611 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNT.

CHAPTER I.

(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE)

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

THE first public movement in this section in behalf of Common School Education, consisted of a meeting of the friends of that cause, held at the Presbyterian Church in Perrysburg, November 17, 1837, which was called to order by Mr. Henry Bennett, when S. R.. Austin was made President, and P. H. Crowell, of Maumee City, Secretary. The President stated the object of the meeting to be the improvement of Common Schools in the Maumee Valley, by elevating the standard of their character ; when Messrs. Hickox, Henry Darling and S. R. Austin were appointed a committee on resolutions. The afternoon meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. Mr. Jones of Maumee City. The committee reported a constitution, when Messrs. Henry Reed, Hickox and Sadler addressed the meeting on the deficiencies and means of improving the system of Common School Education. Rev. Mr. Birdsell addressed the meeting on the necessity of having professional Teachers, and the duties of Trustees, Directors and private individuals. Messrs. John C. Spink, Elijah Huntington and Henry Darling were appointed a committee to recommend officers for the Society. The name of the organization then was the `1 Educational Society of the Maumee Valley;" its object, " To improve the condition of Common Schools, and to elevate the standard of education by disseminating information on the subject, and adopting such other measures as may be deemed advisable and conducive to these objects." The officers chosen were : President, Dr. II. Conant, of Maumee City ; Vice Presidents, John Evans, Defiance; Hazael Strong, Napoleon ; Jessup W. Scott, Miami; Andrew Coffinbury, Perrysburg, and Pierre M. Irving, Toledo. Recording Secretary, S. R. Austin ; Treasurer, John Webb, Perrysburg.

At that time there were in Ohio about 8,000 School Districts, in which about 490,000 scholars were taught for over two months of the year, although the greater portion were in School daring the Winter months only, the Sumner Schools being_ chiefly in the Cities and Towns, and attended mainly by young children. The annual expenses of the School system of Ohio then, for tuition, books, fuel, etc., were about 6500,000. The State Superintendent, Samuel Lewis (to whom the people of Ohio are deeply indebted for the advanced educational system they now possess), estimated that at least 5,000 regular Teachers-to serve through the year-were required, to support whom the sum of $200,000 was necessary, or $125,000 more than was then provided. "This," says Mr. Lewis, " might be supplied by various taxes-such as tavern and grocery taxes. These should be taxed high, and then if' men will drink, the money paid by he drinking man will principally go to educate his children." Ohio then had 3,000 School Districts without School buildings.

The first official record found pertaining to Public Schools in Toledo, was made October 18, 1836, when the Trustees of Port Lawrence Township laid off the Township in 16 School Districts. James M. Whitney was then Township Clerk.

By act of the Ohio Legislature, passed in 1837, the Public Schools within the City of Toledo were committed to the care and management of the City Government; and accordingly, September 25, 1837, the Council divided the City into three School Districts, as follows:

No. 1--That part of the City Easterly of Locust Street.

No. 2-Between Locust and Adams Streets.

No. 3--The territory West of Adams Street.

As nearly as can now be ascertained, the first female teacher, if not the first teacher, in Toledo, was Miss Harriet Wright, a niece of Governor Silas Wright, of New York. She was born in Vermont. May 8, 1812, and came to Toledo in 18:34. In 1835, she taught a School in the frame building on Erie Street, elsewhere shown as the first Court-house of Lucas County. January 25, 1835, she was married with Munson H. Daniels, then of Toledo, and soon thereafter the first Sheriff of Lucas County. Mrs. Daniels died in Toledo, July 20, 1842, aged 30 years. She was a member of the Baptist Church, which denomination then had no organization in Toledo. She was a woman of superior qualities and highly esteemed. At the approach of death she said, " I am prepared to die. 1 have no desire to live, but for my husband's sake."

Following Mrs. Daniels were various teachers, male and female, in the three Districts, without classification as to studies, books or other system. Very imperfect record can be found of these.

From the files of the Blade, it is learned that October 1, 1838, Charles W. Hill, City Clerk, gave notice for an election to determine "upon the leasing, erecting or purchasing of a sufficient number of School-houses, and the leasing

612 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

or purchasing of a lot or lots on which to erect such houses for the Schools of the City ; and also how much money should be raised for such purposes, and the purchase of fuel for School-houses." The result of this veto is not ascertained.

The extent of School privileges found here in 1839, may be judged by the fact, that in April of that year John Berdan and E. S. Dodd jointly advertised for " a gentleman qualified to take charge of a limited number of scholars."

In 1839, the City Council elected John Berdan, Samuel B. Scott and Oliver Stevens as School Directors.

The pioneer Charity School of Toledo was opened in "the room over the Tailor-shop on Lagrange Street " (the shop of Levi Snell), on the 17th of June, 1839, under the superintendence of "the Benevolent and Charitable Society." It was designed for Girls under 15, and Boys under eight years of age. Children of " indigent parents of good report." were supplied with books and articles of clothing when necessary. Moderate compensation from parents able to make such, was expected. For particulars, reference was made to the residence of Samuel Allen, near the School-room. During the Fall term there were taught 12 children at half price; eight at less than half; and some at one-third price; beside 10 gratuitously, and also furnished with books and clothing to fit them to attend. It seems at that date there was no Public School in Toledo.

December 20, 1840, the City Council passed " an ordinance for the regulation of Common Schools in the City of Toledo," by which provision was made for three Directors for each District in the City (the Districts being the Wards), in whose charge would be the Public Schools. It was also provided "that in all cases during the period when the public money should be applied to the support of the Schools, said Schools shall be free for all the white children of the District, under such regulations as may be adopted to secure to each one equal participation therein." In this connection, it should be borne in mind, that at that time, none but "white children " had in Ohio or elsewhere in this country, any "rights which white men were bound to respect"-it then being unlawful in this State even to employ a colored person for common labor. At the time named, the City Council elected the following School Directors, to wit: 1st Ward--John Berdan, Jacob Clark and Samuel Allen ; 2d Ward -Peter H. Shaw, L. S. Lownsbury and Edward Bissell. 3d Ward-Coleman I. Keeler, Jr., Wm Hoskins and Joseph Turner.

June 25, 1842, was reported to the Council, a vote of two mills on the dollar by District No. 2, for rent of' School-building, which was approved. Also, was presented a report that District No. 3 had voted one mill on the dollar for like purpose; which was approved.

This action by the Council was not specially hopeful of the advance of popular instruction in the infant City. It will be borne in mind, that at that time, expenses for tuition were met by charges, which each pupil was required to meet, and to which alone the teacher must look for his pay, the District as already seen furbishing only the house and fuel. How far one mill on the dollar of the small taxable valuation of that time went toward the support of educational privileges for a District, may be imagined. The Schools were then in operation but a few months of the year-chiefly in winter-and the imperfect advantages furnished were practically denied to many children unable, from distance from the Schools, to attend with regularity.

At a public examination of pupils in District No. 1 (Lower Town), March 27, 1847, prizes were awarded for excellence as follows: To Zebulon C. Pheatt (now of the firm of Emerson & Co.), for improvement in penmanship; to Miss J. M. Peck, for proficiency in Natural Philosophy; and to Miss Mary E. Lownsbury, for ability in book-keeping.

In December, 1847, there were in Toledo four Schools, averaging about 100 pupils each. The pioneer School-bell then made its advent.

So far as can now be ascertained, the first step toward the permanent improvement of the means of education in Toledo, consisted of an ordinance passed by the City Council, May 14, 1842, "for the erection of School-houses in the City of Toledo." David Crane was then the President of that body, and Edson Allen the Clerk. The ordinance provided for a vote by the electors of the several School Districts, to determine whether or not grounds be purchased and School buildings erected; and also as to renting buildings for School purposes, the amounts to be paid for such purposes, and also for fuel. Reports of such votes were to be made to the Council, and when approved by that body, the requisite tax would be levied upon the property taxable in the District, "not including the property of black or mulatto persons" (for the reason that colored children then had no right to public instruction of any sort). June 7, 1842, report was made to the Council, that the electors of District No. 1 had voted for a tax of 15 mills on the dollar, for the purchase of a lot and erection of a Schoolhouse thereon ; and also, that two mills had been voted by that District for expenses of School-house rent, fuel, etc., for the year. The vote for a School-house was disapproved by the Council, as involving too large an outlay; and that for renting accommodations was approved. At the same session, the Council disapproved a vote by District No. 2, for a levy of 23 mills for building a School-house.'

Miss M. Howlett opened a Select School in a building on the corner of Superior and Lagrange Streets, in July, 1841, teaching English

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branches. Rates-Alphabet, $1.00 per term ; Spelling and Reading, $1.50; Arithmetic, Geography and Grammar, $2.00; Higher Branches, $3.00 to $4.00.

In December, 1841, Thomas Dunlap, Jr., taught a School at the corner of Superior and Lagrange Streets, in a building which now (1887) constitutes a portion of the residence of Dr. S. S. Thorn. The teacher of this School is yet a resident of Toledo.

In October, 1843, Charles Dodge opened in what was known as the Court-room building, Northeast corner of Summit and Cherry Streets, a select School, including, with the English branches, Spanish, French, German, Latin and Greek languages. Terms for English department, $3.00 per term ; for other languages, $5.00. Mr. Dodge is still a resident of Toledo.

In the winter of 1844-45, Miss Jenks taught a School for young ladies and misses in a building at the corner of Summit and Cherry Streets.

Levi S. Lownsbury opened the Toledo Academy (day and evening) in January, 1846, in Mott's Block, corner Summit and Monroe Streets.

The condition of things thus stated continued, with such degree of improvement as a total lack of system and requisite means permitted, until the fall of 1848, when the late Francis Hollenbeck, then a resident of Perrysburg, furnished the Toledo Blade articles setting forth the need and the practicability of improvement in the School facilities of the City. The effect of such discussion was to call attention to the entire want of system and efficiency in the existing plan, when a petition was presented to the Legislature for the extension to Toledo of the "Akron law," originally passed in 1846, and already successful in that Town. This petition was circulated by the late Simeon Fitch, Jr. Though not meeting the unanimous sentiment of the people of Toledo, there was no active opposition, and the law asked for was passed. In May, 1849, on a popular vote, this law was accepted by the City, and steps at once taken for putting the system into operation. Among the friends of the movement active in its support, are named Austin Willey, Roswell Stowe, Daniel Swift, Alfred Stowe, Levi S. Lownsbury, Jas. M. Whitney, Dennison Steele, Thos. Dunlap, Edward Bissell, Sr., Daniel Segar and C. I. Scott.

The first Board of Education consisted of Ira L. Clark (President), Decius Wadsworth, Simeon Fitch, Jr., John P. Freeman, Samuel B. Scott, and Morgan L. Collins. There were then in the City three small buildings used for School purposes, all amounting in value to about $1,500; but the Board was without furniture fit for use, as they were without funds for the purchase of such. They leased rooms for a Central Grammar School, and for Primary Schools in the four Wards of the City, in which latter were 489 pupils enrolled. For the supply of indispensable furniture, the members of the Board generously made advances from private means, and set the new system in operation so far as the conditions permitted. The first check to their movement was the refusal of the City Council to approve a levy of three mills on the dollar for School purposes.

There was nothing very surprising in these facts. The radical change of policy then being instituted from that of popular indifference to and practical neglect of the great interest of education, to recognition of responsibility by the community for the free education of all children-was well calculated to challenge discussion and provoke antagonism. It is doubtful if greater advance in any public matter ever was known, than was involved in the new School system then struggling for acceptance by those upon whom its burthens, new and not slight, were to fall. Toledo was by no means an exception in any hesitation at first shown in that connection. On the contrary, it was even then in advance of the average sentiment of Western Cities. In due time, through the patient and persistent efforts of earnest friends of the new system, opposition was so far overcome, that it was accepted and established on a basis of popular support, which 38 years of experience, with all its labors and expense, has not been able to shake ; and to-clay, it may be truly said, that in no other City in Ohio is the policy of Free Education more firmly grounded in the popular feeling, than in Toledo ; while in no other have the serious burthens incident thereto been more cheerfully met, than here. What these have been in taxation, is indicated by the statement of School property elsewhere given. The more fully to invest the Board with independent action in the matter of means foor the prosecution of its plans, the law made that body independent of the City Council in the matter of tax levies for School purposes. To this feature has the system been in great measure indebted for its remarkable efficiency and success.

With other needs provided for, everything at the outset of the new system depended upon the efficiency of its executive head. As in all other organizations, without a competent Superintendent, no extent of provision could give success. This is specially true as to the beginning of untried ventures. Fortunately, the Toledo Schools did not have to wait for such important support. The Board secured the services of Rev. Anson Smyth.

At the opening of the new School system in 1849, the High, and Grammar Schools occupied a frame building, 204 Summit Street, dear Adams, on the lot now occupied by Meilink's furniture establishment, where they remained until the increase in pupils made demand for larger accommodations. The Grammar De-

614 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

partment was then removed to a frame building constructed for the purpose on Superior Street between Adams and Oak, which subsequently was used by an Unclassified School, then by the Central Mission Sabbath School, and now constitutes the rear portion of two dwellings. In 1853, both these departments were removed to the new High School building then first occupied.

The first important step toward the provision of suitable School-houses for the City, was taken in the construction of the Lagrange Street building, which was completed and occupied in April, 1852. Referring to that structure, the Blade said: " It is an edifice of which every citizen of Toledo has great reason to be proud-a splendid result of the common effort by which, during the past two years, the Schools of our City have been raised from a condition of absolute worthlessness, to one embracing all the improvements and perfections of modern energy and investigation." Of the condition of the schools themselves, that paper said : "We doubt if any Schools in the country were in worse condition than ours, when Rev. Anson Smyth took charge of them; and we confidently challenge any Superintendent in Ohio to make an exhibition of Schools now in better condition."

The next and still more important step in the progress of the new School system, was the provision of a Central building, which, while furnishing much-needed accommodations for the higher grades of Schools, should also constitute a sign of the completeness and permanence of' the new order of things. That was an end much more easily conceived than reached. A glance over the condition of affairs from the earliest history of the City to that period, will show something of what the friends of the movement had to overcome, preliminary to the advance which they sought to be made. A plan for a High-School building, prepared in 1853, contemplated the two wings which since have been supplied, the main building only being then undertaken. This was 56x102 feet; 3 stories high ; of stone and brick; with 26 rooms-those of the first and second stories, 15 feet high ; and of third story, 21 feet. On the third floor was a lecture-room, 86x53 1/2 feet, with capacity for 1,800 persons. A tower was provided with a large clock, having three seven-feet dials. Above this was placed a bell weighing 4,305 pounds, with the inscription on one side, " Toledo High School, May 1st, 1854," and on the other, "To Learning's Fount, the Youth I Call." The ceremony of laying the corner-stone of this building took place August 11, 1853, with the co-operation of the Board of Education, the City Fire Department and the Odd Fellows of' Toledo. John Fitch was President of the Day ; Denison B. Smith, Rev. H. B. Walbridge and Rev. J. T. Caples, Vice Presidents. Committee of Arrangements-Matthew Johnson, E. B. Brown and C. W. Hill. Marshal of the Day, Gen. Jos. W. Brown, with Gen. C. B. Phillips, Major J. R. Bond, John W. Walterhouse and Dr. V. Braun as Aids. A procession was formed, which marched to the site of the proposed building, where prayer was offered by Rev. Mr. Walbridge; an address and the laying of the corner-stone by the Grand Master of Odd Follows; an address by Lorin Andrews, Agent of the State Teachers' Association; and benediction by Rev. Mr. Caples.

In a historical statement of the Toledo Public Schools, prepared by Superintendent D. F. DeWolf, in January, 1846, it is stated as to the School buildings

The rule for ten years has been not to erect a building on less than 40,000 square feet of land, and in most cases there is more than this for permanent buildings. The standard size of single rooms, accommodating 56 pupils or less, has been for ten years, 34x28 feet, and not less than 14 feet from floor to ceiling, with ample halls 14 feet wide, and a large play basement for each sex-these last with white-washed walls, generally lumber floors, and well warmed and ventilated ; also quarters for janitor, and most carefully constructed out-buildings. The windows of the late buildings are arranged to secure sun in each room a part of the School hours, and to throw the light on one side of the pupils only, and never in the face of the teacher. The methods of heating have advanced from ordinary Wood-Stoves, by way of Chilson's ventilating Stove, and Chilson's and Boynton's hot-air furnaces to steam heating. It was found that the first furnished no ventilation, except by drafts of cold, and hence heavier air along the feet of the pupils; the second no heat; the third, no means of control during pressing winds, nor of supplementing the meagre supply of heat in windward rooms. Steam coils are now run through air chambers in the basement, which receive a supply of fresh air from outside the building, by means of large tubes. This air being heated, is brought into the rooms for ventilating purposes, and is partly relied on for warmth, while coils are also run around the sides of the room, or stacked in different places, to supply by radiation the heat of this warm air. Flues with ample openings at the floor, are relied on to take off the vitiated air, and the elasticity of the incoming heated air, as it rises to the ceiling, is depended on to press the cold and vitiated air out of the floor openings. There , are still placed in flues near the ceiling, small registers ; but these are now intended to be so small as never entirely to relieve the pressure of the hot air on the mass, and thus stop the circulation through the floor registers. They are always kept closed while warm air is coming into the room, as otherwise the heated air establishes a direct current to them, heaving the mass of the air in the room stagnant. The window sash have panes tightly puttied in on both sides, heaving a half-inch space of dry air between the panes. The descending current occasioned by the contraction of the air of the room as it impinges on the large surface of cold glass, is avoided, and a prolific source of rheumatism, croup and diphtheria is removed. So long, however, as any occasions remain for letting in direct drafts from windows to remove the tainted air, which is also itself the occasion of diphtheria, debility and nervous diseases, the end has not been reached. Whether this can be effected without a blower, such as is now used in the Washington School of Chicago, or some other mechanical means, is still uncertain. The

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subject of proper heating and ventilation still needs study. Its importance cannot he over-estimated.

This quotation is made here, as a way-mark, to indicate the progress then made in Toledo toward the more perfect and complete plans of School buildings which future study and genius shall provide.

The first public exhibition of the Toledo High School took place at Union Hall, March 12, 1852. It consisted of reading of compositions and declamation ; and was also the first event of the kind in the City. The programme was substantially as follows

First, was Master Charles 0. Brigham, with a Latin salutatory. Next, was Master Thomas B. Mott, with an English salutatory. Following, came Miss Frances L. Collins, with a composition, "The Apparent and the Real;" Miss E. E. Belknap, " Proper Sphere of Women;" Miss Julia Bissell (now Mrs. Asa Backus), "Genius ;" Miss Isabella Harmon, " Jubal ;" Miss L. R. Fitch (now Mrs. E. B. Hyde), "Europe;" Miss Anna E. Swift (now Mrs. Norman Waite), " Our School and School Room."

Then came Master J. M. Blodgett's oration on the Bible; followed by a dialogue (" Public Opinion"), written by Henry T. Bissell, the parts being sustained by the author and Master Richard W. Howard; oration, "Man makes his own Character," by N. A. Cone; dialogue, " Byron and Franklin," written by Master Warren S. Waite ; oration on Colonel Lehmanowsky, a noted Polish patriot, at that time traveling and lecturing in this country. Following, was an oration by " the youngest scholar in the School " (Master William H. H. Smith); a dialogue on " Women's Rights "--a question then recently prominent in the country-Master Abram W. Colton having the part of the " Bloomer," and Master Cone, that of the "Bloomer's" husband ; while Master Brigham had that of "the impudent imp of the printing office," sometimes known by another title. The exercises were concluded with an oration on Greece, and Valedictory, by Henry T. Bissell.

The effect of this exhibition seems to have been marked and beneficial. The audience the largest ever seen in the hall-were most favorably impressed with the first showing of the new school arrangement, to the unexpected success of which is no doubt largely attributable the firm foundation in popular feeling which ever since has given unfailing support to Toledo's educational system. The pioneer superintendent (Rev. Anson Smyth), and much less the young lads and misses taking part in the exercises, could not then appreciate the far-reaching strength they were giving to that great interest. Of' those taking part on that occasion (now 36 years ago), there are known to be still living Messrs. Smith, Brigham and Colton, and Airs. Waite, at. Toledo ; and Mrs. Hyde and Mrs. Backus elsewhere.

The first class graduated from the High School, was that of 1857, Wm. H. H. Smith, Olive Parmelee and Amos W. Crane.

Exercises of the graduating class of the High School took place June 24, 1859, and were as follows:

Prayer by Rev. W. W. Williams. Address by H. L. Hosmer. Music. Compositions by Miss Ada F. Orcutt, Miss Laura A. Parmelee, and Miss Apphya Avery. Latin Colloquy by Emerson E. Hasty, A. F. Orcutt, Apphya Avery, Sarah Collins and L. A. Parmelee. Poem, by E. F. Hasty. Conferring diplomas, by President Hill. Class Song, by E. E. Hasty.

The Winter term of the Toledo Public Schools closed with an exhibition, March 8, 1861, when the following was the programme

1. Opening Song. 2. Salutatory-James Young. 2. Declamation-Burton Taylor. 4 Dialogue-Ellen Murphy, Gertie Fowle, Lena Kraus, Nettie King, James Young, Alex. Young. 5. Declamation-Albert Stevens. 6. Paper-read by Esther Mooers and Mary Chamberlain. 7. Declamation-Edward T. Waite. S. Class of Girls from Gymnasium. 9. Declamation-Frank Scott. 10. Song-Adele Reed, Minnie Hampton, C. S. Crossman. H. Declamation--Camillus Fahnestock. 12. Dialogue -Fairfield, Fisk and Pfanner. 13. Declamation-Otto Kraus. 14. Song-Miss Hampton and Mr. Crossman. 15. DeclamationRoswell J. Cheney. 16. Class of Boys from Gymnasium. 17. Declamation-George Colby. 18. Declamation-Ethelbert S. Griffith. 19. Song--School.

Matthew Brown, J. Austin Scott, Mrs. S. A. Raymond, Mrs. J. Austin Scott, and Miss L. Sizer, Committee appointed to examine paintings and drawings of scholars under instruction of Miss Sarah Marshall (now Mrs. John H. Peck), reported, highly commending oil paintings by Misses Stebbins and Church; Crayon and Monochromatic drawings by Misses Holloway, May, Whitney and Gertrude Smith ; and pencil drawings by Misses Sophie Hill, Kate Shoemaker, Carrie R. Waggoner, Sophie Watson, Lottie Haskell, Belle Brownlee, Alice Hall, Lottie Steele, Fanny Rowland and Evelyn Shepard, and Emery D. Potter, Jr.

Public exercises in connection with the close of the school year, June 28, 1861, consisted of prayer by Rev. W. W. Williams ; address by Rev. Anson Smyth ; oration by John J. Hunker; composition by Helen M. Jones; oration by Cyrus W. Breed ; composition by Myra L. Dorr ; oration by Henry A. Forsyth; composition by Rachel Tyler; music, conducted by C. S. Crossman ; conferring of diplomas by Judge E. D. Potter.

The School year (1861-62) closed with the usual graduating exercises, June 26, 1862. In reporting the same, the Blade said: "It is a fact worthy of note, that all the young men of the Graduating Class of 1862, have been, or are now, engaged in the service of their country; and all but one are now I in the field, the exception having been a member of the 14th Regiment in its three-months service." The programme of the evening was as follows

Prayer, by Rev. H. B. Walbridge. ColloquyThe Peril and the Triumph-Mary E. Eldridge, Lottie A. Steele, Mary E. Haskell, Carrie Cheney. Emily Springer, Sophie Watson, Belle Hammell, Lucy D. Collins, Julia A. Steele. The Class Song was by Miss Emily Springer, set to music by Prof. Crossman.

The male members of the Class then in the Army, were W. Hunt Walbridge, Emery D.

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Potter, Jr., and Ralph, Osborn. The male Andrew J. Wales.

A prominent and fitting feature of the Hall on the occasion of the graduating exercises of the Toledo High School, July 1, 1864, consisted of a decoration in the form of a Shield, composed of 74 Stars-the number of boys who had within the preceding six months been in the School, and also in the Union Army. Interwoven near the top of the Shield, were the words, "Honor to Our Braves;" below this, and in the center, were the words, " In Memoriam;" and surrounding these, wrought in the border of the Shield, the initials of seven graduates, who had fallen martyrs to the cause of Freedom, to wit : Theodore Sawyer, at Dalton, Ga.; G. Duncan Forsyth, at Richmond, Va.; George M. Ballard, at Petersburgh, Va. ; Hamilton C. Colton, at Cumberland, Md.; Amos H. Miner, at 2d Bull Run battle; Mason Cressey, at Chickamauga; and James T. Bailey, at Fort Wagner, S. C. Over the stage in front, was the American flag, festooned with a wreath of flowers and leaves; in rear, against the wall, the motto of the class, "Plus Ultra," and above these the words, " God save the Union."

SUPERINTENDENTS OF TOLEDO SCHOOLS.

The first Superintendent of the Public Schools of Toledo, was Rev. Anson Smyth, who had been for several years the Pastor of First Congregational Church of that City. He continued in charge of the Schools until February, 1856. Upon him devolved the special responsibility of organizing and inaugurating a system of education entirely new to the people. Old notions and practices had to be removed, and the better so introduced as to be made acceptable. The embarrassments of such a work can be appreciated only by those who have passed through it. Mr. Smyth was exceptionally successful in his service. In the language of the Board of Education, he "performed the duties of Superintendent with great ability and untiring industry." Subsequently, Mr. Smyth served with equal credit for two terms as State Commissioner of Common Schools. He afterwards was Superintendent of the Public Shools of Cleveland, where he died in 1886, leaving a wife and one daughter (Mrs. Samuel Eddy).

February 4, 1856, Mr. John Eaton, Jr., succeeded to the office of Superintendent. He came from New Hampshire and from Dartmouth College, and acted as superintendent until March 7, 1859. Of his service, the Board said : " The untiring industry, zeal and fidelity which have characterized Mr. Eaton's service as Superintendent, are well known, and appreciated by the friends of education acquainted with his course, and merit our special commendation." The high qualities shown in Toledo have given Mr. Eaton success in far more prominent fields of labor since leaving Toledo. Completing a clerical course of study, he was ordained for the ministry in 1861, and soon after the commencement of the Rebellion he accepted an appointment as Chaplain of the 27th Ohio Infantry, which position he held until detailed by Gen. Grant as " Superintendent of Contrabands," in April, 1863, holding such position until the organization of the Bureau of Freedmen about the close of the War. In 1869, he was appointed by President Grant as United States Commissioner of Education, which office he held, with special honor, for over 16 years, and until he resigned, in 1885, to accept the Presidency of Marietta College, Ohio.

The successor of Mr. Eaton as Superintendent of Toledo Schools, was Mr. Moses T. Brown, who remained in faithful and successful administration of the office until he resigned, in April, 1864. Most of the time since leaving Toledo, Mr. Brown has devoted his attention mainly to giving instruction in elocution, and largely in connection with Tuft's College, Boston.

Col. Daniel F. DeWolf became Superintendent of the Toledo Schools in 1864. He was formerly in charge of the Public Schools of Norwalk and Tiffin. During the War he was in the Union Army, serving as Major of the 55th Ohio Infantry. He served as Superintendent from 1864 until 1876. To his energy, watchfulness and judgment, the Schools were much indebted forth e good degree of efficiency and success which attended them for the 12 years of his service. He was subsequently twice elected State School Commissioner, in which position he displayed the same qualities with success, as in Toledo. He is now (1887) engaged in agricultural pursuits in Georgia, where he removed in consideration of the ill health of his son Clarence, who died in December, 1887.

The successor of Col. DeWolf was Mr. Almon A. McDonald, who served acceptably for six years and until July, 1880. Subsequently he was Superintendent of Toledo House Correction.

Mr. McDonald was succeeded by Mr. J. W. Dowd, who was in service for six years. During that time he commanded the confidence and respect of pupils and parents, as of the Board of Education.

Upon the resignation of Mr. Dowd, in 1886, Mr. Harvey W. Compton was appointed Superintendent, and continues to act as such to general acceptance.

As shown, there have been during the 38 years of the existence of the Public Schools, seven Superintendents, averaging over five years' service each. It is a fact noticeable and creditable to Toledo, as well as to the individuals concerned, that of these officers, two served for two terms each as State School Commissioner of Ohio, while another was for 16 years United States Commissioner of Education, each serving with credit and success.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - 617

TEACHERS IN TOLEDO SCHOOLS.

Following is a full list of Teachers in the Toledo Public Schools, from their organization, in June, 1849, until February, 1859, covering the first ten years of School history. Their names are thus given here, that more full record be made of the important part they bore in securing success and permanence to the system which has grown to such large proportions and become so prominent an agency in the best progress of the City. As upon the fidelity, courage and efficiency of the subordinates and privates of an Army, even more than upon those in command, depends the question of results ; so to faithful, intelligent, painstaking Teachers, more than upon Directors and Superintendents, must the people rely for the highest success of their School system. It has been Toledo's good fortune, from the first, to have, ill rare degree, fidelity and efficiency alike in the Officers and Teachers of their Schools. The exceptions in the case serve only to make more clear the rule. Did space permit, it would be a pleasure to continue this list of names through the 38 J ears of faithful service by the Teachers in these Schools. The Teachers for the first 10 years of the Schools, were as follows:

SUPERINTENDENTS.

Anson Smyth, November 5, 1850, to February 4, 1856.

John Eaton, Jr., February 4, 1856, to March 7, 1859.

Moses T. Brown, March 11, 1859, and continued.

FEMALE TEACHERS.*

Auld, Mrs. J. C., 1856, and continued; 4th Ward and Grammar.

Brigham, Miss Harriet, Sept., '49. to July, '50; 2d Ward.

Bissell, Miss Harriet, Sept., '52, to Nov., '54; 3d Ward Primary.

Brooks, Miss Margaret, Jan. to April,'54; Lagrange Primary.

Brown, Miss L. A., Sept., '55, to July, '58; Lagrange Primary.

Barr, Mrs. E. E., Sept., '50, and continued ; Lagrange Primary.

Chollett, Miss Marie, Spring '51 ; 2d Ward Secondary.

Colby, Mrs. M. G., March, 53, to July, '55; 4th Ward and Lagrange.

Corning, Miss Emily, Winter Lagrange Secondary.

Chase, Miss Susan, Fall 1853.

Caine, Miss E. J., Winter 1855-'56: Lagrange Secondary.

Chadwick, Miss Susan, Spring term '54, Assistant, 4th Ward.

Deyo, Miss Fannie M., Sept., '49, to'54; 3d Ward Secondary.

Dodge, Miss Delia F.. Spring term '54; Lagrange Primary.

Eels, Miss J. A , Fall '50 to Spring '52; Grammar.

Eddy. Miss E., Fall '51 to July, '52; Assistant, High School.

Eastman, Miss Martha, Fall '53 to '57; Assistant, High School.

Embrie, Miss Sally J , Fall '56; Assistant Grammar.

Eaton. Miss Caroline, Sept.'56, and continued; Asst. High School.

Eldridge, Miss S. E , Sept.. '58, and continued; Asst. Lagrange Secondary.

Fisher, Miss H., Fall and Winter '53 and '54; 4th Ward.

Fairchild, Miss Louisa, Sept., '53, and continued; 4th Ward.

Forsyth, Miss Charlotte, Sept., '55, and continued ; 4th Ward Primary.

Fairchild, kiss Clarissa, Spring '55, and continued; 3d Ward Primary.

Graves, Miss Sarah, Spring '50, to July, '58; 4th Ward Primary.

Goe Miss M. R., Spring '51: 2d Ward.

Gardner, Miss Sarah E , Sept., '56, to July, '57; Lagrange Prim.

Gorrill, Miss E. A., April, '57, to Jan., '58; Whittlesey Primary.

Gilbert, Miss S. N., Sept., '57, and continued ; Asst. High School.

Howe, Miss H. A., Spring '53; 3d Ward Secondary.

Hathaway, Miss Julia S., Sept., '55, to July, '56; 4th Ward Grammar.

Harrington, Miss Philinda, April, '56, to July, '56; Assistant Lagrange Secondary.

Hitchcock, Miss J. A. Dec. '57, to July, '58; Unclassified

Hunter, Miss H. L.. Sept., '57 and continued; Yondota School

Hill, Miss M. A., Sept., '58 to Jan., '59; Whittlesey Primary

Isham, Miss Jane L., Spring '51; 3d Ward.

Keeler, Miss Amelia E., April, '56, to March, '57; Whittlesey Primary

Kellogg, Miss Nancy C., Sept., '56, and continued; Assistant Grammar.

* Thirty-five of these had been married when this list was prepared in March, 1859.

Kennedy, Miss C., Oct., '57, and continued; 4th Ward Primary.

Lownsbury, Miss S., Fall '49; 2d Ward Primary.

Lawrence, Miss -, 1850 ; 2d Ward Primary.

Lapham, Miss Sarah A., Sept., '52, to July, '53: Asst. High School.

Lull, Miss Julia A., Sept. '57, and continued ; Lagrange Sec.

Lehman, Miss Agnes E., Aug.,'58, and continued: Lagrange Primary.

Mott, Miss Marie, Spring '53; Lagrange Secondary.

Montgomery, Miss Frances, Spring '54; Asst. 4th Ward Primary.

McCutcheon, Miss M., Fall and Winter '54-'55 : 4th Ward Prim.

Miner, Miss Abby E., Fall and Winter '55-'56; Asst. Grammar.

Marvin, Miss M. N., Fall 1856; 4th Ward Secondary.

McCoy, Miss E. E., Sept., '56, to April, '57 ; Unclassified.

Minot, Miss Harriet E., Nov., 'S6, to Dec., '58: Asst. Grammar.

Nelson, Miss Cora L., April, '54, and continued ; Lagrange and 4th Ward.

Nelson, Miss S. C., April, '55, to July,'56; Assistant Grammar.

Odell, Miss E. L., May to July, '57; 4th Ward Secondary.

Platt, Miss Augusta, Spring 1855; Lagrange Primary.

Pitt, Miss Catherine A., April, '57, to July, '58; Yondota School.

Parmalee, Miss Olive L., Aug., '58, and continued ; Assistant High School.

Patterson, Miss A. A., Aug., '5S, to Dec. '58: Whittlesey Sec.

Roe, Miss Sylvia, Winter '52-'53: Asst. 2d Ward Secondary.

Richmond, Mrs. A., Sept , '56, and continued ; Whittlesey and unclassified.

Secor, Miss Sarah, Aug., '56, to July, '57 : 3d Ward and Lagrange.

Sloan, Miss Julia A., Spring '54 ; Lagrange Primary.

St. John, Miss Sarah, Fall and Winter '54-'55; Asst Grammar

Swain, Miss Mary E., Spring 1855; Asst. Grammar.

Storrs, Miss H. F., March, '57, to July, '57; Lagrange Secondary.

Stevens, Miss Lucy A., Oct., '57, and continued : Asst. Lagrange.

Schenck, Miss Ellen, Fall 1857: Asst. Lagrange Secondary.

Tupper, Mrs. Mary E , Sept., '49, to April, '50: Asst. Grammar.

Titus, Miss M. C., Nov., '51, to March. '35; Lagrange Primary.

Turner, Miss S. S., Fall and Winter '51-'52: Grammar.

Tolman, Miss Mary, Sept., '52, to July, '54: Asst. Lagrange Sec.

Titus, Miss Anna, Sept., '56, and continued; Lagrange Street.

Williams, Miss Laura, 1850; 4th Ward.

Wright, Miss Caroline, Fall and Winter 1851-52; 1st Ward Primary.

Watson, Miss Harriet. '51 to '53, and '57 to '58: 3d Ward and Whittlesoy.

West, Miss Mary E., Sept. '53, and continued : 3d Wd., Lagrange Grammar.

Whitney, Miss Caroline, Spring '53 to March, '54 ; Lagrange Primary.

Wood, Miss Fanny H.. Spring term, 1854; Asst. High School.

Wells, Miss Maria B., Fall and Winter, 'S2-'53 ; 3d Ward Secondary.

Woodruff, Miss Pamelia, Sept., '54, to April, '56: 4th Ward Secondary.

White, Miss Mary J., Sept., '55, to July, '57 ; Lagrange Primary.

White, Miss Jennie, Sept., '57, to July, '58; Lagrange Primary.

Young, Miss Margaret, Sept., '49, to July, '50; 2d Ward.

MALE TEACHERS.

Ball, George F., Sept., '49, to Nov., '50; Grammar.

Barbour, O. F., Sept., '54, to July, '55; Unclassified.

Chadwick, W. F S , May, '51, to July, '55; Grammar.

Chase, John A., Spring 1854: 3d Ward.

Cook, John G., March, '54, to July, '54; Lagrange Secondary.

Crandall, F. M., Sept., '54, to March, '55 ; Prin. High School.

Converse, W. A. C., Sept., '57 and continued : Prin. High School.

Darling, D. H., Sept., '54, to July, '55; Lagrange Secondary.

Ellis, John, Spring term, 1852; 4th Ward.

Foster, Watson, Spring term, 187,5: Prin. High School.

Hitchcock, Rev. Wm., Feb. to March, D851: 3d Ward Secondary.

Harris, Wm H, Winter term, 1856; Unclassified.

Kinney, J. R., March, '53, to March, '54; Principal Grammar.

Pease, Don A., March, '53, to March, '54 : Principal Grammar.

Palmer, A. B., Feb., '56, to July, '57: Principal High School.

Smyth, Rev. Anson, Nov., '50, to July, '54; Prin. High School.

Scott, Charles I., Winter and Spring 5253 ; 2d Ward Secondary.

Shaw, W. D., appointed-never served ; Principal High School.

Thomas, E. D., Sept., '55, to Dec., '55; Principal High School.

West, A. B., June, '52, and continued; Lagrange and Prin. Gram.

West, C. D., Sept., '55, to Jan., '56; Unclassified.

SPECIAL TEACHERS.

Bingham, Mr. S. L., Spring '55, one year ; Vocal Music.

Crossman, Mr. C. S., Sept.,'56, and continued; Vocal Music.

Waltz, D. F., Fall '54 to Oct., '55: Piano.

Sherring, Miss Kate, Oct., '55, to Dec. '56: Piano.

Bischoff, Mr., Dec., '56, to March, '57; Piano.

Evarts, Miss W., March, '57, to Oct., '57; Piano.

Titus, Miss H. A., Oct., '57, and continued; Piano.

Vordtriede, Julius, Spring '55, to July, '58: German.

Koch, E W. E., Sept., '58, and continued : German.

Graves, C. P., Nov., '55, and continued ; Penmanship.

COLORED SCHOOL

Mitchell, John, Fall and Winter, '52-'53

Cornish, Wm. C., Fall 1857 and continued

SALARIES IN 1859

Superintendent - John Eaton, Jr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$1,200

Teacher German - Julius Vordtriede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 450

Teacher Vocal Music - C. S. Crossman . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 400

618 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY

Teachers and salaries for 1876-77 were as follows:

Mann High School- R. M. Streeter, Principal, $1,800; Miss S. R. Folger, Assistant, $1,000; Irene Brown, Assistant, $650.

Mitchell High School-Herbert S. Hutchinson, Principal, $1,200; Orpha E. Parmelee, 1st Assistant, $600; Carrie M. Card, 2d Assistant, $550.

Ella Waggoner, Junior Primary, $400.

Irving School- Adelia Thompson, Principal, $450.

Lincoln School-Mattie Mettler, Principal and Secondary, $550; Carrie Danzy, Primary, $500. Oliver School-Carrie Adams, Secondary, $500; Augusta Smith, Primary, $500.

Allen School-Grace Crumbaugh, Principal, $400.

Rogers School-Win. E. Barker, Principal, $500; Jennie Gridley, Assistant, $425.

Howland School-G. C. Perrine, Principal, $500.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - 619

TEACHERS-1887-88.

Following is a list of Teachers in the Toledo Public Schools, with the years of service, a found January 1, 1888:

H. W. COMPTON, Superintendent of Schools.

Years of HIGH SCHOOL.

Service.

4 Harry C. Adams, Principal.

15 Sarah Folger, Assistant.

9 Mabel Cronise, Assistant.

16 Carrie Card, Assistant.

14 Ada Ritchie, Assistant.

15 L. Helen Baldwin, Assistant.

1 William McPherson, Assistant.

9 G. F. Lok, Assistant.

WEBSTER GRAMMAR.

6 Norman E. Hutchinson, Principal.

18 Martha M. Cronise, Assistant.

19 Emma M. Taylor, Assistant.

15 Jennie Brownlee, Assistant.

14 Sadie Hayes, Assistant.

8 Della Ellinwood, Assistant.

13 Fannie Peck, Assistant.

WORCESTER GRAMMAR.

20 Sarah C. Ensign, Principal.

15 Sarah D. Jermain, Assistant.

4 Mary Dunlap, Assistant.

SPECIAL TEACHERS.

8 Marie Petit, French.

1 Nellie Fockens, Drawing.

15 Martin Friedberg, German.

ILLINOIS SCHOOL.

15 S. E. Mandeville, Principal.

10 Mattie Telford, Senior Intermediate.

3 Louise King, Junior Intermediate.

4 Belle Bangs, Senior Secondary.

6 Maggie Holly, Junior Secondary.

5 Minnie Redding, Junior Primary.

1 Millie Coiilisk, Junior Primary.

SOUTH SCHOOL.

13 R. F. Platt, Principal.

4 Florence Beamer, Junior Intermediate.

18 Della W. Howard, Senior Secondary.

3 Josie Miner, Junior Secondary.

8 Emma Miner, Senior Primary.

3 Bridget Cassidy, Junior Primary.

1 Ada Bigelow, Junior Primary.

3 Catherine Seiler, German Primary.

1 Mary McGuire, Junior Primary.

1 Ida Zurfluh, Junior Primary.

BROADWAY SCHOOL.

6 Frank L. Maguire, Principal.

15 Ella French, Junior Intermediate.

22 Lucy Wright, Senior Secondary.

3 Delia A. Keleher, Junior Secondary.

10 Anna Murray, Senior Primary.

9 Lizzie Sheahan, Junior Primary.

1 Kittie Fish, Junior Primary.

11 C. Hillenkamp, German Secondary.

3 Nellie Balfe, Junior Secondary.

4 Hulda Buettner, German Primary.

5 Alice Ingraham, English Primary.

1 Pauline Thorbrugger, German Primary.

ST. CLAIR SCHOOL.

19 F. C. C. Mau, Principal and Secondary (Ger. Alt)

5 Ella Mooney, Secondary (Eng. Alt.)

11 Mrs. Thorp, Senior Intermediate.

12 Emma Ingraham, Senior Intermediate.

11 L. Dittenhaver, Junior Intermediate.

7 M. Sharkey, Senior Secondary.

2 Emily Normanton, Junior Secondary.

1 Susie Hormel, Senior Primary.

4 Anna Normanton, Junior Primary.

3 Maggie Brennan, Junior Primary.

4 Minnie Halbach, Junior Primary.

1 Anna Kruse, German Primary.

11. Alice Cochran, Junior Grammar.

JEFFERSON SCHOOL.

12 M. E. Anthony, Principal.

8 Theo. Wilcox, Senior Intermediate.

11 Marion A. Hill, Junior Intermediate.

11 Mrs. Welch, Junior Intermediate.

9 Louise Bond, Senior Secondary.

1 Myrtie Whitney, Senior Secondary.

13 Marietta Johnson, Junior Secondary.

8 Hattie Johnson, Senior Primary.

4 Mary Rood, Junior Primary.

9 Therese Schmuck, Junior Primary.

9 Augusta Scraeder, German Primary.

11 Anna Nicholas, Junior Grammar.

HOAG SCHOOL.

14 Ella Conlisk, Principal and Intermediate.

4 Hannah Murphy, Secondary.

8 Mary Pickett, Senior Primary.

4 Anna Pickett, Junior Primary (Eng. Alt.)

1 l Ottillie Hermann, Junior Primary (Ger. Alt.)

STICKNEY SCHOOL.

16 Mary P. Hirth, Principal and Junior Grammar.

10 Sarah Bixby, Senior Intermediate.

3 Fannie Harnit, Junior Intermediate.

3 Sara Beatty, Senior Secondary.

4 Annie Walker, Senior Secondary.

2 Jennie Jones, Junior Secondary.

2 Tillie Ecker, Junior Secondary.

2 Anna Radbone, Senior Primary.

4 Susie Haviland, Senior Primary.

12 Jennie Gridley, Junior Primary.

3 Jessie Featherstone, Junior Primary.

1 Anna Wuerfel, German Primary.

LAGRANGE SCHOOL.

21 Ellen A. Nicholas, Principal and Junior Intermediate.

2 E. Flanagan, Senior Secondary.

7 Anna Hirth, Junior Secondary.

15 Mrs. S. J. Foley, Senior Primary.

l0 Margaret L. Hubbard, Junior Primary.

5 Sadie Featherstone, Junior Primary.

5 Lizzie Schiller, German Secondary.

7 Clara Spielbusch, German Primary.

ERIE SCHOOL.

19 Marie A. Hibbard, Principal and Senior Intermediate.

17 Cecilia Lillelund, Junior Intermediate.

5 Lottie O'Brien, Senior Secondary.

13 Ella Hayes, Junior Secondary.

5 Jennie U. Hayes, Junior Secondary.

3 Louise Corlett, Senior Primary.

10 Ella King, Senior Primary.

8 Hattie Brown, Junior Primary.

1 Dollie Fisher, Junior Primary.

12 Albert Mayer, Prim. and Sec. (Ger. Alt.)

9 Rosa Lang, German and English Senior Primary.

10 Alice Pugh, Primary and Secondary (Eng. Alt.)

WARREN SCHOOL.

18 Alice Bangs, Principal and Senior Secondary.

5 Ella Galvin, Junior Grammar.

7 Linda Ricards, Senior Intermediate.

620 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

Years of Service.

4 Emma Sargent, Junior Intermediate.

7 Helen Rollund, Junior Intermediate.

1 Nettie Marker, Senior Secondary.

3 Belle Austin, Junior Secondary.

9 Lottie Sargent, Junior Secondary.

6 Anna Morse, Senior Primary.

6 Bessie McGaw, Senior Primary.

6 Rose Galvin, Junior Primary.

7 Fannie McLain, Junior Primary.

SHERMAN SCHOOL.

15 L. R. Konopak, Principal.

Cora Orwig, Senior Intermediate.

5 Vesta Dowler, Junior Intermediate.

3 Susie Canneff, Senior Secondary.

1 Hattie Dustin, Senior Secondary.

8 Mary Brennan, Junior Secondary.

6 Ada Burchfield, Junior Secondary.

10 Fannie Carrington, Senior Primary.

1 Ola Fleming, Senior Primary.

7 Flora Timpany, Junior Primary.

1 Ella Taylor, Junior Primary.

3 Anna Nitschke, Junior Primary.

WASHINGTON SCHOOL.

15 Mary M. Jaquet, Principal and Junior Grammar.

3 Julia Hunter, Senior Intermediate.

10 Mrs. Anna C. Mayer, Junior Intermediate.

3 Delia Sharkey, Intermediate and Secondary.

2 Mary Eldridge, Senior Secondary.

11 Julia Campbell, Junior Secondary.

11 M. A. Hannin, Senior Primary.

9 Ella Geelan, Senior Primary.

8 Alice Campbell, Junior Primary.

Clara Dennison, Junior Primary.

3 Kate Tiedtke, German Primary.

3 Laura Whitney, Junior Secondary.

EAST TOLEDO SCHOOL.

18 Mattie Mettler, Principal and Junior Intermediate.

11 Lizzie Humphrey, Junior Grammar.

5 Emma Meyers, Senior Intermediate.

14 Jennie Mettler, Senior Secondary.

11 Maria Farst, Junior Secondary.

12 Emma V. Brown, Senior Primary.

3 Belle Barlow, Senior Primary.

2 Irene Remelsbecker, Junior Primary.

1 Kate Sullivan, Junior Primary.

7 Mary Wiedeman, German Primary.

9 Edna Smith, Junior Secondary.

NEBRASKA SCHOOL.

12 Ed. Lemberger, Principal.

7 Anna M. Conliss, Senior Secondary.

4 Mary Wright, Senior Secondary.

3 Della Dallett, Senior Secondary.

11 Clara Gordon, Junior Secondary.

8 Elsie Kreuger, German Secondary.

1 Hattie Morlock, Junior Secondary.

4 Emma Fenneberg, Senior Primary.

7 Mary Klotz, Senior Primary.

2 Grace Stainthorpe, Senior Primary.

5 Olga Heyn, Senior Primary.

6 Lillie Donnolly, Junior Primary.

2 Lena Zurfluh, Junior Primary.

3 Jeannette Williams, Junior Primary.

1 Ella Frey, Junior Primary.

1 Dora Rosenthal, Junior Primary.

SOUTHEAST TOLEDO.

7 May Brown, Principal and Intermediate.

10 Olive Brown, Secondary.

8 M. T. Downey, Senior Primary.

1 Nellie Westcott, Junior Primary.

Years of NORTH TOLEDO.

Service.

12 Carrie Adams, Principal and Intermediate.

1 Jennie Vallette, Secondary.

5 Eleanor Flannigan, Primary.

MANHATTAN SCHOOL.

7 Helen Dimick, Principal and Secondary.

1 Grace Skeldon, Primary.

IRONVILLE SCHOOL.

11 Norma Wynn, Principal, Intermediate and Sec.

3 Norma Jacobs, Primary.

BROWN'S ADDITION SCHOOL.

6 Lillie Warner, Principal and Secondary.

5 Kate Geelan, Primary.

PARKLAND.

7 Janet Timpany, Principal and Secondary.

6 Addie Larned, Primary.

WALBRIDGE.

6 Louise Hoffman, Primary.

JUNCTION.

6 Luella Odell, Ungraded.

HOWLAND.

5 May Snow, Ungraded.

TREMAINESVILLE.

5 Mary Riley, Primary and Secondary.

ALUMNI TOLEDO HIGH SCHOOL.

CLASS OF 1857.

Amos W. Crane, Olive L. Parmelee,

William H. H. Smith.

CLASS OF 1858.

Apphya C. Avery, William Corlett,

Charlotte A. Coy, Amos W. Crane,

Delia Curtiss, Geo. Duncan Forsyth,

Ella A. Hanks, Fannie M. Hanks,

Emerson E. Hasty, John L. Johnston,

Margaret A. Lillelund, Fannie E. Love,

William H. H. Smith.

CLASS OF 1859.

Apphya C. Avery, Sarah Collins,

Sophia Freeman, Joseph F. Fulton,

Emerson E. Hasty, Ada F. Orcutt,

Laura A. Parmelee.

CLASS OF 1860.

Marion S. Forsyth, Eliza M. Spencer,

George F. Spencer, Elizabeth G. Southard,

Charles J. Swift, John A. Waite.

CLASS OF 1861.

William W. Bolles, Cyrus W. Breed,

Myra S. Dorr, Henry A. Forsyth,

John J. Hunker, Helen M. Jones,

Rachel Tyler.

CLASS OF 1862.

Carrie Cheney, Lucy D. Collins,

Mary E. Eldridge, Mary E. Haskell,

Belle Harnwell Ralph Osborn

Emery D. Potter, Jr. Emily Springer

Charlotte A. Steele Julia E. Steele

W. Hunt Walbridge Sophia Watson

Andrew J. Wales

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - 621

CLASS OF 1863.

Belle Bodley, Belle Brownlee,

Alex. H. Ewing, Edward H. Fitch,

Julia Fitch, Spencer L. Fraser,

Kate A. Hamilton, Lottie H. Haskell,

Andrew H. Hunker, Helen A. Ketcham,

Maggie B. Laughlin, Ellen S. Phelps,

Mary S. Rogers, Jennie Shaw,

Evelyn A. Shepard, Eleanor Southard,

Mary J. Wilcox, Eliza AI. Whitney,

Sue C. Wood, Maria A. Woodruff,

Annie E. Yardley.

CLASS OF 1864.

Almira H. Ballard, Harriet G. Chase,

Ella Darling, Camillus S. Fahnestock,

Gertrude S. Fowle, Mary H. Hayes,

Francis M. Huffman, Elizabeth E. Sawyer,

Frank A. Scott, Mary B. Shoemaker,

Harriet E. Shurtz, Charles L. Spencer,

Louise E. Stephan, Burton H. Taylor,

Josephine A. Williams.

CLASS OF 1865.

Emma J. Ballard, George F. Colby,

Anna Fleet, Edwin Jackson, Jr.,

Ella S. Knight, Wesley C. Palmer,

Carrie E. Platt, Frank A. Scott,

Louise E. Stephan, Lucy S. Wright.

CLASS OF 1866.

Hattie S. Baldwin, Alice J. Burns,

Libbie G. Dawson, Avery S. Hill,

Robert M. Hubbard, Eliza M. Kent,

Laura M. Kraus, Nellie Mandeville,

James L. Montgomery, Carrie E. Platt,

Belle Roemer, Frank A. Scott,

Alice J. Steele.

CLASS OF 1867.

Hattie S. Baldwin, Irene Brown,

Kittie J. Chase, Jennie Clift,

Hattie Curtiss, Susie P. Flagg,

John F. Fulton, Eliza M. Kent,

James Laughlin, Rynehold Opitz,

Myron H. Parmelee, Hattie L. Peck,

Carrie D. Southard, Sibyl Williams.

CLASS OF 1868.

Mary Bond, Irene Brown,

Alice S. Chamberlin, Belle Flint,

Ella E. Luce, Addie C. Nessle,

Mary R. Pomeroy, Erwin P. Raymond,

Abbie R. Underwood, Charles O. Whitney,

Belle W. Young.

CLASS OF 1869.

Oshea S. Brigham, John Fitch, Jr.,

Martha Lillelund, Grace Osborne,

Julia Smith, Rebecca Williams.

CLASS OF 1870.

L. Helen Baldwin, George H H. Bodette,

Jennie A. Brownlee, Carrie Danzey,

Frank P. Foulkes, Ella G. Hall,

Sadie H. Hayes, Florence S. Hooper,

Arthur D. Howell, Edmund S. Lorenz,

Ella W. Mcintyre, Amelia Morton,

Paul B. Palmer, Byron F. Ritchie,

Andrew J. Snell, William K. Smith,

Ella M. Tourtillotte.

CLASS OF 1871.

Annie H. Baldwin, Mary E. Berdan,

Lucy W. Bevier, Carrie M. Card,

Abbie F. Crosby, Emma M. DeWolf,

Arthur Q. Draper, Eva Freeman,

Maggie S. Gilchrist, Ophelia Head, Frankie M. Hoag, Agnes Hoffman, Mary M. Jacquet, Emma M. Koch, Orpha E.

Parmelee, Ella Whitaker, Belle Wylie.

CLASS OF 1872.

Herbert Baker, Ida M. Berdan,

Samuel S. Blanchard, Sarah Case,

Alden Crane, Ella B. Dorr,

Harry D. Earl, Edna Gregory,

A. C. Harris, Florence McCormick,

Sallie Mitchell, Mary Morton,

Fannie Peck, Lizzie Peck,

Alice Snyder, Ella Taylor,

Thomas H. Walbridge, Tutie Williams,

Mary Young.

CLASS OF 1873.

Jennie Balfe, Emma Boice,

Ida Consaul, Charles Cook,

Lauren Dunlap, William Eggleston,

Mary Galvin, Martin Gitskey,

Lillie Hayes, Jennie Hoffman,

Clara Homberger, Ada M. Jones,

Mary Jones, Lizzie King,

Samuel Kohn, Robinson Locke,

Carrie Luce, Josie McGuire,

Aggie McKinnon, Lillie Miller,

Harry Miller, Lillie Mooney

Charles Moore, Dwight A. Pelton,

Frederick G. Reed, Ada M. Ritchie,

Fannie Segur, Jennie Smith,

Sarah Wheeler.

CLASS OF 1874.

Alice Atkins, Nellie Beach,

Mary Conway, George Detwiler,

Georgie Dorr, Rine Fish,

Kittie Fitch, Sarah Gardner,

William Geroe, Rachel Gitskey,

Sarah Hammond, Fannie Hoffman,

Ellen Jones, Arthur Keeler,

Christian, Klag, John Klag,

Lizzie Kneal, Mary E. Law,

Alonzo A. Lott, Lizzie Maher,

William V. McMaken, Randolph Miner,

Amanda Ridenour, Mary Rimell,

Carrie Roller, Jennie Schurtz,

Clara Slevin, Mary Smith,

Thomas J. Smith, Jennie Stern,

Hattie Sprague, Minnie Stock,

Carrie Walbridge, Philip Welker,

Charles B. Whitaker, John Vogel,

Mattie Wylie.

CLASS OF 1875.

Arthur Ernest Baker, Rufus H. Baker,

Caroline B. Bailey, Lizzie M. Baldwin,

Minnie J. Barker, Pamela Berdan,

Charles H. Breed, Emma V. Brown,

Jennie L. Bump, Julia M. Card,

Carrie A. Cheney, Frank H. Church,

Nellie Cook, Eva C. Darling,

Mary H. Draper, Charles C. Eggleston,

Ida M. Fallis, George W. Farley,

Rathbun Fuller, Katie Gilchrist,

Jennie Gridley, Charles. Kent,

Walter E. Ketcham, Hattie L. Luce,

Anna L. Murray, Jennie Norton,

Flora E. Olds, Edward C. Perry.

Millard E. Richards, Jessie F. Ridenour,

Arthur J. Secor, Frank H. Tanner,

Emma J. Tinker, Joshua F. Vogel,

Mary Ella Waggoner, William S. Young.

622 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

CLASS OF 1876.

Annie C. Acklin, M. Jennie Baldwin,

Louisa Bond, Oakalla Bigelow,

Luella L. Bostwick, Lizzie Brown,

Vories P. Brown, Carrie Claflin,

John P. Delphey, Fannie Enright,

Maria Farst, Alma Fassett,

Kittie DeF. Forbes, Ella A. Galvin,

George S. Harnit, Kittie W. Jermain,

Anna Ketcham, Ella C. King,

Frank E. Klauser, Kate Lenderson,

Minnie A. Lewis, Effie E. Manor,

Stella V. Montgomery, Ella L. Mooney,

Wm. H. Parsons, Anna Pratt,

George E. Rouse, Henry E. Rouse,

Alice Slevin, Jennie Stewart,

Alta Southard, Ella May Stewart,

Ella E. Trowbridge, Katie B. Warner,

Anna R. Weber, Henry W. Wilhelm,

Sylvia N. Woodin, Jennie Wylie.

CLASS OF 1877.

Cora Benson, Caroline Bond,

Emma E. Brown, Fannie L. Carrington,

Cora A. Clark, Frank E. Cole,

Harriet M. Corl, Charles N. Cox,

Jessie F. Davis, William Cranston,

Sarah D. Dearborn, Wm. Fitch Dewey,

George L. Freeman, Grace Gardner,

Josephine Gitskey, Minnie J. Hall,

Mary W. Howard, Ellen Starr Howell,

Isabella Rowena Hunt, Jessie A. Jennison,

Hattie C. Johnson, Harry M. Kelsey,

Wilmot A. Ketcham, Frank I. King,

Katherine F. Kreiger, D. E. Lampman,

Mabel Lampman, Lulu B. Lewis,

Mary Maher, Mary S. W. Maples,

Elizabeth E. Marx, Kate Alida Moore,

Lewis E. Newman, Carrie M. Norton,

Douglass Norton, George A. Reynolds,

Henry G. Pratt. Leonora E. Smith,

Henry H. Suydam, Marietta Trowbridge,

Henry C. Vordtriede, Charles W. West,

William F. West, Alice P. Woodworth,

Carrie H. Wright.

CLASS OF 1878.

Emma Anliker, Thomas B. Atkinson,

Fannie L. Baker, Wm. M. Bellman,

Alice A. Berdan, Maria A. Bond,

Harriet A. Brown, Cora L. Burbank,

Alice B. Burnap, Alice B. Campbell,

Ida A. Card, Alida A. Chapin,

Josephine Cooke, Charles H. Cooke,

Jeanette E. Cooper, Mabel Cronise,

Ida J. Curtis, Eden V. Delphey,

Margaret S. Fitzgerald, Herman Friedburg,

Mary C. Frankeberger, Selig Gitskey,

Ada Haves, Eugene Head,

Minnie H. Hone, Ezra E. Kirk,

Herman R. Klauser, Sarah T. Mabley,

Flora A. McLain, Ada R. Phillips,

Lewis A. Rhodes, Alice C. Rolland,

Ellen M. Rolland, Julia A. Smith,

Frank E. Southard, Lewis E. Storne,

Halbert B. Warren, Lyra V. Williams,

Milbourn S. Wright, Mary E. Wylie,

Alice G. Young.

CLASS OF 1879.

Anna C. Beach, Addie R. Barr, Allie E. Brown, May A. Brown, Mary Etta M. Brown, Ella J. Brown, Minnie B. Brown, Julia S. Berdan, Charlotte F. Brigham, Sarah L. Balfe, James E. Chapin, Julia E. Crane, Jeanette Claflin, Mattie E. Cheney, Ida R. Cheney, Jessie L. Case, Mary W. Dunlap, Henry H. Dawson, Ola M. Fleming, Laura A. Ford, Joseph A. Granger, Archie Gassaway, Parks Hone, Gisella Hoffman, Edward B. Hitchcock, Eloise P. Hunt, Idalette Hunter, Emma E. Koehler, Anna Kaechele, Eleanor L. Kline, Virginia Lungren, Isabel C. Love, Ella McAran, Anna J. Nitschke, Olive C. Pratt, Charles A. Prue, Harriet E. Perry, Roxana Robinson, Mary L. Smith, Fannie J. Sellery, Josie D. Scribner, Carrie M. Sawyer, Kate M. Schnetzler, Lucy Janet Vogel. Ophelia 0. Wilcox, Alida W. Wales.

CLASS OF 1880.

George Atkinson, Mary Baker, May Benson, Albert Barker, Anna Conliss, William Cole, Ida Davis, Clara Elkington, Louisa Fey, Belle Granger, Wm. Haviland, Irving B. Hiett, Elsie Krueger, Perry Keen, Edith Kent, Mary Long, Sadie Luce, Louisa McMillan, Minnie Moellenberg, Grace Nort, Luella Odell, Mary Phillips, George Perry, Edward Parsons, Minnie Redding, Fred. Rundell, George Ridenour, Eva M. Scott, Clara Spielbusch, Luella Swain, James B. Sherwood, Julia Tanner, Mary West, Eva M. Wilson, Alim Wheelock, Perry Waite, Hattie Weck, Carrie Woods, Nettie Whitton.

CLASS OF 1881.

Julia Babcock, Nellie Balfe, Ada Bigelow, Stella Black, Minnie Blass, Gertrude Boake, Addie Bond, Lou Bachelder, Kate Brainard, William Barkdull, Lilian Clark, Alice Cuddeback, William Case, Charles A. Cottrell, Ella ballet, Mary Denison, Minnie Dodge, Lily Donnelly, Hattie Frankeberger, Maggie Cassaway, Luella Gilbert, Mary Gross, Alice Gunn, Kate Hubbard, Maggie Holly Fred. Haviland, William Keen, Gertie Lampman, Anna Morse, Anna McCabe, Anna Odell, Alice Otis, Lottie Raymond, George Rogers, Prentice Rood, Annie Scott, Nora Sherwood, Gertie Wachenheimer, William Warner, Elisha Southard. John B. Uhl, Ella Young.

CLASS OF 1882.

Jennie Black, Fannie Boake, Mary Brayne, Zula Bright, Lizzie Burnap, Sadie Featherstone, Louise Ford, Anna Koehler, Nellie Lenderson, Ella Marx, Mary Rood. Jennie Russell, Lizzie Schiller, Libba Taylor, Jessie Wood, Emma Myers, Jennie Hayes, Susie Canneff, Charles Bellman, Elmer Engelhardt, Herbert Fitch, Charles Koch, Eugene Larimore, Albert Masters, George Squires, Jay Tillinghast, Will Vogel, George Jackson.

PUBLIC, SCHOOLS. - 623

CLASS OF 1853.

Addie M. Anderson, Florence L. Beamer, Chloe Bedortha, Belle Bangs, Anna S. Brailey, Alice A. Cooke, Mary R. Calkins, Alice P. Dennison, May C. Fraser, Mary Featherstone, Jessie Featherstone, Rebecca Gitskey, Nettie G. Gillette, Lizzie Gerkins, Lizzie Heiming, Minnie F. Holbrook, Fannie Harnit, Susie Haviland, Giva Keeler, Mary Loftus, Stephanie Marx, Josie McLyman, Florence Marsh, Annie Normanton, Anna Parker, Mary L. Pratt, Grace Stainthorpe, Nettie Williams, Daisy Whitney, Maria Waite, M. H. Burgert, Robert Evans, Milo Melchers, Chas. Roulet, Judd Richardson, Lyman Wachenheimer, Albert S. Waite.

CLASS Of 1884.

Cora Baird, Sarah Beatty, Nellie Bickel, Lottie Black, Florence Bodwell, Bridget Cassidy, Louise Corlett, Jennie Cook, Rachel Dallet, Mabel Daniels, Della Dallet, Laura Hitchcock, Dollie Fisher, Mabel Hamm, Clara Hay, Libbie Keith, Grace Jones, Belle Lawton, Susie Love, .Josie Miner, Daisy Lorenz, Jennie Vallette, Minnie Pheatt, Minnie Valentine, Jessie Purney, Annie Wuerfel, Jessie West, Frank Cooke, Fred. Brown, Fred. Kirkby, Charles Haviland, Irwin Millard, Ed. Kirk, George Trost.

CLASS OF 1885.

Alta Bortree, Kate Bair, Carrie Blank, Emily Bellman, Anna Berdan, Lillie Bramwell, May Coon, Eva Caldwell, Etha Daiber, Tillie Ecker, Mary Eldridge, Nellie Flanagan, Grace Gifford, Grace Hallaran, Carrie Hahn, Grace Harding, Jennie Jones, Susie Knight, Frances Lloyd, Annie Lownsbury. Grace McMahon, Bertha Melvin, Emly Normanton, Anna Radbone, Irene Remelsbecker, Dora Rosenthal, Kate Swigart, Lily Thrift, Frank Baldwin, Frank Chapman, Henry Eberth, Elliott Hunt, Louis Metzger, C. McKecknie, Otto Marx, Zebbie Pheatt, John Raymond, Will Slevin. Joseph Uhl. George Waite, Laura Whitney.

CLASS OF 1880.

Gussie Acklin, Fannie Merrell, Sadie Adelsperger, Nettie Marker, Florence Case, Mary McGuire, Jessie Cully, Laura Raitz, Nettie Cunningham, Stella Richardson, Grace Cary, Kate Sullivan, Laura Cober, Little Schaal, Mittie Campbell, Grace Skeldon, Mildred Conlisk, Alice Wagner, Maude Davis, Myrtie Whitney, Hattie Dustin, Byron Case, Mabel Fassett, Carl Knights, Kittie Fish, Myron Martin, Grace Gordon, Tracy Macgregor, Susie Hormel, Charles Oswald, Belle Irvine, Charles Pheatt, Mamie Janes, Will Smith, Hatttie Morlock, Elliott Talmadge, Minnie Marker, Harry Wachter, Carrie Morgan, Oliver Hiett, Clara Millard.

CLASS OF 1887.

Nellie Bash, Winnie Bickel, Lettie Brower, Amelia Bruksieker, Nettie Deither, Aggie Dillon, Clara Dennison, Tina Ecker, Minnie Hales, Jennie Huber, Mamie Huston, Emma Lang, Emily Packer, Jessie Platt, Kate Sheahan, Marion Smith, Anna Taylor, Alice Waite, Jeannette Atkinson, Hattie Valentine, Ford Belford, Herbert Bissell, Frank Bridgman, Joseph Dallett, Charles Fisher, Richard D. Hollington, Frank Hull, John Hamlyn, Howard Kitchen, Lynde Kirtland, Guido Marx, Ernest Meissner, Frank Moore, Burdge Richardson, Carl Rogers, Carl Wuerfel, Edward Ferris, Frank Tracy.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION.

In May, 1866, at a meeting of graduates the High School Alumni Association was organized, with the following officers : President, W. A. C. Converse; Vice President, Wm. H. H. Smith ; Secretary, Emery D. Potter, Jr.; Treasurer, Wm. Corlett ; Executive Committee, Mary D. Chase, Caroline Eaton and Mary E. Eldridge.

The Association's first public meeting was held June 26, 1867, when an address was made by Wm. Baker, Esq., an original poem was read by John L. Johnston, and a chronicle by Emerson E,. Hasty. W. A. C. Converse was then re-elected President ; Libbie Sawyer, Vice President; Geo. F. Colby, Secretary; and Henry G. Neubert, Treasurer ; and Eliza Spencer, W. H. H. Smith and Laura A. Parmelee as Executive Committee. In December, 1867, E. D. Potter, Jr., was elected President, Mary D. Chase Secretary, and Ralph H. Waggoner to Executive Committee. Subsequently, the following named persons were elected to the positions named President, W. H. H. Smith ; E. E. Hasty, Wm. Corlett, B. F. Ritchie, Libbie Sawyer, Mary Pomeroy, Mrs. S. Waldron, Vice Presidents; Helen Beach, Secretary; Eliza Spencer, B. F. Ritchie, Myron H. Parmelee, Executive Committee; H. G. Neubert. Treasurer.

Following is a list of members of the High School who served their country in the War of' the Rebellion, those marked with a star (*) having been graduated from that School, to wit:

W. H. H. Smith*, Class of 1857, Co. H, 1st O. V. A.

Geo. Duncan Forsyth*, 1858 (shot at Libby Prison, April 14, 1864).

John L. Johnston*, 1858, 84th' O. V. I. (died at Louisville, Ky., hospital).

624 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

Wm. Corlett*, Co. H, 1st O. V. A.

Joseph F. Fulton*, 1859 (killed by Mexican banditti in Texas).

Geo. F. Spencer*, 1860, Co. H, O. V. A.

Charles J. Swift*, 1860, 84th O. V. I.

John A. Waite*, 1860.

Cyrus W. Breed, 1861, U. S. Navy.

John J. Hunker*, 1861, U. S. Navy.

Andrew J. Wales*, 1862, 14th O. V. I.

Emery D. Potter* Jr., 1862, 84th O. V. I.

W. Hunt Walbridge*, 1862.

Spencer L. Fraser*, 1863, 84th O. V. I.

H. Burton Taylor*, 1864, 84th O. V. I.

George McCracken, killed at Cleveland. Tenn.

Wilbur F. Arnold, 18th U. S. I., died at Fort Ringgold, in Texas, 1867.
Robert Bliven.

Ed. F. Browne, Navy.

Robert L. Chamberlin, Geo. Farley, 14th O. V. I.

Charles Hamblin, 14th U. S.

Ralph H. Waggoner, Geo. Hazlett, 130th O. V. I.

James Brownlee*, 14th O. V. I.

George M. Ballard, 67th O. V. I. (killed at Bermuda, 1864).

Mason Cressy, 14th O. V. I. (killed at Chickamauga).

E. Williams, Wm. P. Gardner, 9th O. V. C.

Orlin S. Hayes, 111th O. V. I.

Henry Raymond, 84th O. V. I.

Romayne R. Rogers, 14th O. V. I.

Theo. Sawyer, 27th O. V. I. (killed at Dallas, Ga.)

W. Hunt Walbridge, 84th O. V. I. (died in Chicago.)

Wm. Murphy, 1st O. V. A.

James Harris, Frank Y. Commager, John Dennis,

Nicholas B. Eddy, 1st O. V. A.

Amos Minor, 25th O. V. I. (killed at Bull Run.)

Wm. E. Parmelee, Jr., 1st O. V. A.

C. H. Raines and Hamilton C. Colton, 84th O. V. 1. (latter died at Cumberland. Md.)

Clarence Morris, 1st O. V. A.

D: Mooney, Ralph Osborn, 84th O. V. I.

Chas. N. Stevens, 84th and 128th O. V. I.

Theo. Ballard, 67th O. V. I.

Cecil A. Hall, 1st O. V. A.

Fred. B. Shoemaker, 130th O. V. I.

A. H. Wood, 14th O. V. I.

Evander Hamilton, 130th O. V. I.

Henry G. Neubert, 14th O. V. I.

Frank McCord, 1st O. V, A.

R. D. Barker, John G. Avery, 14th O. V. I.

J. Wolcott, 67th O. V. I.

Jacob Pfanner, 84th O. V. I.

Chas. Chesebro, 25th New Jersey.

Theo. J. Curtis, 67th O. V. I. (died in 1874.)

M. H. Parmelee, 130th O. V. I.

Walter B. Kirk, 14th O. V. I. (killed at Jonesboro, Ga., 1864.)

CHURCH AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS.

Following is a list of Church and Private Schools in Toledo in 1887:

Name of School. Name of Principal.

Froebel Kindergarten Miss M. E. Law.

Good Shepherd Rev. T. P. McCarthy.

Immaculate Conception P. S. Garraghan.

Lutheran Trinity

Manual Training School Ralph H. Miller.

Ohio Business University Edmund J. H. Duncan.

Sacred Heart (German)

Salem, Lutheran Rev. G. F. Rausch.

St. Anthony's (Polish) Rev. Orzechowski.

St. Francis de Sales John Byrne.

St. Hedwig's (Polish) Franciscan Sisters.

St. John's (Lutheran) C. Prottengeier.

St. John's (German Lutheran) Rev. C. Beckel.

St. Joseph's (Catholic) Rev. Louis Braire.

St. Louis (Catholic) Louisa St. Denis.

St. Lucas (German)

St. Mark's (German) Rev. Carl Huebner.

St. Mary's (German Catholic)

St. Patrick's Academy Rev. E. Hannin.

St. Paul's Lutheran

St. Peter's (German Catholic) Rev. P. Donnenhoffer.

St. Peter's (German Lutheran) Wm. Distel.

Select School Miss L. S. Battelle.

The "Best" Short Hand School J. W. Melchior.

Toledo Business College M. H. Davis.

The Misses Smead's School for Girls

Misses Marian, Mary E. and Caroline L. Smead.

Toledo Industrial School Mrs. N. M. Landis.

Trinity School

Ursuline Convent

In the Autumn of 1884, The Misses Smead's School for Girls was opened in Toledo, under the management of Misses Marian, Mary E. and Caroline L. Smead, previously with the Bryan School, Batavia, New York. The branches taught were English, Mathematics, Latin, French, German, Science, Music, Drawing and Painting. For three years, the School occupied buildings in the First Ward of the City. In 1887, what is known as the "Fitch Place," the former residence of Judge John Fitch, on Woodruff, near Ashland Avenue, was taken for its use.

In September, 1884, Mr. J. W. Melchior opened in Toledo a School for teaching shorthand writing, which is known as " The ' Best' Short-hand School." The system mainly pursued is Pitman & Graham's Standard Phonography, while Cross's Eclectic System is taught, if desired. The chief object sought, is the preparation of pupils for service in the various departments of business and the professions. In this, the School has met with success, large numbers of its graduates, of both sexes, now being in positions of usefulness and profit.

TOLEDO BOARD OF EDUCATION.

The election for members of the Board occurs in April, annually, a, portion being chosen each year. The following is a list of members of the Board of Education for the years named, to wit:

1849. Ira L. Clark, President ; Deems Wadsworth, Secretary; Simeon Fitch, Jr., Treasurer; John P. Freeman, S. B. Scott, Morgan L. Collins.

1850. S. B. Scott, President ; D. Wadsworth, Secretary; S. Fitch, Jr., Treasurer; J. P. Freeman, M. L. Collins, David Smith. (Mayor Brigham and Dr. Jacob Clark, vice Messrs. Freeman and Wadsworth.)

1851. S. B. Scott, President; Alex. Henderson, Secretary ; S. Fitch, Jr., Treasurer; M. L. Collins, Jacob Clark, C. W. Hill.

1852. S. B. Scott, President; Ezra Bliss, Secretary ; M. L. Collins. Treasurer; Alex. Henderson, C. W. Hill, John Fitch.

1853. Ezra Bliss, President; S. Fitch, Jr., Secretary ; S. B. Scott, Treasurer ; Alex. Henderson, C. W. Hill, John Fitch.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - 625

1887. Members-Thomas Temple, Joab Squire, H. D. Pierce, Chas. Zirwas, Franklin Hubbard, Barton Smith, Rynehold Opitz, Bernard H. Broer. President, Chas. Zirwas. Treasurer, R. Opitz. Superintendent, Harvey W. Compton. Clerk, H. W. Compton. Assistant Clerk, Lizzie King. Superintendent of Buildings, Henry Conrad.

The Presidents of the Board of Education have been as follows :

Ira L. Clark 1849

Samuel B. Scott 1850-52

Ezra Bliss 1853-54

Charles W. Hill 1855-77

David H. Commager 1878-80

Wesley S. Thurstin 1881

Symmes H. Bergen 1882

D. H. Commager 1883

Charles Zirwas 1884 and 1887

Franklin Hubbard .1885

John C. Rike 1886

SCHOOL BOOKS.

The following catalogue of text books used in 1859, will indicate something of the course of instruction then pursued:

PRIMARY DEPARTMENT- Arithmetic, Stoddard's Juvenile; Dictionary, Webster's; Geography, Monteith's No. 1; Orthography, Wright's; Primer, McGuffey's ; Physiology, Miss Beecher's Calisthenic Exercises; Readers, McGuffey's 1, 2, 3; Spellers, McGuffey's; Moral Lessons, Cowdery's.

SECONDARY DEPARTMENT--Arithmetic, Stoddard's Juvenile and Intellectual, and Davies' New Common School ; Dictionary, Webster's; Geography Monteith's No. 3, and Fitch's Mapping Plates ; Grammar (German), Ahn's ; Orthography, Wright's ; Physiology, Miss Beecher's Calisthenic Exercises ; Readers, McGuffey's 3, 4; Speller, McGuffey's.

GRAMMAR DEPARTMENT-Arithmetic, Stoddard's Intellectual and Davies' New Common School; Dictionary, Webster's ; Geography, McNally's, and Fitch's Mapping Plates; Grammar (English) Clark's, (German) Ahn's; Orthography, Wright's; Physiology, Miss Beecher's Calisthenic Exercises; Readers, McGuffey's 4, 5 ; Speller, McGuffey's.

HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT--Arithmetic, Davies' University; Algebra, Davies' Elementary and Robinson's University Edition; Astronomy, Comstock's; Analysis (English), Ricard & Orcut's Sel. Prose and Poetry ; Anabasis (Xenophon's), Crosby's Edition ; Arnold's 1st and 2d Latin Book, and Latin and Greek Prose Composition; Botany, Wood's; Bookkeeping, Mayhew ; Chemistry, Youmans' ; Cicero's Select Orations, Folsom's Edition ; Dictionary, Webster's ; Geometry, Davies' Legendre ; Geology, St. John's ; Geography, Fitch's Physical-, Grammar, Andrews & Stoddard's Latin, Crosby's Greek, Ahn's and Woodbury's German; Greek Lessons, Crosby's ; History-United States, C. A. Goodrich's, Universal, Worcester's; English, Goldsmith's; Natural, Paley's; Philosophy of Natural, Smellie's ; Greek Lexicon, Liddell & Scott's; Latin Lexicon, Andrews' and Leverett's; Logic, Whately's; Philosophy, Parker's Natural, Wayland's Moral, Upham's Mental ; Physiology, Cutter's and Miss Beecher's ; Readers, McGuffey's 5th and 6th, and Andrews & Stoddard's Latin ; Rhetoric, Boyd's ; Sallust, Andrews' ; Surveying, Davies'; Virgil, Cooper's.

In his report for 1858, President Hill called attention to the fact, that the High School furnished equal privileges to the two sexes; and in contrast therewith, cited the case of New York City, which had a boasted Free Academy for Boys, but no High School for Girls. He also referred to the High School of' Philadelphia, organized in 1838, with no provision of that sort for Girls. Boston's High School, established in 1821, was solely for the male sex until 1855 ; while Chicago had no such provision for Girls until 18.56. On the contrary, at the very outset of Toledo's School system, equality in sex was recognized and provided for-a fact worthy of special record.

"The Coronation of the Rose, as Queen of Flowers," was presented in High School Hall, Toledo, under the direction of Professor C. S. Crossman, Teacher of Music, May 9, 1862. The programme was about as follows

The chorus, " We are the Flowers," was sung by 40 young ladies, each dressed with reference to the flower she represented. Mrs. C. O. Brigham (now deceased) and Miss Sophie Hill furnished piano music. The Recluse was personated by Prof. Crossman. The solos were as follows: Rose-Maggie Laughlin ; Lily-Carrie R. Waggoner ; Crocus-Cora Scott ; DahliaMaria Woodruff; Heliotrope-Sarah Yardley; Mignonette-Nellie Keith ; Japonica-Mary Williams ; Sunflower--Sophie Commager; Violet-Julia Scott; Tulip-Josephine Williams; Hollyhock-Mary Bluff; Dandelion-Sarah Koch; Touch-me-not Emma Parmelee.

The Nightingale was represented by a flute. Upwards of 30 " Heather Bells " were on the persons of as many little misses dressed in white, who " came from the hill side " to aid in the coronation.

Miss Martha Eastman, one of the most successful instructors of the Public Schools, having resigned such position, left Toledo for California, in May, 1862. Subsequently she was married in that State, where she died.

Of 2,000 enrolled pupils of the Toledo Public Schools for year ended September 1, 1857, but six died ; as did the same number during the preceding year.

The first female School Examiner for Lucas County, was Miss Henrietta P. Ainger (now Mrs. W. T. Ridenour), who was appointed as such in May, 1870.

SCHOOL STATISTICS.

The first School Reports for Lucas County were those of 1836, when returns were made, for the several Townships. These included Districts Nos. 2 and 3, Port Lawrence, the first then having 54 and the latter 65 scholars. District No. 1 made no report.

At the same time other Districts in the County reported as follows:

NOT SHOWN

627 Statistics not shown

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - 627

The number of pupils of different ages entering Junior Primary grade as beginners, is as follows: 1,207 were 6 years old ; 115, 7 ; 51, 8 ; 12, 9 ; 3, 10; 1 was 11, and 1 was 12.

The youngest pupils in the High School were 13 years old (a boy and a girl); the youngest in Junior Grammar (one boy and four girls), 11 years old; the youngest in the Junior Intermediate (a girl), nine years old. The oldest in Junior Secondary (a girl), 18; the oldest in Ungraded School (a girl), 16 years.

STATE STATISTICS.

A.. D. Lord, S. S. Rickley and H. H. Barney, Committee of the Ohio Teachers' Association, in April, 1849, made a report to Samuel Galloway, Secretary of State and Superintendent of Public Schools, in which were set forth the views of that organization on the condition and needs of the State in respect to education.

After brief statement of existing conditions and consequent needs, the Committee go on to state the nature and advantages of the Union School system; its adaptedness to the wants of different communities; expense of its adoption, etc. In that connection, some figures were given of current expenses of Schools, which will be of interest under the changed conditions.

The salaries then paid to Female Teachers, in "well-regulated Public Schools," varied from $2 to $7 per week. In Cleveland, the rates were $2 to $5 per week ; in Columbus, Primary Teachers received $160 per year, and Secondary $200; in Cincinnati, 8192 to $336; and in Massillon, $200 to $400. In Senior or Grammar Schools, in Columbus and Cleveland, $400; in Cincinnati, $600.

The salary of Principal of High School in Cleveland, and Superintendent in Akron, $500; of Principal of Union School, Perrysburg, and of the Boys' School, Zanesville, $600; Superintendent Public Schools, Sandusky, $700; of Principal Massillon Union School and Superintendent at Columbus, $800; and of Principal of Central School, Cincinnati, $1,500-the highest in the list.

The average price of' annual tuition in the Cleveland Schools, in 1848, was $3.96; in Cincinati, $7.00; in Massillon, $6.00; in Public Schools of Philadelphia, for tuition, books and stationery, $6.49. In 20 Eastern Cities, the lowest average was $5.66, and the highest average $14.60, the cost in Private Schools being two to three times that in Public Schools. It had been found in Providence, R. I., that all the children of that City could be educated for $10,000 less, in tuition, than had been paid for the education of' a portion of them in Private Schools, and in Salem, Mass., for $13,000 less. It was facts such as these, then so strongly urged upon the people and the State Legislature by the Teachers' Association, that mainly operated to the introduction of the Union School system in Ohio soon after the publication of the above mentioned showing.

628 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

COLOR IN THE TOLEDO SCHOOLS.

As already stated, distinction of race, from the first, was made in the privileges of public instruction in Ohio, as in most, if not all, other States of the Union. And such distinction was chiefly marked by the severity and injustice of its bearing upon the race having the proscribed color. This was the policy of the State, fixed in its laws and made obligatory upon all communities in which instruction should be given under authority of law. No "local option" or other form of escape from such unjust requirement was allowed in any School thus established. Hence, in accepting and acting upon such policy of wrong, Toledo did only what circumstances made inexorable. There is no reason, however, to suppose that the people of this City, in that respect, were either more or less liberal in their sentiment and wishes, than were the average of communities in the North. That average was sufficiently severe to sustain the policy then prevalent, and which continued to prevail until reversed by the radical change in Northern sentiment brought about by the rebellion and its wonderful results. Very gradually the popular sentiment in this City, as throughout the North after the close of the War, began to relax, and a more considerate feeling became manifest. But it was slow.

At one time in the early history of the Toledo School system, the two races were associated in the Schools. This, however, was but a condition of sufferance. All the time, the laws of the State maintained the right of any parent or guardian of a white scholar, by protest, to drive every colored child from the Schools and into the Streets ; and it was not long ere such power was exercised, and the proscribed left without School privileges of any sort. In time, however, the Board of Education established a School for the blacks. It was opened in the old frame building on Eric Street, which in 1835, while used as a School-house, was made more memorable as the first Court-horse of the County. It was illy lighted and poorly supplied with facilities, and in strong contrast with the superb provision made for the whites. The location was not central, and many colored children were by distance denied access to the School, even had the accommodations been sufficient for them. Into this one building, were gathered such pupils as were able to gain admission-ranging from the minimum of lawful age to adults. In 18G7, with 200 to 300 colored children of School age in the City, of whom not one in five was in this School, the matter of better provision for that class began to be discussed. It was urged upon the Board, by both colored parents and many white citizens, that either colored pupils should be admitted to the other Schools, or equality in privilege be accorded them through the establishment of new Schools. The question, from time to time, was discussed, pro and con., with increasing advantage to the cause of justice, until the Spring of 1871, when the public sentiment had assumed sufficient strength for the right to make itself felt in the choice of mem-

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - 629

bers of the Board of Education, and a majority favorable to equality in School privileges, was obtained at the annual election in May, 1871. As the result of such expression of popular sentiment, the Board voted to remove the bars to equality in privileges, and at the opening of the next School year, in September, all children of Toledo, for the first time, were placed upon a par as to rights to education. From the first, the new policy was a success. The long debarred race at once vindicated their capacity for instruction; while the almost entire harmony of the two races in association, proved the fallacy of predictions that such attempt at co-education would in itself be a failure, while it would be the cause of disaster to the School system. So far from this latter view being correct, it was shown that the two classes of children went along with their studies, almost entirely oblivious of race or caste. It was soon found, that, as from the first predicted by the advocates of the policy of equality, that such association neither made the white child blacker nor the black child whiter ; but both better, by the recognition of the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man, on which their common School relations were based. Another result of the new order of things has been seen in the utter disproof of the theory so actively urged against the policy of justice, that such co-education would lead to greater mixture of races in the family relation. If there has since been any change in that respect, it certainly has not been in the direction predicted. It is found in this case, as in all others, that the recognition of equality in the rights and privileges of citizenship, in no way tends to the practice of miscegenation, so confidently predicted by the opponents of such policy. On the contrary, the result has fully shown, that while thereby the subjects of former oppression are raised in the scale of manhood, their late oppressors are brought to a more just sense of the true character of citizenship.

It is deemed proper in this connection, that the action of the Board of Education, by which the bars to race exclusion in the management of the Toledo Public Schools were finally removed, should be recorded here. It was taken June 26, 1871, when were present C. W. Hill (President), Alonzo Rogers, Calvin Cone, Valentine Braun, Edward Malone, E. V. McMaken and D. Y. Howell. Messrs. Rogers and Cone, a majority of a Select Committee on the subject of education of colored children, made report (Mr. Howell, as a minority, dissenting) as follows

We find, upon examination, that the law of the State relating to colored children, recites as follows: " Directors or other officers of Schools having authority in the premises in each City or incorporated Village, shall be, and the same are hereby authorized and required to establish within their respective jurisdictions, one or more separate Schools for colored children, when the whole number by enumeration exceeds 20, and when such Schools will afford them, as far as practicable, the advantages and privileges of a Common School education." We also find, that the Intermediate School is the highest grade established in either of the two separate Schools for colored children now under control of this Board; and we are firmly of the opinion, that the present Schools for colored children, do not afford such children, as far as practicable, the advantages and privileges of a Common School education, as the law clearly contemplates they are entitled to ; nor do we think it practicable to establish separate Schools for all the grades of this class of children ; therefore,

Resolved, That hereafter the colored children of the City shall be entitled to attend any of the Public Schools (for which they may be qualified), in the Wards in which they may reside.

Resolved, That the words, "and Colored Schools," in Article 3, Section 1, of the By-Laws, shall be repealed; also the whole of Section 1 in Article 11.

After the presentation and rejection of an amendment looking to further investigation into the needs of colored children for further School facilities, to a modification of the law on the subject, and to a careful regard for the existing public sentiment on the same, the above report was adopted, on the following vote: Yeas-Messrs. Braun, Cone, McMaken and Rogers. Nays-Messrs. Hill, Howell and Malone. The eighth member of the Board (Matthew Shoemaker), then absent, was understood to be favorable to the action taken.

In publishing such action by the Board of Education, the Toledo Commercial said:

From this time forward, so far as Toledo is concerned, the road to knowledge is not to be, as heretofore, hedged about with obstructions and dividing lines, based upon prejudice and pride of race; but will be open to the free and unembarrassed competition of all who see fit to enter. The little one will not hereafter be met at the door of a professedly " Free School," and its right to admission subjected to the result of a scientific test, to decide whether or not the Almighty has placed its immortal soul within a skin of " regulation " color. The great and crushing weight of proscribed caste, will no longer rest upon helpless searchers for knowledge, guilty of no offense against their fellows, save the fact, that they are as God made them; and the other fact, that He did not make all other children like them.

EVENING SCHOOLS.

In December, 1870, a series of Evening Schools was commenced in Toledo, under the superintendence of D. F. DeWolf, Superintendent of Public Schools. Sessions for free instruction of both sexes in separate rooms were held on three nights of each week, until March 17, 1871, making 37 sessions. The whole attendance was 384-301 males and 74 females; average, 194. Ages of pupils ranged from 13 to 30 years-average 18 years.

Teachers in Male School-A. T. Stebbins, E. W. Lenderson and Guido Marx, Principals; H. S. Holloway, Librarian ; F. E. Seagrave, Alice Wagner, Clara Marx, Betty Marx, Katy Welker, Libbie C. Williams, August Wollert, Emma Powell, Julia Carkener, John Klagg, Avery S. Hill, Ella Beatty, Mary Beatty, Addison White, Belle Young, Alex.

630 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

Young, R. A. Owens, Sarah Smith, Thomas Cone, Mary Cone, Josephine Cook, W. S. Jackson, Ella Hall, Anna E. Nicholas, Antoinette Nicholas, W. H. Eager, Rebecca Williams, Mart. Campbell, - Boland, Jennie Brownlee, Amelia Horton, John Lyman, J. J. Hakios, Susan P. Flagg, Miss Pomeroy, Miss Winthrop, Miss Commager, Mrs. Plympton Buck, Mr. Richards, Mr. Witstein, D. Y. Howell, A. D. Howell, John Barton, Arthur M. Stem, A. A. McDonald, Mr. Faulkner, U. A. Gorrill, Abbie Eastman, Ezra Harnett, Mrs. David Ketcham, Maggie Gilchrist.

In Female Schools-R. M. Streeter, Miss H. J. Ainger, Mrs. S. R. L. Williams, Miss E. W. Fitch, Geo. B. Brown, A. R. Seagrave, Miss L. P. Robbins, Principals; Miss Josephine Bruce, Miss Law, Mrs. R. M. Streeter, Miss Buck, Mary Jaquet, Lucy Bevier, Helen Baldwin, Sarah Smith, Eva St. John, Mrs. A. E. Howe, Laura Kraus, Addie Wheelock, Mrs. E. M. Field, Charlotte S. Forsyth, Clara Harberger, Cannie Mott, Mrs. J. T. Newton.

Superintendent DeWolf bore strong testimony to the fidelity, devotion and efficiency of the several Teachers named, and to the eminent success of the Schools in imparting instruction to the needy pupils. The Board of Education appropriated $500 for the support of these Schools. Including contributions of citizens, there was on hand at the close of the term property valued at $509.64.

Evening Schools have been more or less maintained since the date above named.

TOLEDO UNIVERSITY.

October 21, 1872, Jessup W. Scott and Susan Scott, his wife, conveyed to the " Toledo University of Arts and Trades," an incorporation created for that purpose, 100 acres of land in Adams Township, adjacent to the City line, and "estimated in value at $80,000, in trust for the promotion of education in the Arts and Trades and related Sciences, in addition to what is furnished by the Public Schools of the City." The design, as set forth in the deed of trust, was as follows:

To establish an institution for the promotion of knowledge in the Arts and Trades and the related Sciences, by means of lectures and oral instruction ; of models and representative works of arts ; of cabinets of minerals; of museums, instructive of the mechanic arts ; and of whatsoever else may serve to furnish Artists and Artisans with the best facilities for a high culture in their respective occupations, in addition to what are furnished by the Public School of the City. Also, to furnish instruction in the use of phonographic characters, and to aid their introduction into more general use, by writing and printing. And also, to encourage health-giving, invigorating recreations.

The Trustees of the proposed institution, as named by the deed, were Jessup W. Scott William H. Scott, Frank J. Scott, Maurice A Scott, Richard Mott, Sarah R. L. Williams William H. Raymond, Albert E. Macomber Charles W. Hill, and, also, ex-officio, the Mayor and the Superintendent of Public Schools in Toledo, and the Governor of the State of Ohio, Richard Mott was subsequently elected President of the Board of Trustees.

By a subsequent amendatory deed to said Toledo University of Arts and Trades, Jessup W. Scott and wife released the Trustees from some of the conditions imposed in the first

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deed, so that the trust fund might be used to advance education in the Arts and Trades in connection with any Municipal or State fund or system of Public Education. This change was made at the earnest solicitation of his son, Frank J. Scott, who had long been impressed with the importance of grounding all educational work on the broad basis of the free Public School system.

In 1868, Mr. F. J. Scott published in the Radical Review, of Boston, an original and suggestive essay entitled " The Future Palaces of America," in which the possibilities of the free public educational system of the United States, it carried to its legitimate extent, were eloquently presented. The necessity of securing practical education in the Arts and Trades upon the same basis already adopted by the States for primary and classical education, was thus fortunately recognized by Mr. J. W. Scott in time to execute the amendatory deed just before his death.

April 1, 1873, with funds given by William H. Raymond the Trustees of the said University of Arts and Trades purchased the property known as Raymond Hall, corner of Adams and Tenth Streets, for the purpose of beginning the work of such institution. The property was purchased at public sale, and the situation was deemed a desirable one. The gift from Mr. Raymond_, amounted to $15,000.

After the death of Jessup W. Scott, which occurred January 22, 1874, his widow, Susan W. Scott, and their three sons, carried out his known wish to have the University further endowed by the joint conveyance to the Trustees of the University of real property in the City of Toledo, estimated in value at $50,000.

In the Summer of 1873, Mr. Frank J. Scott procured in Europe for the School of Design a very valuable collection of studies in Architecture and Mechanical Arts, consisting of books, photographs, engravings and lithographic prints in great variety.

January 14, 1875, the Trustees of the University of Arts and Trades arranged to open the School of Design in Raymond Hall two hours during five evenings of each week, also on each Saturday, and Mr. Wm. Young was employed as instructor. May 1, 1875, Mr. Young was called away from Toledo, and Mr. C. J. Shipley was employed in his place. Subsequently Mr. E. O. Fallis took charge of the school. This School of Design continued for several seasons and imparted valuable instruction to large classes of pupils, but there being no funds to maintain it, it had to be discontinued.

January 18, 1884, the Trustees of the Toledo University of Arts and Trades resolved to make a tender of the entire University property to the City of Toledo, on condition that the City would assume the trust under and by virtue of the powers conferred in Sections 4095 to 4105 inclusive of the Revised Statutes of Ohio.

The property was formally presented to the Common Council, and after full consideration by the Committee on Education and University, was accepted by resolution adopted February 7, 1884. Subsequently this acceptance was duly embodied in an ordinance under which the Common Council established the "Toledo University."

The inauguration of the Manual Training School (which was outlined in the proposition of the Trustees of the University, as an inducement to the assumption of the Scott trust property by the City) was suggested by Albert E. Macomber, whose attention had been called to the success of the Manual Training work systematized by Prof. E. M. Woodward, of St. Louis. That School was at once recognized by the Scotts as the long-desired model for the commencement of School Education in the Arts and Trades. The Toledo City Council and the Board of Education promptly appointed most of the Trustees under the old trust in the new Board, and levied a tax of two-tenths of a mill on the dollar of taxable property, to enable the Board to start a Training School. Prof. John W. Dowd, then the Superintendent of Public Schools, gave to the project his active and earnest support, and set aside one of the larger rooms in the High School building for use as the Shop of the School. Mr. Ralph H. Miller, a recent graduate of Prof. Woodward's School at St. Louis, was made Superintendent, and his first year's work was such as to assure the complete success and high usefulness of this system of teaching.

During the year 1885, the Trustees succeeded in disposing of a portion of the property given by Susan Scott and sons for the University, and with the proceeds (with the concurrence of the Board of Education), erected the commodious East wing of the High School building, known as the Scott Manual Training School.

The practical effect of the united action of these two Boards, is to so enlarge the scope of public instruction in Toledo, as represented by the Grammar and High School, as to include instruction in the practical arts, domestic economy, together with freehand and mechanical drawing. The course, including this instruction, will be known as the " Manual Training School Course."

The object of the Manual Training School is to furnish instruction and practice in the use of tools, with such instruction as may be deemed necessary in mathematics, drawing, and the English branches of a High School course. The tool instruction as at present contemplated will include carpentry, wood turning, pattern making, iron chipping and filing, forge work, brazing and soldering, the use of machine shop tools, and such other instruction of a similar character as may be deemed advisable to add to the foregoing from time to time ; it being the intention to divide the working hours of the student, as nearly as possible, equally between manual and mental exercises.

632 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

The Manual Training School clearly recognizes the pre-eminent value and necessity of intellectual development and discipline. This School exacts close and thoughtful study with book as well as with tools. It proposes, by lengthening the usual schoolday a full hour, and by abridging somewhat the number of daily recitations, to find time for drawing and tool-work, and thus to secure a more liberal intellectual and physical development-a more symmetrical education.

One great object of the School is to foster a higher appreciation of the value and dignity of intelligent labor, and the worth and respectability of laboring men. A boy who sees nothing in manual labor but mere brute force, despises both the labor and the laborer. With the acquisition of skill in himself, comes the ability and willingness to recognize skill in his fellows. When once he appreciates skill in handicraft, he regards the workman with sympathy and respect.

It. is not assumed that every pupil who enters this School is to be a mechanic. Some will find that they have no taste for manual arts, and will turn into other paths-law, medicine or literature. All will gain intellectually by their experience in contact with things. The grand result will be an increasing interest in manufacturing pursuits, more intelligent mechanics, more successful manufacturers, better lawyers, more skillful physicians, and more useful citizens.

All the shop-work is disciplinary ; special trades will not be taught, nor will articles be manufactured for sale. The scope of a single trade is too narrow for educational purposes. Manual education should be as broad and liberal as intellectual. A shop which manufactures for the market, and expects a revenue from the sale of its products, is necessarily confined to salable work, and a systematic and progressive series of lessons is impossible, except at great cost.

The formal opening of the School in the new building was duly commemorated by an important Educational Convention, held on the 4th and 5th of December, 1885. Many prominent speakers of National reputation were present and delivered addresses in explanation and commendation of the plan to be carried out. This number included Ex-President Hayes, who presided ; Dr. C. M. Woodward, Managing Director of the St. Louis Manual Training School ; Prof. Felix Adler, Managing Director of the Workingman's School, of New York City ; Mrs. Emma P. Ewing, Dean of the School of Domestic Economy in the Iowa Agricultural College; Colonel Augustus Jacobson and Hon. Charles H. Ham, of Chicago, and Dr. Henry H. Belfield, Director of the Chicago Manual Training School.

The Manual Training School is maintained under the joint control of the Toledo Board of Education and the Directors of the Toledo University. A perspective view of the building erected for the use of the Manual Training School and the High School building is given at the commencement of this article. It is four stories high. The Manual Training department is provided with rooms as follows : First Floor-Machine shop, Wood-working shop,

*First annual report of the Directors of the Toledo University, December 31. 1885.

Tool room, and Wash rooms. Second Floor Domestic Economy room, Wood-working shop, Office and Washrooms. Third Floor-Domestic Economy, Drawing-rooms, Library and Lavatory. The plan opposite, of the second story of the joint building will show something of the connection of the High and Grammar Schools and the Manual Training, School.

In the first announcement of the Manual Training School, it was stated that while the course of practical instruction then adopted was designed for the industrial education of boys, the purpose was to furnish like privileges for girls. To that end, the Directors made investigation in regard to ways and means of such addition to school provision, the result of which was the establishment of the Department of Domestic Economy, which was opened for pupils in September, 1886. This movement was based upon the assumption that a pleasant home is an essential element of broad culture, and one of the surest safeguards of morality and virtue. It is arranged with special reference to giving young women such liberal and practical education as will inspire them with a belief in the dignity and nobleness of an earnest womanhood, and incite them to a faithful performance of the every-day duties of life. The design of this course is to furnish thorough instruction in applied Housekeeping, and the sciences relating thereto, and students will receive practical drill in all branches of housework ; in the purchase and care of family supplies, and in general household management; but will not be expected to perform more labor than is actually necessary for the desired instruction.

The action of Mr. Jessup W. Scott, so fully sustained by Mrs. Scott and their sons, could hardly have been more opportune, occurring as it did at the time when the matter of industrial training in connection with public literary instruction was beginning to attract attention from the more intelligent and considerate friends of education. With all the foresight so manifest in Mr. Scott's action, it has already been made evident that he "builded better than he knew -"for he could not have foreseen the rapid and general appreciation of the policy in public instruction which constituted the basis of his liberal provision. He could not have supposed, that within the short space of' 13 years, the public sentiment of the country would become so strongly fixed in favor of his general plan, that in a portion of the Public Schools of 25 States of' the Union, industrial training would be engrafted on the course of instruction ; or that in 41) educational institutions, ranging from Universities to local Public Schools, such training would have a place. While the youth of Toledo will have abundant cause for gratitude to Mr. Scott and to his family, they will not overlook the fact, that the prompt and liberal realization of his plan, has been due

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largely to the enlightened co-operation of the people of Toledo, which alone, in so short a space of time, could have attained important results, which promise so much for the youth of the City. Another consideration gives special importance to the provision of manual School training now so rapidly being introduced. Reference is here made to the tendency already so general among Labor organizations toward the restriction and limitation of the Apprenticeship system among the industrial pursuits of the country. So effective has such policy now become, that the proportion of apprentices in most of the leading branches of industry has been very largely reduced, with the prospect of continued and increased restriction. The harmful, as well as unjust, results of such policy, must be apparent to all reflecting minds. The bare suggestion, that workmen in possession of a trade, and of the means of support thus assured, shall be permitted to establish, in their own behalf, a monopoly in such advantages, to the exclusion of others their equals in every respect, is revolting to every sense of justice, and especially repugnant to the broad principles of equality on which American institutions must rest. Just how long such flagrant wrong may be able to embarrass the exercise of equal rights to education and to its application in active life, can not now be known; but the " sober second thought" of a free people will not fail to remedy so manifest a wrong. Meantime, the beneficent system of Manual Training in connection with the Public Schools, promises much toward counteracting such evil. Through such agency, large numbers of youth of both sexes will be instructed in both rudiments and practice of industrial pursuits, which will be far better than the ordinary apprenticeship, and will thus, in comparatively short time, be greatly advanced in preparation for skilled labor. That Toledo, so far from being behind, is well abreast other Cities of the land in this good work, furnishes just cause for congratulation among her citizens; and they have the additional reason for just pride, that such enlightened liberality is shown irrespective of the sex of its beneficiaries. What is to be the record in coming years, of the results of this system of industrial instruction, future historians must record. Suffice it now to say, that it is the suggestion of an enlightened regard for the best interests of the country, sustained and made practical by the best sentiment of the people upon whose liberality it must rely for success.

The Officers and Instructors of Toledo University for 1887, were as follows:

Directors- Wm. H. Scott (President), Guido Marx, F. J. Scott, A. E. Macomber, M. D. Carrington, D. J. O'Hara, Henry Kahlo, W. G. Hagenberg, Maurice A. Scott, Theodore J. Brown, Daniel C. Shaw, J. Kent Hamilton (Mayor).

Ralph H. Miller, Superintendent of Manual Training School and General Instructor.

Noah W. House, Instructor in Iron Work, Wood Turning, Wood Carving, &c.

Geo. S. Mills, Instructor in Drawing.

Geo. S. Waite, Instructor in Carpentry, &c.

Miss Nellie E. Rawson, Instructor in Domestic Economy Department, Cookery, &c.

EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION.

In December, 1857, the Educational Association of Northwestern Ohio held a session at Bryan, Williams County, when A. B. West, of Toledo High School, was the President, and W. F. Milliken, Secretary. Mr. West read a paper on Graded Schools, which was adopted. Different resolutions pertaining to School management were acted upon, and the interests of Education discussed. The following officers were chosen

President-John Eaton, Jr., of Toledo ; Secretary -E. W. Lenderson, of Waterville ; Vice PresidentsJ. W. McKim, Defiance Co.; Amos Hill, Fulton Co.; Samuel L. Adams, Henry Co.; Wm. H. Ogden, Williams Co.; Francis Hollenbeck, Wood Co.; Dr. Oscar White, Lucas Co.; Jacob Carr, Hancock Co.; D. G. Blakeslee, Paulding Co. Executive Committee-B. F. Southworth, Dr. W. Ramsey, J. G. Haley, W. A. Smith, E. W. Lenderson, W. A. C. Converse, S. A. Spear, B. B. Woodcox. Mr. A. Schuyler delivered an address on the study of Mathematics.

The following officers for this Association were chosen in December, 1887:

President-W. T. Jackson; Vice President-W. W. Weaver ; Secretary, F. M. Ginn ; Executive Committee, J. W. Zeller, C. W. Williamson, J. W. Knott.

LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS.

The pioneer literary association in Toledo, was the Toledo Lyceum, organized (chiefly, if not solely, for debate) as early as November, 1837. Its first Secretary was Charles W. Hill. The next Secretary was the late Hiram Walbridge, whose youth and early manhood were spent in this City, but whose prominence in business and public life, was gained chiefly in New York. The Lyceum was mainly devoted to the discussion of current public questions, among which were these: "Has Congress the Constitutional right to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia ? " " Would it be good policy for Congress to admit Texas into the Union?" (The Texan revolution against the Mexican Government was then in progress, with doubtful issue.) "Are women entitled to all the political rights and immunities of men?" " Does marriage contribute more to the happiness of man, than celibacy?" (The recognition of "man" only as the party whose "happiness " was to be looked after in the discussion, was suggestive if not significant.) This Society seems to have continued through the Winter.

The first literary organization here looking to permanence and including library facilities,

634 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

was the " Toledo Young Men's Association." It commenced its operations December 1, 1838. The original copy of its constitution, in the handwriting of the late Hiram Walbridge (an active member of the Association), is now in the hands of his brother, Horace S. Walbridge. It was organized under a charter granted by the Ohio Legislature, the corporators therein named being Charles W. Hill, Charles E. Brintnal, J. Baron Davis, John Fitch, Hiram Walbridge, Ezra E. Stevens and John R. Osborn. The declared object was the establishment of "a Lyceum and a Public Library in the City of Toledo." The library was to be kept open during stated hours on all days, Sundays excepted. The constitution bore the names of the following members:

Charles E. Brintnal, John Fitch, C. W. Hill,* J. Baron Davis," Hiram 'Walbridge," J. R. Osborn, L. S. Lownsbury," Daniel O. Morton,* A. W. Fairbanks, W. N. Richardson,* R. K. Foster, Jr.* John Poag," J. A. Titus,* H. G. Cozens,* George P. Clark,* S. S. Blanchard,* Edward Gilman, Emery D. Potter, Daniel McBain, James Myers,* Jerome B. Myers,* Myron H. Tilden, J. D. Shepard, Daniel Segur,* John C. Fory, Elijah Porter,* E. Lathrop,* C. McLouth, J. Hibbard," Samuel B. Scott,* Edson Allen, J. B. Gardner, Crawford Nightingale, H. G. Wilson, P. Palmer. V. H. Ketcham,* H. R. Brooks, Levi Snell, * Edward Bissell, Sr.* O. A. Crane, Wm. Knox, Thomas S. Manly, Charles B. Phillips, John R. Bond, H. L. Wood, Decius Wadsworth,° Andrew Stevens," E. H. Fassett, Dr. Jacob Clark, David Geulick,* Frederick Bissell,* Peter H. Shaw, George R. Perkins,* S. Moore,* J. A. Hoisington,* E. S. Dodd,* John Berdan,* Win. A. Calkin, Charles McLean, S. D. Erwin, Andrew Palmer. Caleb F. Abbott,* L. McL. Lambert,* Abraham Potter,* Charles Ira Scott. Thomas Dunlap, Jr., S. A. Raymond,

Those marked with a star (*) are deceased.

Of the 66 members named, about 16 (or one-fourth) are now living, after the lapse of 49 years. Considering that Toledo then contained not exceeding 1,000 inhabitants, with limited means for the support of literary interests, the above list of names is quite creditable in numbers.

The following officers were chosen December 6, 1838:

President, Andrew Palmer. Vice President, John R. Osborn. Secretary, Joseph B. Gardner. Treasurer, John Poag. Trustees-Charles E. Brintnal, John Fitch, Charles W. Hill, J. Baron Davis, Caleb F. Abbott, Daniel McBain, J. Avery Titus.

In November, 1841, the following named officers were chosen:

President, E. D. Potter. Vice President, C. W. Hill. Secretary, Hiram Walbridge. Treasurer, John R. Bond. Trustees-Daniel McBain, Daniel Segur, Thomas Dunlap, J. Hibbard, C. I. Scott, L. McL. Lambert, S. S. Blanchard.

The Association, though starting out auspipiciously, soon suffered from lack of active interest, and by 1843 was virtually dead. In December of that year, it was revived, and the following officers chosen :

President, .John Fitch. Vice President, S. B. Scott. Secretary, Hiram Walbridge. Treasurer, J. R. Bond. Trustees-C. W. Hill, Henry Bennett, Wm. W. Van Ness, Andrew Palmer, Charles M. Dorr, Mayor Brigham, Sidney M. Layton.

In December, 1845, a Committee consisting of Wm. Baker, Dr. Calvin Smith and Chas. I. Scott, reported this Association as in good condition, with 40 members. It then had a library of 400 to 500 volumes, mostly donations, which, with 10 periodicals, were open to the use of members who paid $2 per year. The hope was expressed, that a sufficient sum to meet expenses might be raised, which was placed at $100 per year- the receipts of the preceding year having been $65, with $60 due from members. It was much desired that a course of lectures be provided, for which purpose the Court-room of the Court-House could be had.

February 26, 1847, the Association discussed the following practical question : " If the charter gives the power, should the City Council of Toledo take immediate measures to drain Mud Creek, and levy a general tax to meet the expenses?" The result of such discussion is not recorded ; but steps ere long were taken to " drain Mud Creek," which now is well built up with residences and business buildings.

November 28, 1853, the Association chose the following officers:

President, H. L. Hosmer. Vice President, J. M. Ashley. Secretary, E. D. Nye. Treasurer, Dr. S. F. Forbes. Trustees-Anson Smyth, Chas. Pratt, C. E. Perigo, John Sinclair, Samuel A. Raymond, Chas. J. Wood, C. O'Connell.

The following officers were chosen October 4, 1858:

President, Chas. J. Wood. Vice President, E. Dwight Nye. Corresponding Secretary, John Walbridge. Treasurer, Wm. Henry Smith. Trustees John Sinclair, Edwin S. Platt, John Walbridge, Win. H. H. Smith, Charles Bauch, John H. Moulton, Jas. H. Boggis.

The lecturers before the Association during the winter of 1857-8, were as follows: E. D. Nye, Ed. Bissell, Jr., Rev. E. F. Platt, W. A. C. Converse, Chas. Kent, Dr. A. F. Bissell, John Eaton, Jr., James J. French, and C. J. Wood, all residents of Toledo.

In October, 1862, the following officers were elected:

President, Moses T. Brown. Vice President, Chas. Pratt. Secretary, Alfred W. Gleason. Treasurer,

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John L. Johnston. Trustees-Oliver S. Bond, A. W. Gleason, J. K. Hamilton, Richard Waite, J. L. Johnston, T. P. Brown, J. N. Elting.

The annual election held October 3, 1864, was marked by proceedings quite unexpected and unusual. The Association, after varied experiences, had then reached considerable vitality and promise, having for some time sue tamed a reading-room supplied with newspapers and magazines, and an annual course of lectures. There were at that time about 150 members. As usual in such cases, two tickets had been put in nomination, with the view, through a little good-natured personal rivalry thus provided for, of eliciting greater interest. The election proceeded as usual from 8 till 9 o'clock P. M., the two tickets running about even. The polls were to close at 10. Soon after 9 large numbers of voters began to appear, being chiefly persons never before seen there or known as members. As these arrivals continued, it was discovered that they came from the McClellan Club Room, adjoining the Reading Room, and that they were conducted to the polls by leading Democrats, through whose agency large numbers of persons had suddenly become members, for the evident purpose of controlling the election of officers, and through them the Association. The ruse was a success, so far as the choice of officers was concerned. The following were chosen

President, D. B. Smith. Vice President, John N. Drummond. Secretary, Newton Marsh. Treasurer, Chas. H. Eddy. Trustees-W. W. Jones, J. B. Carson, P. H. Birckhead, Nathan Reeve. H. P. Platt, Asa Backus, and Robert A. Wason.

Some of these gentlemen were Republicans. The reason assigned by the managers of the movement for their action was, that the Association had been managed too much in the interest of the Republican party, while the Democrats had been denied their proper recognition in either the literature provided or the lecturers employed. The reply made to this was, that while 11 only of the 163 members had been Democrats, and 152 Republicans, four of the daily papers taken were Democratic, and seven Republican; and that engagements had been sought with five Democratic lecturers for the ensuing winter. The fact that this case occurred during a Presidential campaign, may in great measure explain the matter.

On the 27th of October, the members and friends of the old Board of Directors, met and organized anew, under the name of "Toledo Library Association," with the following officers

President, Chas. A. King. Vice President, Richard Waite. Secretary. Wm. H. Fish. Treasurer, Chas. H. Eddy. Directors-John Sinclair, John H. Doyle, L. F. Hubbard, James H. Maples, R. A. Wason, Chas. B. Roff, and F. B. Dodge.

This action was taken largely with the understanding that the Board chosen on the 3d of October were willing to turn over the property and affairs of the old organization to the new, which was done.

The new Association at once entered upon successful operation, its means from memberships and donations being judiciously employed in the provision of current and permanent reading matter. In 1867 it issued a catalogue of books, being the first of the kind in Toledo. The Association then had about 4,600 volumes, and some 500 members, of whom 33 were life members. About 15,000 volumes were drawn during the preceding year. The Reading Room was supplied with 19 Daily, one SemiWeekly and 18 Weekly papers ; 12 Monthly and five Quarterly Magazines. The officers of the Association for 1867-68, were as follows

President, John Sinclair. Vice President. Robert A. Wason. Secretary, Chas F. Adams. Treasurer, Elijah H. Norton. Trustees-C. A. King, John Sinclair, Neh. Waterman, R. A. Wason, Edwin Jackson, W. A. C. Converse, Calvin Barker, E. H. Norton, W. H. H. Smith, Stephen H. Camp, Henry Hall, C. F. Adams, Albert E. Macomber. Librarians-Samuel C. Stiles and George F. Colby.

The general officers of the Association had been:

President-1864-67, C. A. King.

Vice President-Richard Waite, 1864-65 ; Henry Bennett, 1866.

Secretary-1864, Wm. H. Fish; 1865, W. H. H. Smith ; 1866, C. F. Adams.

Treasurer-1864-65, C. H. Eddy ; 1866, Isaac W. Holman.

The Association was continued with more or less of success, but with general popular favor, until the transfer of its property to the Public Library, in 1873, when the organization ceased to exist. The City was much indebted to the enterprise and liberality of its managers and supporters for material public benefits during its existence.

The Toledo Young Men's Literary and Debating Society was organized in 1858, and composed chiefly of graduates and members of the Toledo Public Schools. The first anniversary of the Society was held April 24, 1859, consisting of a supper, at the close of which toasts were presented and were responded to by W. H. H. Smith, Theo. Sawyer, Wm. Corlett, E. A. Durbin, and Robert S. Chamberlain.

In November, 1859, a public exhibition was given, with the following programme.:

Salutatory-Theo. Sawyer. Oration-T. H. Ellison, Jr. Declamation-Chas. J. Swift. Oration

James W. Clark. Dialogue. Oration-Wm. Corlett. Declamation-Ralph H. Waggoner. Oration-Wilbur F. Arnold. Poem-John L. Johnston.

The fourth anniversary of the Society was held at the Oliver House, April 23, 1862, the

636 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

programme including a supper, after which regular toasts were responded to as follows

"Our Society "-Ralph H. Waggoner. " American Literature "-A. Leonardson. " Our Army and

Navy "-James W. Clark. "The Ladies "-E. Hamilton. Volunteer toasts were responded to by J. Kent Hamilton, Moses T. Brown and John H. Doyle.

TOLEDO PUBLIC LIBRARY.

The establishment and successful management of the Public Library have been largely due to the active interest therein taken by Wm. H. Scott, the President of the Board of Trustees. Upon his return to Toledo in 1865, he became connected with the Toledo Library Association, and sought by personal attention and material contribution, to place the same upon a proper basis. It soon was made evident, that the requisite means for such purpose could not be secured; when Mr. Scott became satisfied that nothing less than a Free Library, under the auspices of the City and supported by taxation, would meet the demands of the case. After protracted effort, he secured the approval of the plan by the Trustees of the Library Association, when he prepared for such purpose a bill, which was passed by the Legislature. Whereupon, the City Council, " deeming it essential to establish a Library and Reading Room," passed a resolution providing therefor and authorizing the levy of a tax for such purpose. A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of nine members, which was organized June 24, 1873. By the organic law, the Board of Education was directed to " transfer to the custody and control of the Trustees of the Library whatever library or libraries may be in their possession or control, except such books of reference, maps, or charts, as the Board of Education may think proper to retain for use in School buildings, and thereafter no tax shall be levied by such Board of Education for a Library fund." The Library Association, by vote of its members, had instructed its Directors to transfer all its property-the Public Library assuming all liabilities. After paying all debts of the Association, there was left to the credit of the Library fund $333.86. The number of volumes received from the Library Association, was 4,878, a number of maps and engravings, two lots on Forrer Street, and $105 in cash. Col. D. F. DeWolf, Superintendent of Schools, with Wm. 11. Scott, Chairman of the Public Library Committee, selected from the School Library 1,320 volumes, to be retained for the use of the Public Schools.

The new Library was opened to the public November 3,1873, at Northeast corner of Summit and Madison Streets, with 6,198 volumes. From the first, popular appreciation of the movement was manifested, 4,457 volumes having been drawn during the first month; which favor has followed the establishment to the present time. The chief embarrassment now experienced, arises from the lack of adequate accommodations for the large and growing supply of books, which in 1887 numbered nearly 25,000.

The proportion of volumes issued to the number in the Library, furnishes the best test of the favor with which such institutions are held. In 1887, with 25,000 volumes, the circulation was 113,458 volumes; or over four times the number on hand. The latter number was an increase of 10,750 over 1886. The largest monthly issue for 1887, was 11,639, in March, and the smallest monthly issue, in July, 7,579. The largest weekly issue, March 7th to 13th, 2,664; and the smallest, June 27th to July 4th, 1,638. The largest daily issue was February 12th, 704; and the smallest, July 27th, 225. The daily average for the year was 371. The daily average for 1886 was 335.

The comparative record of Toledo and other Cities with Free Libraries, is found to be as follows for 1886:

As seen, the average circulation of the 15 other Cities named, is 240 per cent. of volumes in Library, while that of Toledo for same year was 408 per cent., and for 1887, 452 per cent.

It is proper here to state that Toledo was the first City of Ohio to provide a Free Library for its citizens, independent of the Public Schools, as it was one of the first in the Western States.