637 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

CHAPTER II.

(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE)

PUBLIC PRESS.

IN no other manner has American appreciation of the Press, as an agency for the promotion of mental, moral and material prosperity, been more clearly shown, than in the prominent position given the same in nearly every advance of population and development in the great West. Close with the School house and the Church, and always co-operating therewith, the Newspaper has gone, as soon, and often before, the conditions gave reasonable assurance of meagre support. Its effectiveness has been recognized by the adventurous investor of capital in local enterprises, no less than by those seeking moral and intellectual benefits from its presence. These co-operating influences, stimulating the characteristic enterprise of Printers, did much toward the early presence of the Press throughout the pioneer settlements of the West. The result very often was, that such ventures proved altogether premature, and for lack of adequate support, entailed severe toil, protracted struggle and ultimate failure. The story of this department of pioneer experience, if fully written, would be one to place the Printers and Publishers prominent in the list of sufferers of the "early time." As already suggested, the value of the Press as an agency, led to its employment By the projectors of Cities and Towns, the "peculiar advantages " of whose localities could not be made known without such medium; and often a press and type went forward with the first shipment of goods to the chosen site. In this respect, the Maumee Valley was by no means an exception, since in some cases we find the Press here even in advance of the School-house and the Church.

The first newspaper issued within the present limits of Ohio, was The Centinel of the Northwest Territory, at Cincinnati, in 1793. The Cincinnati Gazette claims lineal descent from the Centinel. The second was the Scioto Gazette, at Chillicothe, in 1800, by Nathaniel Willis, grandfather of N. P. Willis. It is still published, with its original name.

The third paper published in, Ohio was the Ohio Gazette and Virginia Herald, started at Marietta about December 1, 1801, with Wyllis Silliman as Publisher, and Elijah' Backus (grandfather of Abner L. Backus, of Toledo) as Editor. A copy of the first number, with others, is now in the library of the Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Mass. The establishment was sold out by the Sheriff in 1808, and the paper suspended. The last Publisher of the paper (Samuel Fairlamb) died in the Muskingum County Infirmary, at an old age, about 1861. 'The paper was revived, and after many changes, came to have its present name, the Marietta Register. The press first used, had a wooden frame, with a stone bed, and evidently was of the Ramage patent, elsewhere referred to in this volume. It was burned in a fire in 1859, nothing of it now remaining save the bed, which is used for the top of a table. Full files of this paper since 1813, are now in the College Library, at Marietta.

The first newspaper published in the lower Maumee Valley, was the Miami of the Lake, which was started at Perrysburg, December 11, 1833, by J. W. Scott and Henry Darling. In June, 1834, J. Austin Scott bought the establishment, and associated with himself as Publishers, J. H. McBride and Henry Reed, Jr. In February, 1835, Mr. Scott disposed of his interest to Mr. McBride. Subsequently, under different names, it was published by H. L. Hosmer, H. T. Smith, Wm. P. Reznor and others.

In May, 1834, James Irvine Browne came to Toledo, from Easton, Penn. He was then about 28 years of age, a gentleman of education and refinement, and withal, quite a poet. He. came under an arrangement with Edward Bissell and others, for the purpose of starting and conducting a newspaper, and it was expected that the printing press and materials would soon follow. Delays were caused in different ways. In the first place, there was no building which could be occupied for such purpose, and it was necessary to await the construction of the building which was to become Toledo's first printing office. It was located on the South side of Lagrange Street, about half-way between Summit and Water, on the second floor of a two-story frame building, and over a grocery and provision store kept by Daniel Washburn. Then a contest arose between " Upper " and " Lower Towns," for the location of the new paper. Finally, about the 1st of August, the materials arrived, a compromise between the " Towns " was effected, and operations commenced. Mr. Browne set tip his own type, and worked his own press, having neither "Jour." nor "Devil" to assist him. About the 15th of August, 1834, appeared the first number of the Toledo Herald, the first newspaper issued within the present limits of

638 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

Lucas County. It was a very creditable sheet, in both contents and appearance. But three or four numbers were issued, when Mr. Browne was taken sick, necessarily suspending the paper.

Soon thereafter the paper was revived, under the name of the Toledo Gazette, and with the same management. Its early issues were somewhat irregular, over seven months or 32 weeks having elapsed during the publication of 21 numbers. Like the Herald, it was started by Mr. Browne, who was the publisher in March, 1835.* When he withdrew, is not known. In May, 1836, Sam. Allen gave notice that he was the owner of the office, and had purchased all interest in the paper from its second number, and in the advertising from March 15, 1836. July 2, 1836, Curtis A. Bana resigned as Publisher. The materials of the Gazette office were subsequently purchased by the late Adolphus Kramer, for use in establishing a newspaper at Hartford (then in Sandusky, now in Ottawa County). The financial collapse of 1837 prevented such use of them, and in the year following (1838) they were sold to a joint stock Company of Democrats at Lower Sandusky (Fremont), and were used in printing the Sandusky County Democrat, some of them probably yet remaining in the office of the Fremont Messenger.

The next paper established at Toledo and in the County, was the Blade, which was started early in 1836. The earliest copies now to be found, are in the files preserved by Abel W. Fairbanks, who, in connection with L. L. Willard, became a publisher in May, 1837. Mr. Fairbanks has placed the people of Toledo under special obligation to him, by donating to their Public Library complete files of that paper during his connection with it, about 13 years. Mr. Willard continued with the Blade but a few months, when Mr. Fairbanks became sole Publisher. During the political campaign of 1840, Andrew Palmer, formerly a Democrat, but an active supporter of Harrison for President, edited the paper, continuing as such until December of that year. In April, 1841, S. S. Blanchard became a partner in the publication of the paper, continuing as such to July, 1842, at which time Edward A. Graves appeared as sole Publisher, with Daniel McBain as Editor -Mr. Fairbanks then taking the Job Printing and Bindery departments of the business. Mr.

* Mr. Browne was the Publisher of this paper, as of the few issues of the Herald, only in the sense that his name appeared as such, because he was in charge of the office. He probably had no pecuniary investment in the business. The proprietors were leading property owners of Toledo, who employed such agency for promoting their interests. Very prominent in that connection, was Andrew Palmer, himself a practical Printer, and a former Publisher in the State of New York, who turned his experience to account, as more stated in the biographical sketch of that gentleman elsewhere in this volume,

McBain became a co-Publisher in January, 1843, and remained such until July, following, when he and Mr. Graves gave place to Mr. Fairbanks, as Publisher, who was alone until March, 1844, at which time Jessup W. Scott became the Editor, and continued as such until July, 1847, having, meantime, been associated as Publisher, from March, 1845.

May 16, 1846, marked a point of progress of special importance in the paper's history. At that time appeared the first issue of the TriWeekly Blade. For ten years the Weekly edition had struggled for bare existence, against the obstacles and embarrassments common to like enterprises in young Towns, a portion of the time called to divide with vigorous competitors the limited support possible for the local press. July 19, 1847, H. L. Hosmer became a partner as Publisher and the Editor, remaining until March, 1849. Then Mr. Fairbanks resumed as Publisher, with Dr. Graham, as Editor ; which arrangement closed in October following.

April 17, 1848, a second important advance was made, in the issue of the first number of the Daily Blade, the size of the sheet being 20x26 inches. In January, 1850, Stephen T. and H. L. Hosmer took the establishment, with the latter as Editor, Mr. Fairbanks then leaving Toledo to become a partner of Josiah A. Harris, in the publication of the Cleveland Herald. January 29, 1852, S. T. Hosmer withdrew, and Peter E. Latimer and Samuel Andrews, with H. L. Hosmer, formed the firm of Latimer, Andrews & Co., Mr. Hosmer acting as Editor. In January, 1853, Hosmer, Andrews & Co. became the Publishers, Mr. Hosmer still being the Editor, with G. G. Lyon as his associate. This arrangement was closed in May following (1853) by the sale of the establishment to Joseph R. Williams, who both published and edited the paper for most of the time until September, 1856. At that time Clark Waggoner, of Toledo, and G. T. Stewart, of Norwalk, for $6,000, bought the establishment, including the newspaper, the job printing office and the book bindery. Samuel G. Arnold, for some time previous in charge of the editorial department, remained in that capacity until the Spring of 1858, and was succeeded for a few months by Wm. C. Earl, when Mr. Waggoner took charge of the paper as Editor, and continued as such until his withdrawal from the establishment in August, 1865. In January, 1857, Alonzo D. Pelton became a partner in the business, and in September, 1865, became sole proprietor, with David R. Locke, as Editor. In 1867, Mr. Locke and John Paul Jones became partners in the firm of A. D. Pelton & Co. In 1868, Dr. A. P. Miller taking the interest of Mr. Pelton, the firm of Miller, Locke & Co. took the paper, who were succeeded by Locke & Jones, Mr. Locke continuing as Editor. In 1874 Mr. Jones became sole proprietor, with E. A. Higgins a s

PUBLIC PRESS. - 639

Editor; and was succeeded in 1876, by Dr. Miller and T. P. Brown, Dr. Miller being the Editor. In August of that year, the Toledo Blade Company was organized, with A. P. Miller as President and Editor; T. P. Brown as Vice President; and Frank T. Lane, as Secretary and Treasurer. During the same year Mr. Locke became the President and A. W. Gleason the Vice President of the Company. This corporation published the three editions of the Blade, and also Locke's Monthly and the American Farm Journal (two monthly publications previously started), until March, 1877, when Alex. Reed and Heman D. Walbridge (as the Toledo Newspaper Company) became the Publishers of the Daily and Tri-Weekly editions, and continued as such until 1878, the Weekly edition and the Monthly issues still being published by the Blade Company, which resumed control of the Daily and Tri-Weekly in 1878, and since that date has continued to publish all editions of the Blade, the monthly publications, meantime, having been suspended. Mr. Lane has acted as Business Manager since the organization of the Blade Company in 1876, and Air. Locke as Editor since 1878. The present officers are, D. R. Locke, President; A. W. Gleason, Vice President; and F. T. Lane, Secretary and Treasurer. Beside those already named, Rev. Robert McCune, now of Ironton, Ohio; Abram P. Miller, now of Minnesota; W. H. Busby, now of Chicago; John H. McElroy, Dow of Washington, D. C.; and S. S. Knabenshue and Robinson Locke, of Toledo, have acted as Managing Editor of the Blade.

In addition to those regularly employed as writers, a large number of persons --especially in the first years of the paper, when its limited resources forbade much expenditure for editorial service-have rendered valuable gratuitous assistance in that department. Among the earliest of these were Geo. B. Way, Pierre M. Irvin- (a nephew of Washington Irving), Richard Mott, John R. Osborn, C. W. Hill, Andrew Palmer, Ralph P. Buckland (now of Fremont), Hiram Walbridge, M. H. Tilden and Judge E. D. Potter. In some cases the paper was supplied weekly by several of these, and sometimes a single writer would do all. Considering the embarrassments attending such service, the columns of the paper bear testimony to the ability and success of the volunteers.

As already stated, the Blade was issued weekly only, from 1836 to May 11, 1846, when a Tri-Weekly edition appeared; and April 17, 1848, the Daily Blade. Some idea of the circulation of' the paper about those days may he had, when it is stated that in 1850 the local or Town subscriptions to the Daily edition numbered 109; to the Tri-Weekly, 24; and to the Weekly, 67 ; making a total of 200 in Toledo for the three. It may be further remarked, that the Daily circulation was chiefly at home.

A few were sent down the Canals to persons interested in the Toledo market, but not many. The Blade office has had nine different locations, beginning with April, 1837, as follows ;

1. In a brick building, 201 Summit Street.

2. The next door East, No. 203.

3. Summit Street, near Lagrange.

4. In Richard Mott's Block, a little below Cherry, on Summit Street.

5. A frame building, 204 Summit Street, now the site of B. Meilink's Furniture Store. Subsequently the Toledo High School was organized and held there until its removal to the present Central School building.

6. In the Poag Block, Southeast corner of Summit and Madison Streets (up stairs).

7. In the Blade building adjoining (150 Summit), erected for the purpose in 1852.

8. In the second Blade building, 152x154 St. Clair Street, now wholly occupied by the Blade Printing and Paper Company.

9. In the third and present Blade building, Southeast corner of Jefferson and Superior Streets.

The fourth newspaper in Toledo was the Toledo Register, which appeared September 14, 1841, Charles I. Scott being Editor and Publisher. It was Democratic in politics, and was the first paper in the County supporting that party, the Gazette having been neutral as to National politics, and the Blade a Whig paper. The Editor of the Register explained the appearance of his paper in this way: "The necessity for the establishment of a newspaper in this District advocating Democratic principles, has long been felt; but the success of the present undertaking depends upon the support of those who feel friendly to the great political party it will endeavor to support." At that time, the rupture at Washington between President Tyler and the Whigs, was taking definite shape, and the Register was in a measure in sympathy with the former in the contest. Mr. Scott continued to conduct the paper until 1843, when he sold it to Garret D. Palmer, who soon changed its name to Toledo Herald, and continued its publication until May, 1844, when it vas suspended and was not revived. The Proprietor stated that the suspension of' the paper was 'ion account of the general apathy of the Democrats of the District in supporting their newspaper press in such manner as was both their duty and interest to do. The present number, then," he continued, "will be the last, until an entirely different state of feeling exists among the Democracy of the County and this District." In another article calling attention to the Job Printing office connected with the Herald establishment, the proprietor stated that job work would be done "cheaper than the same could be done by any newspaper establishment West of New York." This fact was explained by saying that it was "customary for publishers to make their job work pay for a large portion of the heavy expenses of publishing a newspaper, and as he no longer had such encumbrance on his

640 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

hands, he would be able to do work at 40 per cent. below the usual prices."

Fifth of the Toledo newspapers was the Gazette No. two, which appeared first in June, 1844, and was published by R. M. Morrison, formerly of the Manhattan Telegraph. The paper did not last long.

In March, 1849, appeared the Toledo Commercial Republican, Daily and Weekly, of which Miller & Co. were Publishers, and Chas. R. Miller, Editor. It was what then was known as " Free Democratic," or Democratic with "Free Soil" proclivities. Under such management it was continued until 1851, when James Myers and Josiah Riley became the Publishers, with Mr. Riley as Editor. This arrangement continued for two or three years, when Silas W. Wilder succeeded Judge Myers as co Publisher. In June, 1854, Mr. Riley became sole Proprietor, and remained such until November following, when Wilshire Riley became his partner. This firm continued until September, 1855, and was then succeeded by Riley, Boyd & Co., James A. Boyd, a practical Printer, being a member of the firm, which published the paper until 1858, when it was suspended. In February, 1862, under the name of the Toledo Commercial, it was revived by J. A. Boyd and C. H. Coy, of the firm of Boyd & Co., Mr. Riley continuing as Editor. This arrangement continued until January, 1864, when the Commercial Printing Company was organized, with the following officers : Directors-Peter Lenk, James C. Hall, S. A. Raymond, John W. Hiett and W. H. Jones; President-S. A. Raymond; Secretary and Business Manager- J. W. Hiett. This arrangement continued for something over a year, at which time the paper passed into the hands of I. R. Sherwood, J. W. Bailey and Joseph E. Marx, with Stephen J. Meany as Editor. Sam. Andrews, G. T. Stewart and P. T. Bartlett became partners in the paper.

In September, 1866, Clark Waggoner and Ralph H. Waggoner, constituting the firm of Clark Waggoner &Son, purchased the establishment, and continued the business until April, 1871, the former acting as Editor and the latter as Business Manager. The Toledo Commercial Company was then organized, with Clark Waggoner as President and Editor, and R. H. Waggoner as Secretary and Treasurer. By this Company the business was continued until it was succeeded by the Toledo Newspaper Company, March 1, 1877, the Messrs. Waggoner withdrawing in January, 1876. The latter association continued the business until succeeded by S. D. Rich, November 18, 1878, who remained about one year, when A. W. Search, of Coshocton, Ohio, took the paper for a few weeks, when the paper returned to the Commercial Company, in whose interest it was published until November, 1880. At that time, J. B. Battelle & Co. took it and changed its name to Toledo Telegram, and published it until March, 1883, at which time it was purchased by James M. Comly, Andrew W. Francisco and Alfred E. Lee, from Columbus. In July following, Captain Lee withdrew, and the business was continued by his associates until the withdrawal of Mr. Francisco in 1885. Gen. Comly and A. D. Pelton, as Comly & Co., then took the paper and conducted it until the death of the former in 1887, he having been the Editor since March, 1883, the name Commercial, meantime, having been resumed. Since his death a son (Guy S. Comly) has had charge of the paper, Mr. Pelton acting as Business Manager.

January 1, 1873, the Toledo Printing and Publishing Company was organized, with the following officers : President, Colonel J. C. Frankenberger; Secretary and Treasurer, S. G. McCullough. In 1876, H. S. Chapin became the President, and continued as such until 1883, when John Paul Jones succeeded to the position, and acted as such for one year. The name of the corporation, meantime, was changed to " The Toledo Bee Company." For over three years, its business consisted in Job and Book Printing exclusively. In April, 1876, H. S. Chapin started the Toledo Evening Bee, and soon thereafter that paper was transferred to the corporation, which has published it since that time, and continued the Job and Book Printing business. H. S. Chapin was the Editor of the Bee from April, 1876, to December, 1883, when he was succeeded by J. P. Jones, who continued as such to January, 1885, at which time F. J. Oblinger became Editor, acting as such until succeeded by R. W. Harris, in September, 1885. In October, 1886, Elmer White became the Editor, and continues as such. A. D. Pelton was the Business Manager, from April, 1876, to January, 1880; R. A. Brinkerhoff from January, 1880, to January, 1881; F. P. Chapin from January, 1881, to January, 1882; S. G. McCullough from January, 1882, to October, 1886, when he was succeeded by Mr. Chapin, the present incumbent. From its commencement until October, 1886, the Bee, politically, held a position of independence. Since the date named, it has been a Democratic paper. Its editions have been Daily and Weekly, which have steadily increased in size. For a time it was printed on a single-cylinder Hoe press; which was succeeded by a four cylinder press. It now uses a Webb Perfecting press, of the most improved style.

In 1868, P. H. Bateson commenced the publication of the Toledo Journal, a weekly paper, which was continued by him until John J. Manor became associated with him in 1870, the firm becoming Bateson & Manor. For a time the paper was issued three times a week. In 1871 H. S. Chapin acquired an interest in the business, and the Journal became a Sunday paper. In 1873 Mr. Bateson retired, Mr. Chapin continuing the paper alone until May, 1874.

PUBLIC PRESS. - 641

Mrs. Sarah R. L. Williams became associated in the business, and assumed charge of the Woman's Rights department, which bad existed since 1870. In November, 1875, the establishment passed into the hands of Isaac R. Sherwood and George S. Canfield. The Woman's Rights department was then suspended, and the Journal, in politics, became independent Republican. Subsequently it was a Greenback or National paper. In 1883 Mr. Canfield withdrew. 1. R. Sherwood continued as sole proprietor, Mrs. K. B. Sherwood assisting in the editorial management of the paper, until 1886, when C. C. Packard and E. J. Tippett, the present Publishers, took the paper.

The Manhattan Advertiser was started in July, 1836, by Benjamin F. Smead. It was suspended in the Spring of 1840, and revived in July, Mr. Smead dying only one week thereafter, July 25th. He was 35 years of age. He was a man of exceptional ability, and gained honorable prominence as editor, under circumstances by no means favorable. He was called to conduct a newspaper ostensibly as a public journal, but really little more than the advertising medium of the proprietors of a young Village, struggling with desperate persistence for life and mastery over older rivals. When the Advertiser was first issued (in 1836) the Town plat of Manhattan was not a year old., The paper was started virtually without subscribers, and with slight prospect of ever having enough to pay the cost of publication. And yet, through the pecuniary sacrifice of those for whom it was issued, and the efficient efforts of its manager, it soon assumed abroad the character and influence of a real newspaper. Mr. Smead spent much of the Winter season at Columbus, whence he wrote letters to his paper. In one of these, he said he had "taken a case " in the Statesman office, as typesetter, and he hoped to be able with the wages thus earned, "to keep the Advertiser going." The late H. S. Knapp was at one time the Editor of the Advertiser.

It would prove a solemn, if not a profitable work, to give in detail the record of the Newspaper Graveyard of Toledo. But space would not admit of that. In common with all growing Cities, Toledo has been the scene of great extent of journalistic enterprise, most of' which was induced by special interests, and having little in common with the general welfare, was short lived. The aim here has been to refer only to such papers as attained to permanence. Following is a list of publications issued at Toledo in 1887:

Names of Publications. Names of Publishes.

Democratic Herald and Times R. Selner & Co.

Health and Home G. W. Munson

Industrial News News Publishing Co.

Industrielle Nachrichten News Publishing Co.

National Poultry and Pets Chas. Coughlin

Journal of Dental Science Ransom & Randolph

Railroader Guide W. O. Brown, Jr.

Railway Service Gazette O. A. Browning & Co.

Central Good Templar U. B. White.

The Stumbling Stone L. H. Johnson.

Toledo American American Printing Co.

Toledo Daily Bee Toledo Bee Co.

Toledo Weekly Bee Toledo Bee Co.

Toledo City Directory R. L. Polk & Co.

Toledo Daily Blade Blade Company.

Toledo Weekly Blade Blade Company.

Toledo Daily Commercial Comly & Co.

Toledo Weekly Commercial Comly & Co.

Toledo Express (German) Jos. Bender.

Toledo Journal Packard & Tippett.

Toledo News News Publishing Co.

Toledo Volksfreund E. V. E. Rausch.

Wagar's Official Railway Guide C. P. Wagar.

PRESS MISCELLANY.

In May, 1839, the newspapers of the Maumee Valley were:

The Toledo Blade, published by A. W. Fairbanks ; the Express, at Maumee City, by Henry Reed, Jr., and Hezekiah L. Hosmer; the Advertiser, at Manhattan, by B. F. Smead; the Miami of the Lake, by Wm. P. Reznor, at Perrysburg; and the Banner, by John B. Semans, at Defiance. Of these, the Blade is the only surviving paper. Of the publishers there survive-Mr. Fairbanks, at Cleveland ; Judge Hosmer, at San Francisco; and Mr. Reed, in California.

The papers then published in the neighboring Counties were as follows:

Lower Sandusky (Fremont) Whig, by Clark Waggoner.

Sandusky County Democrat, by Wm. Davis.

Clarion, at Sandusky, by David Campbell & Sons.

Commercial Advertiser, at Huron. by H. C. Gray.

Reflector, at Norwalk, by S. & C. A. Preston.

Experiment, at Norwalk, by Hatch & Farr.

Gazette, at Tiffin, by S. A. Griswold.

Of these papers, five now exist-the Reflector and Experiment, at Norwalk ; the Clarion (now the Register), at Sandusky; and the Gazette (now the Tribune), at Tiffin. Of the publishers of these in 1839, Samuel A. Griswold, of Lancaster, Ohio; H. C. Gray, of Painesville; and Clark Waggoner, of Toledo, are believed to be the only survivors.

The Printers of Toledo celebrated the birthday of Franklin, January 17, 1867, with a festival and ball, at the Kingsbury House. At a preliminary meeting, W. J. Holmes, Chairman, the following committees were appointed : On Speeches and Toasts-H. T. Smith, J. B. Howard, James B. Foley and Joseph E. Marx. Music, Carriages and Supper-W. J. Holmes, M. H. Porter, N. T. Nash and Henry C. Osborn. On Invitations-J. B. Foley, Frank Marion, George L. Johnson. On Printing-Frank Marion, H. H. Porter, G. L. Johnson, John D. Campbell. Honorary Managers- J. B. Steedman, Win. C. Earl, A. T. Stebbins, H. L. Hosmer, Daniel McBain, Josiah Riley, S. G. Arnold, Charles R. Dennett, Dr. W. W. Jones, George True, J. B. Howard, A. D. Pelton, N.

642 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

T. Nash, H. T. Smith, D. O. Morton and George P. Este. At the festival, Josiah Riley of the Commercial, acted as President; and Clark Waggoner of the Blade, H. T. Smith of the Times, and J. E. Marx of the Express (German), as Vice Presidents. Responses to toasts were made by J. J. French, C. Waggoner, W. C. Earl, S. G. Arnold, of the Blade, John Eaton, Jr., Superintendent Public Schools, H.'1'. Smith, H. L. Hosmer, Daniel McBain, Mayor C. M. Dorr and J. E. Marx. Volunteers were offered by James Van Blarcum, S. W. Drigg, W. G. Moore, Samuel S. Wells, George L Johnson, N. T. Nash, Charles F. Brown (" Artemus Ward"), and Charles Sprague. In responding to the toast, " The Press of' Toledo," Mr. hosmer said he became connected with the local press of Maumee in 1837, and started the Daily Blade in 1847, which was followed by the Daily Commercial Republican in 1849.

The exigencies to which the pioneer publishers of the West were subjected, are indicated by the following announcement made by Mr. Fairbanks, in the Blade, in February, 1842, to wit

The subscriber will take Michigan State scrip at par, and Lucas County orders at six shillings on the dollar, in payment of old accounts due him. And, moreover, if the said accounts are not settled by the 15th of March next, the Justice of the Peace will be the gainer, for I will wait no longer.

Michigan scrip was then worth 10 cents on the dollar, and County orders 50 cents.

In October, 1842, the Blade had this announcement: " Wheat received in payment of' debts due this office at 65 cents a bushel. Also, Wood, green or dry. Also, Beeswax, at 25 cents per pound."

In 1844, the Toledo papers were from 10 to 12 days in reaching Fort Wayne, Indiana.

On the 1st of January, 1846, the Carriers of the Toledo Blade delivered their New Year's Address, the more personal mention of which is reproduced here, as follows:

I'm proud to say that we have built

Two Churches in this year

But some, perchance, may think their guilt

By such an act goes clear ;

For they will boast how fine they look,

Pointing at the steeple

Discoursing so much " like a book,"

You'd think 'em pious people.

Though Churches are a City's pride,

And give it character

How few will take them for a guide,

Or to their courts repair !

We boast much of our Churches here,

And think then very tine ;

But take good care to keep quite clear

Of all which is divine.

When Beecher,* Welch (t) or Burger (tt) teach

Unto the walls, 'tis said :

Perhaps it is as well to preach

To empty walls as heads.

While some upon their beds will perch,

Content to see the steeple,

We yet see many go to Church,

Like pious, holy people.

For look, ye sirs, what men are here,

(" The ladies, God bless them ! ")

Then be in judgment not severe,

My boasting to condemn!

Mason, Potter, Myers, Brown,

O'Hara and a Hicks;

The Scotts and Mott, and Stickney, known

In early politics

With Daniels, Baker, Perkins, Smith,

Tredwell, too, and Lawton

All such men of heart and pith,

As give the City tone.

Babcock, Marsh and Hanks and Ludlow,

Watkins, too, and Bissell,

Are men you only need but know,

To prize them high and well !

Others we have, of equal praise,

Whom I would class with these ;

But should I their names emblaze,

And fancy them to please?

I name these, not to praise them here

By my simple ditty

But that strangers far might hear

Who are in our City.

*Pastor of First Congregational Church. (t) Pastor of the Methodist Church. $Rector of Trinity Church. These then constituted the Clergy of the City.

PRESS OF OHIO.

Following is a list of Newspapers published in Ohio in the Spring of 1819:*

Cleveland-Cleveland Register ; A. Logan, Publisher.

Warren-Western Reserve Chronicle ; Hapgood & Sprague.

New Lisbon, Columbiana Co.-Ohio Patriot; Wm. D. Lepper.

Canton, Stark Co.-Ohio Repository; John Saxton. (Established by him in 1815.)

Wooster-Ohio Spectator; Samuel Baldwin, Jr.

Mt. Vernon-Ohio Register; John P. McArdle, Publisher of the Norwalk Reporter in 1828-29.

Cadiz, Harrison County-Ohio Luminary ; John Harris.

Steubenville -Western Herald; James Wilson.

Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County-Philanthropist ; Elisha Bates.

St.Clairsville. Belmont County -Belmont Journal; A. Armstrong.

Marietta-American Friend; Royal Prentiss.

Zanesville-Muskingum Messenger ; E. T. Cox (father of S. S. Cox, now member of Congress from New York), and Zanesville Express ; Horace Reed.

Delaware - Delaware Gazette; Drake & Hughes.

Columbus-Columbus Gazette ; P. H. Olmstead ; and Ohio Monitor; David Smith.

Lancaster-Ohio Eagle (English and German) ; John Herman.

Circleville-Olive Branch ; Olds & Thrall.

Gallipolis-Gallia Gazette; Joshua Cushing.

Chillicothe-Scioto Gazette; John Bailhache and Charles Scott. Supporter; George Nashee. Hillsborough-Hillsborough Gazette ; Moses Carothers.

West Union, Adams County-Political Censor; James Findlay.

Williamsburg. Clermont County-Clermont Sentinel; C. D. McManahan.

Cincinnati-Liberty Hall; (Gazette) Morgan, Lodge Co. Western Spy ; ^-Mason & Palmer. Inquisitor;Powers & Hopkins.

Hamilton, Butler County-Miami Herald; W. & J. Cameron.

Lebanon, Warren County-Western Star ; Abram Van Vleet.

Xenia, Green County-Reading Room ; John Kendall.

Dayton-Ohio Watchman; Robert J. Skinner.

Springfield-The Farmer ; Geoghegan & Rogers.

Urbana-Urbana Gazette; Allen M. Poff.

Following is believed to be a correct list of Newspapers published in Ohio in the year 1835, to wit:

*James Kilbourne's State Gazetteer,

PUBLIC PRESS. - 643

Columbus-Ohio State Journal ; John Bailhache, editor. Ohio Monitor; David Smith. Western Hemisphere ; Gilbert & Bryan. Sentinel ; John H. Wood.

Cincinnati-Gazette ; (daily and weekly) Charles Hammond. Republican ; (daily and weekly) Allen & Disney. Commercial Daily Advertiser; E. S. Thomas. Advertiser and Phoenix; Moses Dawson. Chronicle ; E. Deming. Mirror; Wm. D. Gallagher and Thos. H. Shreve. Western Magazine ; Jas. Hall.

Piqua-Gazette ; ,J. B. Gregory.

Troy-Times ; J. T. Tullis.

Perrysburg-Miami of the Lake ; Scott & Darling.

Dayton-Journal ; Van Cleve & Comly. Whig; S. Dutton. Herald; John Bigger.

Lancaster-Ohio Eagle ; John and C. H. Brough. Gazette ; P. Van Trump.

Bellefontaine-Gazette ; H. B. Strother.

Urbana-Country Collustrator ; A. T. Hays.

Springfield-Pioneer ; J. M. Gallagher & Co.

Xenia--Free Press ; J. H. Purdy.

Zanesville-Gazette ; Adam Peters.

Mansfield-Ohio Spectator ; Reitzel & Leyman.Whig; John and Charles Borland.

Sandusky-Clarion ; David Campbell.

Norwalk-Reflector ; S. & C. A. Preston.

Milan-Milan Times; M. H. Tilden & Co. (Myron H. Tilden, subsequently of Toledo, and now [1887] of Cincinnati, and George M. Swan.)

Elyria--Ohio Atlas ; A. A. Bliss. Republican; Samuel L. Hatch.

Cleveland-Herald ; B. Andrews. Advertiser; W. Woodward. Whig; L. L. Rice.

Toledo-Gazette ; J. Irvine Brown, Manager.

Ravenna--Ohio Star; L. Dewey.

Painesville--Telegraph; E. D. Howe.

Warren--News Letter ; T. J. McLain.

Canton-Repository ; John and Joshua Saxton. Democrat; Win. Dunbar. Vaterland's Freund; (German) Peter Kaufman.

Sidney -Herald; Thomas Smith.

A convention of the representatives of the Ohio Press was held at Toledo September 20 and 21, 1877. The following persons were present:

B. J. Loomis, Cincinnati Commercial.

Joshua Saxton, Urbana Gazette.

O. T. Locke, Tiffin Tribune.

John M. Myers, Tiffin Advertiser.

James K. Newcomer, Marion Mirror.

A. W. Fairbanks, Cleveland Herald.

Lewis Glessner, Findlay Courier.

G. Hammer, Bellevue Gazette.

F. Fieser, Columbus Westbote.

Hugo Prior, Staats Zeitung, Canton.

Frank G. Thompson, Delaware Gazette.

H. F. Baker, Local News, Bellevue.

George A. Dark, Genoa Register.

R. B. Curtiss, Elmore Tribune.

P. S. Peters, Columbus Gazette.

A. F. Perry, Ashtabula Gazette.

J. E. Wilcox, South Toledo Advertiser.

I. F. Mack, Sandusky Register.

J. P. Irvine, Zanesville Signal.

Miss Lillie Darst, Circleville Herald.

L. D. Myers, Columbus Dispatch.

Lecky Harper, Mt. Vernon Banner.

C. G. Lord, Columbus Sunday News.

D. B. Ringer, Bryan Press.

Petro Cuneo, Upper Sandusky Republican.

Frank Browning, Wilmington Republican.

L. G. Curtiss, Cincinnati Times.

W. S. Homaker, Bloomville Banner.

Will. E. Osborn, Antwerp Gazette.

J. H. McElroy, Toledo Blade.

Mrs. F. D. Jermain, Toledo Commercial.

J. B. Steedman, Toledo Democrat.

Besides these were others not reported, and the following from distant points:

Joseph Medill, Chicago Tribune.

A. Banning Norton, Dallas (Texas) Intelligencer.

J. L. Brezee, Adrian (Mich.) Times.

Charles Reed, St. Louis Globe-Democrat.

Henry Reed, Washington, D. C.

George A. Clark, Providence, R. I.

The following officers were elected : President, I. F. Mack, of Sandusky; Vice President, L. Fieser, Columbus; Secretary, Mrs. F. D. Jermain, Toledo; Asst. Secretary, J. K. Newcomer, Marion ; Treasurer, J. P. Irvine, Zanesville.

LIST OF OHIO PAPERS-1887.

ADAMS COUNTY.

Manchester-Signal.

West Union-New Era, People's Defender, Scion.
Winchester--Sentinel. 5.

ALLEN COUNTY.

Bluffton-News.

Lima - Democratic Times,

Republican,' Allen County

Democrat, Der Courier, Gazette. Spencerville-Journal. (tt) 7.

ASHLAND COUNTY.
Ashland-Brethren Evangelist, Press, Sun, Times.

Hayesville-Journal.

Loudonville-Advocate. 6.

ASHTABULA COUNTY.

Andover-Citizen.

Ashtabula-Evening Record, Yhdyswattain Sanomat, Democratic Standard, Telegraph, News, Joutohetket, (t) Perheen Ystawa. (t)

Conneaut-Herald, Reporter.

Geneva-Free Press, Times, Teacher and Student. (tt)

Harbor-Hullwill Polka, Pohjaulahti, Walwoja. (t)

Jefferson--Ashtabula Sentinel, Gazette.

Kingsville-Tribune.

Rock Creek-Banner. 20.

ATHENS COUNTY.
Athens--Herald, Journal, Messenger.

Nelsonville - News, Valley Register.

Trimble-Doings. 6.

AUGLAIZE COUNTY.
New Bremen-Stern des Westlichen Ohio, Sun.

St. Mary's- Argus, Dollar Sentinel.

Wapakoneta - Auglaize Co.

Democrat, Auglaize Republican. 6.

BELMONT COUNTY.
Barnesville -Enterprise, Republican.

Bellaire -Tribune, Independent,* Herald.

Flushing-Advertiser.

Martins Ferry-Valley Times, Church Herald. (t)

St. Clairsville-Chronicle, Gazette. 10.

BROWN COUNTY.
Georgetown--Democrat, News, Gazette.

Ripley-Bee and Times. 4.

BUTLER COUNTY.
College Corner-Investigator.
Hamilton- Democrat,* Herald,* News and Telegraph,* National Zeitung, Journal, (t) Youth's Golden Hours, (t)

Middletown- Journal, News, Signal.

Oxford-Citizen, News, Miami Journal. (t)

Westchester - Miami Valley Star. 14.

CARROLL COUNTY.

Carroll-Chronicle, Free Press, Republican.

Leesville-Connotton Valley Times. 4.

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY.

Mechanicsburg-News.

North Lewisburg-Tri-County Free Press.

St. Paris-Era, Despatch.

Urbana-Citizen, Democrat, Sun, Visitor. (t) 8.

CLARKE COUNTY.
New Carlisle-Sun, Farm and Fireside Friend. (t)

South Charleston-Sentinel.

Springfield - Champion City Times,' Gazette,* Republic,* Lutheran Evangelist, New

Era, Springfielder Journal, Sunday News, Transcript, Farm and Fireside, (t) Farm

Economist,} Ladies' Home Companion, (t) Beacon. (t) Ohio Baptist Beacon,(t) Wittenberger. (t) 17.

CLERMONT COUNTY.
Batavia - Advance, Courier, Sun.

Felicity-Times

Loveland-Enterprise.

New Richmond--independent, News.

Williamsburgh- Clermont Graphic. 8.

CLINTON COUNTY.

Banchester-Star.

New Vienna-Record, Messenger of Peace.

Sabina-News.

Wilmington.- Democrat, Republican. Journal, Collegian. (t) 8.

COLUMBIANA COUNTY.
Columbiana-Globe, Independent Register.

East Liverpool-Review,* Crisis, Gazette, Tribune.

East Palestine-Reveille, Valley Echo.

Leetonia-Democrat.

New Lisbon- Buckeye State, Journal, Ohio Patriot.

New Waterford- Gleaner. (t)

Salem-Buckeye Vidette, Era, Republican.

Salineville-Advance.

Wellsville-Evening Journal,* Union. 19.

COSHOCTON COUNTY.
Coshocton - Age, Democrat, Standard, Wochenblat. 4.

644 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY,

CRAWFORD COUNTY.

Bucyrus - Critic, * Courier, Forum, News, Journal, Sycamore News.

Crestline - Advocate, Vidette

Galion - Enquirer, Sun-Review

New Washington - Herald. 11.

CUYAHOGA COUNTY

Berea - Advertiser, Grit, Musical Harp, (t)

Brooklyn Village - Exponent

Chagrin Falls -Exponent.

Cleveland-Anzeiger,* Appeal," Leader,* Plain Dealer,* Press,^:. Waechter am Erie*, VoInost (tri-weekly), Dennice Novoveku, Catholic Knight, Catholic Universe, Clevelander Post. Cleveland Volksfreund, Der Christliche, Botschafter. Der Sendbote, Der Stinme der Wahreit, East End Signal, Evangelical Messenger, Gazette, Globe, Graphic and Sentinel, Grip, Iron Trade Review and Western Machinist, Journal of Trade, Labor Chronicle, Labor Herald, Marine Record, Ohio Practical Farmer, People's Tabernacle and Temperance Banner, Reformirte Kircbenzeitung, South Cleveland Advocate, Standard of the Cross, Sun and Voice, Sunday Tribune, Sunday World, Workman, American Builder, Christian Harvester, (t) Machinist and Wood Worker, Abendlust, (t) Brainard's Musical World, (t) Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Journal,) Clinical Review,) Earnest Worker,) Evangelical Sunday School Teacher. (t) Evangelische Magazin, (t) Farmer and Manufacturer (t) Johnson's Lake Shore Home Magazine,) Living Epistle,) Magazine of Western History,) Medical Gazette,) Odd Fellows' Signal, (t) Ohio A. O. U. W. Journal,) Scroll Sawyer and Home Decorator,) Sechrist's Hand-Book and Railway Guide, (t) International Standard (t) Journal of Dietetics (quarterly).

Strongville - Musical Monthly (t) 64

DARKE COUNTY.

Ansonia-Mirror.

Arcanum-Tribune.

Gettysburg-School Visitor.

Greenville-Democratic Advocate, Democrat, Die Post Journal, Sunday Courier

Versailles-Policy. 9.

DEFIANCE COUNTY

Defiance - Express, Democrat, Herald, Saturday Call

Hicksville - Independent, News. 6.

DELAWARE COUNTY

Ashley - Times, Weekly

Delaware - Gazette, * Democratic Herald, College Transcript, Michael's Advocate of Rapid Writing and Business Education (t) Woman's Home Mission (t)

Sunbury - Monitor. 8

ERIE COUNTY

Huron - Erie County Reporter

Milan - Advertiser

Sandusky - Journal and Local, * Register, * Democrat, Gazette. 6

FAIRFIELD COUNTY

Baltimore - Fairfield County Messenger

Lancaster - Gasette (semi-w),* Fairfield Co. Republican, Ohio Eagle, Ohio Industrial School Journal

Lithopolis - Home News

Rushville - Item. 7.

FAYETTE COUNTY

Bloomingburgh - Midland Echo

Jeffersonville - Chronicle, Ohio Citizen

Washington Court House - Herald*, Fayette Republican, Ohio State Register. 7.

FRANKLIN COUNTY

Canal Winchester - Times.

Columbus - Evening Despatch,* State Journal,* Times, * Catholic Columian, Courier, Der Ohio Sountagsgast, Free American, Law Bulletion, Little Crusader, Lutheran Standard, State Sentinel, Ohio Waisenfreund, Record and Market Reporter, Sunday Herald, Sunday News, Sunday Tribune, Telegram, Lantern, American, (t) Lutherische Kirchen Zeitung, Bundle of Sticks, (t) City and Country, (t) Masonic Chronicle, (t) Medical Journal, (t) Odd Fellows Companion. (t)

FULTON COUNTY

Archbold - Herald

Delta - Atlas, Avalanche

Fayetter - Record, Normal Advocate (qr)

Swanton - Enterprise

Wauseon - Democratic Espositor, Tribune, Maumee Valley Prohibitionist, Northern Republican. 10.

GALLIA COUNTY

Cheshire - Central Free Will Baptist (t)

Gallipolis - Bulletin, Tribune, Journal 4

GEAUGA COUNTY

Burton - Geauga Leader

Chardon - Democratic Record, Republican

Middlefield - Messenger

GREENE COUNTY

Bellbrook - Moon

Cedarville - Herald

Jamestown - Tribune

Osborn - Local

Xenia - Gazette *, Torchlight, * Blade, Democratic News, Home Weekly, Republican, Boss Painters Journal (t) 11

GUERNSEY COUNTY

Cambrigde - Times, Herald, Jefferson, People Press, Ohio Teacher.

Cumberland - News

Kimbolton - Key-Note

Quaker City - Independent. 8.

HAMILTON COUNTY

Cincinnati - Anzeiger, * Arbeiter Blatt, * Zeitung, * Commercial Gazette, * Enquierer, * Evening Post, * Evening Telegram, * Freie Presse,* Hotel Journal,* Times Star,* Times, Volksblatt,* Westliche Blaetter, Volksfreund,* Sonntags-Morgen, American Catholic Tribune, American Christian Review, American Grange Bulletin, American Israelite, American Sportsman, Catholic Telegraph, Christian Leader, Christian Standard, Cincinnater Sonnstagsblatt, Der Christliche Aologete, Die Deborah, Farming World, Grocer, Herald and Prebyter, Illustrated Graphic News, Irish Times, Journal and Messenger, Lancet-Clinic, Live Stock Review, National Temperance Star, Price Current and Commercial Review, Protestantischer Haus Freund, South West, Suburban News, Unionist, United Labor Age, Wahrheitsfreund, Western Christian Advocate, Western Merchant, and Manufactureer, Western Tobacco Journal, Furniture Worker, Headlight, (t) American Inventor, (t) American Law Record (t) Artisan, (t) Bible School, (t) Children's Home Record, (t) Christian Press, (t) Courier, (t) Dental Register, (t) Der Sendbote, (t) Disceple, (t) Eclectic Medical Journal, (t) Express Gazette, (t) Florida Chautauqua, (t) Haus und Herd, (t) Humane Educator, (t) Knights Journal (t) Lumber Worker, (t) McMeeken Review, (t) Masonic Review, (t) Medical and Dental Journal, (t) Medical News, (t) Muscial Standard, (t) Musical Visitor, (t) Mystic Jerod, (t) National Normal Exponent, (t) Obstetric Gazette, (t) Our Little Grangers, (t) People's Aid, (t) Sabbath Visitor, (t) Sewing Machine Interest, (t) Spokesman, (t) Stamp Word, (t) Sunday School Journal, (t) Trap and Trigger (t) Western Architect and Builder (t) Beta Theta Pi (qr), Der Deutsche Pioneer (qr., Drugs and Medicines of North America (qr).

Cumminsville - Transcript

Harrison - News

Lockland - Miami Valley News

Mount Washington - Public School Journal, (t) 95

HANCOCK COUNTY

Findlay - Jeffersonian. * Courier, Republican, Wochenblatt

McComb - Herald

Mount Blanchard - Tribune. 6.

HARDIN COUNTY

Ada - Record, Holiness Conservator, University Herald

Dunkirk - Standard

Forest - Review

Kenton - Democratic, News, Das Wochenblatt, Democrat, Republican

Mt. Victory - Observer, 11

HARRISON COUNTY

Bowerston - Gazatte

Cadiz - Flambeau, Republican, Sentinel

Freeport - Press

Scio - Herald, Eclectic Journal of Education, 7.

HENRY COUNTY.

Deshler - Flag

Holgate - Times

Liberty Center - Liberty Press

Napoleon - Northwest, Demokrat, Signal. 6.

HIGHLAND COUNTY

Greenfield - Enterprise

Hillsboro - Gazette, News -Herald

Leesburgh - Buckeye. 4

HOCKING COUNTY

Logan - Sentinel, Democrat, Gazette. 3

HOLMES COUNTY

Millersburgh - Farmer, Republican

HURON COUNTY

Bellevue - Gazette, Local News

Chicago - Star, Times

Greenwich - Enterprise

Monroeville - Spectator

New Lincoln - Record

Norwalk - Reflector, * Bulletin, Adler, Chronicle, Experiment and News, Journal, Farm and Fair Journal

Walkeman - Independent Press. 15

JACKSON COUNTY

Jackson - Herald, Journal, Standard

Wellston - Argus. 4.

JEFFERSON COUNTY

Mingo Junction - Mingo News

Richmond - Radiator

Smithfield - Times

Steubenville - Gazette, * Herald, * Germania, Ohio Press

Toronto - Tribune. 8.

KNOX COUNTY

Centerburg - Gazette

Fredericktown - Free Press

Mt. Vernon- Republican, Tribune, Banner, Democrat, Poulterer, 7.

LAKE COUNTY

Madison - Index

Painesville - Advertiser, Democrat, Northern Ohio Journal, Telegraph.

Willoughby - Independent. 6.

LAWRENCE COUNTY.

Ironton - Der Waechter am Ohio, Register, Republican, Saturday Irontonian

Procterville - Gazette, *

Rockwood - Crescent, 6.

LICKING COUNTY.

Granville - Times, Denison Collegian

Johnstown - Independent

Newark - Advocate, * American, * Banner, Express

Pataskala - Standard

Utica - Herald, 9

LOGAN COUNTY

Belle Centre - Bulletin, News Gazette

Bellefontaine - Republican, Examiner, Index

De Graff - Buckeye

Quincy - Journal

West Liberty - Banner, 8.

LORAIN COUNTY

Elyria - Republican, Constitution, Telephone. *

Lorain - Times

North Amherst - Courier

Oberlin - Exponent, News, Review, Highways, and Heges, (t) Bibleotheca Sacra

Wellington - Enterprise. 11.

LUCAS COUNTY

Maumee - New Era

Toledo - (see - page 641) 24

MADISON COUNTY

London - Enterprise, Democrat, Times, Vigilant

Mt. Sterling - Tribune

Plain City - Dealer

South Solon - Echo 7.

MAHONING COUNTY

Canfield - Mahoning Dispatch

Petersburg - Press

Youngstown - Telegraph, * Christian Citizen, Issue Rundschau, Sunday Star, Vindicator, St. John's Church Parishioner, (t) 9

MARION COUNTY

Caledonia - Argus

LaRue - News

Marion - Star, * Independent, Miror

Prospect - Monitor. 6

MEDINA COUNTY

Medina - Democrat, Gazette, News, Gleanings, Bee Culture, (t)

Seville - Times

Wadsworth - Banner, Enterprise, 7.

MEIGS COUNTY

Middleport - Herald, Republican

Pomeroy - Telegraph, 3.

MERCER COUNTY.

Celina - Bote, Observer, Standard

Shane's Crossing - Free Press, 4

MIAMI COUNTY

Bradford - Independent - Sentinel

Covington - Gazette, Vindicator (t)

Piqua - Call, * Der Correspondent, Journal, Miami Helmet, Miami Leader

Tippecano City - Herald

Troy - Trojan, * Chronicle, Democrat, Union

West Milton - Buckeye, 14.

MONROE COUNTY

Clarington - Independent

Woodsfield, Gazette, Journal, Spirit of Democracy. 4.

PUBLIC PRESS. - 645

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

Dayton Democrat,* Empire and Democrat, Die Daytoner Volkszeitung, *Herald, *Journal; Christian Conservator, Christian World, Der Froechliche Botschafter, Herald of Gospel Liberty, Record, Religious Telescope, Wachter Workman, Golden Words.(t) Leaves of Light, (t) Farmers' Hornet Nutzlicher Freund,(t) Ohio Poultry Journal, (t) Our Bible Teacher, (t) Syndicate, (t) Instructor (qr). Germantown- Press. Kinsey-Farm and Dairy (t). Miamisburg-Bulletin, News, 24.

MORGAN COUNTY.

McConnellsville - Democrat, Herald. 2.

MORROW COUNTY.

Cardington-Independent.

Mt. Gilead-Sentinel, Register, Poultry Magnett. 4.

MUSKINGUM COUNTY.

Dresden-Doings.

New Concord-Enterprise.

Zanesville-Courier,' Signal,* Times-Recorder,*' Advocate, Poultry Adviser, Post, Sunday News, Ohio Farmers' Journal, Shepherds' Journal and Rural Era. (t) 12.

NOBLE COUNTY.

Caldwell-Journal, Democrat, Republican, Press. 4.

OTTAWA COUNTY.

Elmore-Tribune.

Lakeside-News.

Oak Harbor-Exponcnt, Press, Gospel Light. (t)

Port Clinton - News, Lake Shore Bulletin. 7.

PAULDING COUNTY.

Antwerp-Argus.

Paulding - Gazette, Democrat. 3.

PERRY COUNTY.

Corning - Times, Sopher's Home Journal. (t)

New Lexington-Herald, Tribune.

Shawnee--Banner.

Somerset-Press.

Thornville-News. 6.

PICKAWAY COUNTY.

Ashville-Enterprise.

Circleville- Herald Democrat and Watchman, Union Herald.

Williamsport -Rip Saw. 5.

PIKE COUNTY.

Piketon-Tribune.

Waverly-Republican, Watchman. 3.

PORTAGE COUNTY.

Garrettsville-Journal, Saturday Item.

Hiram--Bugle Echo.

Kent-News, Saturday Bulletin.

Ravenna-Republican,* Democratic Press.

Windham-Herald. 8.

PREBLE COUNTY.

Camden-Gazette.

Eaton-Democrat, Register.

New Paris-Mirror.

West Alexander--Twin Valley Times. 5.

PUTNAM COUNTY.

Columbus Grove-Vidette.

Leipsic-Free Press.

Ottawa-Gazette, Sentinel. 4.

RICHLAND COUNTY.

Bellville-Star.

Mansfield-Democrat,* Herald* , News," Shield and Banner, Buckeye Farmer. (t)

Plymouth--Advertiser.

Shelby-Free Press, Times.

Shiloh--Gleaner, Review. 10.

ROSS COUNTY.

Adelphi--Border News.

Chilicothe- News,' Register, Advertiser, Leader, Gazette, Unsere Zeit.

Frankfort-Sun. 7.

SANDUSKY COUNTY.
Clyde--Earnest Worker,

Enterprise, Review.

Fremont--Journal, News, (tt) Messenger, Courier, Scientific. 8

SCIOTO COUNTY.
Portsmouth--Blade, Correspondent, Leader, Times, Tribune, Camp-Fire, (t) District Recorder. (t) 7.

SENECA COUNTY.
Attica--Journal, Medical Compound. (t)

Bettsville-Enterprise.

Bloomville-Seneca Co. Record.

Fostoria-Democrat, Observer Review.

Green Springs-Times, Mutual Underwriter.

Tiffin - Herald,: Die Tiffin Presse, News, Advertiser, Tribune, Heidelberg Jour

nal. (t) 15.

SHELBY COUNTY.
Port Jefferson-People's Advocate.

Sidney-Democrat, Journal. 3.

STARK COUNTY.
Alliance - Review, Leader, Standard.

Canal Fulton-Signal.

Canton-Democrat,* Repository,* Tagliches Journal,* Der Ohio Volks-Zeitung.

Louisville-Herald.

Massillon-American, Independent.

Minerva-News.

Navarre-Independent.

Waynesburg-Enterprise.

Wilmot-Review. 14.

SUMMIT COUNTY.
Akron -Beacon,* City Times, Der Germania, Freie Press, Sunday Gazette, Journal of

Carp Culture, (t) Ohio Edncational Monthly and National Teacher, (t) People's Month

ly, (t) Delta Gama Anchora (qr.).

Cuyahoga Falls-Reporter and Farmer. 10.

TRUMBULL COUNTY.

Cortland -Gazette.

Hubbard-Enterprise.

Newton Falls-Echo

Niles-Independent

Warren--Chronicle,.* Tribune, Democrat, Horticulturist and Farm .Journal. 8.

TUSCARAWAS COUNTY.

Bolivar-News Journal.

Canal Dover-Iron Valley Reporter, Tuscarawas Democrat, Workman.

Dennison-Paragraph.

Mineral Point-Mineral Pointer.

New Comerstown-index.

New Philadelphia - Der Deutsche Beobachter, Ohio Democrat, Times, Advocate.

Shanesville-News. (t)

Uhrichsville-Chronicle. 13.

UNION COUNTY.

Magnetic Springs-Magnetic Reporter.

Marysville-Times, Tribune, Union Co. Journal, Union Co. Wochenblatt.

Milford Center-Milford Echo.

Richwood-Gazette. 7.

VAN WERT COUNTY

Van Wert-Bulletin, Gazette, Republican, Times. 4.

VINTON COUNTY.

Hamden Junction - Enterprise.

McArthur.- Democrat-Enquirer, Record.

New Plymouth-Graphic. 4.

WARREN COUNTY.

Franklin-Chronicle.

Lebanon-Star,Gazette, Patriot.

Waynesfield-Gazette, News. 6

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

Beverly-Dispatch.

Marietta-Register (semi-w.), Dollar News. Leader, Times, Zeitung, College Oho. (t)

New Matamoras-Paragraph. 8.

WAYNE COUNTY.

Creston-Journal.

Dalton-Gazette.

Doylestown-Journal.

Fredericksburgh-Sun.

Orrville-Crescent.

Shreve --News.

West Salem-Independent.

Wooster - Jacksonian, Journal, Republican, University Voice, Democrat, Herald, Collegian, (t) Royal Arcanum, Journal, (t) 16.

WILLIAMS COUNTY.

Bryan-Democrat, Press, Prohibitionist.

Edgerton-Observer.

Montpelier-Democrat, Enterprise.

Pioneer-Tri-State Alliance.

Stryker-Advance

West Unity-Chief. 9.

WOOD COUNTY.

Bowling Green -Democrat,

Gazette, Sentinel.

Grand Rapids-Thompson's Triumph.

North Baltimore-Beacon.

Pemberville-Reporter.

Perrysburg-Journal.

Weston-Herald. 8.

WYANDOT COUNTY.

Carey-Wyandot Co. Tribune.

Nevada-Enterprise.

Upper Sandusky- Union, Chief, Der Germania, Republican.

Whorton-Leader. 7.

The following table shows the advance of the press in Ohio since 1819:

1819. 1835. 1887.

Total No. of papers published 33 41 787

No. of daily papers none. 2 111

The two daily papers in 1835, were the Cincinnati Gazette, edited by Charles Hammond; and the Cincinnati Republican, published by Allen & Disney. Those of 1887, were distributed among the Counties as follows:

Allen, 2 ; Ashtabula, 1 ; Belmont, 2 ; Butler, 3; Champaign, 1 ; Clarke, 3; Columbiana, 2; Crawford, 1 ; Cuyahoga, 6 ; Delaware, 1; Erie, 2 ; Fayette, 1 ; Franklin, 3 ; Greene, 2 ; Hamilton, 12; Hancock, 1 ; Huron, 1 ; Jefferson, 2 ; Licking, 2 ; Lorain, 1 ; Lucas, 4 ; Mahoning, 1 ; Marion, 1 ; Miami, 2 ; Montgomery, 4 ; Muskingum, 3 ; Pickaway, 1 ; Portage, 1; Richland, 3 ; Ross, 1 ; Seneca, 1 ; Stark, 3 ; Summit, 1 ; Trumbull, I ; Warren, 1.

PRINTING MACHINERY.

The first Toledo newspapers were started but a few years after the improved iron hand presses of the Smith and Washington patents un to supplant their ancient predecessors, the Ramage, the Stanberry and the Stanhope. As late as 1830, there were more of the latter than of the former class in this country. The one used for the Lower Sandusky (Fremont) Whig, started in May, 1839, by the writer of this, was a Ramage press, substantially the same as that now in the National Museum at Washington, which has been made famous above its Lower Sandusky fellow, only by the fact that Benjamin Franklin, when a " Jour. Printer," in London, worked on the former, and did not on the latter. The Lower Sandusky, machine, however, was not without a history. It had been long in use, when, during the War of 1812-15, the Albany (New York) Argus was printed on it. In 1818 it was taken from Albany to Courtland County, New York, by David Campbell ; and thence, by him, in 1822, to Sandusky, Ohio, where it was used in the office of the Sandusky Clarion until 1835, when it gave place to an iron press. In 1837 it was taken

646 -HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

to Lower Sandusky, for printing the Times, a paper then started at that place ; and two years later was used in the office of the Whig, as already stated, having been finally laid aside in 1841. The Norwalk Reflector, started in 1830, was for several years printed on a Stanberry press (a successor of the Ramage), and in 1886 was yet in use at Milan, Ohio. Both these machines were mainly of wood, and each printed but one-half a full form or a single page of a paper at an impression or "pull;" hence, the process of printing involved not only great labor, but special care and skill.

When the history of the Toledo Press began, that great improvement, the " Composition Roller " (of molasses and glue), had but fairly displaced "Ink Balls," whose use dates well back toward that of movable types in printing. These rollers were essentially " home-made," as the frequent monopoly of the domestic fireplace and the cooking stove for their manufacture, so well qualified housekeepers to testify. So complete was that improvement, that with some valuable changes in method and material, the rollers of 60 years ago, to-day apply the ink for the printed matter of the world.*

The hand press first used in the Toledo Blade office (in 1836) was of the Smith patent. It was wholly of iron, with a " bed " 22x32 inches in size; the" platen," for giving the impression, covered one side of the entire sheet, thus requiring but one-half the "pulls" of the older presses. This press was used here until August, 1838, when the old materials of Blade office, the press included, were taken to Lagrange, Cass County, Michigan, with which a Whig paper was then started. The sale was made because the Blade was at that time enlarged beyond the capacity of the press in use. The new press, also of iron, was used for printing the Blade until I853, and was then given over to the Job Room, where it was in use for many years. Its successor in 1853, was a Northrup cylinder press, invented by Joel G. Northrup, of Syracuse, New York, who commenced the manufacture of improved presses as early as 1842. In 1852 he got out a new machine, and manufactured it at Oneida, New York. The third one made, and the first used West of Buffalo, was purchased by the writer and taken to Sandusky in 1852, for the use of the Register (formerly the Clarion), of that City. It was designed to be driven by steam or by handpower. It printed about 900 sheets per hour, and for country papers was a valuable improvement. Although now in his 71st year, Mr. Northrup is still improving and manufacturing presses, his latest patent appearing in 1886 (his

* It has been understood, that the first composition roller in Ohio, was made by Joshua Saxton, a pioneer Printer, for many years publisher of the Urbana Gazette. He was a brother of John Saxton, who started the Ohio Repository, at Canton, during the War of 1812-15, and published it for some 50 years.

Combined Press and Folding Machine). The " Northrup " was used for printing the Blade from 1853 to 1860, at which time its enfeeble condition and limited capacity made necessary a substitute, which was purchased of Hoe Co., of New York. It was a large drum-cylinder press, with a capacity of 1,200 per hour and had been used in printing the Charleston (S. C.) Mercury. On this machine the Blade was printed until 1866, when a small cylinder Hoe press was obtained, capable of printing 2,000 sheets (on one side) per hour. In 1866 a double-cylinder press, with a capacity c 4,000 sheets Z one side) was procured, and was used until 1872, at which time a Hoe foul cylinder machine (capacity 10,000) succeeded it, and was used until a Scott Perfecting press capable of printing complete and folding 16,00 sheets per hour, was obtained in 1885. A better idea of the advance in printing thus shown b the history of the Blade, will be had by the average reader, when it is stated, that, to c the work performed by the Scott machine would require 203 hand-presses like those ft years in use in that office. To operate these 203 pressmen and 203 hands to ink the type would be required ; and say 40 more to fold the papers when printed-making a total force 446 persons to run the 203 presses. But this not all. The Scott press prints and folds sheet of eight pages of the size of the four-pad sheet of the former Blade-thus doubling tlhe figures here given, and doing the work of 4( hand-presses, and 892 hands. And not on] that, but the present machine at the same tin cuts the eight-page sheet into two, and with paste neatly attaches them, ready for use, which latter process would probably require not less than 50 persons; thus carrying the number persons required to do the work of the Scott press, to the surprising aggregate of 94 Agaist these, the only offset to be made, consists of one Engineer for the steam-power, one Superintendent of the press, an assistant and couple of boys-in all, four, or 938 less the the force demanded by the old process, for like amount of work. Another view of the case, will indicate something of the extent the advance in printing machinery. The 4 hand-presses, with the 40 folders and 50 pastel would occupy an aggregate space of not less than 58,000 square feet; and if placed side 1 side allowing space of 12x12 feet for each press-the line would require a building 4,8' feet, or nearly one mile in length. Where the entire operation of the Scott press can conducted in a room 25x50 feet in size. still further marking the advance in this direction during the last half century, it may noted, that in 1835 the statement was mad that the Royal printing office of France co tamed the types of 56 Oriental alphabets, which 49 complete fonts of various kinds we ready for use. These weighed 750,000 pounds,

PUBLIC PRESS - 647

or 375 tons, and were sufficient to compose, simultaneously, 125,000 8vo pages, or 250 volumes of 500 pages each. As further showing the extraordinary facilities of the Royal establishment, it was stated that the number of its presses was so great, that it could print 278,000 sheets per day. The Scott press would print that number of sheets, and cut, fold and paste their halvas together, in 18 hours-au amount of work far beyond the capacity of the French establishment. It will also be borne in mind, that when this remarkable French printing office-the greatest in the World-was doing these wonders at the Capital of France, Toledo was little more than a hamlet, struggling for very existence, and chiefly known as the scene of a boundary dispute, with its only newspaper-the Toledo Gazette-a feeble thing, irregularly printed on a small hand-press. This hamlet has grown to be a leading commercial point of the country, with a thrifty population of 75,000, and with two printing presses, either the equal of anything of the kind now in the great establishment of Paris. The extraordinary advance made in printing machinery, is indicated by the following illustrations-the one of the Ramage press, and the other of the Scott press.

648 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

Steam-power was first employed in Toledo for propelling a printing press, in July, 1853, at the Blade office. Previous to that time, all press work had been done by hand. The engine then used was a small one, which drove two presses-a Northrup cylinder, for the newspaper, and a small Hoe cylinder, for job work-but one of which, for lack of power, could be used at a time. Ere long the engine became too feeble, even for such divided work, when hand-power for a time again became the chief reliance for printing the Blade. Ere long a new 10-horse engine was procured, which subsequently gave way for a more powerful one, to be succeeded by others of increasing capacity. The second paper using steam-power was the Commercial, about 1858. From that time on, hand-presses for newspaper work were rarely in use-publishers not having steam presses of their own, having their press-work clone chiefly outside their offices.

AMATEUR PRINTING AND PUBLISHING.

For several years there was quite general interest taken in the art of printing, and in newspaper and book publishing, by boys of Toledo. This state of things seems to have commenced about 1870, and was specially manifest during the succeeding 10 years, although continued thereafter. It has been deemed proper in this connection to give brief review of the earlier years of this branch of Toledo art and literature. For this purpose, the record, as supplied by the Toledo Amateur Directory," issued by F. W. Kibbe & Brother, in 1877, is reproduced as there found

HISTORY OF AMATEUR JOURNALS.

When the fire of Amateur journalism was beginning to spread over the country, Toledo was not much behind. The first paper issued from Toledo was the Young Enterprise, published by Reed, Wagar & Reed (Wm. H. and George Fred. Reed and C. P. Wagar). The first number was published in December, 1869, and bore the date of January 1, 1870. It was enlarged twice, and with the fifth number had an engraved heading ; and with the sixth number they bought out De Omnibus, one of the first, if not the first paper published in Ohio. After publishing this for a year, they sold out to C. H. Fowle, of West Newton, Massachusetts.

In May, 1871, Fred. G. Andrews started the American Youth, and after publishing two numbers, he sold out to F. DeMarest, of New York.

Just after the Chicago fire (1871) two numbers of the Chicago Our Boys, were printed in Toledo.

The Maumee Youth was a venture which never saw the full light, as the Editor, after printing two pages, got tired and retired.

The next paper to appear in the field, was the Corn City Compliments, started by Smith & Dyer (George B. Smith and Nathaniel Dyer), in June, 1872. This paper was enlarged once, and issued several supplements. It had the reputation of being one of the spiciest papers ever published, and met with great encouragement, having received more compliments than any other paper that bad been published. In 1874 the publishers bought the famous Our Boys, of Chicago, and changed the name to that of the latter journal, which paper is still running.

In 1873 there were two papers started, the Collector's Review, a paper devoted to Stamp Collector which, after publishing three numbers, was consolidated with Corn City Compliments.

The Critic, a spicy paper, was published by F. T Lindenberger, who afterwards changed the name to Occasional, which was very appropriate for an amateur paper.

In 1876 a paper was issued, said to be from Bo) 73, Toledo, Ohio, by C. Vincent ; but we guess the gentleman used to live in New York State. Only one number was issued.

In 1876 the Home News and Our Centennial Yeas were started by Ed. M. Scribner. The last named journal changed its name to Minute Men, in 1877.

In November, 1876, The Standard was issued b3 Kibbe, Maples & Co. It has been enlarged twice and in April, 1877, began to issue a supplement.

AMATEUR JOB PRINTING OFFICES

Have been established for a long time. It is hard to tell who had the first one ; but from what can b learned, the first press was a Lowe Smasher ; the next a small sized Novelty ; and the next was a large office with some fifty fonts of type, and a large-sized Novelty press, owned by Fred. G. Andrews.

The next was one started by Edward P. Day. H had a small Novelty and a few fonts of type ; but by saving what he made, he bought a Gordon press, ant at last had an office which cost about $800.

From this, up to the present, there have been many offices started, with nearly all the different presses made.

AMATEURS.

A list of amateur Authors, Printers and Publish ers, of Toledo, Ohio (to 1877):

Frank W. Kibbe, 400 Michigan Street ; age, 16 Printer, Publisher and Editor.

James E. Maples,* 423 Ontario Street; age, 13 Printer, Publisher and Editor.

Albert E. Richards, 10 Utica Street; age, 14; Author and Printer.

Henry W. Kibbe, 400 Michigan Street ; age, 13 ; Printer and Publisher.

Orie M. Roff, corner 13th and Madison Streets ; age, 17 ; Printer.

Ed. M. Scribner, 144 Franklin Avenue; age, 14; Printer, Publisher and Editor.

Harry D. Fallis, 333 Huron Street ; age, 16 ; Printer.

Fred. C. Whipple, 167 Walnut Street ; age, 14; Publisher.

J. M. Hubbard, 46 Lagrange Street; age, 16 ; Printer.

Obid B. Law, 621 Huron Street ; age, 15; Printer.

Charles H. Cook, 638 Huron Street ; age, 17; Printer.

William A. Howell, 175 Madison Street ; age, 13; Printer.

M. Brady (since deceased), 523 Huron Street; age, 15; Engraver.

C. O. Phelps, Superior Street, between Adams and Madison ; age, 16; Printer.

Harry Ketcham, corner 13th and Madison Streets; age, 12 ; Printer.

E. B. Smiley, 53 Detroit Avenue ; age, 15; Printer.

F. G. Kimball, 67 Cherry Street ; age, 13; Printer.

A. S. Hannaford, 97 Summit Street ; age, 17; Printer.

Fred. Brigham, 141 Walnut Street; age, 13; Printer.

Will. G. Lenhart, 19 Carroll Street ; age, 17; Printer and Publisher.

* Deceased.

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Wm. O. Brown, Jr., corner Summit and Ash Streets; age, 16; Printer.

Arthur P. Braisted, 120 Madison Street ; age, 15 ; Printer.

Chas. A. Lee, 595 Huron Street; age, 15; Printer.

Henry W. Eddy, 07 Summit Street; age, 17; Printer.

William M. Bellman, 746 Huron Street; age, 17; Printer.

A. F. Lenhart, 19 Carroll Street ; age, 13 ; Printer.

E. Engelhardt, corner Summit and Perry Streets; age, 13; Printer.

Fred. Dodge, 590 Huron Street ; age, 10; Printer.

C. G. Lampman, 144 Franklin Avenue; age, 12; Printer.

AMATEUR BOOKS.

"Puzzledom Complete," by Canoe; 104 pages; price, 25 cents. Our Boys, Publishers. 1874.

" Robinson Crusoe." by Wasatch ; 56 pages ; illustrated (by Brady); price, 10 cents. Kibbe & Lenhart, Publishers.

"Biography of the Scribner Family," by E. M. Scribner ; 16 pages ; price, 10 cents. Home News, Publishers. 1876.

"Dick Forrester," by Fuzz; 10 pages ; price, 5 cents. F. Whipple & Co., Publishers. 1877.

"Our Little Hand-Book ;" 16; pages; price, Scents. K. O. St. John, Publisher. 1877.

"Jack's Fate," by Rot; 8 pages; price, 5 cents; A. P. Braisted, Publisher. 1877.

"Toledo Amateur Directory for 1877;" 20 pages; price, 10 cents. F. W. Kibbe & Brother, Publishers. 1877.

BOOK AND JOB PRINTING.

For some 20 years, and until about 1853, Job Printing was almost wholly clone in connection with Newspaper offices. At the date named, Samuel Andrews and Godfrey Jeager started a separate Job Office at 162 Summit Street (up stairs), which was continued until merged in the Blade establishment, in 1856, Clark Waggoner meantime having taken the interest of Mr. Jeager.

Subsequently, Boyd & Co. had a Job Office, part of' the time in connection with the Commercial.

In December, 1862, Ira H. Spear, George L. Johnson and Geo. Schneider, constituting the firm of Spear, Johnson & Co., commenced Book and Job Printing at 99 Summit Street. In November, 1863, the office was removed to 28 Summit Street, where it was burned out February 22, 1868. During the same year they erected the building (139 St. Clair Street) yet occupied by the establishment It is the oldest Job Printing Office, separate froth a newspaper, now in the City. The present partners are George L. Johnson and Samuel Andrews, the latter having succeeded Mr. Schneider in 1883-the firm still being Spear, Johnson & Co.

The Blade Printing and Paper Company was organized in December, 1873, with I). R. Locke as President, John Paul Jones as Vice President, and George D. Claflin as Secretary and Treasurer. The business of this establishment has been ]look Making-including type setting, stereotyping, engraving and binding-general Printing, manufacture of Blank Books and Boxes, and dealing in Paper and Stationery. Its trade for 1887 amounted to $160,000. The officers for 1888, are as follows

Directors-S. M. Young, T. J. Brown, George D. Claflin, George F. Johnson, Daniel Nitschke, Horatio S. Young and E. H. Rhoades. President-S. M. Young. Vice President-E. H. Rhoades. Secretary and Treasurer-G. D. Glaflin.

The Barkdull Printing House (W. H. and Thomas H. Barkdull, proprietors) was established in November, 1873, for conducting the business of Book and Job Printing. Its locations have been-289 and 172 Summit, 51-55 (up stairs) Adams, and 198 St. Clair Street. The business of the office has steadily increased with increasing facilities.

In August, 1874, Charles M. Montgomery and George W. Vrooman established a Book and Job Printing Office, at 84-86 (up stairs) St. Clair Street. The next year they removed to 85-87, same Street, and in 1884 to 94 St. Clair and 20-22 Swan Street, where they now are.

In 1875, Kibbe & Brother began a little business as amateur Printers, which was continued until 1881, when Frank W. Kibbe and Will. G. Lenhart engaged in general Job Printing. In 1886, Frank Heyer became connected with the office, when the firm was named the Kibbe Printing Company. It is located at 140 St. Clair Street (in United States Express building).

Bellman Brothers (Wm. M. and Charles N.), in 1878, with a few types and a $10 printing press, in an amateur way issued a School paper called the Monthly Record. In 1880, a second press was obtained, with additional types, when general Job Printing was commenced. In 1884, their office was removed nearer the business center of the City, and in 1887 the first floor of building Southeast corner of St. Clair and Oak Streets, was taken, where their business has been enlarged.

John J. Timmers, No. 5 King Block, Southeast corner Madison and Water Streets.

Oblinger & Blakely, St. Clair Street, between Orange and Cherry.

St. John Printing House, Southeast corner Wafer and Jefferson Streets.

G. A. Tanner & Co., 150 Summit Street.

J. R. Van Wormer, 293 St. Clair Street.

Law & Preston, Northeast corner Cherry and Summit Streets.

F. W. Caughling, 9 King Block, Southeast corner Madison and Water Streets.

Railroader Job Printing Office, W. O. Brown, Jr., Manager, 341 St. Clair Street.

Book and Job Printing continue to be done in connection with the offices of the Commercial, the Bee, and the Express (German).

PRESS ASSOCIATIONS.

WESTERN ASSOCIATED PRESS.-The work of gathering the news for transmission by tele-

650 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

graph to the press of the country, from the beginning of that mode of transmission until November, 1862, bad been left chiefly to the operators and other employes of the Telegraph Companies. At that time the New York Associated Press existed, including papers of New York City and Philadelphia. This combination proved so successful, that the Western press was induced to attempt a similar arrangement, as the only means of relief from the severe embarrassments under which they were laboring.

The first definite step in that direction consisted of a meeting of representatives of the daily papers in the leading Western Cities, which was held at Indianapolis, Indiana, November 25, 1862, when the following gentlemen were present, to wit:

M. D. Potter, of the Cincinnati Commercial.

S. B. McLean, Cincinnati Enquirer.

Richard Smith, Cincinnati Gazette.

J. D. Osborn, Louisville Journal.

John L. Wilson and J. G. Devin, Chicago Journal.

Joseph Medill and Alfred Cowles, Chicago Tribune.

A. Worden, Chicago Times. L. Brentano, Chicago Staats-Zeitung.

George Knapp, St. Louis Republican.

G. W. Fishback, St. Louis Democrat.

D. M. Grissen, St. Louis Evening News.

William Cuddy, St. Louis Union.

H. N. Walker. Detroit Free Press.

Henry Barnes, Detroit Tribune.

B. R. Sulgrave and J. M. Tilford, Indianapolis Journal.

G. W. Manypenny, Columbus (0.) Statesman.

F. W. Hurtt, Columbus Journal.

J. B. Norman, New Albany Ledger.

John R. Elder and J. J. Bingham, Indianapolis Sentinel.

A. W. Fairbanks and George A. Benedict, Cleveland Herald.

Clark Waggoner, Toledo Blade. James

A. Boyd, Toledo Commercial. W. S. Lingle, Lafayette Courier.

Edwin Cowles, Cleveland Leader.

T. A. Stow, Cleveland Plain-Dealer.

After a free comparison of views, the Convention formed itself into an association to be known as the "Western Associated Press," for which eight Directors were chosen, to wit: Geo. Knapp, Joseph Medill, Henry N. Walker, J. D. Osborn, Richard Smith, R. Riddle (Pittsburgh Gazette), John It. Elder and Clark Waggoner. Of this Board of Directors, Richard Smith was elected President, and Joseph Medill Secretary and Treasurer.

Messrs. Smith, Medill and Sulgrave were appointed as a committee to investigate the subject of substitutes for rags and material for paper. Since that date, straw, wood-fibre and other substitutes for rags have entered largely, and sometimes almost wholly, into the manufacture of" print paper."

From that beginning the Western Associated Press has gone forward with increasing strength and efficiency.

TOLEDO PRESS CLUB.-This organization is constituted of persons connected with the public Press of the City, and is designed to promote the social relations and common interests of its members. It was organized in 1880. All persons connected with the Press of Toledo as Journalists, are eligible to active membership, and others to the relation of honorary members. The present officers of the Club are as follows: President, Robinson Locke ; Vice President, Mrs. Kate B. Sherwood; Secretary, Ferris W. Dyar; Treasurer, Charles Coughlin.

JESSUP WAKEMAN SCOTT was born at Ridgefield, Connecticut, February 25, 1799. His ancestors were of the old New Haven Colony stock. So fully did he improve the advantages supplied by the District Schools, that at the age of 16 years he became a Teacher. Beginning at home, he continued such pursuit in New Jersey, Georgia and South Carolina, meeting with exceptional success. At 18 he devoted some attention to the study of medicine, but soon changed to the profession of law, and was admitted to the Bars of Georgia and South Carolina in 1822. Although devoting several years to the practice, it seems never to have become accepted as a life-work with him. He was at one time a Teacher in the State Female College at Columbia, South Carolina. In consequence of the sharp issues then rising on the Slavery question, in which Mr. Scott fully sympathized with the North, he concluded it better to return to the North, which he did in 1830. In the Spring of 1831, he came West and located at Florence (then in Huron, now in Erie County), as the agent of Jessup Wakeman, his father-in-law, who owned a largo tract of land in that vicinity, and chiefly in blakeman Township, Huron County. Here he commenced the publication of a monthly periodical, entitled the Ohio and Michigan Register and Emigrant's Guide, which was printed at Norwalk. As indicated by its title, it was devoted to intelligence desirable with those seeking information of the Western country. It was in this paper that Mr. Scott first discussed his original views upon the ultimate results of population and trade in respect to interior Cities; and especially his belief, as subsequently more fully presented, that the Future Great City of the World would be found, not on the seaboard, but in the interior. As early as 1828, while yet in the South, Mr. Scott's attention was called to the remarkable natural advantages of the vicinity of the head of Lake Erie, as furnishing a future City of great importance; and in July of that year, he addressed General John E. Hunt, then Postmaster at Maumee, a letter, in which he said: "1 wish to obtain all the information in my power respecting your section of country, with the view of making it my future residence." The result of his investigation was such, that after remaining about one year at Florence, he visited Maumee (1832),

THE PRESS. - 651

and made the purchase of 70 acres of land now in Toledo, and elsewhere referred to in this volume. In 1833 he removed his family to Perrysburg, where he resumed the practice of the law, and was chosen Prosecuting Attorney. Still bent on literary pursuits, in December of that year, in partnership with Henry Darling, a brother-in-law, he started the pioneer paper of the Maumee Valley-the Miami of the Lake, that then being the appellation of the Maumee River. The tide of speculation soon began to rise in this region, as throughout the West, and Mr. Scott dealt freely in lands, and deemed himself to be a man of wealth. In 1836 he " retired on his fortune " to Bridgeport, Connecticut, but by the crash of 1837, was called back to Maumee, where he remained for seven years. But no extent of disappointment could destroy his faith that on the Maumee River was to be the Great City of the Future, which belief was made the basis of many articles prepared by him for the public press. While his views failed to command general acceptance, they gave him prominence among reflecting minds. In 1844 Mr. Scott first made Toledo his residence, and at once became connected with the Blade, which he conducted for several years. In 1857 he removed to Castleton, below Albany, New York, where he remained some years, and returned to Toledo. In 1868, he prepared with much care and published a pamphlet setting forth more fully his theory of the "Future Great City of the World," which, as he claimed, Toledo was to be. I n October, 1872, sensible of the near approach of the end of life, and anxious to give effect to his deep interest in his fellow-citizens and their posterity, Mr. Scott devised and formulated the scheme for the endowment of an institution of learning to be known as " The Toledo University of Arts and Trades," the character, details and present condition of which plan are elsewhere set forth in connection with the history of the Toledo Manual Training School. Mr. Scott throughout was recognized as a writer of ability, and for many years was specially conspicuous with the public press. He was always a staunch advocate of sound morals and fine thought, and had no toleration for vice or lawlessness in any form. As a citizen, he was a model of propriety, and in practice as well as precept, a leader in public and private virtue. The causes of temperance and popular education found in him an earnest champion. Mr. Scott was married at Southport, Connecticut, in May, 1824, with Miss Susan Wakeman, who, with three sons, accompanied him to Florence in the Spring of 1831. At the time of Mr. Scott's death they were within four months of their Golden Wedding. Mrs. Scott survived her husband until April, 1882, when she, too, yielded to advancing age. They had three children-William H. and Frank J., of Toledo; and Maurice A. Scott, of Castleton, New York.

From the Biographical Cyclopaedia of Ohio.

CLARK WAGGONER, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Tenth District, Ohio, was born in Milan Township, Huron (now in Erie) County, Ohio, September 6, 1820. His father, Israel Waggoner, was a native of New Jersey, born in 1789, and came to Ohio in 1811, engaging in farming. For a time, he was mail-carrier between the mouth of Huron River and Mansfield (50 miles), with but one "clearing" on the route. The mother, Lucretia Buck, was born in Massachusetts in 1787, spending her childhood and youth at Bennington, Vermont. In 1807 she went to Buffalo, New York, and there married Peter Lake. In 1815 the family came to Ohio, locating in Huron County, where the husband soon died, and in 1819 the widow and Israel Waggoner were married. The son's School facilities consisted in what were furnished by the Village District (only ordinary for those days), and ended at the age of 12 years, except two short terms at Huron Institute, Milan. For whatever of literary education he afterwards acquired, he was indebted chiefly to what Dr. Franklin so well named and showed to be the "Poor Boy's College "-the printing office-which he entered as an apprentice, at the age of 13 years, in the office of the Milan Times, completing his trade in the office of the Norwalk Reflector. In 1838, as a "Jour. Printer," he accepted a situation at Fremont (then Lower Sandusky), and in May, 1839, at the age of 18, became the Publisher of the Lower Sandusky Whig, a new paper, which was continued until 1843, when he removed the office to his native Town, and established the Milan Tribune. This was published until 1851, at which time the office was merged with that of the Clarion, at Sandusky, the new paper being named the Register, in which were associated with Mr. Waggoner, Earl Bill, now clerk of the United States Court for the Northern District of Ohio, and Henry D. Cooke, late Governor of the District of Columbia, now deceased. In 1856 Mr. Waggoner removed to Toledo, and with G. T. Stewart, then and now of Norwalk, Ohio, purchased the Toledo Blade, Mr. Waggoner becoming the manager of the establishment, and ere Ion g the editor of the paper, continuing as such until 1865, when he retired. He thus conducted the paper throughout the War of the Rebellion, and gave to the cause of the Union a strong and effective support.

As the result of a difference in view as to the true policy for the conduct of the War, Mr. Waggoner was brought into conflict with a large portion of his Republican associates in the Congressional District. He was sustained

652 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

in his views by the more conservative members of the party, who selected Morrison R. Waite (now Chief Justice of the United States) as their candidate for Congress, who was not elected. The position of this portion of the party was that of President Lincoln, that the War, on the part of the Government, should be conducted primarily to save the Union, leaving Slavery and other special interests to take their chances in the result. To this was opposed the extreme, or "radical," policy, making the abolition of Slavery a condition precedent in any terms for peace. Though Mr. Waite then failed of an election, the canvass gave him an introduction and standing as a sound and able conservative in policy, which opened the way to the exalted position subsequently reached by him, and one more consistent with his taste and professional ambition.

Mr. Waggoner's real introduction as Editor to the people of Northwestern Ohio, was in 1859, through a cowardly personal assault made upon him by a notorious gambler, because the Blade had expressed the opinion that it was against public policy for a man who bad, in one year, pleaded "guilty " to two indictments for gambling, to be continued as a depositary of public money. His life was at that time openly threatened, as it afterwards was, because of his bold denunciation of gambling and other crimes and vices.

In 1866, in connection with his eldest son, Ralph H. Waggoner, Mr. Waggoner purchased the Toledo Commercial, which he edited during his connection with the paper, and until January, 1876. It was in the conduct of the Commercial, that Mr. Waggoner was most frequently influential in controlling political and public results. Notably among the former, is the part he took in the selection of the Republican candidate for Governor of Ohio, in 1875, which proved to have so much bearing upon more important subsequent events. By concerted action, in April of that year, most of the leading Republican journals of the State simultaneously brought out Hon. Alphonso Taft for that office. The ground for such action, was the alleged personal popularity of that gentleman with certain classes of voters residing chiefly in Cities, which popularity was mainly due to his declared opinions against the use of the Bible in Public Schools. Disagreeing with these views, and apprehending disaster to the party from the nomination of a standardbearer for the reason that he entertained them, Mr. Waggoner, in the Commercial, opposed the movement in favor of Judge Taft, and urged, instead, the nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes, who had twice been Governor, and was then in private life; and who had refused the use of his name for the position, Just before Judge Taft was suggested, and still protested against being considered a candidate. Notwithstanding such positive protest, and the almost unanimous support of Judge Taft by the Republican daily press, Mr. Waggoner insisted that Ex-Governor Hayes should be nominated, as the only hope of unity, and of the success in Ohio in 1875, on which so largely depended all hope of success in the approaching Presidential contest. The canvass--an active and earnest one closed with a complete endorsement of Mr. Waggoner's action, in the unanimous nomination of Ex-Governor Hayes by the State Convention, to be followed by his election over Governor William Allen, and, as direct consequences, his subsequent nomination and election as President, in 1876.

Among the incidents of Mr. Waggoner's life most satisfactory to himself, is the part he took in removing the bars of prejudice by which the colored children of Toledo were excluded from the educational facilities provided for their white neighbors. This was accomplished in 1871, after a contest of over two years, in which the Commercial led the cause of justice against the prejudices and timidity of the Board of Education. The result was finally reached through a public sentiment aroused and made effective largely by -Mr. Waggoner's persistent support of the right. It is proper here to state, that, upon the test of trial being made, there were found to exist none of the obstacles to the policy of justice and humanity so greatly feared, no trouble whatever arising from the association of' races in the Schools.

The part taken by Mr. Waggoner in the establishment of the present system of water supply for Toledo may be mentioned. After several years of discussion, the City Council, by nearly unanimous vote, bad been led to adopt, and the citizens generally to accept, the Holly system of Water Works. Becoming satisfied, from investigation, that this system was not desirable for the City, and that the Stand-pipe plan was better, Mr. Waggoner advocated a change accordingly, which was strongly opposed by the Council, sustained by a portion of the City press. The discussion lasted some three months, and was active and somewhat bitter, but closed with the nearly unanimous adoption by the Council of a resolution surrendering the Holly and accepting the Stand-pipe plan, which was soon after introduced, and is believed to be equal in efficiency, economy and durability to that of any other City in the country.

Mr. Waggoner preserved, and now holds as a proud "monument" to his life-work, 50 bound volumes of newspapers, of which he was Publisher and Editor. They cover an aggregate of 35 years of time, and include 12 years of Weekly, and 23 years of Daily journals. Throughout this long period, his record was that of a. conscientious, independent and fearless advocate of truth, justice and honesty in every department of life. Whether in social, moral, business or political affairs, his pen was

THE PRESS. - 653

ever ready in defense of the right, regardless of what, in a selfish view, might seem to be immediate disadvantage to himself. He was rarely long without the antagonism of sonic special interest ; but without an exception worth naming, the outcome justified his course. As far as his action was concerned, it mattered with him little whether he was thus brought in conflict with personal friends or enemies, with political associates or opponents, with men of high or of low standing, with the few or the many. His course showed the same consistent and inflexible adherence to the convictions of his own mind. These once carefully and satisfactorily reached, were ever the guide for his action. So well did this fact conic to be recognized, that the influence of his paper was powerful with the public. Always active in the promotion of public enterprises and local interests, he was no less vigilant in the support of a sound morality and the maintenance of law and order. It is safe to say, that no person has done more to elevate the character of the public Press in Northern Ohio, than has Mr. Waggoner throughout the generation of time covered by his labors as a journalist.

The appointment of Mr. Waggoner as Collector of Internal Revenue, was the unsolicited act of President Hayes, which has been more than justified by the high standing to which the District was soon brought and is maintained.

Mr. Waggoner's political opinions were first formed during President Jackson's last term, when he accepted the views and policy of the Whigs, then under the lead of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Thomas Ewing, and other giants in statesmanship of those days. He continued in support of the Whig party until the body of the same was merged into its Republican successor, in 1855, with which latter he has since been actively identified.

On the 29th of December, 1841, Mr. Waggoner was married at Fremont, Ohio, with Miss Sylvia B., youngest daughter of the late Chauncey Roberts, for many years a prominent hotel-keeper and stage proprietor at that place. They have had five children, all of whom are now living-Ralph H., an Advertising Broker, in New York; J. Fred., Periodical and Book Publisher, Chicago, Illinois; Mrs. Carrie W. Seward, of New Jersey, and Misses Fanny and Mary Ella, of Toledo.

The foregoing was prepared in 1881. Mr. Waggoner retired from the office of Collector of Internal Revenue August 1, 1882, after a service of five years, during which period the District, for the first time in its history, attained, under the standard fixed by the Treaserry Department, the grade of "First-Class, according to the Scale of Merit." Many letters from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue-in dates extending from December, 1878, to May, 1882-bore uniform testimony to the unsurpassed success of Collector Waggoner's administration, and extended to him the "thanks and congratulations " of his superior officer, General Greene B. Raum. Thus

December 18, 1878, the Commissioner wrote: " Nothing could be more complete, than the manner in which every detail of the service is conducted in your District. This condition of affairs is certainly very gratifying to this office. It reflects great credit upon yourself and upon your subordinates." May 25, 1882: "Your office was found, upon its recent examination by Revenue Agent Wheeler, in excellent condition. Your grade, as usual, is No. one, or First Class."

Such result could have been attained by the Collector only with the co-operation of subordinates able and faithful in their service. These were-Chief Deputy Clayton R. Heath, and Deputies Leroy E. Clarke, James W. Ross, Lewis E. Brewster and Vincent J. Emmick, at Toledo; James W. Baker, at Norwalk; and Geo. O. Selkirk and Mrs. Eva G. Center, at Sandusky.

Since the close of his service as Collector, Mr. Waggoner's attention has been chiefly directed to obtaining historical material for use in different forms, of which the History of Toledo and Lucas County is one. During this time, he has carefully examined, sheet by sheet, 300 bound volumes of public journals, extending in dates as far back as 1814, and has made over 7,000 notations of facts of more or less permanent interest, with reference to the record of each. Such notations have greatly promoted the preparation of this history, and will be of increasing value for future use.

In early manhood, Mr. Waggoner made the Christian profession, and has since been identified with the Presbyterian Church. With Mrs. Waggoner he was of the original members of Westminster Church, Toledo, and yet holds that connection, as have most of their children.

JOSEPH R. WILLIAMS was born at Taunton, Massachusetts, November 14, 1808, his parents soon removing to New Bedford. He was a lineal descendant, on the father's side, of the Puritan Governor Winslow; and his mother was a birthright member of the Society of Friends. At the age of 18 he entered Sandwich Academy, for preparatory studies with reference to a Collegiate course, and was graduated at Harvard in 1831. He at once began the study of law in the office of "Honest John Davis," at Worcester; which completed, he was admitted to practice and became a partner with John W. Clifford, of New Bedford. His health soon failing, requiring a relinquishment of his profession, he came West as the agent of a New England company seeking investments in lands. In such capacity he arrived at Toledo in 1835, where he remained until 1839, when he removed to Constantine, Michigan, making large investments at that point, including the construction and operation of flouring-mills.

654 - HISTORY OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY.

He there became actively identified with political matters; was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1850 ; twice the Whig candidate for Congress, and twice the candidate of the same party for United States Senator against General Cass; and was a delegate to the Chicago River and Harbor Convention in 1847. In May, 1853, he purchased the Toledo Blade, resuming his residence in that City. As a conductor of that journal, he took a prominent and influential position in public affairs, and especially in political matters, then in an unsettled and formative condition. In 1855-6 he had the contract for binding for Congress, and in the latter year sold the Blade to Clark Waggoner and G. T Stewart. He then became the President of the Michigan Agricultural College, and after holding the position for three years, was compelled, from ill-health, to relinquish it. Spending a few months in the Bahamas, he returned in 1860; was elected to the State Senate of Michigan, of which he was made the presiding officer, which position he held until the time of his death from hemorrhage, June 15, 1861. Mr. Williams was a man of rare intelligence, independence and energy of character, and a writer of mach ability and force. He left a wife, Mrs. Sarah R. Langdon Williams, now a resident of Toledo, with whom he was married May 28, 1844, at Buffalo, New York, and who was a daughter of John Langdon, of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and grand-niece of Governor John Langdon, of that State. Three daughters survived Mr. Williams -Charlotte Langdon, the wife of John F. Kumler; Sibyl (now deceased), the wile of J. Kent Hamilton; and Rebecca, the wife of Wm. H. Cooper, of the City of New York.

DAVID ROSS LOCKE was born in Vestal, Broome County, New York, September 20, 1833, and died at Toledo, February 15, 1888. His father, Nathaniel Reed Locke, et living at the advanced age of 94 years, was a Soldier in the War of 1812-15. At the age of l0 years the son entered the office of the Courtland Democrat, to learn the printing business, and while yet young he sat out as a journeyman in search of work, which he found at different points. At Pittsburgh, Penn., he was employed, first as reporter, and then as assistant to the Editor of the Chronicle. In 1852, with James G. Robinson, he started the Plymouth Advertiser, at Plymouth, Richland County, Ohio, which they published for two years. In 1856 Mr. Locke started the Bucyrus Journal. Subseuently, in succession, he conducted the Mansfield Herald, the Bellefontaine Republican and the Findlay Jeffersonian. It was while connected with the latter paper, and during the War of the Rebellion, that Mr. Locke commenced writing the "Nasby " letters, which subsequently attained extensive circulation and gave him special prominence throughout the country. In October, 1865, previously having closed his connection with the Findlay paper, Mr. Locke began his connection with the Toledo press, as stated on pages 640-641. For several years he spent considerable time in the delivery of public lectures in different parts of the country. He made a somewhat extended trip through Great Britain and the Continent, when he wrote a series of letters ("Nasby in Exile") subsequently published in a volume. The "Nasby" letters were thus issued, as also were other volumes of his writings-" Ekkoes from Kentucky," "Abou Bon Adhem," "Struggles of Petroleum V. Nasby," "Swinging Round the Circle," "Paper City,'' and "Hannah Jane"-all which partaking of the style of satire, were employed to correct erroneous views and sentiments in regard to natters of political, social and practical life. In this department of literature he attained prominence which very few American writers have enjoyed. His habits of labor were exceptionally methodical and close, enabling him to accomplish results to be secured in no other way. Some months before his death, Mr. Locke's health became seriously impaired, and different steps were taken for its restoration, but without success, the end occurring as already stated, in the 55th year of his age. he was married while residing at Plymouth, with Miss Martha Bodine, who survives him, as do three sons-Robinson, Edmund and Charles, the former succeeding his lather as Editorial Manager of the Blade.

Beside a pioneer in the Nursery business, Mr. Asa W. Maddocks held like position in the printing offices of Toledo. tie was an apprentice-" Devil," as technically called-in the office of the Toledo Gazette, which very soon succeeded the Herald upon its suspension in September, 1834. He was employed on the Gazette when in 1835 the office was raided, its type piled in "pie," and general wreck wrought with the materials by the "Michigan forces," who took such means for vengeance on the Gazette, for its support of the Ohio side of the boundary question. Mr. Maddocks, in 1840, worked on the Maumee City Express (Henry Reed and S. T. Hosmer, publishers), and subsequently as a "Jour" at Adrian and other places.

Silas W. Wilder, it native of Ashburnham, Massachusetts, learned his trade in the office of the Spy, Worcester, Massachusetts. He afterwards published, in succession, the Woonsocket (R. 1.) Patriot, the Norfolk Democrat (Dedham, Mass.), and the Pathfinder and the Carpet Bag, Boston. He came to Toledo in 1852, and became associated with Josiah Riley, in the publication of the Commercial Republican. November 26, 1854, Mr. Wilder died, leaving a wife and three children. He was a man of great industry and unexceptionable habits.