installed, as well as fixtures of the most modern type, and a complete department store was opened in the new quarters.

In 1901, not long after this removal, the business was incorporated under the name of W. L. Milner & Company. The next .step was to add sixty feet on the Summit Street front in 1903 and in 1906 another addition of 100 feet was made, giving the concern a frontage of 240 feet on Summit and 120 on Jefferson, which, including the basement, made over two hundred thousand square feet of floor space. At the beginning of the year 1922 the company reported a capital stock of $750,000, with the following officers : W. L. Milner, president ; J. K. Secor, vice president ; Roy Craft, secretary ; H. S. Fisher, treasurer.

Another department store which was established soon after the Milner Company, and one which has become a leading mercantile concern, is the Lasalle & Koch Company. It was organized by Jacob and Sol A. Lasalle, Abe and Joseph Koch and John J. May. Its first place of business was on the corner. of Adams and Summit streets, where it started with a capital stock of $150,000. In 1898 the business was incorporated and in 1900 the company removed to the commodious six-story building on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Superior Street, opposite the Secor Hotel.

Joseph Koch died in 1904 and was succeeded by his son, Alfred, who was made secretary of the company. Within a few. years the building on Jefferson and Superior became inadequate to the demands of the business, notwithstanding the fact that an addition of thirty feet had been made to the Superior Street front in 1906 and another of sixty feet in 1908. In November, 1917, the company removed to its new eight story building on the corner of Adams and Huron streets. About that time the capital stock was increased to $600,000. The officers at the close of the year 1921 were : Jacob Lasalle, president ; Alfred B. Koch, vice president and secretary ; James J. Lasalle, treasurer.

The Thompson-Hudson Company, 401 to 411 Summit ,Street, was organized under this name in 1909. It is the successor of J. L. Hudson, who established a dry goods store there back in the '80s. . Early in the year 1909 the Hudson store and two adjoining buildings were destroyed by fire. James Thompson then became associated with Mr. Hudson and arrangements were made with the owners of the property to erect a building covering the area of the burned buildings, six stories in height, with basement. This was one of the first concrete buildings in Toledo, erected exclusively for commercial purposes. Since the death of Mr. Hudson a few years ago, Mr. Thompson has occupied the position of president and general manager.

On the east side of the river, the department store of the Mittenthal Company was incorporated in February, 1915, with a capital of $100,000. Of this company H. L. Silverman was president and general manager in 1921. The department

store of J. S. Trenhoft, located at 944-46 Phillips Avenue, carries a large assortment of goods 'for the residents of West Toledo. Of the remaining retail establishments of Toledo little need be said. The clothing, drug, hardware, shoe and men's furnishing stores compare favorably with those in other cities of Toledo's class. Patrons of these stores find both the proprietor and the help courteous and efficient. "If we haven't just what you want, we will get it for you on short notice," seems to be the motto of Toledo's tradesmen. In the notion trade, the establishments of F. W. Woolworth and S. S. Kresge, popularly known as "five and ten cent stores," carry a large assortment of small articles and enjoy a liberal patronage.

Grocers—In 1836 Valentine H. Ketcham came to Toledo from New York and opened a retail grocery in a small building at Perry and St. Clair streets. During the next five years Mr. Ketcham moved his place of business successively to Summit Street near Perry; to the corner of Lagrange and Summit streets ; and to 32 Summit Street, where in 1841 a small wholesale business was started. A little later the business was removed to the corner of Jefferson and St. Clair streets. In 1846 Joseph K. Secor acquired an interest and the firm of Ketcham & Secor was organized as a wholesale concern exclusively. This partnership lasted until 1854, when Mr. Ketcham withdrew to engage in the banking business. He was succeeded by Peter F. Berdan, who formed a partnership with Joseph K. and George J. Secor. In 1856 George J. Secor withdrew and in 1858 a new firm was formed, composed of Peter F. Berdan, Joseph K. and James Secor, Maro Wheeler and John B. Ketcham—the last three having formerly been employed as salesmen.

Passing over the numerous changes in the personnel of the firm during the next thirty-two years, in 1900 the business had grown to proportions which required larger quarters. In 1902 the building occupying one entire square, fronting on Washington, Erie and Huron streets, was completed and the company took possession. The force of traveling salesmen was then increased and the trade was extended into all parts of Ohio, Michigan and Indiana, and even into Illinois. In 1917 the business was incorporated under the name of the Berdan Company, with a capital stock of $1,500,000. The officers at the beginning of the year 1922 were : Marshall Sheppey, president ; S. C. Walbridge, vice president and treasurer ; Sinclair Berdan, secretary.

Rudolph A. Bartley was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, May 9, 1851, and came with his parents to America when he was three years old. After a short residence in Perrysburg, the family removed to Lucas County and settled in Oregon Township. Here Rudolph attended the district schools until 1867, when he came to Toledo "to look for a job." He was first employed in the grocery of H. & F. Barnes for about a year, after which he was with the grocery of J. A. Speyer, corner of Summit and Orange streets, for nearly four years. By 1872 he had saved $200 and borrowed $100 more, in order to enter the grocery business in partnership with Enos Cousino. The firm, with its modest capital of $600, was first located at 310 Summit Street. In 1882 Mr. Bartley purchased his partner's interest and the same year bought the stock and fixtures of the J. C. Wuerfel Company next door.

During the next five years the business prospered and in 1887 Mr. Bartley decided to enter the wholesale field. He theref ore moved into the five story Messenger building, at the corner of Cherry and Summit streets, where he remained until his store was destroyed by fire on October 26, 1908. By January 1, 1909, he was again, in business, on the corner of Monroe and St. Clair streets, with an entire new stock, in the building formerly occupied by the Bostwick-Braun Company. In 1921 the R. A. Bartley Company was incorporated with a capital of $1,000,000 and the following officers : R. A. Bartley, president ; Mrs. R. A. Bartley, John Bartley and Norman H. Meyer, vice presidents ; C. W. Peckinpaugh, secretary and Mary L. Voss, treasurer. The place of business was then at the corner of Ontario and Washington streets.

In 1884 the firm of J. H. Feilbach & Company began business as commission merchants. Gradually the concern was converted into a wholesale grocery house. From the beginning the firm was successful and several removals were necessary to secure larger quarters. On January 1, 1899, the business was incorporated as the Feilbach Company, with an authorized capital stock of $200,000. In August, 1909, the company took possession of the six-story building just then completed at 25-27-29 Superior Street, which building was erected especially for the grocery business. The capital stock was then increased to $300,000. The traveling salesmen cover a large territory in Ohio, Michigan and Indiana. The officers of the company at the beginning of 1922 were : Charles Feilbach, president ; F. M. Feilbach, vice president and Secretary ; P. W. Feilbach, treasurer.

The Overmyer Company, wholesale grocers, is the outgrowth of the old firm of Wood & Acklin, which commenced business about 1890. Several changes in the personnel of the firm occurred during the next five years and in 1896 the business was incorporated as the Paddock-Overmyer Company, with a capital stock of $100,000. Soon after the incorporation, the company located at 210-212 Superior Street, where it remained until 1903, when larger quarters became necessary to accommodate the growing trade. A removal was then made to 20-22-24 Huron Street. In the spring of 1910 J. H. Paddock withdrew and the name was changed to that of the Overmyer Company.. At the same time the capital stock was increased to $125,000. A little later the building at 15 to 23 South Ontario Street was taken by the company and the capitalization was increased to $500,000. The officers of the company at the beginning of 1922 were : A. E. Overmyer; president ; J. A. Murphey, vice president ; R. F. Cummerow, secretary; H. M. Overmyer, treasurer.

Church & McConnell entered the wholesale grocery field in 1899, occupying the large building on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and St. Clair Street. The firm became distributor for several leading brands of cigars in connection with the regular grocery business. This firm has been succeeded by the Harnit & Hewitt Company, with a capital stock of $200,000. The officers at the beginning of the year 1922 were as follows : George S. Harnit, president ; Henry W. Hewitt, vice president ; William A. Hein, secretary and treasurer. Both Mr. Harnit and Mr. Hewitt have been connected with the business for many years, having held official positions in the company when it was first. incorporated with W. G. Church as president.

Other prominent wholesale grocery houses are the Brundage Brothers Company, 18-22 St. Clair Street ; the Creasey Corporation, 130-132 North Huron

Street ; and the Mutual Wholesale Company, 1215 West Bancroft Street. George B. Chiesa & Company, wholesale dealers in fruits, nuts, etc., began business in 1878. In 1906 George B. Chiesa withdrew and the business was incorporated as the Chiesa Company, with Harry Chiesa and R. L. Gazzolo as the principal stockholders. Another firm that deals in all kinds of fruits and vegetables is the Geroe Company, which was established in 1870 under the name of A. A. Geroe & Son. In 1904 the business was incorporated as the Geroe Company, with a capital stock of $50,000. The East Toledo Fruit Company and the Toledo Fruit and Produce Company are well known business concerns in the line of fruits, nuts, etc.

As a coffee roasting and spice grinding center, Toledo is one of the largest in the United States. About one thousand persons are employed in the coffee roasting, tea packing and spice mills of the city, and some four hundred salesmen are on the road representing these houses, the products of which are sold in every state in the Union. From twenty-eight to thirty million pounds of coffee are roasted annually ; eight million pounds of tea are packed and distributed, and over three million pounds of spices are ground and shipped.

The oldest of the coffee and spice concerns is the Woolson Spice Company, which Was organized in August, 1882, by A. M. Woolson, S. B. Wood, Pliny Watson, J. B. Ketcham, John Berdan, George Emerson, P. S. Willis, James Secor and Samuel Stettiner. The company began business at 115 Monroe Street, blending coffees and' grinding spices. In 1884 it was incorporated, and the next year removed *to the corner of Superior and Jacksontreets. Not long after this a lot 120 by 280 feet on the corner of Huron and Jackson streets was purchased and a building erected, thereon for roasting, grinding and salesrooms. In 1896 the business was purchased by the American Sugar Refining Company, of New York.

In the early years of the company the "Lion" brand of coffee, in sealed packages of one pound each, was placed on the market. About the time the American Sugar Refining Company took over the plant, the Arbuckle Brothers, of New York, began to exploit their "Ariosa" coffee and a coffee "war" resulted. The fight for supremacy resulted in considerable litigation, much of which was tried in the Toledo courts. In 1900 the Woolson Company commenced giving its attention to the production of high grade goods, both in coffees and spices. In June, 1909, a change was made in the management, Hermann Sielcken, a New York capitalist, becoming president and principal stockholder. Mr. Sielcken was the junior member 'of the firm of Crossman & Sielcken, at that time reputed to be the largest importers and handlers of green coffee in the United States. In the reorganization W. A. Brigham was made vice president ; J. W. Koehrmann, secretary and general manager ; S. P. Jermain, treasurer. Distributing' depots were established at Chicago, Davenport, Iowa, Dallas, Texas, Minneapolis, Buffalo, Kansas City, St. Louis and Memphis.

A little while after the reorganization of 1909, new headquarters were established at Summit and Sandusky streets. At the beginning of the year 1922 the capital stock of the company was $300,000 and the officers of the company were as follows.: Koehrmann, president and general manager ; Frank D. Stranahan, vice president ; C. N. Bevan, secretary and treasurer.

In 1892 John M. Bour began roasting coffee on a small scale on Summit Street. From the start special attention was given ,to the better grades, and in a short

time Mr. Bour removed to larger rooms on Monroe Street. Then he. commenced handling teas. It was not long until more room was needed and he removed to 113-117 Ontario Street. Expert buyers in the seaboard cities, and even in foreign countries, kept the Toledo "factory" supplied with the best coffees and teas. In a few years the "Royal Garden" and "San Marto" coffees and "Royal Garden" tea were known all over the country. In 1904 a site was purchased at Smith Street and Spielbusch Avenue and a five-story, reinforced concrete building was erected, equipped with electric power machinery, not only for roasting coffee, but also for making cartons and shipping cases.

Mr. Bour retired from the presidency of the company in 1910 and recently the business has been reincorporated under the name of the Blodgett-Beckley Company, with a capital stock of $300,000 ; Albro Blodgett, president ; S. W. Beckley, vice president ; H. P. Blodgett, secretary and treasurer.

The Gasser Coffee Company was incorporated in October, 1905, with an authorized capital of $100,000 and the following officers : M. H. Gasser, president ; Charles A. Peckham, vice president ; Henry W. Basey, secretary and treasurer. Soon after the incorporation, the company had the opportunity to secure the quarters just vacated by the Bour Company at 113-117 Ontario Street, where the business has since been conducted. Within five years sales offices were established in a number of cities throughout the Middle West and the "Kar-A-Van" coffee became widely recognized as a standard brand. Milton H. Gasser has been president of the company from the time it was founded. The other officers at the beginning of 1922 were : Charles A. Peckham, vice president ; Wells B. Miller, secretary and treasurer. The capital stock at that time was $200,000. All the wholesale grocers handle coffees and some of them are roasters to a limited extent.

Dry Goods—Leander S. Baumgardner came to Toledo in 1866 with a stock of men's furnishing goods, notions, etc., and opened a store at 76 Summit Street. It was not long until he was doing a jobbing business in certain lines and in 1881 he removed to the Hall block, corner of Jefferson Avenue and St. Clair Street, in order to obtain more room. About a year later the Flail block was destroyed by fire and Mr. Baumgardner resumed business at the corner of Summit and Jackson streets. In 1888 his nephew, Edson W. Baumgardner, was admitted to partnership and the firm took the name of L. S. Baumgardner & Company. The new firm added a stock of general dry goods for the wholesale trade. In 1899 the place of business was removed to the six-story building on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and St. Clair Street. On January 1, 1910, a reorganization was effected and the name Baumgardner & Company was adopted. The members of the firm at that time were : Edson W. and James F. Baumgardner, brothers ; Frank L. and Ned I,. Baumgardner, sons of Edson W. ; J. H. Hildebrand and Anthony W. Lewis. Mr. Hildebrand and Mr. Lewis afterward withdrew and their places were taken by James B. and Carlton M. Baumgardner.

Leander S. Baumgardner, the founder of this early wholesale dry goods house in. Toledo, was born in Wayne County, Ohio, February 10, 1832. His father, Peter Baumgardner, was a native of Germany, who came to this country in 1812, when he was fourteen years of age. After his marriage to Catharine Heller, in Pennsylvania, the couple came to Ohio and located in Wayne County. At the age of ten years Leander was bound out to a farmer, with the provision that he

should be permitted to attend school three months each winter. This part of the agreement was not lived up to by his master, but by studying at night and otherwise making good use of his limited opportunities he acquired sufficient education to enable him to qualify as a teacher before he reached his majority. After teaching for two seasons, he entered into a partnership with his brothers, J. H. and T. P. Baumgardner, under the firm name of J. H. Baumgardner & Company, and opened a store at Wooster. That was in 1854. Three years later the brothers erected a building especially for their use and began the publication of a newspaper, chiefly for advertising purposes. In 1865 Leander disposed of his interest and the next year came to Toledo, as already stated.

Mr. Baumgardner was a public spirited citizen. While at Wooster he took part in the establishment of the public library ; after coming to Toledo he assisted in organizing and was the first president of the Tri-State Fair Association ; was one of the organizers of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange, and took a commendable interest in public affairs. In 1879 he was the candidate of his party for mayor, but was defeated, and in 1880 his name was before the Republican convention as a candidate for Congress. He was interested in a number of business concerns and throughout life was a busy and useful member of the community.

Shortly after the close of the Civil war, the dry goods firm of Luce, Chapin and Blass was organized. It was composed of Charles L. Luce, Frederick C. Chapin and James Blass and opened a dry goods store at 176 Summit Street. A little later they removed to 32-34 Summit Street, where they embarked in the wholesale trade. In 1873 the place of business was, removed to 132-134 Summit Street and the next year Mr. Luce became sole proprietor. He carried on the business until his death on September 15, 1886, when the C. L. Luce Company was organized. Some years later the stock was disposed of to various retailers and the house passed out of. existence.

The Miller & Hadley Company, wholesale dry goods, was incorporated in 1906, with an authorized capital of $100,000. At the beginning of 1922 this concern was located at 23-29 Summit Street and was officered as follows : Hardy Miller, president and treasurer (since deceased); Charles C. Gleckler, vice president ; E. J. Biggs, secretary. Other prominent wholesale dry goods houses at that time were : The Buckeye Merchandise Company, 512 Monroe Street ; the Lucas Merchandise Company, 116 St. Clair Street.

Hardware, Glass and Paints—The oldest wholesale house in this line is that of the Bostwick-Braun Company, which was established in 1855. The founder of this house was William Roff, who was born at Newark, New Jersey, September 10, 1802. He was educated in the schools of his native state and while still in his teens entered a hardware store as a clerk. Subsequently he went to Savannah, Georgia, and other southern cities, after which he engaged in the hardware business for himself in Newark, New Jersey. In 1850 he and his brother, Charles B. Roff, opened a hardware store in Racine, Wisconsin, but in 1855 removed to Toledo. In 1862 Oscar A. Bostwick entered the employ of the firm as a salesman and in 1865 became a partner. Three years later William. Roff sold his interest to Carl F. and George A. Braun, in 1873 Mr. Bostwick purchased Charles B. Roff's interest and the firm of Bostwick, Braun & Company was formed. In January, 1893, the business was incorporated as the Bostwick-Braun Company,

with a capital stock of $150,000. At that time the place of business was on the corner of Monroe .and St. Clair streets. Not long after the incorporation, Mr. Bostwick retired and some new stockholders came into the company. The business continued to increase until in 1907, when the block bounded by Monroe, Summit and Perry streets and the Maumee River was acquired and an eight-story building, with basement, was erected. The trade of this house extends into all parts of Ohio, and portions of Indiana, Michigan and West Virginia. Some idea of the growth may be gained by the fact that the capital stock has been three times increased and in 1921 it was $3,000,000. The officers of the company at the beginning of 1922 were : George A. Braun, chairman ; H. L. Thompson, president ; William W. Knight, vice president and secretary ; Harry A. Nusbaum, vice president ; H. M. Kelsey, treasurer.

The Stollberg Hardware and Paint Company began business as a hardware concern in 1880. From .a modest beginning the wholesale trade grew until 1890, when the company was incorporated as the Stollberg Hardware Company. On January 1, 1913, it was reincorporated as the Stollberg Hardware and Paint Company, with a capital stock of $125,000. The place of business is at 416-420 Huron Street and the officers of the company at the beginning of 1922 were as follows : John Stollberg, president and general manager ; H. L. Green, vice president ; H. W. Morgan, secretary ; William F. Stollberg, treasurer.

On August 1, 1906, the Simmons Hardware Company, of St. Louis, probably . the largest of its kind in the world, opened a branch in Toledo under the name of the. Standart-Simmons Hardware Company. The business is still conducted at the same place-34 to 48 South Erie Street—under the name of the Simmons Hardware Company, and caters to the hardware trade of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Probably more "Keen Kutter" tools, sold by this company, are used by mechanics than any other one brand. The officers of the company at, the beginning of 1922, were : W. D. Simmons (St. Louis), president ; C. B. Bennett, vice president and general, manager ; John R. Young, secretary ; Lewis S. Haslam (St. Louis), treasurer ; Frank D. Segur (Toledo), assistant treasurer.

The Heavy Hardware Company was incorporated in 1892, with a capital stock of $30,000, which has since been increased. It began business at 412-414 Summit Street, but in 1905, in order to obtain more room, removed to 26-30 Huron Street. Still later it removed to Vance Street, occupying the numbers from 310 to 332. The stock of this company consists mainly of bar iron and steel, mill supplies, wagon makers' materials, etc. The officers of the company at the close of 1921 were as follows : George H. C. Cray, president ; William W. Cray, vice president; Edward L. Cope, secretary, treasurer and general manager.

In 1895 Daniel C. Shaw, Cornelius Kendall, William. Hardee, Joseph L. Wolcott and William L. Brown organized the Shaw-Kendall Engineering Company, which was incorporated on January 1, 1896, with a capital of $50,000. It began business on the corner of St. Clair and Washington streets, but in 1906 it removed to 120-130 Superior Street. This concern handles iron pipe, valves, fittings, etc., for steam power plants, and its trade extends over Ohio, Northern Indiana and the lower peninsula of Michigan. Several changes have been made in the personnel of the company and at the close of 1921 the officers were as follows : William L.

Brown, president ; W. C. Carr, vice president ; Charles H. Carroll, secretary and treasurer.

The Schunck Hardware Company, located at 504-506 Monroe Street, was incorporated in May, 1912, with a capital stock of $100,000. It does both a wholesale and retail business in stoves, ranges, garage supplies, automobile accessories, refrigerators, builders' hardware, paints, glass, etc. The officers of the company at the beginning of the year 1922 were : Robert H. Aish, president ; J. G. Nuhfer, vice president ; Robert Baur, secretary and treasurer.

There are a number of other concerns, such as the Auburndale Hardware Company, 3203-3205 Monroe Street ; the Birkmayer-Rodemich-Showel Company, 501503 Summit Street ; Clapp Stove and Hardware Company, 612-614 Summit Street ; the Wolf Hardware Company, East Toledo ; the Ohio Plate and Window Glass Company, 313-317 Morris Street ; Toledo Paint and Supply Company, 213 Superior Street, all of which do a large business in the hardware, glass and paint lines, and some of them do a jobbing trade.

Shoes—In the wholesale shoe trade, the oldest house in Toledo is that of R. H. Lane & Company, which dates back to 1854. When it began at that time, the firm was W: W. Griffith & Company, composed of W. W. Griffith, John and Robert Cummings. After a few years Mr. Griffith sold his interest to his partners, who continued the business until 1885, when they disposed of the .stock and good will to R. H. Lane and J. F. Cummings. The new firm of R. H. Lane & Company added to the stock and extended the trade over considerable portions of Ohio, Michigan and Indiana. The place of business in 1922 was at 126-128 St. Clair Street, in which neighborhood the firm and its predecessors have been located for almost three score and ten years.

William H. Simmons came to Toledo in 1865, formed a partnership with Orlando C. Smith, and engaged in the leather business under the firm name of Smith & Simmons. The first place of business was a small store room on Summit Street. In 1879 George H. Peabody, of Boston, Massachusetts, became a partner and the business was enlarged to include the manufacture and jobbing of boots and shoes. Gradually the trade was extended from Lake Superior to the Ohio River and as far .west as Missouri. In 1890 the Simmons Boot and Shoe Company was incorporated. In 1906 William H. Simmons retired and was succeeded as president and treasurer by his son, Francis W. Simmons, who still held the position in 1922. Several changes of location have been made, the removal to 133-137 St. Clair Street occurring about 1910. The capital stock of the company is $225,000. Next to Francis W. Simmons, the most active member of the company is E. F. Overmier, who holds the office of secretary.

Another wholesale shoe house that began business in 1865 is the Western Shoe Company, though at the beginning the concern was known as W. B. Messenger & Company. The members of that firm were W. B. Messenger and Gen. John W. Fuller. Two years later General Fuller withdrew his interest, but remained with Mr. Messenger in the capacity of manager and bookkeeper. In the fall of 1867 Messenger failed and the stock was purchased by General Fuller and T. W. Childs. The firm of Fuller & Childs was succeeded in 1872 by Fuller, Childs & Company, Dr. S. S. Stambaugh then becoming a partner. Between 1872 and 1889 a number of changes took place in the membership of the firm. Then the business was incorporated under the name of the Western Shoe Company. In 1922 this

company was located at 120-124 St. Clair Street and was officered as follows: Charles A. Haviland, president ; P. J. Gallier, vice president ; William E. Schroeder, secretary and treasurer.

On June 3, 1902, the Ainsworth Shoe Company was incorporated with an authorized capital of $100,000, to engage in the business of selling boots, shoes and rubbers at wholesale. For some time the company was located at 209-211 St. Clair Street, but in 1922 its place of business was at 122-124 Huron Street. The officers of the company at that time were : J. M. Longnecker, president ; W. T. Bailey, vice president and manager ; James Hodge, vice president ; E. W. Eastell, secretary and treasurer.

Drugs,, etc.—In 1877 was established the wholesale drug house of W. J. Walding & Company. The firm was composed of W. J. Walding, John S. Kinnan and H. E. Marvin. 'About a year later the firm name was changed to Walding, Kinnan & Marvin, under which it continued until 1894, when the Walding, Kinnan & Marvin Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000. When the firm first began business in 1877, it was located at 167 Summit Street. In 1896 the company erected the five-story building at 332-334 Summit Street, where it was still located in the spring of 1922. The officers of the company then were as follows : R. H. Bradley, president ; G. B. Parker, vice president and treasurer ; A. R. Waite, secretary. This company's trade covers Northern Ohio and Indiana and Southern Michigan. It holds membership in the National Wholesale Druggists' Association, of which Mr. Walding was president in 1902.

The Cooley Drug Company had six stores in the city in the spring of 1922, to wit : No. 9 Ontario Street, 421 and 801 Monroe Street, 821 Madison Avenue, 504 Galena Street, and 2497 Detroit Avenue. The Ontario Street store does a wholesale business, and the others are retail stores. This company was incorporated in 1892. At the beginning of the year 1922 Irving Squire, of New York, was president; William S. Cooley, vice president ; Clifford C. Whitmore, secretary ; L. M. Cooley, treasurer and general manager.

Closely allied with the wholesale drug trade is the Rupp & Bowman Company, located at 319 Superior Street. This concern was incorporated in January, 1909, with a capital of $80;000, to handle hospital, physicians' and nurses' supplies, surgical instruments, druggists' sundries, etc. At the close of 1921 John W. Rupp was president ; Smith Bartlett, vice president ; Waldo M. Bowman, secretary and treasurer.

Miscellaneous—The wholesale hat trade is represented by the Weed-Colburn Company, 221-225 Huron Street, which was incorporated on June 1, 1914, with a capital of $75,000 ; the Frankenberg & Lempert Hat Company, 202 Summit Street, incorporated in 1907; and the firm of Newman Brothers, 321 Monroe Street.

Among the large commercial concerns of Toledo is the National Supply Company, the general offices of which are at 136 Huron Street. In 1889 the Buckeye Supply Company was organized for the purpose of supplying the oil fields of Northwestern Ohio with the requisite apparatus for producing oil and natural gas. It was organized by the same men who later organized the Shaw-Kendall Engineering Company already mentioned. The company was incorporated in 1894 and two years later was consolidated with a similar concern in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, under the name of the National Supply Company, with $12,000,000 common stock and a preferred stock of $20,000,000. This company, which originated 'in Toledo,

does business in all .the oil fields of the United States, with branches in a number of the principal cities. The Toledo branch—or rather the parent organization—looks after the needs of the oil fields in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, though some supplies are shipped to Texas and Oklahoma. At the beginning of 1922, James H. Barr, of New York, was president ; Frank Collins, John M. Wilson, George F. Mahan and Charles W. Mascho, vice presidents ; Charles R. Clapp, secretary and treasurer ; S. S. Cooke, assistant secretary and treasurer.

The Toledo City Directory for 1921 shows 21 manufacturing and wholesale confectioners, 4 fish dealers, 3 barber's' supply houses, 4 dealers in cigars and tobacco, 4 wholesale clothing houses, 5 dental supply companies, 6 mail order houses in different lines of goods, 10 wholesale dealers in paper, dealers in plumbers' and gas fitters' supplies, jewelry, leather, millinery, sash and doors, etc., so it will be seen that practically all lines are represented in the Toledo jobbing trade.

In the commerce of Toledo the trade in grain plays a conspicuous part. The first wheat exported was in the fall of 1827, when 300 bushels raised on the farm of Coleman I. Keeler were shipped in the schooner "Eagle." The completion of the Erie & Kalamazoo Railroad to Adrian in 1836 made it possible to bring wheat from Southern Michigan for shipment at Toledo. Two years later, when work was commenced on the Wabash & Erie Canal, the large influx of laborers created a demand for breadstuffs. In that year, for the first time, the farmers of Lucas County produced a small surplus of grain. Richard Mott built a warehouse on Water Street, between Adams and Oak (now Jackson) streets. It was equipped with a small elevator, operated by horse power. This was the first grain elevator in Northwestern Ohio. Compared with modern methods of handling and storing grain, it was not much of an elevator ; but it proved to be a labor saving institution and marked the beginning of Toledo as a grain market. It was destroyed by fire in 1839 and Mr. Mott the next year built the "old red warehouse," as it was known for many years, at the foot of Monroe .Street. Here an improvement was made in the manner of applying the horse power, and Mr. Mott became the leading grain dealer in the Maumee Valley.

The Wabash & Erie Canal was opened from Lafayette, Indiana, to Toledo in 1843, bringing the surplus grain from the Wabash Valley and the upper Maumee country. The next year (1844) One-half of the wheat delivered at Atlantic ports was shipped from the four Ohio cities—Cleveland, Milan, Sandusky and Toledo—and the greater portion of this half was shipped from Toledo. The great increase in the quantity of grain received at Toledo after the completion of the canal, created a demand for better shipping facilities. In 1847 the firm of .Brownlee & Brown (John Brownlee and Egbert B. Brown) built the first steam elevator at Toledo. Its capacity was much greater than that of any previous structure of its kind and it was fitted with sloping bins, which would discharge their contents by gravity, saving much labor. This elevator was located at the foot of Madison Avenue. Shortly after it was built it passed into the hands of Brown, Walbridge & King, which began business in 1846, and subsequently into the hands of C. A. King & Company. In 1851 the grain exports from Toledo were as follows :

Corn Wheat Oats

Total

2,775,150 bushels

1,639,745 bushels

64,440 bushels

4,479,335 bushels

It soon became apparent to some sagacious gentlemen that wheat could be shipped more economically and to better advantage by being converted into flour. This idea led to the erection of the Manhattan Flour Mills, though it was able to take care of only a small part of the wheat that flowed into Toledo. It was not until about 1890, however, that the Toledo mills were increased in capacity sufficiently to consume any considerable part of the wheat offered for shipment.

In 1889 the Toledo Grain and Milling Company was incorporated and bought the Armada Mills, which had been erected some years before, but had been practically destroyed by fire. The principal promoters of the Toledo Grain and Milling Company were D. W. Camp, F. N. Quale and W. J. Woods. An elevator with a storage capacity of 75,000 bushels was built, the mills having a daily capacity of 500 barrels of flour, besides a large quantity of feed. Both the capital stock and the storage capacity have been greatly increased.

The National Milling Company was incorporated in 1891, with a capital stock of $200,000, located in East Toledo. The mills were equipped with the most modern machinery and proved to be so much of a success that in a few years the capital stock was increased to $600,000. These mills are the largest red winter wheat mills in the country, having a daily capacity of 4,000 barrels of flour. The officers of the company at the beginning of 1922 were : David Anderson, president and general manager ; H. Anderson, vice president ; George J. Rudd, secretary and treasurer. The company also owns an elevator.

Another large flour mill is that of the Northwestern Elevator and Mill Company, located at Summit and Columbus streets. It was incorporated in 1896, with a capital stock of $250,000 and a daily capacity of 1,800 barrels of flour, and several tons of stock feed. The officers of this company at the beginning of 1922 were as follows : Rathbun Fuller, president ; C. S. Coup, vice president and general manager ; John H. Taylor, secretary and treasurer.

There are a few smaller milling concerns in Toledo and the country immediately adjacent. The Toledo mills employ 250 men and produce 48,000 barrels of flour weekly. If the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence deep waterway is ever constructed, so that ocean going vessels could come up to the Toledo docks, the flour trade of the city would be greatly increased, as the cost of export would be greatly reduced and flour could be loaded directly for European markets.

Going back to the trade in grain, when the Produce Exchange was organized in 1876, there were twenty-three firms of grain dealers and grain commission merchants among the members. Foremost among these were : C. A. King & Company, S. W. Flower & Company, Reynolds Brothers, W. H. Morehouse & Company,

and Henry D. Walbridge. Ten years later there were twelve large grain elevators in Toledo. Of these four were owned by the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, two by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern. Railroad, two by the Dayton & Michigan Railway, one by the Union Railway Company and one by the Narrow Gauge. Charles A. King & Company and Churchill & Company owned elevators on the canal.

The abandonment of the canal had a tendency to decrease the quantity of grain received at Toledo ; some of the railroads diverted a large portion of the grain handled. by them to other markets, and the trade was further curtailed by the increase in freights to the seaboard. According to Archibald Gassaway, secretary of the Toledo Produce Exchange, the elevators and their storage capacity in bushels in 1922 were as follows :

Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R., Elevator B

Central Grain Company

East Side Iron Elevator

Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R.

Imperial Feed Company

National Milling Company

Northwestern Elevator & Mill Company

Sheets Elevator Company

Toledo Grain & Milling Company

Toledo Salvage Company

Toledo Seed & Oil Company

500,000

200,000

1,500,000

300,000 10,000

1,500,000 265,000 150,000 250,000 200,000

350,000

Total bushels

5,225,000

All these elevators are so situated that shipments can be easily made, both by rail and water. Several of the firms in existence when the Toledo Produce Exchange was organized, in 1876 are still members, though their personnel is different. m Among these may be mentioned S. W. Flower & Company, C. A. King & Company and W. H. Morehouse & Company. The firm of Southworth & Company began business in 1880 ; the Paddock Hodge Company .dates back to 1886, and John Wickenhiser & Company entered the field in 1902. Most of the grain dealers and commission merchants of Toledo are associated with the Chicago Board of Trade and the long life of the oldest firms is evidence that the grain business for the last half century or more has yielded satisfactory profits.

Toledo is so situated that it forms the gateway between the East and Southeast on the one hand and the West and Northwest on the other. Thus it is between the mines and the market and a very large percentage of the coal transported by boat over the Great Lakes is loaded at the Toledo docks.

Probably the oldest concern dealing in coal in Toledo is the firm of W. W. Gosline & Company, which began business in 1872 as Gosline & Barbour. In 1901 Mr. Barbour retired and his interest was taken by W. A. Gosline, Jr. The senior W. A. Gosline died on March 18, 1910, but the business has since been

continued under the old firm name. This company does both a wholesale and retail business.

In April, 1901, the• George M. Jones Coal Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000, and in 1922 had the reputation of being the largest operating company in the State of Ohio. The principal offices of the company are in the Ohio building, corner of Madison Avenue and Superior Street, and it ships coal to dealers in Ohio, Indiana and Michigan, as well as to many of the lake ports. The officers of the company in 1922 were : George M. Jones, president ; W. L. Webb, vice president. The greater part of the coal handled by this company comes from the mines in Belmont and Perry counties, Ohio.

The Big Four Coal Company was incorporated in 1907, with a capital stock of $150,000. Many people think this company is in some way associated with the Big Four Railroad Company, but it takes its name from the fact that it was formed by the consolidation of four coal companies then in existence, viz : The Garland Coal Company, the City Coal Company, the East Toledo Coal Company and the Jaxon Coal Company. The headquarters of this company are at 408 Superior Street and the officers in 1922 were as follows : E. P. Severcool, president ; Joseph Mitcheltree (Cleveland) first vice president ; John Mills, second vice president ; Floyd W. Clinesmith, secretary and treasurer ; William L. Vail, general manager. The Big Four handles both anthracite and bituminous coal from the fields of Ohio, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. In addition to its large wholesale business, it maintains five retail yards in the city of Toledo.

The Ironville Dock and Coal Company, M. C. Sullivan, superintendent, makes a specialty of supplying steamboats with fuel. Its principal yards are at the foot of Millard Avenue and a branch is located at 2423 Parkwood Avenue.

When it is known that there are forty-eight wholesale coal companies doing business in Toledo, and almost as many retail concerns, the reader will understand that it would be impracticable to undertake a history of each in the space allotted to a single chapter. The companies above mentioned are representative of their class. All the leading concerns are fully equipped with modern machinery for loading and unloading coal. Accurate statistics as to the quantity of coal handled for local consumption at and for shipment from Toledo are not available. Treasury statistics show, however, that for several years the port of Toledo has shipped by water more coal than any other port in the United States. The figures, in tons, for the past four years being, 1919, 7,936,406 ; 1920, 7,483,632 ; 1921, 8,320,514; 1922, 7,124,512. Shipments were light in 1922 because of the prolonged coal strike. The three main docks shipped coal as follows : The Hocking Valley, 3,421,818; The Baltimore & Ohio, 2;994,000 ; The Toledo & Ohio Central, 702,704 tons. The Toledo & Ohio Central was specially affected by the strike.

PLANTS-BOX FACTORIES-FURNITURE-IRON WORKS-METAL WHEEL INDUSTRIES-GLASS FACTORIES-PAINTS AND VARNISHES-OIL REFINERIES- VEHICLE MAKING-MISCELLANEOUS FACTORIES-OTHER IMPORTANT FACTORIES-TOLEDO FACTORIES BUILDING-INDUSTRIES IN 1914 AND 1919—INDUSTRIAL CONDITION, 1923—INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES-THE OVERLAND STRIKE.

When it is realized that there were in 1923 over four hundred incorporated companies doing a manufacturing business in /Toledo, besides many individuals and partnerships, making up altogether about seven hundred plants, the futility of attempting to give a history, in detail, of manufacturing within the space allotted to one chapter will readily be seen. All that can be done here is to show in a most general way the beginnings and progress in manufacturing, with special reference to some, only, of those industries which have been most active in emphasizing the city's importance in the industrial world. Some attention will be given, also, to certain industries which are prominent in their respective classes and which help to mark the city as an important manufacturing center. The city is developing industrially so rapidly that any present discussion, however full, quickly becomes inadequate.

One of the first needs of the early settlers of Toledo was for lumber for building their houses. To supply this need, Ezra Goodale and Oliver Stevens built a small sawmill in 1831. It was located on Swan Creek, near the present crossing of Detroit Avenue (then known as the Detroit and Maumee road), in order to be near the timber supply, and was operated by water power. This was the first manufacturing plant of any kind in Toledo. It was not much of a mill, but it was hailed as a great institution by the pioneers.

The second sawmill was a more pretentious affair. It was located near the foot of Elm Street, was built by Edward Bissell and was operated by steam. This mill began turning out lumber in the summer of 1834. It seems to have been a formidable competitor for Goodale & Stevens, as the next year they advertised their mill for sale. The advertisement stated that the mill had a capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 feet of lumber a year. The third sawmill was built by Charles V. Jennison on the east side of the river.

The development of milling and production of flour and meal is left to the consideration of another chapter. Almost coincident with the demand for lumber came a demand for wagons and carriages. Therefore it is not surprising to learn

from the early files of Toledo newspapers that in 1837 J. & J. N. Mount advertised as carriage makers. The same paper carried an advertisement of William R. Hoyt as a "cabinet maker and chair manufacturer." In 1834, Samuel McDowell started a small foundry, using bog iron as the raw material, and in the same year Shaw & Babcock began the manufacture of brick. Four years later the local papers carried the advertisement of Clark & Legraen who had established a hat factory.

Wason & Company began the business of assembling railroad cars in Toledo in 1851, the several parts of the cars being manufactured in other cities. Two years later the car works of Field & Wilmington were started. Upon the death of A. J. Field in 1858 the business was incorporated under the name of the Toledo Car Company, the principals of which were William Wilmington, C. B. Phillips and John H. Whitaker. The company suspended operations in 1872.

For many years prior to twenty-five or thirty years ago, the city was noted as an important center in the manufacture of tobacco, principally of chewing grades. The Bronson Tobacco Works were established in Toledo in 1851 by Calvin Bronson, who removed from Centerville, Michigan, where he began the .business in 1836. In 1865, this factory paid on its sales a government tax of over a quarter of a million dollars. The next year Mr. Bronson retired and the business was conducted for several years by his brother, David Bronson, and Charles R. Messenger, who were succeeded in 1886 by William H. Harrison. A few years later the concern was removed from the city.

Another tobacco factory, which once enjoyed a large business throughout the central west, was that of Chase & Isherwood, established in the fall of 1862. It turned out plug and fine-cut chewing :tobacco and ,several brands of smoking tobacco. The first location was at 182-84, Summit Street. In February, 1863, W. S. Isherwood and Leander Burdick became interested in the business and the firm name was changed to Chase, Isherwood & Company. Early in 1866, the factory was removed to a new building on Broadway, opposite the Oliver House, where the business was carried on for several years, when the competition of cities more favorably located became too strong and the concern was closed.

Toledo, before the Civil war, was a small place with the usual diversity of interests found in a central point, such as it was. The living wants of its people and tributary territory were in large measure supplied by many small concerns making the articles most common in domestic use, supplying the needs of its population—tinware, boots and shoes and clothing, harness and saddlery, furniture, vehicles and building materials, not different in that respect from most towns of .similar character throughout the country. These were produced in a small way, only, with no reaching .out for trade at any distance. Official reports for 1850 show that then there were 38 industrial plants in the city, engaging $98,200 of capital, employing 263. persons who received in .wages for the year. $70,808, and making goods of an aggregate value of $304,525.. Distilling and milling employed. the largest amount of capital, and produced, aggregateabout half of the raggregate product. The whisky output .was placed at $76,600, .and flour at $75,000. The average yearly wage is seen to be $269.

By 1860 the industrial situation had grown to one hundred plants, with capital involved amounting to $660,700, employing '885 persons whose aggregate wages were $288,024, an average of $325. The output for the year, in money, was $1,568,390. In 1850, the classifications were nineteen, which were .increased to twenty-seven in 1860. By this last year distilling ceased to figure in the city's business. Brewing, however, had become a prominent industry, employing the second largest amount of capital, milling, both as to capital, and value of product, occupying the first place. The flour produced was valued at $407,000 ; clothing, $292,000 ; millwork, $202,000 ; tobacco and cigars, $180,000 ; beer, $124,000 ; tin and sheet iron work, $112,000.

Before the Civil war the western people were inclined to look upon the eastern States as the only section of the country in which manufacturing could be carried on successfully. Western capital and energy were mainly directed toward the development of canal, lake and railroad traffic, in order that the agricultural products of the West might be more readily exchanged for the output of the New England factories.

When the war began, the eastern factories were taxed to their capacity to supply the government with materials for its prosecution, and western people were forced to make many things they had formerly obtained by exchange. Thus Toledo, in common with other cities in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, aided to some extent by changes in the tariff laws, entered the field of general manufacturing.

This was reflected in the great expansion in industrial life which came in the next twenty years. In 1880, the city, with a population of 50,137, listed 440 plants, covering forty classifications. The capitalization of these was $5,534,285, and the workmen employed were 6,738, receiving $2,260,456 in wages, averaging $334 yearly per person. Forty years later, or in 1919, as shown below, the average factory wage in Toledo had increased to $1,265, or more than three hundred and seventy-five percent. In 1880, brewing employed the largest capital ($450,000) and put out the most valuable product ($827,164), thus being the leading industry. So far as value of product was concerned, the tobacco industry came next in importance, chewing and smoking tobacco of the value of $751,000, and cigars of the value of $196,223 being produced, but the sawmill industry, with $428,000 ; printing and publishing, with $353,000; and •millwork with $336,000, employed more capital.

The local supply of timber of all kinds naturally stimulated first the development of woodworking plants, and these quickly grew into importance with the increase of shipping facilities. A small planing mill was built by Casper H. Schroeder in 1867 at 339-41 South Erie Street wherein doors, window sash, blinds and such building supplies were manufactured. This business soon grew into importance, becoming incorporated in 1886 as the C. H. Schroeder Company, and still continues as a feature of that branch of industry. In 1902 this factory filled an order of forty-two carloads of sash and doors, to be shipped to Manchester, England.

John H. and Frederic Puck and four associates. This concern does an extensive business at 731 "Water Street.

In 1875, B. A. Stevens established a business which quickly rose to great importance. As the B. A. Stevens Company, it was incorporated in 1905, after the death of the founder, with a capital stock of $250,000. Initially the manufacture was of ice boxes, receptacles, bowling alleys, etc. It continues as a very important factor in the city's life, located at Erie and Lafayette streets, and produces a complete line of butcher's tools and equipment, billiard tables, refrigerator work of all kinds, with a product going to all parts of the United States and foreign countries.

In 1854, George Wilson began the manufacture of wooden boxes or packing cases in a small shop near the intersection of Erie and Monroe streets. This business was incorporated in 1900 as the George Wilson & Sons Company, and now makes a specialty of boxes for bottle makers and packing cases for the shipment of bottled liquid.

Boxes were subsequently made by the firm of Barbour & Starr at their factory at 2838 Summit Street, later becoming known as the Phoenix Box Factory. This business continues with Charles W. Riegel as sole proprietor.

While the Toledo tobacco factories were in operation in the early '70s, wooden pails of basswood were made in large numbers. For several years August Spross manufactured 100,000 pails annually. At one time butter tubs of oak were manufactured largely.

As the timber supply of the United States began to diminish, it became necessary to find other

materials for making packing cases. For small articles of light weight, paper boxes have come into general use. There are several manufacturers of paper boxes in Toledo, the best known of which are the Hygeia Paper Box Company, 2106 Auburn Avenue ; the Spitzer Paper Box Company, 3051-57 Monroe Street ; the Sweers Riley Company, 1207 Adams Street ; and the Union Paper Box Company, 503 Superior Street.

In 1922 the American Paper Container Company was organized with an authorized capital of $300,000, for the purpose of developing, in an important way, this line of industry locally, with the prospect that the Toledo Company will be simply the parent organization to plants to be built in other large centers of the country to manufacture paper boxes by a new process owned by the company.

The Ottawa River Paper Company, a new corporation with a capital of $250,000, has obtained a site on the Matzinger Road alongside of the Ottawa River, whereon a plant is to be erected in 1923 for the manufacture of corrugated paper boxes and packing materials.

Toledo has now no large furniture factory, employing large numbers of men, as in some of the furniture manufacturing centers, although thirty-five years ago there were two companies doing a good business in making furniture for public buildings, but there are several concerns that turn out special lines of high grade furniture. The oldest of these is the Toledo Parlor Furniture Company, which was incorporated in

1890 with a capital stock of $25,000. As its name indicates, the company makes a fine line of parlor furniture in its factory at 1218-22 City Park Avenue.

In 1898 Theodore Hein, Carl Otte, John Kiel and Charles Schnaitter organized a partnership for the manufacture of bank and office fixtures and furniture for public buildings, both of special and stock designs. Within a few years the business of the firm had spread to all the Central United States and into Canada. In 1905 the Hein Furniture Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000. The place of business of this company has always been at 126-136 South Huron Street.

When Toledo was an infant, it was believed that iron deposits existed. up Swan Creek and the Geauga Furnace Company constructed a lock in the dam of Goodale & Stevens' sawmill for the passage of boats loaded with iron ore, to be brought to Toledo for smelting and manufacture. Investigation proved that the ore did not exist in quantity sufficient to pay for working and the first attempt at iron manufacture in Toledo was a failure. In the early days it was a common experience to find accretions of iron in bogs and low ground. These were generally in small, and more or less flat pieces, weighing two to ten pounds, and usually of a spongy appearance, occasioned by the presence of holes or channels, like those of a sponge.

In later years the city became an important point in the iron industry, both in smelting and casting. Several extensive plants are noted later in this chapter, where the names and character of business are given of several score of important industries. The Toledo Furnace Company, incorporated in 1902, with a capital of $4,000,000, has a very large plant at 2401 Front Street, where a very extensive business is done. Intermittently through the intervening years industries in this line developed, flourished and disappeared for various reasons, often because of consolidations. The Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company has owned for years a very large tract at Presque Isle at the foot of the river, commandeered for a nitrate plant by the government -during the war. In the early months of 1923 it purchased hundreds of acres to the eastward along the bay and lake, giving this important organization not only one of the finest natural sites for a steel plant on the Great Lakes, but ample room for indefinite expansion. There is here in expectancy an industry that will rival any in the country.

In 1866, the firm of Cooke, Kniesser & Groff established a foundry on South Huron Street. About a year later Mr. Cooke was succeeded by Nathaniel Haughton, and the firm became Haughton, Kniesser & Groff. A little later Mr. Haughton purchased Mr. Groff's interest, and in 1890 he purchased the interest of Mr. Kniesser. The plant then took the name of the N. Haughton Foundry and Machine Company, with. H. B. Haughton, son of Nathaniel, as a partner. During the next five years attention was given to the manufacture of elevators, and in 1897 the business was incorporated as the Haughton Elevator & Machine Company, with an authorized capital of $25,000.

Some idea of the growth of this concern may be gained from the statement that the plant now occupies commodious factory buildings from 671 to 693 Spencer Street, adjacent to the Michigan Central and Clover Leaf railroads, which furnish

ample shipping facilities, and the capital stock has been increased to $400,000. It has an extensive trade, extending to all parts of the country, as well as to foreign countries. Besides doing general foundry, forge and machine work, the company makes_ passenger and freight elevators, to be operated by electric, hydraulic or hand power, and carries a full line of repairs for such machines.

R. W. Smith incorporated The Smith Bridge Company in 1867 for the manufacture of wooden bridges, under patents which he held. The business was carried on successfully for several years, the bridge timbers being framed in Toledo and shipped to their destination. When steel supplanted wood as a bridge-building material, about 1890, the Smith Company changed its name to the Toledo Bridge Company. and began the manufacture of steel bridges. The factory was then located on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, near the river. In 1901 new buildings were erected at East Broadway and the Lake Shore (now New York Central) Railroad and equipped with modern bridge-building machinery. The factory then became the Toledo plant of the American Bridge Company, with Morris J. Riggs as manager.

The Toledo Foundry and Machine Company was incorporated in March, 1880, as the successor of H. Moore & Company, with a capital stock of $50,000. The plant occupies the space from 202 to 220 Cherry Street, and does general foundry and machine work. Among the products of this concern are architectural cast and wrought iron work, steam shovels, dredges, centrifugal pumps, pile drivers, mill machinery, engines, automobile bodies, etc.

Jacob J. Leonard began the manufacture of stoves in Toledo in 1888. His shop was a small frame building at the corner of Grand and Smead avenues, near the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. For a few years the output was small and only a few men were employed. The little factory was a new industry for Toledo and it was difficult to overcome the prejudice in favor of eastern made stoves. Mr. Leonard persisted, however, and had the satisfaction of seeing his business grow to such proportions that on January 1, 1893, the Toledo Stove and Range Company was incorporated with a capital of $100,000. Upon the incorporation of the company Mr. Leonard retired from the active management. Within a few years the company was making 20,000 stoves and ranges annually, the output representing a value'of almost half a million dollars. Then the factory was enlarged until about seven acres were brought under roof. Branch sales offices were established in several of the leading United States and Canadian cities.

Another concern that commenced business in 1888 is the Merrell Manufacturing Company, which was organized by T. S. Merrell and incorporated With a capital stock of $50,000. The plant formerly occupied by the Toledo Mower and Reaper Company (dissolved) was taken over by the new corporation and the manufacture of windmills for farm purposes was begun. In 1890 the capital stock was increased to $80,000. Three years later, the demand for windmills having fallen off, the company commenced the manufacture of pipe cutting and threading machinery which has continued to the present-time. The factory has always been located on Curtis Street, at the crossing of the New. York Central Railroad.

Early in the present century the Toledo-Massillon Bridge Company was organized and a factory erected at the intersection of Dorr Street and the Lake Shore Railroad. In December, 1911, the business was incorporated under the name of the Toledo Bridge and Crane Company, with a capital stock of $400,000. This concern