650 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY Sutphen was one of those who espoused the cause of Michigan. In 1836 he disposed of his property in Toledo and removed to Berrien, St. Joseph County, Michigan. After practicing there for several years he went to Brazil, Indiana, where he died in 1856. Dr. Oscar White, who came to Lucas County in 1829, was born in New Hampshire in November, 1809. His mother was a granddaughter of Gen. Israel Putnam. When about fourteen years of age he left his father's farm and went to live with his uncle, Dr. Charles White, with whom he began the study of medicine. In the spring of 1829, when not quite twenty years old, he graduated in the medical department of Dartmouth College. A few months later he arrived in Maumee, where he formed a partnership with Dr. Horatio Conant which lasted for several years. In 1834 he married Miss Anna M., daughter of James Jackson, then agent for the Ottawa Indians. Shortly after his marriage, a smallpox epidemic broke out among the Indians and the Government ordered the Ottawa to be vaccinated. Doctor White was appointed to do the vaccinating and had an experience he never forgot. The Indians were inclined to resent the order, thinking it meant only a new plan for their extermination. The doctor could not "talk Injun" and an old Ottawa, who had considerable influence with the chiefs, was appointed interpreter. He was late in arriving at the Ottawa village and as Doctor White realized the magnitude of the job before him he concluded to begin work. Selecting a small boy, who seemed to be somewhat curious over the instruments the physician was taking from his case, he started in to vaccinate him. The boy was a strong-lunged youngster and he let off a scream which quickly brought the whole tribe to the rescue. Fortunately, just at that opportune moment the interpreter arrived, or Doctor White might have lost his life in the excitement. The work then proceeded without interruption and many of the Indians were no doubt saved by being vaccinated. In 1858 Doctor White removed to Toledo, where he continued in practice until disabled by a stroke of paralysis. He died in 1883 and left his large and well selected library to the Toledo Medical Association, after having practiced his profession for more than fifty years in the Maumee Valley. On October 12, 1832, Dr. John Fassett arrived in Toledo, coming from Vermont. He was the son of a Revolutionary soldier and was born at Bennington, Vermont, December 17, 1769. He studied medicine with a Doctor Peabody at Amherst, New Hampshire, and practiced for some time at Cambridge, Vermont, before coming to Toledo. Soon after his arrival he entered eighty acres of land at what is now the foot of Locust Street, upon which he erected a building for a hotel—later known as the Franklin House. He then built a log house for a dwelling, on the southeast corner of Locust and Superior streets. As Doctor Fassett was nearly sixty-three years of age when he came to Toledo, it was his intention to give up his profession and engage in some other line of business. But there was then so much sickness in the Maumee Valley and so few physicians, that he soon found himself "in the harness." Hoping to gain a respite from his professional labors, he removed to the opposite side of the river, locating not far from the point where the Cherry Street bridge now terminates. He named his home the "Utah Post Office," as all the mail for the surrounding neighborhood was left with him for distribution. Subsequently the settlement became known as Yondota, and still later as East Toledo. During the cholera epidemic of 1852, Doctor Fas- TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 651 sett proved his skill as a physician, but there is little doubt that the demands on his physical strength hastened his death. He died in May, 1853, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. A street in East Toledo bears his name. Dr. Welcome Pray came to Maumee City, then the most important town in Northwestern Ohio, in 1833. He was born in Herkimer County, New York, October 27, 1809, received an academic education, and in the spring of .1830 received the degree of M. D. from the Western College of Physicians and Surgeons at Fairfield, New York. After a brief stay at Maumee, he located permanently in the. Village of Waterville, where he practiced his profession for more than fifty years, or until only a short time before his death. Three physicians were added to the population of Toledo in the year 1834. They were Dr. Blakesley H. Bush, Dr. Jacob Clark and Di. John Mosher. A sketch of Doctor Clark has been given in Chapter XVII. Doctor Bush was born in Oneida County, New York, March 25, 1808, and received a good common school education in the local schools. He then entered the medical college at Eaton, New York, conducted by the Madison County Medical Society, where he graduated on January 26, 1831. For some time after receiving his degree he remained in the office of Dr. Thomas Spence, president of the college. He then practiced at Chittenango and Manlius until 1834, when he came to Toledo. His first residence in Toledo was a log house, near the present intersection of Monroe Street and Detroit Avenue. Concluding that this was "too far out of town," he opened a drug store near the corner of Cherry and Superior streets. This venture was unprofitable and he moved back to his old home, where he engaged in farming in connection with the practice of medicine. He was a popular and successful physician. His death occurred on his farm in 1874. Dr. John Mosher was a native of the Green Mountain. State, having been born at Dorset, Vermont, March 28, 1805, In 1831 he received the degree of M. D. from the medical college at Woodstock, Vermont, and soon afterward decided to seek his fortune in the West. Ohio was then the frontier and in the summer of 1834 he located in Toledo. After practicing his profession for eleven years, he removed to a farm in Oregon Township, though he continued to render medical aid to his neighbors until his death on October 24, 1872. In 1835 Dr. Horace Green came to Lucas County and located in Sylvania. He was then twenty-four years of age, having been born in Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1811. While still in his boyhood his parents removed to Wayne County, New York, where he began the study of medicine under a Doctor Lovejoy. Early in the year 1835 he graduated at the Geneva (New York) Medical College and immediately afterward came to Ohio. He quickly built up a lucrative practice and was recognized as one of the county's most skillful physicians. He died of cholera during the epidemic of 1852. Dr. James L. Chase was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, February 10, 1805. When he was eleven years old his parents removed to Titusville, Pennsylvania, where he studied medicine and began practice in 1831. He arrived in Lucas County on New Year's day in 1836 looking for a location. At that time the. Town of Manhattan was advertising its advantages and the young doctor decided to cast his lot with that place. His success as a physician was such that he soon had a practice that extended over a radius of thirty miles or more. For thirty-six years he was the treasurer of Manhattan Township, and also served several terms as trustee. He was 652 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY one of the Democratic leaders in Lucas County and in 1852 was chosen one of the delegates to the national convention of his party. In 1874 he removed to Toledo and two years later was elected a member of the city council. In the summer of 1836 Dr. Horace A. Ackley located in Toledo. He was born in Genesee County, New York, in 1805 ; received an academic education ; began the study of medicine at Batavia, and in 1833 graduated in Doctor Delamater's medical school at Fairfield. He then gave one course of lectures on anatomy in the Rochester School of Medicine and in the spring of 1835 settled in Akron, Ohio. The following winter he lectured on anatomy in the Willoughby Medical College, after which he came to Toledo. In 1837 he formed a partnership with Dr. George R. Perkins, who had come. to Toledo in 1835. Doctor Ackley went to Cleveland in 1839 to accept the chair of surgery in the Cleveland Medical College, which position he retained until 1853, when failing health compelled his resignation. He died on April 21, 1854. Dr. George R. Perkins, above mentioned, was born at Roxbury, Connecticut, January 6, 1813, graduated in medicine at the Fairfield, New York, Medical College in 1834, and the next year came to Toledo. After practicing here for several years he returned to New York and died at Geneseo in July, 1846. Another physician who located in Toledo in 1836 was Dr. Manley Bostwick, who was born in Manlius, New York, January 10, 1810. He attended school at Concord ; studied medicine under Doctors Gorham and Sherwood, of Unionville, New York, and in 1834 was licensed to practice. In May, 1836, he arrived in Toledo and soon formed a partnership with Dr. John Mosher. Later he was a partner with Dr. Jacob Clark. In the spring of 1849 he was injured by a fall from his horse and died on the 27th of April. Dr. Charles McLean graduated in medicine at Washington, D. C., and in 1836 located in Toledo. He opened a drug store on the corner of Summit and Walnut streets, which he conducted in connection with his practice. He remained in Toledo only about four years; when he went to Baltimore, Maryland, and practiced there until his death in 1883. Dr. Baxter Bowman was another physician who came to Toledo before the organization of Lucas County. He was a justice of the peace in Port Lawrence Township, appointed by the governor of Michigan Territory. In the boundary dispute he took the side of Ohio and was appointed one of the first associate judges of the Common Pleas Court of Lucas County. Among the advertisements in the "Toledo Gazette" in 1835 his name appears as "Physician and Surgeon." A few years later he left Toledo. Dr. William W. Jones, a native of New York State, received an academic education, learned the printer's trade, and came to Ohio as a printer in 1836, first finding employment at Dresden, Muskingum County. While working at his trade he began the study of medicine with Dr. W. W. Rickey, of Dresden. He then entered the medical department of the University of Buffalo, where he was graduated early in 1849, being then nearly ,thirty years of age. Within a few weeks after receiving his degree he located in Toledo, where he acquired prominence in his profession. The first successful operation for lithotomy in Northwestern Ohio was performed by him ; he was secretary of the first Toledo Medical Society, organized in 1851; was for a number of years a member of the Toledo Board of Health; was consulting surgeon of St. Vincent's Hospital ; was elected president of the Ohio State TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 653 Medical Society in 1875, and was a member of the American Medical Association. Doctor Jones was also identified with public affairs. In 1857 he was president of the city council and he was three times elected mayor—in 1871, 1873 and 1877. This list of physicians might be prolonged indefinitely. Others who were recognized as successful practitioners were : Symmes H. Bergen, John W. Bond, William C. Chapman, Gustave F. von Fenneberg, Isaac N. Hazlett, Franz J. Klauser, Chauncey Matthews, Calvin H. Reed, Samuel W. Skinner, Alfred Taylor and Samuel S. Thorne. MEDICAL SOCIETIES About 1840 the doctors of Toledo, Maumee and some of the adjacent towns, believing that an interchange of ideas would be of benefit to the profession, organized the Maumee Valley Medical Association. The oldest records of the organization are found in the minutes of a meeting held at Maumee City on June 6, 1842, with Dr. Horatio Conant as president. At that meeting the following officers were elected : Dr. E. D. Peck, of Perrysburg, president ; Dr. Harvey Burritt, of Maumee, vice president ; Dr. Cornelius Matthews, of Toledo, secretary ; Dr. Oscar White, of Maumee, treasurer ; Dr. Calvin Smith, of Toledo, and Dr. Horace Green, of Sylvania, censors. Dr. Calvin Smith introduced the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted : "Resolved, That in the opinion of this society, the so-called science of 'Mesmerism' or 'Animal Magnetism,' as generally understood and advocated, is an imposition upon the public credulity." This resolution was no doubt inspired by the fact that a "Professor" De Bonneville, accompanied by a number of persons, had been giving exhibitions in Toledo, showing his power as a Mesmerist. He succeeded in making many believe in his peculiar ability "to transfix one to a certain spot by a motion of his hand, or bring on an attack of apoplexy by a single glance of his eye." But there were others who were incredulous. To overcome this skepticism the "Professor" asked for the appointment of a committee of citizens to investigate his experiments. Doctor Smith was a member of that committee, which reported that De Bonneville "entirely failed to sustain his claims." Just how long the Maumee Valley Medical Association continued in existence is not known, but it could not have been many years. In 1842 the membership numbered nineteen members, which was probably the largest membership in the history of the association. On June 22, 1851, seven physicians met at the office of Dr. Hosmer Graham and took the preliminary steps toward the organization of a medical society. A committee was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws, and Dr. William W. Jones was appointed a committee of one to notify other Toledo physicians of the action taken and invite them to join in the movement. Other informal meetings were held, but nothing definite was accomplished until September 29, 1851, when the constitution and by-laws were adopted and the following members were enrolled : William C. Scott, P. H. Dawson, Isaac N. Hazlett, Franz J. Klauser, William W. Jones, Hosmer Graham, R. H. Timpany, Alfred Taylor and Calvin Smith. The name of "Toledo Medical Association" was adopted and the first officers 654 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY of the organization were: Dr. Hosmer Graham, president; Dr. R. H. Timpany, vice president; Dr. W. W. Jones, secretary; Dr. P. H. Dawson, treasurer ; Drs. Isaac N. Hazlett, Calvin Smith and Alfred Taylor, executive committee. Although the association started with every prospect of success, it was destined to be short-lived. About the 1st of June, 1852, the cholera made its appearance in the lower Maumee Valley and the physicians were kept so busy for the next few months that they had no time to attend meetings of the association. Between June 1 and July 10, 1852, there were 130 deaths from cholera in Toledo and some of the doctors succumbed to the dread malady. It was reported that the greatest fatality was among those who paid little or no attention to the premonitory symptoms, especially among foreigners, who lived in cramped quarters, the sick and the well often occupying the same bed. The total number of deaths up to the 1st of September, when the ravages of the epidemic were checked, was 327. The Toledo Medical Association was revived on July 26, 1856. Dr. William W. Jones, who still held the office of secretary, had previously sent out notices to all the physicians of the city and a goodly number attended the meeting. Dr. Jacob Clark was elected president ; Dr. William C. Scott, vice president ; Dr. W. W. Jones, secretary ; Dr. S. H. Bergen, treasurer ; Dr. Charles H. Swain, librarian ; Drs. S. H. Bergen, C. H. Swain and Samuel F. Forbes, executive committee. This association continued in existence until 1902. In 1894 the Lucas County Medical Society was organized by a number of physicians who believed that the Toledo Medical Association was not broad enough in its scope, its membership being limited to the doctors of the city. Dr. J. A. Wright was elected the first president and held the office for two years. Several physicians held membership in both organizations and through their efforts the two were consolidated as the "Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County." On September 30, 1909, the Academy was incorporated under the laws of Ohio. Following is a list of the presidents of the amalgamated society since 1902: J. H. Jacobson, 1903 ; J. A. Wright, 1904 ; Thomas Hubbard, 1905 ; Herbert L. Smead, 1906 ; Walter H. Snyder, 1907 ; Charles N. Smith, 1908 ; James A. Duncan, 1909 ; John G. Keller, 1910; L. C. Grosh, 1911; C. W. Moots, 1912 ; W. A. Dickey, 1913 ; James L. Watson, 1914 ; Paul Hohly, 1915 ; Louis Miller, 1916 ; Charles Lukens, 1917-18 ; C. W. Waggoner, 1919 ; E. W. Doherty, 1920 ; Louis A. Levison, 1921 ; John F. Wright, 1922. In 1922 the membership was nearly three hundred. MEDICAL SCHOOLS In the spring of 1878 some of the more progressive of the Toledo physicians conceived the idea of organizing a medical school for the purpose of providing instruction that would enable medical students to enter the accredited medical colleges of the country. The result of their efforts was that in March the Toledo School of Medicine opened its first term with the following faculty : Dr. Samuel S. Thorne, surgery ; Dr. W. T. Ridenour, physiology and diseases of the nervous system ; Dr. George A. Collamore, principles and practice of medicine ; Dr. Calvin H. Reed, obstetrics ; Dr. Cyrus A. Kirkley, gynecology and diseases of children ; Dr. John H. Curry, ophthalmology and otology ; Dr. William C. Chapman, materia medica and therapeutics ; Dr. James A. Duncan, anatomy ; Dr. C. S. Chamberlin chemistry and toxicology. TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY -655 The success of the School of Medicine led to the establishment of the Northwestern Ohio Medical College, which was incorporated in 1882. Doctors Chapman, Curry, Collamore, Kirkley, Reed and Thorne retained their respective chairs in the faculty of the new institution and several new members were added. It was the aim of this college to fit its graduates for the practice of medicine. A suitable building on Lagrange Street was obtained and classes were graduated every year until .1892, when the college was suspended. The Toledo Medical College was incorporated in 1882 and the first course of lectures that year was given in rooms on Superior Street, near. Monroe. That location soon became inadequate to the demands of the college and new quarters were obtained near the corner of Cherry and Superior streets. Here the sessions of the college were held until 1892, when the new building at the corner of Cherry and Page streets was completed. This building was especially designed for the needs of the college, containing lecture rooms, laboratories, dissecting room, etc.—all the equipment of a first class medical college. In 1905 this school became the medical department, or College of Medicine, of the Toledo University. A few years later it was discontinued. HOMEOPATHY What has already been said in this chapter relates to the Allopathic or "regular" school of medicine, which proceeds upon the theory that persons suffering from disease may be restored to health by the administration of remedies that will produce in the body a condition different from that at the time the disease originated. Homeopathy proceeds on an. entirely different hypothesis. The founder of the Homeopathic school of medicine was Dr. Samuel. Hahnemann, a native of Saxony and a graduate of one of the leading German medical colleges. It is said that while translating Cullen's "Materia Medica" from English to German in 1790, he was not satisfied with the author's explanation of the action of Peruvian bark in cases of malaria. To satisfy himself he took a large dose of the bark and soon after experienced symptoms of ague. Other experiments followed until he arrived at the conclusion that for every known disease there is a specific remedy, which will produce in a healthy body the symptoms of the disease it is intended to cure. From his discovery he evolved the Latin dictum : "Similia similibus curanter," or, in plain. English, "Like cures like." In 1810 Hahnemann published his "Organon of Rational Medicine," in which he set forth his theory, and also proclaimed the advantages of small doses. A little later he published his "Materia Medica," in which he described the effects of various remedies upon persons in good health. Homeopathic medicine was introduced in Toledo by Dr. Arthur F. Bissell, native of Geneseo, New York, who came to Toledo in his boyhood. In 1844 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, from which he received the degree of M. D. in 1848. He had completed. the course of study nearly two years before, but the faculty would not give him his diploma until he had reached the age of twenty-one years. In the fall of 1848 he located in Toledo and began the practice of his profession. In June, 1850, he was elected city physician, but served only a short time, as in the fall of that year he accepted the chair. of anatomy of the Western Homeopathic College, of Cleveland. There he remained for two years, also holding the chair of surgery during the second year. He then returned to Toledo, 656 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY hoping to devote himself entirely to practice, but in 1856 he was again prevailed on to accept his old position in the college. In 1859 he was elected a member of the board of censors of the Homeopathic College of Missouri. In 1860 he formed a partnership with Dr. Samuel S. Lungren, who had graduated at the Homeopathic College of Philadelphia in 1852. A little later he turned all of their practice over to Doctor Lungren and went to New York City. About five years before Doctor Lungren came to "Toledo, Dr. Frederick Bigelow, of Syracuse, New York, located in the city and began the practice of Homeopathy, being the second physician of that school to locate in Toledo. He continued in practice until 1866, when failing health compelled him to retire and he returned to Syracuse. For a time he had as a partner Dr. Silas Bailey, who was appointed one of the physicians to examine men applying for enlistment at the breaking out of the Civil war. After a few years he gave up the practice of medicine and opened a book store, leaving the city a little later. Dr. Samuel S. Lungren, previously mentioned, was horn in York County, Pennsylvania, August 22, 1827, of Swedish parents. At the age of sixteen years he became a clerk in a drug store in Philadelphia and while thus employed began the study of medicine. In March, 1850, he graduated at the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia and soon afterward located at Hagerstown, Maryland. Being of an investigative turn of mind, he began the study of Homeopathy, with the result that he became a follower of Hahnemann. As a specialist in uterine surgery Doctor Lungren performed a number of successful operations. It has been claimed by physicians of his school that he was the only surgeon who ever twice successfully performed what is known as the Caesarean Section upon the same woman, the woman and both children living. He served as president of the Ohio Homeopathic Medical Society, was a member of the American Institute of Homeopathy, and was a frequent contributor to medical journals. In 1852 Charles A. Rowsey brought his family from Cincinnati to Toledo. At that time his son, William T. Rowsey, was about fourteen years of age. After attending the Toledo public schools for a year or two, he entered the University of Notre Dame, near South Bend, Indiana, where he studied for four years. His parents wanted him to study law and he entered the office of William Baker as a student. After a few months he announced to Mr. Baker that he had neither taste nor inclination for the law and entered the office of Dr. Arthur F. Bissell, where he began the study of Homeopathy. He then entered the Hahnemann Medical College, of Philadelphia, where he took one course of lectures, and in March, 1862, was one of the graduating class of the Homeopathic Medical College of Cleveland. He then returned to Toledo, where for many years he was one of the leading Homeopathic physicians. Other early physicians of this school were : A. C. Barlow, Russell C. Calkins, Herbert Chase, Albert Claypool, E. M. Goodwin, H. W. Hartwell and his wife, Emma Hartwell, S. S. Parker, Myron H. Parmelee, F. P. Taylor, R. D. Tipple and a Doctor Zubenden. HOMEOPATHIC SOCIETIES About the close of the Civil war the Lucas County Homeopathic Medical Society was organized by the few doctors of that school in the county. It never had a large TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 657 membership and as is usual with such small organizations it was difficult to keep alive the interest. Meetings were held for several years when the society was allowed to pass quietly out of existence. In 1886 the Northwestern Ohio Homeopathic Medical Society was formed, to include the physicians of Toledo and the surrounding towns and cities. Among the charter members were : Drs. E. M. Goodwin, Myron H. Parmelee, A. C. Roll and A. E. Scheble, of Toledo, and Dr. George W. Rhonehouse, of Maumee. Meetings were held twice a year—in June and December. The Toledo Homeopathic Club was organized in 1900, as the successor of the old Toledo Homeopathic Society. Its first president was Dr. John H. McVey. During the fall and winter seasons meetings were held every two weeks at the Hotel Secor until about 1912, when the club was disbanded. On the last day of March, 1922, another Homeopathic Club was organized, with Dr. Frank W. Morley, president ; Dr. Sara Davies, secretary ; Dr. Ola B. Buckman, treasurer. This club differs from any of its predecessors, in that it admits to membership laymen interested in Homeopathy. MISCELLANEOUS The Eclectic school of medicine has representatives in Toledo, most of whom are graduates of recognized colleges ; there are forty or fifty Osteopathic practi tioners, or "drugless healers" ; and probably a score of Chiropractors, whose theory is that disease results from some maladjustment of the nervous system. The Osteopath and the Chiropractor are not recognized by other medical schools and in some states they are not permitted to practice. Toledo also has a number of Christian Science practitioners, who claim to heal the sick according to the principles of the Christian Science dogma, as taught by Mrs. Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the Christian Science Church. Without discussing the merits of the various schools or theories of medicine, it may be said that the medical profession in Toledo maintains a position fully abreast of the times. The practitioners of the city, no matter to what school they may belong, are as sincere in their belief as the physicians of other cities and most of them show a desire not to fall behind in the march of progress. CHAPTER XXXIII FRATERNAL SOCIETIES MASONIC FRATERNITY-MASONRY IN LUCAS COUNTY-ROYAL ARCH MASONS-KNIGHTS TEM PLARS-SCOTTISH RITE BODIES-ORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR -MASONIC TEMPLE-INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS-LUCAS COUNTY ODD FELLOWSHIP-ENCAMPMENTS AND CANTONS-DAUGHTERS OF REBEKAHK NIGHTS OF PYTHIAS-TOLEDO PYTH IAN LODGES-THE ELKS-TOLEDO LODGE OF ELKS-GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC-LUCAS COUNTY POSTS- WOMEN'S RELIEF CORPS-MILITARY SOCIETIES-MISCELLANEOUS ORDERS. It is probably true that a majority of those who are not members of any secret or fraternal society are not particularly interested in their history. On the other hand, those who "belong" are usually more interested in their own order than in any of the others. Such persons can easily obtain the history of local organizations from the lodge records. For these reasons, in attempting to' give the history of the fraternal societies of Toledo and Lucas County, it has been deemed best to deal largely with the general history of the several orders, rather than to attempt a detailed history of each lodge. What is said therefore concerning the local lodges of the various fraternal societies, is said chiefly for the purpose of showing that the fraternal work in the city and county has kept pace with the development along other lines. MASONIC FRATERNITY This order is beyond question the oldest and most widely distributed of all the fraternal organizations. Tradition carries its origin back to the Carmathites, Essenes, Pythagoreans and other societies of ancient times. It is practically certain that certain ritualistic features of these ancient brotherhoods were incorporated into the guilds of stonemasons and builders during the Middle Ages. That was the era of church and cathedral building. Members of the guilds traveled over Europe under the patronage of the church. They were invested with certain privileges, hence the term "Free Masons." Toward the close of the great church building period, members of these guilds handed themselves together for social intercourse and mutual benefit. There can be scarcely a doubt that this fraternal organization was the mother of modern Freemasonry. Writers who have made the greatest research into the subject agree -that the order was introduced into England about 930 A. D. by Edwin Athelstan. A few years later a convention of Masons met at York and adopted a code of laws, which it is claimed forms the basis of all subsequent Masonic constitutions. In 1275 a convention of all the traveling guilds was held at Strassburg. A little later the members of these guilds were divided into three classes—Apprentices, Craftsmen - 659 - 660 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY and Master Workmen. From Continental Europe and England, the order found its way into Scotland, where the oldest known Masonic lodge—Mother Kilwinning Lodge—is still in existence. The records of this lodge are said to date back to the year 1599. On June 24, 1717, delegates. from four English Masonic lodges met in London and organized the 'English Grand Lodge. There was then but one degree. In 1724 the English Grand Lodge prepared a ritual based upon the classification of the guild membership about the beginning of the Fourteenth Century, dividing the work into three degrees—Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft and Master Mason - the Blue Lodge of the present day. Under date of June 5, 1730, the :Duke of Norfolk, then Grand Master of England, issued a commission to Daniel Coxe, of Burlington, New Jersey, as "Provincial Grand Master of the Provinces of New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania, in America." St. John's Lodge, at Philadelphia, was organized by Coxe in. the fall of the year 1730 and this was the first Masonic lodge in America. Lord Viscount Montague, who succeeded the Duke of Norfolk as Grand Master of England, issued a commission on April 30, 1733, to. Maj. Henry Price as "Provincial Grand Master of New England, in America." Before the close of that. year Major Price organized a lodge at Boston, which was the first Masonic lodge in New England, established under the authority of the English Grand Ledge. MASONRY IN LUCAS COUNTY The first. Masonic lodge in Lucas County was instituted at Maumee City, under a charter from the Ohio Grand Lodge dated December 12, 1818. It was designated as Northern Light Lodge, No. 40, indicating that it was the fortieth lodge to be organized in the state. The charter was signed by Chester Griswold as Grand Master. The charter members were : J. C. Adams Almon Gibbs, Charles Gunn, William Griffith, David -Johnston,. Sheldon Johnston, William Preston, S. H. Thurston and Eber Ward. The oldest records of the lodge (dated June 12, 1822), show that Dr. Horatio Conant was then worshipful master; John T. Baldwin, senior warden ; R. McKnight, junior warden ; Ambrose Rice, secretary. Toledo Lodge, No. 144, was .organized on New Year's Day, 1847, with the following charter members : Levi S. Lownsbury (worshipful master), Daniel McBain (senior warden), Thomas D.. Thomas (junior Warden) Jacob Landman (secretary), Thomas Dunlap, Abei W. Fairbanks, Henry Goettell, Thomas S. Haskins,. Robert N. Lawton, Jerome Myers, David Plough, Myron H. Tilden and Robert H. Timpany. This is the second oldest lodge in Lucas County. It meets in the Masonic Temple on the first and third Wednesdays of each month. On January 31, 1853, the second lodge was organized in Toledo. It was designated as Rubicon Lodge, No. 237, and is still in existence, holding regular .meetings in the Temple on the second and fourth Mondays of each month. The first officers of this lodge were : Dr. Robert H. Timpany, worshipful master ; :Ezra Bliss, senior warden ; Thomas Dunlap, junior warden ; Hezekiah L. Hosmer, secretary ; John Kaufman, treasurer. Besides these officers the charter members were : William H. Hall, Willard W. Howe and James Love. Sylvania Lodge, No. 287, was instituted on October 23, 1856, with eleven TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 661 charter members, viz : Benjamin Joy, Lucian B. Lathrop, William McCann, Jenks Morey, Andrew Printup, Elias Richardson, Benjamin Sumner, Foster R. Warren, Haskell D. Warren, William B. Warren and William Watson. The officers named in the charter were : Lucian B. Lathrop; worshipful master ; William B. Warren, .senior warden; Andrew Printup, junior warden. At the breaking out of the Civil war in 1861 the four lodges above mentioned were the, only Blue Lodges in Lucas County. During the war little attention was given to fraternal organizations. Since the war the Masonic Order has kept pace with Toledo's progress in other lines and in 1922 there were twelve Blue Lodges in the city, to wit : Toledo and Rubicon Lodges above mentioned ; Sanford. L. Collins Lodge, No. 396, which meets in the Masonic Temple on 'the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month; Collingwood Lodge, No. 457, meets at the Masonic. Temple in West Toledo on the second and fourth Wednesdays of -each month; Yondota Lodge, No. 572, holds its regular meetings in the Masonic Temple at Fourth and Main streets (East Toledo) on the second and fourth Wednesdays of each month; Calumet Lodge, No. 612, meets' on the first and third Wednesdays of each month at 1226 Broadway; Barton Smith Lodge, No. 613, holds regular meetings in the Masonic Temple on the second and. fourth Thursdays of each month; Lotus Lodge, No. 625, meets on the second and fourth Fridays of each month in the Masonic Temple at Fourth and Main streets (East Toledo) ; Fort Industry Lodge, No. 630, holds its meetings on the first and third Mondays of each month in the Masonic Temple at West Bancroft Street and Detroit Avenue; Damascus Lodge, No. 643, meets- in the Masonic Temple the second and fourth Friday of each month; Robinson. Locke Lodge, No. 659, meets on the second and fourth Fridays in the Masonic Temple in West Toledo, and Boaz Lodge, No. 669, meets on the first and third Tuesdays of each month it the same Masonic Temple as Fort Industry Lodge—West Bancroft Street and Detroit Avenue; and Port Lawrence Lodge,: U. D. (Under Dispensation) meets. on the second and fourth Fridays of each month in the Masonic Temple, Fourth and Main streets. ROYAL ARCH MASONS In 1846 Alexander Anderson, John Bates, Thomas Clark, Paul Hawes, H. L. Hosmer, Daniel Knowles, Levi S. Lownsbury, Ephraim Wood and Andrew Young petitioned the Grand Chapter of Ohio for a charter for a chapter of Royal Arch Masons at Perrysburg. The petition was granted and Fort Meigs Chapter, No. 29, was instituted before the close of the year, with Hezekiah L. Hosmer as the first high priest. This was the first Royal Arch Chapter in the lower Maumee Valley. Meetings were held at Perrysburg for about four years, when a majority of the members voted to remove the chapter to Toledo. The early records of this organization- were destroyed by fire in 1853, hence its history prior to that time is obscure. The chapter now holds regular meetings in the Masonic Temple, corner of Adams and Michigan streets, on the first and third Tuesdays of each month. Toledo Chapter, No. 161, was organized on October 4, 1894, being the second Royal Arch organization in Lucas County. It meets on the first and third Mondays, of each month in Masonic Temple. A little later Port Lawrence Chapter, No. 176, was organized in East Toledo. Calumet Chapter, No. 191, holds its 662 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY meetings at 1226 Broadway ; Collingwood Chapter, No. 196, meets in the Masonic Temple in West Toledo ; and Fort Industry Chapter, No. 208, meets in the Masonic hall at Bancroft Street and Detroit Avenue ; and Fort Miami Chapter, No. 194, meets in the Masonic Hall, Maumee, Ohio, on the second and fourth Mondays of each month. There are also three councils of Royal and Select Masters in Toledo. Toledo Council, No. 33, was instituted in 1868, and holds its stated assemblies in the Masonic Temple. Vistula Council, No. 108, meets the fourth Thursday of each month in the hall at Fourth and Main streets in East Toledo ; Grafton M. Acklin Council, No. 127, meets in the Masonic Temple, West Toledo, on the first Thursday of each month. KNIGHTS TEMPLARS Toledo has four commanderies of Knights Templars. Toledo Commandery, No. 7, was organized under dispensation on June 1, 1847, and a charter was granted the following year. The first officers under the charter were : W. L. Harris, eminent commander ; Hezekiah L. Hosmer, generalissimo; D. H. Wheeler, captain-general ; Levi S. Lownsbury, prelate ; W. H. Newton, senior warden ; Daniel Segur, junior warden ; W. J. Daniels, treasurer ; Henry Bennett, recorder ; Thomas Clark, standard bearer ; Benjamin Joy, sword bearer ; W. W. Winter, warden ; F. Corlett, sentinel. In 1857, the records were destroyed by fire and a new charter was granted in 1859. Stated conclaves of this commandery are held in the Masonic Temple on the first and third Fridays of each month. St. Omer Commandery, No. 59, was instituted on November 9, 1900, and holds its stated conclaves on the second and fourth Mondays of each month in the Masonic Temple. The third commandery is Eu-Tah,. No. 66, which meets in the Masonic hall on the corner of Fourth and Main streets in East Toledo, and Lafayette, Lytle m Commandery, No. 77, meets on the second and fourth Thursdays of each month in the Masonic Temple, West Toledo. SCOTTISH RITE BODIES Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Masonry was introduced in Toledo in 1880 by the organization of the Miami Lodge of Perfection. Fourteenth Degree Northern Light Council, Princes of Jerusalem, Sixteenth Degree was chartered on September 20, 1881, and the Fort Industry Chapter, Rose Croix, Eighteenth Degree, -received its charter on the same date. The Toledo Consistory, Thirty-second Degree, was chartered on September 21, 1905. The above bodies meet in the Masonic Temple, corner Adams and Michigan streets. The Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine is represented by Zenobia Temple, the stated meetings of which are held on the first Thursday of each month in the hall on the corner of Fifteenth Street and Madison Avenue. ORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR The Eastern Star degree in Masonry is an organization to which the wives and daughters of Master Masons are eligible. Local societies are called chapters. TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 665 There are eight, of these Eastern Star chapters in Toledo, to wit : Stella, No. 50, organized June 29, 1895 ; Palestine, No. 51, instituted August 30, 1895 ; Collingwood, No. 184, instituted May 5, 1904 ; Yondota, No. 317, instituted August 12, 1909; Toledo, No. 341, instituted May 31, 1911;, Triune, No. 344, instituted January 22, 1912 ; May Elliott, No. 355, instituted October 12, 1912, and Fort Industry, organized June 9, 1916. Stella, Palestine and Toledo chapters hold their meetings in the Masonic Temple ; Collingwood Chapter meets in the Masonic hall at Lewis and Sylvania avenues ; Yondota meets in the Masonic hall at Fourth and Main streets in East Toledo ; Triune meets in Calumet Hall at 1226 Broadway ; May Elliott holds its meetings in Valentine Hall, corner of Adams and St. Clair streets, and Fort Industry meets in the Masonic hall at Bancroft Street and Detroit Avenue. MASONIC TEMPLE The Toledo Masonic Temple Association was incorporated in February, 1868, by David R. Austin, William W. Bolles, Leander Burdick, John B. Carson, D. P. Chamberlin, Sanford L. Collins, E. R. Finch, Dr. W. W. Jones, R. C. Lemmon, A. H. Newcomb, John G. Norton, Louis H. Pike, John Sinclair, Dennison Steele, John Stevens and C. H. Swain. This association erected a building on the southwest corner of Adams and Superior streets, in which the various Masonic bodies of Toledo held their meetings for about a quarter of a century. It was destroyed by fire in February, 1901, and the Smith & Baker building was erected on the site. As the city grew and the Masonic population increased, the old temple became inadequate to the demands of the fraternity. A site was acquired on the southeast corner of Adams and Michigan streets for a new building. The corner-stone of that structure bears the legend : "A. D. 1903—A. L. 5903." The Temple was dedicated in 1905 and is one of the best Masonic buildings in the State of Ohio. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS This order dates from 1745, when a society was formed in England bearing the name of the "Antient and Most Noble Order of Bucks." Some writers have tried to establish the fact that the "Bucks" came into existence through the efforts of dissatisfied members of the Masonic fraternity and that the founders hoped to make the new order a successful rival of Masonry, but this is based largely upon supposition. The oldest records of the "Antient and Most Noble Order of Bucks" in existence are those of Aristarchus Lodge, which met in the Globe Tavern in London. About 1773 the order began to decline, but a few lodges maintained their identity and effected a reorganization. George IV, when Prince of Wales, was initiated into the "Bucks" in 1780. It is said that in his initiation the words "Odd Fellow" were used for the first time. In 1803 the English Grand Lodge was organized, there being at that time about ten lodges in good standing. Six years later the lodge at Manchester withdrew from the Grand Lodge and declared itself "Independent." As a sort of self-constituted Grand Lodge, it established a new order, which in 1813 adopted the name of "Manchester Unity, Independent Order of Odd Fellows." On December 26, 1806, Solomon Chambers and his son, John C. Chambers, 666 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY who had been initiated into the order in England, organized an Odd Fellows' lodge in New York City, but it was short-lived. The second attempt to introduce Odd Fellowship into the United States was made in 1816, when authority was obtained from the Manchester Unity by a few members of the order in New York to organize a lodge in that city. This lodge, like its predecessor, soon died. In 1818 Thomas Wildey came from England and located in Baltimore, Maryland. He was an Odd Fellow and wanted to organize a lodge. In his quest for other Odd Fellows he advertised in the newspapers and finally secured the cooperation, of four men who had been initiated in England. On April 26, 1819, a lodge was organized in Baltimore with Thomas Wildey, John Cheatham, John Duncan, Richard Rushworth and John Welch as charter members. This was the first permanent lodge in the United States. During the next twenty years the order spread to all parts of the United States and lodges were organized in the principal Canadian cities. On September 23, 1842, the order in America separated from the Manchester Unity and established a grand lodge for the United States and Canada. In 1920 the membership in these two countries numbered nearly two millions. LUCAS COUNTY ODD FELLOWSHIP On May 19, 1845, Past Grand Master David Churchill, of Cincinnati, visited Toledo and instituted Wapakonica (also spelled Wapaukonica) Lodge, No. 38, with the following charter members : John Brownlee, T. C. Everts, C. G. Keeler, C. A. King, Frederick Kruger, C. FL Ludlow, Horace Saxton, Denison B. Smith and L. Watkins. The institution of the lodge was followed by the installation of L. Watkins, noble grand ; C. A. King, vice grand ; C. G. Keeler, secretary ; T. C. Everts, treasurer ; Horace Saxton, conductor ; Frederick Kruger, outside guard. This lodge is the parent of all the other Odd Fellows' lodges in the city. It meets every Monday evening in the Odd Fellows' Temple. Toledo Lodge, No. 402, was instituted soon after the 'close of the Civil war. It now meets every Wednesday evening in the Odd Fellows' Temple, corner of Erie Street and Jefferson Avenue. Robert Blum Lodge, No. 413, was instituted on June 3, 1869, with sixteen charter members and the following officers : John Schrink, noble grand ; George Speyer, vice grand ; Charles Oeckel, secretary ; John Bomberger, treasurer ; Frank Voight, conductor ; Henry Mayer, inside guard ; Thomas Blackwell, outside guard. This lodge meets every Thursday evening in the Odd Fellows' Temple. Maumee Valley Lodge, No. 515, was instituted by Past Grand Master Belden Seymour on June 14, 1872. The lodge started with fourteen charter members and the following officers : F. W. Brooks, noble grand ; Frederick Raitz, vice grand ; E. W. Klinck, secretary ; Fred Lanman, treasurer. The meetings of this lodge are held in the Temple every Friday evening. Since the organization of Maumee Valley Lodge five other lodges have been established in Toledo, to wit : Corn City, No. 734, which meets in the hall at Front and Oak streets in East Toledo ; Northern Star, No. 824, also an East Toledo lodge, meets every Tuesday evening in the hall at Sixth and Main streets ; Lucas, No. 876, holds its meetings every Thursday evening in the hall at Detroit and Pinewood avenues ; Central Grove, No. 891, which meets every Wednesday evening in TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 667 the hall at 3015 Detroit Avenue ; and Viking Lodge, No. 982, whose hall is at 1623, Broadway. ENCAMPMENTS AND CANTONS The higher degrees in Odd Fellowship are called "Encampments." This branch of Odd Fellowship was not established until after the lodges in America withdrew from the Manchester Unity. There are five encampments in Toledo. Toledo, No. 118, meets in the Odd Fellows' Temple at Erie Street and Jefferson Avenue, which building is owned by the order ; Ruel, No. 250, also holds its meetings in the Temple ; Read, No. 305, is an East Toledo encampment and holds its meetings in the hall at Sixth and Main streets ; Central Grove, No. 315, meets every Friday evening in the hall at Central and Detroit avenues ; Rollo, No. 328, meets every Thursday evening in the hall at 1623 Broadway. The Patriarchs Militant is a uniform degree, corresponding to the Knights Templars in Masonry. Local organizations are called cantons, of which Toledo has three. Canton Central Grove meets in the Odd Fellows Temple at 3015 Detroit Avenue ; Canton Imperial holds its meetings at 1623 Broadway ; and Canton Lucas meets in the Odd Fellows' Temple, corner of Erie Street and Jefferson Avenue. DAUGHTERS OF REBEKAH This is the "ladies' degree" of Odd Fellowship. At the beginning of 1922 there were four Rebekah lodges in Toledo. Aurora Lodge, No. 3, was instituted on November 5, 1869, by Grand Master James Turner. It started with thirty-two charter members, sixteen of whom were, women. Its growth has been steady and it now meets every Saturday evening in the Odd Fellows' Temple. It was the third Rebekah lodge organized in the State of Ohio. The other three Rebekah lodges are : Corn City, which meets every Monday evening in the Corn City Hall at Front and Oak streets in East Toledo ; Lucas, No. 197, which meets in the Odd Fellows' Hall at Sixth and Main streets ; East Toledo, every Monday evening ; and Pink Carnation Lodge, No. 605, which meets Wednesday evenings at 1623 Broadway. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS On February 15, 1864, five young men, clerks in Government offices at Washington, D. C., met for the purpose of listening to the reading of a ritual for a new fraternal order. All five were members of the Anion Glee. Club and were intimate associates. They were Justus H. Rathbone (author of the ritual), David L. and William H. Burnett, Robert A. Champion and Dr. Sullivan Kimball. The ritual was based upon the friendship of Damon and Pythias and the name "Knights of Pythias" was adopted for the proposed order. On February 19, 1864, Washington Lodge, No. 1, was instituted in Temperance Hall. Franklin Lodge, No. 2, was instituted at the Washington Navy Yard on April 12, 1864. During the next six months several lodges were established, all near Washington. The work of organization progressed slowly on account of the war 668 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY and in a little while all the lodges except Franklin disbanded. After the war a few of the disbanded lodges were reorganized and joined with Franklin in the formation of a grand lodge on May 1, 1866. Within the next two years the order was introduced into Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvania and on May 15, 1868, the Supreme Lodge was organized. There are now lodges in every state in the Union and in Canada. In 1920 the order stood fourth in point of numbers, having about one million members. In that year nearly two million dollars were paid out in relief work. The Uniform Rank was established in 1878. Its manual of drill is that of the United States army and in 1898 a number of officers in the volunteer, service in the war with Spain were taken from the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. There is also a degree called the Dramatic Order Knights of Khorassan, and a ladies degree known as the Pythian Sisters. TOLEDO PYTHIAN LODGES The Knights of Pythias order is represented in Toledo by nine lodges. Pythian Castle, at the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Ontario Street, is owned by the order and most of the lodges hold their meetings in this- building. Toledo Lodge, No. 20, was instituted on December 20, 1869, and was the first in the city. It holds its meetings on Monday evenings in the Castle. The other lodges are as follows : Charles Sumner, No. 137, which meets in the Castle every Friday evening; Anthony Wayne, No. 141, which meets Thursday evenings in the Knights of Pythias Hall on Broadway ; Lucas, No. 148, which meets in the Castle every Saturday evening ; Concord, No. 149, which meets in the Castle every Thursday evening ; Harrison, No. 185, whose meetings are held in the Castle on Tuesday evenings ; Steedman, No. 208, meets every Monday evening in the Knights of Pythias Hall in Auburndale ; Yondota, No. 335, holds its meetings in the hall at Sixth and Main streets, East Toledo, every Thursday evening ; and West Toledo, No. 771, meets every Thursday evening in the hall at 3243 Monroe Street. William Beatty, one of the oldest Knights in Lucas County, and for years secretary of the Ohio Grand Lodge, has his office in the Toledo Castle. Ramadam Temple, No. 69, Dramatic Order Knights of Khorassan, meets in the Castle on the first and third Wednesdays of each month, and there are eight temples of the Pythian Sisters, to wit : Martha Washington, No. 34 ; Toledo, No. 54 ; Yondota, No. 81; Eureka, No. 145 ; Auburn, No. 163 ; Wayne Lodge ; Mary Arden, No. 408 ; and West Toledo, No. 460. The Uniform Rank is also well represented in the city. THE ELKS About the close of the Civil war in 1865 a number of "good fellows," in New York City, most of whom were newspaper men and members of the theatrical profession, formed a sort of club which would meet of evenings and pass a social hour or two in singing songs, swapping yarns, etc. Charles Vivian, a young Englishman who was a leader in the club, gave it the name of the "Jolly Corks." In the winter of 1867-68, some one proposed to organize a fraternal society. After some discussion it was decided that the name "Jolly Corks" was TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 671 not sufficiently dignified and a committee was appointed to select a more suitable name. This committee visited P. T. Barnum's Museum, then a popular institution in New York City, where they saw an elk and learned something of that animal's habits. The name "Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks" was therefore proposed by the committee and was adopted. New York Lodge, No. l, was instituted on February 16, 1868, and on that date the "Jolly Corks" died and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks was born. Philadelphia Lodge, No. 2, was organized soon afterward. On March 10, 1871, the New York Lodge was incorporated as a Grand Lodge, with power to organize subordinate lodges. San Francisco Lodge, No. 3, was instituted on April 18, 1876. From that time the growth of the order was more rapid and within five years Elks' lodges had been organized in most of the leading cities of the United States. One of the fundamental principles of the order is that no lodge shall be established in a city of less than 5,000 population. In 1920 there was scarcely a city of that size in the United States without its Elks' Club, and the order had spread to the Philippine Islands, Alaska and Hawaiian Islands. At the meeting of the Grand Lodge in July, 1922, it was reported that there were then 1,367 lodges, with a total membership of 835,783. The motto of the Elks is : "The faults of our brothers we write upon the sands ; their virtues upon the tablets of love and memory." The initials "B. P. O. E." are sometimes interpreted as meaning "Best People on Earth." TOLEDO LODGE OF ELKS Toledo Lodge, No. 53, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, was instituted on October 24, 1886, in the old Grand Army Hall, with J. M. Hueston as the first exalted ruler. It met in different halls until the spring of 1902, when it was decided to erect a building for a club house and lodge hall. A lot on Michigan Street opposite the courthouse was purchased in June, 1902, and in June, 1905, the building was formally dedicated. The club house and the lot on which it stands represent an investment of $225,000. The membership of the lodge in June, 1922, was 1,950. One of the members of this lodge—William W. Mountain—was honored by being elected grand exalted ruler in 1921. Upon his order the Elks' lodges of the United States celebrated Flag Day, June 14, 1922, with appropriate ceremonies. The Toledo Cherry Pickers, a uniformed organization of Elks, won distinction some years ago by their perfect drilling. This organization was revived in the spring of 1922 and accompanied the Toledo delegation to the Grand Lodge meeting in Atlantic City, where it entered the national competition. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC As early as the spring of 1864 Dr. B. F. Stephenson and Rev. W. J. Rutledge, surgeon and chaplain respectively of the Fourteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, discussed the formation of a society of volunteer soldiers to perpetuate the fraternity established in camp, on the march or on the field of battle. No definite action was taken, however, until the spring of 1866. Then these two officers sent out invitations to attend a meeting at Decatur, Illinois, on April 6, 1866. Many old 672 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY soldiers attended the meeting and the Grand Army of the Republic was organized. In the plan of organization each state was designated as a department and local societies were given the name of posts. The objects of the order, as set forth at the Decatur meeting, were : "To collect and preserve historic relics and documents pertaining to the war ; to aid and assist disabled Union veterans, their widows and orphans ; to observe Memorial Day by patriotic exercises and the decoration of the graves of fallen comrades; to keep alive the cherished recollections of camp and campaign, and to teach the rising generation lessons of patriotism." The first post was organized at Decatur, Illinois, in April, 1866. During the summer those who attended the meeting there organized posts in other localities and the first national encampment was held at Indianapolis, Indiana, in November, 1866. The Grand Army is the only fraternal society that must necessarily cease to exist by the death of its members. Only those are eligible for membership who served as soldiers, sailors or marines on the side of the Union in the War of 1861-65. The order reached its greatest strength in 1890, when the membership was 409,487. Each year since that time the number of those who have answered the "last roll call" has constantly increased. In 1915 the death rate was about one thousand monthly. The Grand Army was largely responsible for the recognition of Memorial Day (May 30) as a legal holiday in many of the states, and it has been influential in the establishment of soldiers' homes and asylums for soldiers' orphans. LUCAS COUNTY POSTS On May 9, 1866, Dr. B. F. Stephenson, commander of the Department of Illinois, commissioned Capt. Henry E. Howe to organize posts in the Tenth Congressional District of Ohio. Forsyth Post, No. 15, was instituted on November 19, 1866, and was the first post in Lucas County. It was named for Lieut. George D. Forsyth, who served as a private in the Fourteenth Ohio Infantry in the three months' service and was afterward second lieutenant in Company B, One Hundredth Ohio Infantry. The fourteen charter members of the post Were : J. A. Chase, Frank Collins, William Corlett, C. A. Hall, J. K. Hamilton, Otto Klemm, J. S. Kountz, Henry G. Neubert; William E. Parmelee, Herman Rosenbaum, C. C. Starr, Albert E. Scott, J. W. White and R. D. Whittlesey. J. A. Chase was the first commander. Ford Post, No. 14, was organized under a charter dated January 21, 1867, with the following charter members : Augustus Brown, Charles L. Hurlburt, F. J. Kostack, Samuel McDonald, Arnold McMahon, Michael Mulrooney, Joseph A. Perry, George Scheets, William Sexton, Joab Squire and Frank P. Wilson. This post was named for Capt. Hyatt G. Ford, of Company B, Sixty-seventh Ohio Infantry, who was killed at the battle of 'Winchester, Virginia, March 16, 1862. Charles B. Mitchell Post, No. 84, was organized at Maumee on June 9, 1881, with seventeen charter members and J. E. Wilcox as the first commander. It was named for Lieut. Charles B. Mitchell, Company E, Fourteenth Ohio Infantry, who was mortally wounded at Jonesboro, Georgia, September 1, 1864, and died on the 28th of the same month in the hospital in Atlanta. TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY - 673 Brint and McBride Post, No. 225, located at Richfield Center, was organized on May 16, 1883, with twenty-six charter members. It was named for John Brint and William H. W. McBride, two volunteers from Richfield Township. Meetings were held in the town hall until 1885, when a building 25 by 60 feet, two stories high, was erected for the use of the post and the Women's Relief Corps. Ray Heller Post, at Whitehouse, was organized on December 27, 1882, by Comrades Brown and Grover of Forsyth Post. Although it was instituted before the post at Richfield Center, it was given the number 284. 0. P. Heller was the first commander. Quiggle Post, No. 289, was instituted at Swanton on January 3, 1883, with seventeen charter members and William Geyser as the first commander. It was named for Oscar F. Quiggle, who enlisted in 1861 at the age of seventeen years as a musician in Company I, Fourteenth Ohio Infantry, and was killed in a skirmish near Milledgeville, Georgia, November 22, 1864. Ruckle Post, No. 335, at Monclova, was organized on July 28, 1883. It was named for six brothers --Daniel, David, George, John, Henry C. and Phillip—who served in regiments from Ohio, Michigan and Iowa, and four of whom were killed in action. John W. Kerr was the first commander. This post erected a building at a cost of $1,800 and also raised $500 for a soldiers.' monument at Monclova. Page Post, No. 471, was instituted at Sylvania on July 5, 1884, with William Bryan as the first commander. It was named for Private Harlan Page of Company K, Twenty-fifth Ohio Infantry, who was seriously wounded at Baldwin's Camp, West Virginia, in February, 1862. He was sent home but lived only about a week after reaching Sylvania. Albert Moore Post, No. 582, was organized in West Toledo on March 29, 1886, with twenty-one charter members and J. M. Stanbery as the first commander. It was named for Albert Moore, who entered the army as first lieutenant of Company A, Fourteenth Ohio Infantry, and rose to be lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. Through the death and increasing age of the members, many of the early Grand Army posts have ceased to exist. The directory of posts in Toledo in 1922 shows only four organizations, Ford, Forsyth, Toledo and Volunteer posts. Ford Post meets every Friday evening in the Grand Army Hall at 141 Euclid Avenue, East Toledo ; Forsyth meets on the first and third Tuesdays of each month in the Memorial building, corner of Adams and Ontario streets ; Toledo Post, No. 107, meets in the Memorial building on the second and fourth Saturdays of each month ; and Volunteer Post, No. 715, meets at the same place on the first and third Wednesdays. WOMEN'S RELIEF CORPS The Women's Relief Corps was founded in 1875 to assist the Grand Army in carrying out its charitable work, observing Memorial Day, etc. Forsyth Corps, No. 1, the first in the Department of Ohio, was organized on March 14, 1879, as an auxiliary to Forsyth Post. Mrs. Kate B. Sherwood was the first president and Mrs. Cora Day Young was the first secretary. This organization was first known as the "Ladies' Aid Society." It was not chartered as a branch of the National 674 - TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY. Women's Relief Corps until in August, 1883. It is still intact and holds meetings in the Memorial building on the afternoons of the first and third Tuesdays in each month. Volunteer Relief Corps, No. 89, the auxiliary of Volunteer Post, meets in the Memorial building on the afternoons of the first and third Wednesdays of each month. Toledo Women's Relief Corps, auxiliary of Toledo Post, meets in the Memorial building on the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month. There is another women's society known as the Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic. Ford Circle, No. 28, meets on the first and third Thursdays of each month (afternoons) in the hall of Ford Post at 141 Euclid Avenue, East Toledo. Along in the latter '80s, when the custom of organizing "broom brigades" in connection with Grand Army posts prevailed, Ford Post's Broom Brigade was one of the most noted in the country. It consisted of seventeen young women, daughters of members of the post, who were organized and drilled by Capt. Fred McElliott, a veteran of the Fourteenth Ohio Infantry. The members of the brigade were : Louise Birkenhauer, Ada Bitters, Lillie Cherry, Minnie Clarke, Millie Davis, Minnie Davis, Nettie Downing, Minnie Fish, Ella Harr, Cora Kline, Maude Perry, Hattie Rake, Lottie Rake, Alice Remelsbecker, Alice Ryan, Lillie Stein and Cora Thorp. With brooms for muskets, they could compete successfully with the best drilled veterans in going through the manual of arms, and in competitive drills they were almost always the prize winners. MILITARY SOCIETIES The society known as the Sons of Veterans is composed of men whose fathers served in the Union army in the Civil war. Local organizations are called camps. Toledo Camp, No. 133, meets in Memorial Hall on the first and third Mondays of each month. The women's auxiliary (No. 66) of this camp meets in the same hall on the second Thursday of each month. Egbert Camp, No. 10, United Spanish War Veterans, meets on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month in Memorial Hall, and Myra L. Dowling auxiliary meets in the same hall on the first and third Thursdays of each month. General Bates Camp, No. 64, United Spanish War Veterans, is an East Toledo organization. It meets on the first and third Tuesdays of each month in the Grand Army Hall at 141 Euclid Avenue. The American Legion is composed of citizens of the United States who saw military service in the World war. The Lucas County Council was organized soon after the return of the American Expeditionary Forces from France, and has recently fitted up commodious quarters on the corner of Adams and Erie streets. MISCELLANEOUS ORDERS Toledo has its full quota of societies, the principal feature of which is fraternal insurance. Prominent among these are the Fraternal Order of Eagles and the Loyal Order of Moose. The former owns its own home at 438-40 Erie Street, and the latter owns a Temple at 806 Cherry Street. There are three lodges