Amount of Tax.		Amount of Tax
Bayard, William Bayard, Benjamin Britton, Nathan Duncan, John Ewing, John Ewing, Archibald Grove, Wendell Guy, Matthew Hayes, William, and Samuel Ferguson Kirkpatrick, Robert Moore, Samuel McAllister, Alexander. Morgan, Thomas	$ 15 25 20 52 60 12 40 40 60 32 16 40 40	McCollum, John Musgrove, John Moherman, Frederick Packard, Thomas Packard, Daniel Roberts, Gilbert Sanford, George Sisco, James Sisco, Benjamin Sisco, William Templeton, William Walker, Nathaniel Withington, William Total	$ 33 32 30 69 20 20 64 12 20 32 48 30 40 $9 22

CHURCH HISTORY.   The inhabitants of Austintown have always held various religious beliefs. On account of death and removals the membership of the dif-         TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 131   ferent churches is now quite small. There are, however, many earnest and sincere Christians in the township who have labored long and bravely to keep alive the religious interests.   THE DISCIPLES.   Elder Bently, of Warren, Walter Scott, of Pittsburg, and William Hayden, of this township, started what was known as the reformation, which resulted in the building of this church. The Disciples organized in 1828, and soon afterwards erected a church building in the northeastern part of the township on Four-mile run, which was used until the present house was built, in 1860 or 1861. John Henry and William Hayden were the first elders. Ira McCullom, Mrs. Jane Henry, the Hayden tamily, John Lane, and several of the Lantermans, Dillons, Lanes, and olhers were among the earliest members. William Hayden and John Henry were among the first preachers. Alexander Campbell often preached in the church. The Disciples have now about one hundred and twenty members, and hold services regularly.   THE BAPTISTS   were formerly quite numerous in this part of the township. They had an organization and held meetings in the Osborn school-house in Youngstown, also in a log church situated at the four corners between Austintown, Canfield, Boardman, and Youngstown townships. Many of them became members of the Disciples, and soon after the latter denomination built their church they disbanded.   THE PRESBYTERIANS   also had an organization and a church quite early. It was known as the Rehoboth Presbyterian church. They built a house one mile north of the center, which was afterwards moved to Ohltown on the north line of the township, where it remained unlil recently.   THE COVENANTERS,   or Reformed Presbyterians, built a house at Austintown center in 1844. The building was erected by the combined subscriptions of citizens of all denominations, with the agreement that it was to be used by any denomination when the Covenanters did not want it for their meetings. Among the principal subscribers were James Jordan, Abraham Jordan, Scott Jordan, Caldwell and William Porter. James Trues- dale and John Truesdale were both elders and prominent members. The first regular preacher was Rev. McCrackoran. Since his time the preaching has been by various ministers sent by the presbytery. Formerly the church was quite large, there being about one hundred members shortly after the house was burlt.   EVANGELICAL.   The Evangelical church, West Austintown, was organized about 1841, and the house erected about 1853. The first meeling was held in Jacob Harroff's barn, The first prayer-meeting was at the house of Mrs. Catharine Gilbert. Meetings were held in privale houses, barns, school-houses, groves, etc., for some time. Among the early members were Valentine Boley, Christina Gilbert, George Ohl, Conrad Lodwick, George Shaffer, Mary Kisner, and Betsey Ripple.   The first preacher was Rev. Joseph Long. Revs. Staley, Stofer, and Swartz were also early preachers in this church.   The society is small at present, as the most of the old members have died and their places have not been refilled.   THE UNITED BRETHREN,   West Austintown. A class was formed about 1859, comprising about ten members, among them being Sylvanus Pennell and wife, Leah Shaffer, Ira Wilcox and wife, Matthias McMahan and wife, and others. The first pastor was Rev. J. Knight. Other pastors--J. K. Sweihart, H. F. Day, David Kosht, and others. First presiding elder, Eli Schlulz. The house was built in 1863. The church now has about forty-five members, and maintains regular service.   THE EVANGELICAL EBENEZER CHURCH,   at Smith's corners, was organized in 1861, and the house of worship erected in 1861-62. John Gilbert, Henry Smith, and David Strock were the building committee. The principal subscribers were : J. P. Snyder, David Strock, Michael Buck, Jonas Naff. Number of members in 1862, seventeen. The church was dedicated December 2I, 1862, Bishop Joseph Long, Presiding Elder J. L. Sibert, Revs. G. S. Domer and S. Wantersal being present. The first preachers were G. S. Domer and S. Wantersal for the years 1862 and 1863. Other pastors— J. D. Hollenger, Abraham Leohnar, J. J. Barn-   132 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO,   hart, Isaac Roller, John Domer, Weaver, John Carmony, and Mr, Haupt, the minister now in charge. The church is small. Services are held every two weeks.   WEST AUSTINTOWN,   This thriving little settlement, a station on the Niles & New Lisbon railroad, has been built since the completion of that road in 1869. The first store was kept by D. B. Blott. He was afterwards in company with Homer Williams, and later with Wesley Ohl. Calhoun & Hardman kept store, in the building now occupied by Wesley Ohl, for about four years, commencing in 1871, The Anderson block was built by Robert McClure in 1871. The hotel was built the same year by James Kane, of Youngstown, He run this as a hotel until 1875, and still owns the property, but rents it, Wesley Ohl's store was built in 1871 by Calhoun, Hartman & Baldwin, The store occupied by Mr. Booker was built by him in 1871-72, but has been enlarged twice. He has been in business as a hardware dealer since 1872 ; has carried a stock of drugs during the past year.   The post-office was established in 1870, Winsor Calhoun postmaster, succeeded by Wesley Ohl, the present incumbent.   The stores in West Austintown are now as follows: Wesley Ohl, J, T, McConnell, general merchandise; Anderson & Brother, groceries; James Booker, hardware and drugs.   The physicians of West Austintown have been many, considering the short time since the village started. Dr. J. T. McKinley, now of Niles, opened an offrce here about 1870, He did not reside here, but in Jackson; had a drug store in West Austintown, and considerable practice, much of which he still continues. Dr. G. E. Rose, who had been a student in the office of Dr, McKinley, bought out the drug store and practiced here some five years, then moved to Birmingham, Erie county, having disposed of his stock of drugs to B. F, Phillips, of North Jackson, Dr, Kline was the next physician, for a short time. Dr. L. B. Ruhelman, of Green, next practiced about two years, then moved to North Lima, Dr, S, T, Keese, of North Jackson, has practiced in this place three or four years; he opened an office here last spring. Dr, I. W. Bard, of Mineral Ridge, located here in 1881.   AUSTINTOWN CENTER   is a thriving little country village or "crossroads," pleasantly and prettily located. It was not settled so early as other parts of the township, although more than sixty years have elapsed since the first house was located here.   The first store was kept on the southwest corner by Alexander Thompson, probably as early as 1822. Soon after him Dr. Alfred Packard started a small store on the corner where Corll's tavern stands. Dr. Packard sold out to James Hezlip, who started Caldwell Porter in business rn 1830. Caldwell Porter afterwards moved to the southwest corner, where he continued business until about 1848. He came here a poor Irish boy, but by his unwavering industry, energy, and scrupulous attention to business, he became quite wealthy, A few years after he settled here he returned to Ireland and married, and then came back to his, store. He was widely respected during his residence here, and his successful business career may well be pointed out to the young as an example of what pluck and strict attention to business are able to accomplish, From Austintown he went to Cincinnati, and there, too, he prospered. He is now dead, Few country merchants can point to a more prosperous record than that left by him on the minds of the people of Austintown.   Judge Rayen started a store here—date not known, perhaps 1830—on the corner where the Doncaster house is, and employed Corneal; Thompson to keep it. About 1834 he built the brick store on the northwest corner. The business changes have been so many that it is not very easy to trace them. John Cotton kept store on the southeast corner in 1831-32. Joseph McCaughtesy kept a public house, and later a clothing store on the same corner, He put up the greater part of the present hotel, and was quite a successful business man for several years. William Porter was in company with his brother a short time, then bought him out, and continued as a merchant here until 1857. Austin Corll kept a tailoring and clothing establishment for several years, Isaac Hoover and Levi Crum, who acted as clerks for William Porter, were merchants inthis place a number of years. John Lanterman kept in brick store a short time,   Who kept the first tavern we are unable to learn, Alexander McKinney, Snyder, Whitsal,   TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 133   Robert Fullerton, and others, have kept the house now owned by Corll.   The business of the place at present is represented by the following : Meander house, Eli Corll; Doncasler house, J. P. Hill; Fitch, Smith & Co., and Abram Forney, general stores; E. Creps, undertaker and furniture dealer. There is also a blacksmith and wagon-shop, a shoemaker's shop, and a harness shop.   The post-office was probably established as early as 1820. Theophilus Cotton was the first postmaster. His successors' names cannot be learned.   The first physician was Dr. Peer. Dr. Alfred Packard was the only one who resided here for any great length of time. He was a son of Thomas Packard, an early settler in the southeastern part of the township.   COAL MINES.   The first mine opened at West Austintown was the Harroff slope, where operations were begun in 1870 by John M. Owen, John Stambaugh, and others, under the name of the Harroff Coal company. The Harroff slope having become exhausted, in the fall of 1880 this company, sank a shaft and commenced mining on the Jordan farm. The shaft is one hundred and seventy-one feet deep. They employ about sixty-five men and produce about one hundred and thirty tons of coal per day.   In 1871 the New Lisbon Coal company opened the Pennell mrne and are still working it successfully. The slope is about four hundred and fifty feet and the coal of prime quality. This company employs about seventy-five men and mines about two hundred and fifty tons per day.   The Anderson Coal company opened a bank on the Anderson farm in 1878, which they worked for a short time, but as it was not successful the mine was abandoned.   Dalzell & Co., of Niles, have commenced work on a new bank just north of West Austin- town during the present summer of 1881,   The Tod, Wells & Co. bank, on the farm of Henry Kyle, near Mineral Ridge, was opened and a shaft sunk about 1858, and has been quite successfully and largely operated up to the present time. Morris, Robbins & Co. leased the mine and operated it for some time, but it is now in the hands of Tod, Wells & Co,   The Ohltown bank, Harris, Maurer & Co., was opened about 1868, and worked quite extensively until 1880, when it was exhausted.   The McKinney shaft on the Tibbetts farm near Mineral Ridge was begun in 1871 by Henry Smith & Co., and afterwards worked by Powers & Wick, and Warner, Arms & Co. During the last five years it has not been in operation.   The Thornton bank was on the old Cleveland farm. Operations were commenced in 1870 by Case, Thornton & Co., under the name of the Ohltown Coal company. Some of the bank is still worked by the John Henry Mining company, who sank a shaft about three years ago. They employ about sixty men and produce about one hundred tons daily.   The Leadville shaft on the Lanterman farm was commenced some eight years ago. A great deal of capilal has been expended upon this mine, but the water in it has always been troublesome. During the summer of 188r a fire in this shaft caused great damage.   The mines just mentioned are only the most important. There are many small banks which have been operated on a small scale. The mining interest in Austintown is of great importance, The supply of coal will doubtless continue to hold out many years.   OTHER BUSINESS INTERESTS.   The township contains many deposits of iron ore, both of the kidney and black-band varieties. Before the days of railroads ore was taken out and hauled to the furnaces in considerable quantities.   Limestone of good quality has been quarried in many parts of the township, and the supply is almost inexhaustible. Several lime-kilns have been in successful operation. There are also quarries of sandstone and of flagstone yrelding good material.   A mill for crushing and grinding limestone, to be used as a fertilizer, has recently been set up rn the southern part of the township by Calhoun & Co.   The first and only furnace for the reduction of iron ore in this townshrp was the Meander furnace, built by William Porter and others near Ohltown.   The only grist-mill, so far as is known, was built by William Irvin on Four-mile run, near the northeastern corner of the township. Al-   134 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.   though, it was a small affair, it did considerable work for several years.   There were no saw-mills at an early date. The first one was built some thirty-five years ago the eastern part of the township, south of the center road. It was built by Andrew J. Brickley. A few years later Harvey McCollum built a saw-mill on the same stream or "run," near the township line. These, with the steam saw-mills of recent date, are believed to have been the only ones in the township.   John Justice, recently deceased, operated a tannery north of the center on the Ohltown road for many years. Robinson Young also had a tannery in the southwestern part of the township for some years.   Many of the early settlers operated small copper stills, which they turned to account by using up their surplus grain, and putting it inlo a more salable form.   Henry Ohl built a mill upon his land at an early date for the manufacture of linseed oil. It was upon a small stream on the D. Lawrence place. There was a dam and a mill race some eighty rods in length. A part of the latter is still visible. This oil mill was one of the first built in this part of the counlry, but it was not a success.   Robinson Young settled in the township in 1826, and soon afterwards built a tannery, which he operated in company with his brother William. They boarded at Archibald Ewing's for seventy-five cents per week each. The tannery contained about twelve vats. The Youngs cut and closed boots and shoes and had them bottomed, and in this way disposed of their leather. Robinson Young used to work on the shoe-bench with the Bible open before him, diligently studying its pages. It is said that he learned the book almost by heart in this way.   GRAVEYARDS.   Of these there are five in the township. That known as the Brunstetter graveyard is the oldest, and was laid out as early as 1823. The first burial made there was the body of John Doane, a grandson of Robert Russell, one of the earliest setllers. Doane died when quite a young man, William Truesdale was the next person buried there, probably in 1823. The next year twenty-two children were carried off by dysentery in less than two weeks, and all were buried in this graveyard.   The graveyard adjoining the Disciples' church is probably the next oldest.   134 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO   BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES,   WILLIAM PORTER.   William Porter, Austintown township, Mahon ing county, was born in county Donegal, Ireland, May 22, 1801. He was educated in the common schools. In 1837 he came to Mahoning counly, and was a merchant for twenty years. In 1857-58 he built the Meander furnace, and was engaged in smelting for two years. Through unfortunate endorsements, in less lhan three years he lost his fortune, and since that time has engaged in no active business,   In September, 1843, Mr. Porter was married to Mary Nesbat, a native of Mercer county, Pennsylvania. They have had four children, the youngest dyrng in infancy—James N., superintendent of a coal company in Jefferson county, Pennsylvanra; Charles W,, druggist, Niles, Trumbull county; and Isabella, who married Robert McCordy, president of the First National bank, Youngstown.   In politics Mr. Porter is a Democrat; in re ligion a Presbyterian. His wife is a Covenanter. During the past year, though over eighty years of age, he assessed Austintown township. Mr. Poter is a hale and hearty old man, enjoying the respect of all who know him.   DAVID ANDERSON.   David Anderson was born in Londonderry, Ireland, August 12, 1816. He was the youngest of three children of David Anderson, farmer. His mother died when he was a boy, and after that event finding home life distasteful, he left his father, a well-to-do citizen, and his two sisters, Margaret and Jane, and started alone for the land of the free. To one accustomed to the refinements and comforts of home, never having been away from home a day in his life, crossing the broad Atlantic to gain a living in a strange land was an undertaking of great moment. He   TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 135   landed in Philadelphia in 1832 and remained there seven years. His first work was setting curb-slones; next he went into a wholesale grocery, in which he remained several years. In April, 1839, he came to Youngstown, Ohio, and engaged in a general merchandise store with a partner, the firm being Anderson & Wick. The firm in a few years became somewhat involved and the partnership was dissolved. Mr. Anderson, by reason of his known integrity and business capacity, was enabled to go into business for himself, which he did, and he afterward paid every dollar of his indebtedness. He carried on his business for one year at Austintown, and then for thirty-seven years kept a general assortment store at Jackson, Mahoning county. This store he closed out April, 188r, being then the oldest merchant in the valley, Some twenty years ago he traded his stock of goods for a fine farm in Lordstown township, Trumbull county, and sold his interest in a foundry he had purchased and commenced business again with his previous success and with his old patrons. April 10, 1842, he married Julia Phillips, who was born in Warren township, and was a step-daughter of Squire Robert Carr. About sixteen months after her marriage she died—August 8, 1843. February t0, 1847, he married Hannah L. Shaw, a native of Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, the result of which union was four children, viz: W. S., an attorney of Youngstown, Ohio; Julia E.; Margaret J., who married Charles K. Phillips, who was killed three years ago by a hay-fork falling upon him, and David Fitch, resides at home. The wife and mother died Oclober 14, 1879, aged sixty. Mrs. Anderson was a daughter of Dr. William Shaw, a leading physician of New Castle, Pennsylvania, and was born and brought up in that town, where she resided until her marriage. She was a member of the Presbyterian church, a good and faithful wife and mother, highly esteemed by all who knew her.   Mr. Anderson is at present largely engaged in farming and stock raising. He has the management of about nine hundred acres of land. But his enterprising business spirit will not admit of his devoting his entire attention to agriculture, and he intends to again engage in mercantile business. For many years Mr. Anderson has been a member of the Presbyterian church.   NOTES OF SETTLEMENT,   Charles Gilbert, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was a native of Pennsylvania. About the year 1821 he came to Mahoning county, where he remained four years, and then bought a farm north of Warren, on which he lived until his death. He was of German descent, his grandfather having come from Germany. His father, George Gilbert, came to Ohio several years in advance of him. Charles Gilbert married Magdalene Miller, a native of the same Slate, by whom he had nine children— Mary, Hannah, Benjamin, Elizabeth, Manly, Susan, Margaret, David, and Catharine. Hannah, widow of Thomas Reed; Benjamin, who resides in Warren ; Susan, who married Martin Bear and resides in Hicksville ; and Margaret, who married James Morgan, and now lives rn Western Ohio, are still living. Mrs. Gilbert's parents were also from Germany. William H. Burford, undertaker, Mineral Ridge, Ohio, was born in Swansea, Glamorgan- shire, Wales, March, 1813. He was educated in the Swansea academy, and the Carmarthen academy, also at the Academy of Bristol, England. At one time he studied with the intention of entering the ministry, but afterwards gave it up. He was apprenticed to a linen draper at Carmarthen, and after thoroughly learning the trade, he procured a situation at London, and worked in that and other places for a number of years. He had determined to emigrate to thrs country and locate in Texas, but did not at that time. Preferring some other trade to the one he had adopted he learned that of cabinet-making. He finished this trade when about twenty-seven, and for about three years subsequent was engaged as a teacher in the country schools, and was usher in the grammar school at Swansea for a time. February 6, 1849, he was married to Mary E. Jenkin, by whom he has three children—William R., born February 5, 1850; Sarah Louisa, November 27, 1859; Maggie E., June 17, 1862. Two years after his marriage he emigrated to America, finally-settling in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where he resided some six years. In the fall of 1856 he came to Mineral Ridge. Here he engaged in his business of the manufacture of furniture, and undertaking, in which he strll continues. He is a member of the Episcopal church and of the so-   136 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.   ciety, " Temple of Honor." In politics he is a Prohibitionist. Mr. Burford is the pioneer business man of Mineral Ridge.   Stephen Anderson (deceased) was a native of Ireland. He was born June 2x, 1799, and came when a small child with his parents to America. His parents were among the early pioneers of Trumbull countyo having settled in Liberty township about 1802. Stephen was raised upon the farm and after he became old enough he was given the management of a large farm and a sawmill. He married on his nineteenth birthday - June 2 I, 1818-Elizabeth McKinley of Trumbull county, and had a family of ten children: James, Eliza, Margaret, William, Nancy, Hannah, Mary, Silas, John and Alvin. James and Mary are deceased. He was a member of the Presbyterian church, as was also his wife. In politics he was a Democrat. He died July 9, 1872, and his wife December 7, 1879.   Silas Anderson, grocer, West Austintown, Mahoning county, son of Stephen and Elizabeth Anderson, was born in Liberty township, Trumbull county, February 2, 1836, He worked upon the farm and rn the saw-mill until he was about twenty years of age, the last two working for himself. He then engaged for two years in the livery business at Austintown. During the next few years he operated in coal, engaged principally in prospecting, leasing and drilling. He then moved upon the farm where he now lives, near West Austintown. Some four years ago he started a grocery store at West Austintown, and soon after purchased the brick black in which his business is located. May 7, 186i, he was united in marriage to Mary, daughter of William Hawser, who was born March 24, 1843. They had five children, three of whom are living, viz: Edward, born January 18, 1865; Manning, born February 1, 1867; Laura, born July 9, 1880.   Levi Crum, dealer in wool, etc., Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in Austin- town township February 7, 1832. He is the fourth of nine children of John Crum, born in Pennsylvania, but who came to this county when four years of age, John Crum's father, Henry Crum, Sr., was a native of Pennsylvania, and a farmer by occupation. He was a soldier in the War of 1812. He was the father of five children: John, Jonathan, Lydia, Henry, and Samuel. Only Jonathan and Henry are now living.   John Crum was a farmer and stock-dealer, a man well and favorably known as a successful business man. His wife was Catharine Fenstemaker, of Bedford county, Pennsylvania. They had nine children, viz : Eli, Gideon, Mary, Levi, Susan, Margaret, Sarah (deceased), Amanda, and John (deceased). Mr. Crum was a Presbyterian, and in politics a Democrat. He died November 14, 1873, in his seventy-second year. His wife died October 3, 1875, in her seventy-fifth year. Levi Crum remained at home until of age, then engaged in clerkrng for four years, after which he bought out Joseph McCaughtery and kept a general merchandise store for eight years. Then he had J. H. Fitch as his partner for eight years, and afterwards A. Forney for three years, About five years ago Mr. Crum sold out to Forney & Raver and since then he has been in the wool business. On the 7th of February, 1857, he married Meno Winters, who came from Ger¬many when ten years of age. This marriage resulted in two children, one of whom died in infancy. The oldest, Lillie F., was born September 6, 1858. She married William S. Fairman, of Youngstown. Mr. Crum's wife died in January, 1864. March 20, 1866, he married Eunice Grove, nee Ousborne, She had two children by her former marriage, Minnie and Lulu Grove. Mr. Crum is a Presbyterian, and in politrcs a Democrat. He is a thorough business man, and his integrity and genial disposition have gained him many friends.   Adam Flick, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, son of Frederick and Mary Flick, old time residents of Tuscarora valley, rn what is now Juniata county, Pennsylvania, was born in said State, April 6, 1783. September 2, 1806, he married Elizabeth Polm, daughter of John Polm. To them eleven children were born : John, horn April 3, 1807 ; Jacob, March 24, 1809 ; Benjamin, January 28, 1811 ; Samuel, February 25, 1813 ; Sarah, January 7, 1815 ; Thomas, March z, 1817 ; William, December 4, 1818 ; Margaret, December 8, 180 ; Susan, December z8, 1822 ; Nancy, March 12, 1825, and Mary, May 25, 1829. Margaret, Mary, and Susan, died in infancy, Benjamin, Jacob, and Samuel have died within . the last six years. Jacob married Henrietta Rumsy, of Austintown, and removed to Mercer county, Pennsylvania ;     PICTURES OF WILLIAM PORTER AND MRS. WM. PORTER   TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 137   Benjamin married Jane Gibson, daughter of Robert Gibson, of Trumbull county, and lived for a number of years at Farmington ; Samuel married Mary, a sister of Henrietta Rumsy, and afterward moved to Lordstown ; John married Mariah McCoy, and resides in Lordstown ; Sarah, wife of Samuel Cook, lives on the home place ; Nancy, wife of Michael Diehl, lives in Wells county, Indiana. Adam Flick, with his family, came to Austintown township in 1824, and lived for the first four years on the Buck farm. He bought for $3.50 per acre one hundred acres of wild land, upon which he built a log house in the fall of 1828, and moved into it in the following spring. At once began the task of clearing away the forest and making fertile fields in the wilderness, and raising therefrom, not only food for the family, but the means with which to pay for the farm. They came with one wagon and three horses, two of which died soon after their arrival. Years of steady toil had Its effect upon the stubborn forest, and Adam Flick lived to see the wilderness become almost a garden, and the region round about possessing all the advantages of civilized life. His life, which was one of many hardships, closed April 28, 1851. His wife could read English and German with ease, although her attendance at school lasted but about six months. She did her part fully in making a home in the wilderness, and died February 29, 1843.   Thomas Flick, farmer, son of Adam Flick, was born in Pennsylvania, March 2, 1817. He, like his father, received but little schooling, but by observation has succeeded in gaining much valuable knowledge, which has made him a first class farmer and business man. His brother William had but little better school advantages. Together they have added to the old farm, and now have over two hundred acres, which is one of the best managed farms in the county. They deal largely in horses and cattle. Both are Republicans, practical farmers, and worthy men. They have lived in the same school district over fifty-seven years.   Frederick Moherman, one of the earliest pioneers of Austintown township, was a native of Maryland. On account of the destruction of property during the Revolutionary war, he and an uncle moved to Washington county, Pennsylvania. He was then about sixteen years of age, and remained in Pennsylvania several years, when he and a family by the name of Park came to Austintown to look at the country. He subsequently came out again, and then purchased a hundred and fifty acres in the southeast corner of Austintown township, erected a cabin and made a clearing. He then returned to Washington county, Pennsylvania, and married Mary Horn, and the next spring he moved out and settled in Austintown, where he spent the remainder of his life. When he settled there the Indians had not disappeared, and the wild animals were far more plenty than neighbors. There were no roads for miles around, and no mills. With these surroundings he and his young wife began housekeeping. They both lived to witness vast changes wrought, and to see the wilderness become a prosperous region. They had nine children, as follows : John, Abraham, Daniel, Robert, Ann (now Mrs. Woodward, of Lordstown), Betsy, who died when about twenty; Austin, who resides at Ashland, Ohio; Rachel, who married George Lynn, of Canfield, and Winchester, who lives on the old homestead. Daniel lives near him in Austintown, and the three other brothers live in Jackson.   Robert Moherman, the fourth son of Frederick Moherman, was born rn Austintown township, Mahoning county, February 1, 1809. He received his education in the pioneer subscription schools, but after he got to be of a size to work, he was permitted to attend even those but little. When about twenty-seven he began clearing and improving the farm on which he now lives, boarding with a family that occupied the place some nine years. In October, 1840, he was married to Catharine, daughter of Robert McCain, of Ellsworth township. This marriage was blessed with four children: Robert, John, Seth, and Mary Ellen, who became the wife of Ogden Rose. Mr. Moherman cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson ; he is now a Republican.   Wendell Grove, deceased, was a native of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania. He was a carpenter by trade, but principally a farmer by occupation. From Northumberland he went to Beaver, Pennsylvania, where he married Miss May, by whom he had five children: Katie, Davrd, Benjamin, Susan, and Elizabeth, This wife dying, he married Jane Coon, of Juniata county, Pennsylvania. They had eight children:   138 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.   Jacob, Andrew, Maria, Eve, John, Abraham, Joseph, and Reuben, of whom Jacob and the two daughters are dead. Between the birth of the second and third child, they removed to their new home in the wilderness, settling in Austintown township, where he purchased about two hundred acres of land at $1.25 an acre. This farm is now occupied by his son John. About two years prior to his moving here with his family, he came and cleared a piece of land and made other preparations for his removal. He arrived at his new home on the third day of April, 1800. There were no, neighbors nearer than five miles, and wild animals were numerous and often troublesome. He was a great hunter, as well as a hard working farmer. He had been in the war of the Revolution, and lived to the great age of ninety-nine years and six months, He witnessed, during his long life, which closed in Springfield township, December 19, 1849, great and important changes—greater than many are permitted to see. His wife survived him until March 27, 1857. Both were members of the Lutheran church.   John Grove, farmer, Austintown township, was born in Mahoning county January 4, 1813. He is the fifth child of Wendell Grove. He remained upon the farm with his father until he reached the age of twenty, when he went to Youngstown and learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed for some six years. For several years he was engaged in various occupations until at length he bought the old homestead, where he now lives. He now has two hundred and thirty-two acres of land under good cultivation. His farm is managed as a stock farm. He married, January II, 1838, Mary McCullick, a native of Canfield township. They have had five children—Rosina, Orlando R., Melvina, Florence E., and C. G. The third child died when quite small.   Rogers Hill was born in Sussex county, Delaware, January 31, 1799. When he was five weeks old his parents removed to Redstone, Pennsylvania, where they remained two years, when they moved to the forks of the Beaver in Columbiana county, where they remained until Rogers was of age. He was the oldest of ten children of Robert and Patience Rogers Hill, both natives of Delaware. Grandfather Rogers was an Englishman and a sea captain. On his father's side they were from Holland. Rogers Hill took up shoemaking, which he followed for twenty-one years in Pennsylvania and Ohio. September 20, 1820, he married Eliza Chambers, a native of Pennsylvania and daughter of W, Chambers, also a native of Pennsylvania. Her ancestors were from Ireland, Their children are John, Robert, William, Eliza, Jane, Joseph, George, Matthew, Patience, Mary, Ann, Alvira, and James. The mother died February 4, 1873. April 9, 1874, he married Phoebe Anderson of Hubbard, Trumbull county. From Little Beaver he removed, in 1833, to Ohltown, where he resided several years engaged in farming. He then moved to the mouth of Little Hocking in Washington county, where he remained thirty years, attending a wood yard. September, 1872, he returned to Austintown township.   James P, Hill, hotel-keeper, Austintown, Ma- honing county, youngest child of Rogers Hill, was born in Wood county, now West Virginia, March 4, 1845. He attended the common schools of his native State and for one year the Iron City college of Pittsburg. When nineteen he was apprenticed to a blacksmith and served three years. After working at his trade one year he went upon the Ohio river as cabin watchman on a boat which ran between Cincinnati and Louisville, in which he continued for some time, and then established a wagon shop at Parkersburg. In thrs business he continued a year and then came to Austintown, where he carried on his trade for a short time and then commenced the business in which he is now engaged. Some two years since he went to Jackson and kept the Jackson house. In the spring of 1881 he purchased the Northwestern house at Austintown, and is still located there, and is now proprietor of the Doncaster house. He was married, October 18, 1870, to Lucy Strock, born October 21, 1846, and daughter of Abraham Strock, of Austintown township. They have four children, viz : Guy, born February 5, 1872; Minnie, August 28, 1874; Edna, December 24, 1876; Earl, November 27, 1879. In politics Mr. Hrll is a Democrat.   Lewis Harroff, Jr., farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in said township May 13, 1833. He is the third child of Lewis Harroff, Sr., who was a native of Pennsylvania and who came to Mahoning county when   TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 139   but two years of age, settling first in Boardman township. Hrs father, Jacob Harroff, was a shoemaker by trade, and before his marriage was a soldier in the Revolution. He married Kittie Kline. They had eight children—Polly, Susan, Jacob, Andrew, William, Lewis, Leah, and Rachel. By a former marriage there were two children—John and Betsy. Lewis, Sr., being a son of poor parents was permitted to attend school but little and never learned to read or write. He early began farming, which occupation he has since followed. May 11, 1827, he married Mary Gilbert (who died in October, 1880), daughter of Jacob Gilbert, by whom he had five children—Catharine, Sarah, Mary Ann, Lewis, and William. The two oldest girls died during early childhood. Mary, wife of John Franklin, died a few days before her mother, who died in October, 1880. The sons still reside in the township. Lewis Harroff, Jr., had but limited school advantages. At the age of twenty he apprenticed himself to John Gilbert, a cabinet-maker of Austintown, and served there two years, but never worked at the trade afterward. The next three years he worked in a carriage shop at Taylor's corners, and there began carpentering, at which he has been more or less engaged up to the present time. In 1870 he moved upon the farm where he now lives. November 11, 1859, he married Rebecca Brunstetter; daughter of Henry Brunstetter. She was born May 9, 1836. To them have been born three children, one of whom is dead, viz : Perry, who was born February 4, 1859, and died December 30, 1863; W. Henry, born February 24, 1865; and Minnie Pearl, March 13, 1880. Both Mr. and Mrs. Harroff are members of the Evangelical church. He is a Republican, though never a politician, having never sought or held office. He is a straightforward man, well and favorably known.   Seymour A. Jones, deceased, was born in Austintown township, Mahoning county, October 17, 1821. His wife and children are still living here. He was a farmer by occupation, an earnest Republican in politics, and in religion a member of the Disciples' church. His first wife was Martha Burnett, by whom he had four children, viz : Mary, Virgil, Samantha Jane, and Edson Scott. His second wife, whom he married December 9, 1856, and who is still living, was Mary, daughter of William and Susan (Earnest) Powers, of Perry county, Pennsylvania. She was born June 0, 1833. Her parents came to Ohio when she was about one year old. Her father was a merchant for several years when a young man, but went to farming later on account of his health. Mrs. Jones is the oldest of six children, the names of whom are as follows : Mary, John, Belle, Almira, William, and Lucius Foster. Mrs. Jones is the mother of ten children,—George, William, Kittie, Birdie E., Lucy E., John, Grant, Minnie A., Thomas, and Etta May. Mr. Jones died July t0, 1878.   T. F. James was born in Somersetshire, England, May 15, 1834. He was educated in the public schools of his native country, attending only until about twelve years old, From that time until he was eighteen he was engaged in mining. In 1852 he came to Austintown township, where his work was the same as in England until fifteen years ago, when he began farming about a mile east of Mineral Ridge, where he is at present engaged in raising fine stock. April 5, 1858, he married Margaret Blunt, daughter of Edward. Blunt of Weathersfield township, Trumbull county. She was born May 15, 1838. This marriage was blessed with eight children, Susan, Celia A., Hannah, Maggie, Sadie, Will, Edward, and John. Mrs. James is a member of the Disciples' church. Her father, Rev. Edward Blunt, was born in North Wales in 1805, and lived to the age of sixty-six. For twenty-four years prior to his death he lived and labored at Mineral Ridge. He preached for some years for the Welsh Methodist church in Pennsylvania. After coming to Ohio he became a convert to the Disciples' faith, and joined the Welsh Baptist church. He was a zealous Christian.   Solomon W. Lynn, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in Canfield township, then Trumbull county, December 29, 1817. His father was John Lynn, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, a weaver by trade, but during his residence in Ohio followed farming. He came here in the early settlement of the country, and erected a saw-mill upon his farm, known as the 'Squire Lynn farm. When Solomon was about six years of age his father returned to his old home in Pennsylvania, where he resided until his death. By his wife, Barbara   140 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.   Will, he had, seven children, three girls and four boys. The girls all died when they were quite small, and in a few days of each other. Of the boys, all are now deceased except the subject of this sketch. When about thirteen his father died, and he worked upon a farm for some three years, when he was apprenticed to learn the shoemaker's trade, at which he worked for two and a half years. He eventually came to Pickaway county, Ohio, but afterwards moved to Canfield, Mahoning county, where he followed his trade. He carried on his trade for twenty-three consecutive years. In .1844 he moved to Canfield, and in 1849 to the farm where he now lives. August 30, 1849, he married Elizabeth, daughter of George Lynn, a brother of John Lynn's father (out subject's. grandfather), Philip Lynn. She was born in Canfield, June 28, 1822. They have two children, George W., born August 14, 1850; Mary E., September 19, 1856, Mr. Lynn's politics is Democratic,   Benjamin Leach, a native. of New Jersey, came to Austintown township, Mahoning county, in the year 1819, and bought the Jacob Parkhurst farm of one hundred acres, which was partially improved and for which he paid $1,800, He was a blacksmith by trade, but after coming to Ohio he engaged principally at farming. Within a year or two after his arrival he erected the house in which his son, J. B, Leach now resides, and which at that early day was considered the best house in the county. July 12, 1802, he married Dinah Brown, by whom he had four children, Harriet, Julia Ann, Susan, and Dinah. The mother of these children died May 27, 1812. Of these children only Julia and Susan are living. February r, 1814, he married Hannah Raynor, who was born in New Jersey. She became the mother of five children, Tryphena, Mary, Jacob B., Stephen F,, Elias D., of whom all are living but the oldest. These parents were members of the Presbyterian church, The father died a few years after coming to Ohio.   J. B, Leach was born near Morristown, New Jersey, February 8, 1819. During the first year of his life he came with his parents to Austin- town township, Mahoning county, where he has lived ever since, His education was obtained in the common schools of that early day. Soon after he attained his majority he came into pos session of the old homestead and has lived upon it all his life. In 1846 he married Adaline Eckman, daughter of John Eckman, then a resident of Warren, They had four children, Benjamin, Emory, Jennie, and Margery, of whom all save Benjamin are living. His wife dying October 16, 1852, he, on January 20, 1859, married Olive Jones, daughter of Asa Jones, a stone-mason by trade, and an old resident of Austintown township. This marriage was blessed wilh two chil dren, Charles and Anna, Mr. Leach was a Democrat until the breaking out of the war, and since then has been a Republican. He has held various township offices and was three times justice of the peace, and for three years recorder of Mahoning county, being in office twenty-five successive years.   Jacob Maurer, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born near Reading, Pennsylvania, January 19, 1811. He is the oldest of the sons of Peter Maurer, who in his native State of Pennsylvania followed the trades of a weaver and miller, but after coming to Ohio engaged in farming. Jacob Maurer worked at shoemaking until he came to Ohio, and has since been a farmer. He went with his parents about the year 1832 to Pickaway county, where he remained some seven years, coming to Austintown township at the end of that period. In 1831 he married Magdalena Sies, a native of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, born February, 1811, They had eight daughters and three sons, who are all living except one son and one daughter: Mary A., Marietta, Alexander, Perry C., Elizabeth, Louisa, Susan, Adaline, Lucy, and Melissa. Mrs. Maurer died June 7, 1877. Mr. Maurer is a conscientious Christian, a member of the Lutheran church, and a man of worth. He is a Democrat in politics,   John Maurer, deceased, was born near Reading, Pennsylvania, January 13, 1813. He was the second son of Peter and Barbara (Weis) Maurer, both natives of Pennsylvania. Their children were Jacob, John, Susan, Elizabeth, George, and Peter, who died young. John Maurer went with his father to Pickaway county, Ohio. When about twenty-four years old he came to Austintown, where he engaged in farming. He was married December 4, 1839, to Lucy A, Buck, daughter of David and Mary Buck, who came to this county from Seneca   TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 141   county, New York, in 1839. She was born July 22, 1821. They have two children, Alfred, born November 22, 1840, and Eliza J., born January 27, 1844, now the wife of William Ohl. John Maurer was an earnest Democrat and took a great interest in political matters. He was an industrious man and from nothing made a handsome property. He was an honored and respecled citizen. He died February 26, 1873.   Perry C. Maurer, coal operator, Mineral Ridge, Ohio, was born in Austintown township, December 3, 1840. He was educated in the common schools and at Canfield academy. During his school days he also taught in the district schools, his first term before he was eighteen. He was engaged for one year as a clerk at East Lewiston. He next went to Idaho, where he spent the summer. He afterwards acted as a clerk for one year for James Crandon & Co., at Niles, then went to Homewood, Pennsylvania, and had charge of a furnace. In 1867 he engaged in the mercantile business with Charles Warner, and later with J. B. Warner. In 1869 he began business as a coal operator in company with Jenkin Harris, James Ward, and others. He has lately opened a mine at New Lisbon, which yields one hundred and twenty-five tons daily, His other mines yield even larger quantilies. November 29, 1865, Mr. Maurer married Rachel Anderson, daughter of James Anderson. She was born in this county, May 14, 1847. She died April 30, 1876, leaving three children-Ivan Anderson, Lalla Rookh, and Grace Edna. He was again married June 27, 1877, to Nettie A. Marshall, daughter of Isaac H. Marshall, of Weathersfield, Trumbull county. She was born May 22, 1854. Mr. Maurer is a member of the Presbyterian church. In politics he is a Democrat.   James McGrew, deceased, was born in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1810. When he was about eight years old his mother, Mrs. Lelitia Porler, came to Poland, Mahoning county, thence going to Girard, Trumbull county, and afterwards to Ashtabula county. After coming to this State she married James Reed. James McGrew was apprenticed at the age of sixteen to learn the blacksmith's trade. He worked at his trade about twenty-one years at Howland corners, Weathersfield township, Trumbull county. In 1846 he bought the farm on which his son now lives, and for the rest of his life was engaged in farming. December 15, 1831, he married Margaret Pennell, daughter of Robert Pennell. She was born April a, 1816. She bore him seven children-Letitia, Ann, Rosetta, Robert, Sarah Jane, John, Mary M., and John C. Mrs. McGrew died May 29, 1851. Mr. McGrew was married May 12, 1853, to Margaret S. Dougherty. She was a native of Pennsylvania, and was born August 0, 1822. She died August 19, 1866, leaving five children, the oldest and the youngest of whom are deceased-Grover F., Emma R., Alva F., James H., and Eva A. Mr. McGrew was married December 24, 1867, to Katie Spencer, born in Hartford, Trumbull county, October 9, 1814. She died November 1, 1872. On September 17, 1874, he married Nancy Faunce, of Cortland, who survives her husband. Mr. McGrew died April 24, 1878.   J. C. McGrew, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in that township, March 19, 1848. He was married June 4, 1872, to Susan Miller, daughter of William Miller, a former resident of Mahoning county, Mrs. McGrew was born October 18, 1851.   John Miller, Sr., immigrated to Ohio from Pennsylvania in 1812, and settled in Canfield township. He was educated in the common schools of his native State, and, when a young man, learned the carpenter's trade. He was a first-class workman, but, after coming to Ohio, worked entirely at farming. He remained in Canfield township seven years, and then removed to the northeast part of Austintown township, the same county, and settled in the woods near the spot where the residence of Jacob Miller now slands. As a " deadening" had been made, and the land allowed to grow up with trees again, the work of clearing was exceedingly difficult. He married Elizabeth Stittle, by whom he had the following named children : Samuel, Sarah, Jacob, Martha, William, John, Susan, Levi, Lydia. Susan, Sarah, John, Levi, and Jacob are yet living. He was a member of the German Lutheran church. He died in the fall of 1867, having lived to see the wilderness transformed into fine, productive farms.   John Miller, Jr., was born September 14, 1816, in Canfield township. He was educated rn the common schools and early began farming, which   142 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.   has been his lifelong occupation. He staid with his father until the age of twenty-lhree, when he began farming for himself on the same farm on shares for a time, and then bought half of it, upon which he still lives. February r r, 1845, he married Maria Lanterman, daughter of William Lanterman, of Austintown township, She was born June 28, 1822, and died February 18, 1878. She was an estimable Christian woman and a member of the Disciple church. Five children were born to them, viz: Austin, born May 31, 1846; Sophia, December 21, 1847; Joseph, October 13, 1849; Laura, April 2, 1852; John, March 29, 1854. Mr. Miller is a member of the German Lutheran church,   Oen Naff, farmer, Austintown township, Ma- honing county, was born in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, March 12, 1827. His mother died when he was about six weeks old, and he was brought up under the care of his grandfather, Christian Meassamer. When Oen was about six years old his grandfather moved to Jackson township, and resided there until the time of his death, Oen is the only child of George and Eva (Meassamer) Naff. His father still resides in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, When Mr. Naff was eighteen years of age he began learning the cabinet maker's trade, at which he worked many years. Since 1850 he has been engaged in farming. He moved upon the present farm in 1860, and has a pleasant home. Mr. Naff was married January 3, 1850, to Madelina Hood, daughter of David Hood. She was born in Mahoning county, June 5, 1828, and died February 17, 1859. She was the mother of two children, whose names are Mary Magdalene and John Wallace. Mr, Naff was again married, March 4, 1860, to Maria Buck, who was born March 5, 1825. She was the daughter of David Buck. They have two children: George Oliver and Lucy Alice. Mr. Naff is an actrve member of the Republican party,   Michael Ohl was a native of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. When a young man he came with his father, Henry Ohl, to Mahoning county, and settled in Canfield township. The family of children were Michael, Jacob, Henry, David, John, Abraham, Eve Hood, Maria Waggoner, and Mary Shatto. Shortly after their arrival Michael married Eva Moyers, who came to Mahoning county with her husband's family. They first settled in the southwest corner of Austintown township, where they lived some twelve years, and then moved to that part of the township where Ohltown is now located. He was a cooper by trade, and worked at this some in the new country, but his principal occupation was farming, in addition to managing a saw- and gristmill. He owned the land which is now occupied by Ohltown, which he laid out over fifty years ago, and to which he gave his own name. He was the father of the following named children : Charles, Catharine Hood, Elizabeth Dustman, Henry, David, John, Eve Campbell, Aydelott, Michael (who was killed at Warren during the building of a bridge), Samuel, Abigail, McDonald, Andrew, Mary Kraus, and Julia Rose, Mr. Ohl was hotel-keeper at Ohltown, and also engaged at distilling. He died October 21, 1857, at the age of seventy-four. His father, Henry Ohl, died September 7, 1849. Eve Ohl died July t r, 1860.   David Ohl was born in Austintown township, Mahoning county, December 22, 1818. He received his education in the common schools and aided his father until he became of age, when he began learning the millwright's trade wilh his brother Charles. After working with him three years he began building mills. He was engaged at this business for thirty-five years. Directly after his marriage he began farming where he now lives, January 15, 1846, he married Elizabeth A, White, daughter of James White, She was born in Weathersfield township, Trumbull county, April 29, 1828. They have had seven children—Ezra, Albert, Julia Ann, Michael, James, Olander, and Jennie (Samantha Jane). Mr. and Mrs. Ohl are old-time members of the Methodist church.   Wesley Ohl, merchant, West Austintown, Ma- honing county, was born in Austintown township, June 19, 1843. He is the oldest child of George Ohl, son of David Ohl, a Pennsylvanian by birth, who came to Mahoning county, then Trumbull, in an early day, and was a prominent farmer and stock dealer in his day, and was engaged in driving stock to the East over the mountains. George Ohl acquired a good education at the public schools, and for a number of years was engaged in teaching, attending to his farm at the same time. Farming was his chief occupation through lrfe. He was born in   TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 141   Austintown township; married Lydia Graber, a nalive of Bucks county, Pennsylvania. This union resulted in two children, the eldest dying in infancy. He was a member of the Evangelical Association, and a Republican in politics. He and his wife are both dead. Wesley Ohl remained upon the farm until 1872, when he engaged in the mercantile business with D. B. Blott. This partnership continued two years, since which time Mr. Ohl has carried on the business alone at West Austintown. He married Miss Carrie, daughter of William Hauser. They Have one child, Elva Irene, born October 7, 1878.   Davis Randolph, Esq., Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in Juniata county, Pennsylvanra, July 25, 1810. He is a brother of. William Randolph, of Windsor, Ashtabula county, and a son of John and Mary (Davis) Randolph. His mother was of Welsh descent. The old stock of Randolphs came from Virginia. Davis received but a limited common school education. He learned the shoemaker's trade with his brother, with whom he came to Austintown and commenced business, in which he continued about twenty-five years. Mr. Randolph is an influential member of the Democratic party. He has held nearly all of the township offices, and since 1859 has been justice of the peace. He married Elizabeth McCarter, of Ma- honing county, November 30, 1837, by whom he had one child, Elizabeth McCoy, October 21, 1841. His wife died February 14, 1842. On January 16, 1843, he married Caroline Russel, of Austintown, daughter of James Russel, a soldier of 1812. They have seven children born as follow: James Clark, January 19, 1844; Mary Jane, February 12, 1845; Jonathan Russel, October 28, 1846; John Clayton, May 30, 1848; Charles, November 6, 1854; Cornelia Emeline, May 6, 1856; Luella C., May 4, 1862. Each of the oldest three of the sons served two years in company E, Twelfth Ohio cavalry, enlisting before they were of age. M. Davis is a member of the Disciple church and is a man who has gained honor from a long life of steadfast integrity.   Thomas Reed, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, September 24, 1789. His father, James Reed, was an old time resident of Poland town ship. He married Hannah Gilbert, born September 11, 1807, daughter of Charles Gilbert, a native of Pennsylvania. Her mother was Magdalene Miller, a native of the same State. To Mr. and Mrs. Reed were born seven children : Peggy, born June 27, 1825 ; Betsy, December r, 1826; Polly, March 9, 1829; Stephen, November z6, 1830; Nancy, October J0, 1832; Hannah, November 3, 1835; and Amos, May 27, 1839. Peggy, Nancy, Hannah, and Stephen, still make their home with their mother on the old farm. Mr. Reed was a Covenanter in religion, and in politics a Republican. He was a practical farmer and a worthy citizen. His death occurred February 18, 1865.   James Raver, a native of Allentown, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, was born April 2, 1823. He was the son of William Raver, who came to Austintown township when James was thirteen years of age. After living here a few years he removed to Lordstown township. James and his father were both coopers by trade, but were principally engaged in farming. William Raver was the father of seven children, Lovina, James, Eliza, Lewis, William, Catharine, and Maria, all living a.. the present time. He married Catharine Bailey, who was born in Canfield township, May 13, 1821. Their children, Levi, Lewis W., Sarah A., and Mary Sophia, are living, with the exception of Mary. After the death of his first wife he married Clarinda Dustman, a native of Canfield, by whom he had one child, Henry F., who died at the age of six years. In 1852 James Raver moved into Canfield township, where he has since been engaged in farming.   L. W. Raver was born in Lordstown township, Trumbull county, May 11, 1849. He is the second child of James Raver. When seventeen years of age he was apprenticed to learn the plasterer's trade, serving two years, and during the winters he also learned harness-making. He worked at the former of these seven summers and at the latter six winters. He then with Abraham Forney engaged in mercantile business for three years, when he sold out and soon afterward went inlo the drug business with Dr. C. B. White. This partnership lasted but one year. He then for a few months went into the furniture business. He is now keeping a general store with J. H. Fitch and Joseph Smith, March 16, 1873, he married Melvina Wilson,   144 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.   daughter of William Wilson, born December 5, 1848. They have three children, James 0., Allen Thurman, and Harry Rush.   Robert Russell, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, August 23, 1784. When he was two years of age his father, Robert Russell, Sr., moved into Washington county, Pennsylvania, and in 1802 into Lake county, Ohio. In 1806 or 1807 he came into Austintown township, Mahoning county. At this early date there had not been a road laid out in the entire township. He was a farmer by occupation, and lived to see the, wilderness converted into fine farms possessing the comforts and refinements of civilized life. He married, May 17, 1809, Rachel Hampson, who was a daughter of Robert and Jane Hampson, and was born in New Jersey, October 24, 1786. They reared nine children, all living to celebrate their parents' golden wedding, and even their sixtieth anniversary. Mr. Russell lived an exemplary life, and was a member for fifty years of the Disciple church at Four-mile run. He was ever a friend to the poor and needy. His useful life closed January 31, 1879, and his wife died February 20, 1872.   Hampson Russell, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, son of Robert Russell, the pioneer, was born August 24, 1822. His education was received in the pioneer schools of his native lownship. He early began the work of farming upon the home farm, and at the age of twenty-five moved upon the farm where he now resides, two miles southwest of the center of the township. In May, 1849, he married Elizabeth Reed, daughter of Thomas Reed, of Austintown township. She was born December 1, 1826. This couple have but three children : Charles Warren, born May 24, 1852; Amos Cal. vin, May 14, 1856; Thomas Robert, June 20, 1860. Mr. Russell is a member of the Disciple church and his wife is a Covenanter, He is a Republican in politics,   Abraham Strock, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in Perry county, Pennsylvania, April 7, 1813. He is a son of John Henry Strock and a twin brother of Zachariah R. Strock. His father was horn in Nor thumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 14, 1781. He married Catharine Rice, a native of Pennsylvania, by whom he had eleven children: Benjamin, Elizabeth, Mary, Isaac, Abraham, Zachariah, Catharine, Anna, Susan, Joseph, and Julia. Of these the sons are all living and the daughters all dead. John H. Strock was a Presbyterian and a Democrat. He died in the forty-ninth year of his age, December 14, 1830. The father of John H. Strock was Joseph Strock, a native of France, who came to this country an orphan boy nine years old. After coming here he was bound out to pay for his passage. He was married in Pennsylvania and had seven sons and four daughters. He came to Mahoning county and settled in the southern part of Austintown township. Abraham Strock has resided here since his father came in 1815. He began learning carpentry and joining when fourteen years old and worked at those trades forty-seven years, He has erected so many churches that the title " the old church-builder" is often applied to him. September 7, 1834, he married Sophia Wetzell, who was born in Pennsylvania, December 18, 1807. They had seven children: Sarah, William H., Eliza, Caroline, Benjamin, Lucy, and George. Mrs. Strock died August I, 1869. Mr. Strock was one of the first Abolitionists in this county and is now an earnest Republican. Since retiring from active business he has studied a variety of subjects, upon each of which he is well informed.   Joseph Smith, a native of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, was born May .27, 1853. When he was about two years old his father, Henry Smith, moved into Jackson township. After re'- maining here a few years he moved to Smith's corners, Austintown township. Joseph received his education at this place, attending school winters and working on the farm summers, When eighteen years old he began clerking for J. H, Fitch & Co. He remained here for one year and then worked for J. H. Fitch until April 1, 1880, when he bought an interest in the stock of goods and the firm of Fitch, Smith & Co. was formed. He married Elizabeth Wetzel, daughter of Jacob Wetzel, an old-time hotel proprietor of Austintown.   Daniel Thornton, who was a native of Long Island, came to Youngstown township, Trumbull county, now Mahoning, in the year 1817. After remaining here five or six years he went back to his old home, but not being satisfied there returned to this county. He served in the   TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 145   War of 1812 before he was eighteen, first three months as substitute and afterward a time for himself. At the close of the war he began learning the ship-carpenter's trade, serving an apprenticeship of three years, He followed this trade in the Island until his removal to Ohio. Just before leaving Long Island he married Hannah Rogers, a native of that island. She became the mother of three children—Jesse A., merchant of Germantown, Pennsylvania; Mary, who died in infancy; and Hiram, of Austintown. He was a Democrat through early life but eventually became a Republican.   Hiram Thornton, third child of Daniel Thornton, was born in Youngstown township, Trumbull county, now Mahoning, January 18, 1823. His school advantages were very limited as there was no school in his district until he was of age. But by reading and observation he has become well informed. He is a natural mechanic, understanding several different trades. His early life was spent upon the farm. At the age of seventeen he began making whiskey, at which occupation he continued for five years, at the end of which time he began carriage- and wagon- making, which he carried on for about eleven years. Since then he has been engaged in various pursuits, among others that of operating in coal. He is now superintending mines for H. Baldwin, of Youngstown. He mauled, August 5, 1849, Matilda Smith, daughter of William Sinith, of Austintown. She was born in England, August 31, 1830. To them have been born fifteen children—Daniel, Mary, Stephen, Joseph, Henry, Elizabeth, Sarah, William, Walter, Lovina, Ida, George, Myron, Ella, Edward, of whom Daniel, Ida, and George are dead. He is a Republican and a worthy and respected cilizen.   William Tibbit (deceased) was born in Maryland, June 25, 1805. When he was still an infant his father, Jerry Tibbit, moved to Youngstown. Here he lived until he was eighteen, when his father, who was a saddler and harness-maker in Youngstown, moved to Austintown, where he resided until his death engaged in farming. William Tibbit received his education in the Youngstown schools. He remained with his father until he was twenty-four, assisting in the shop and on 'the farm. He then bought the business and carried it on for about seven years, meanwhile purchasing the farm on which his widow and family now reside. He moved upon this farm in 1836, and engaged afterwards at farming. November 28, 1833, he married Thankful Almyra, daughter of Judge Camden Cleaveland, a native of Connecticut. Judge Cleaveland emigrated to Liberty township, Trumbull county, about 1800, and when his daughter, Mrs. Tibbit, was about four years old moved to Youngstown, where he taught school for several years. He afterwards operated the Cleaveland mill on Mill creek. He married Elizabeth Adams, daughter of Asahel Adams, who was also a pioneer in this region. Judge Cleaveland had a family of two boys—Camden H. and Mason A. (who died young), and five girls: Eliza P., Thankful Almyra, Olive A., Charlotte M., and Harriet M. Judge Cleaveland was a brother of Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland was named. William Tibbit was a member of the Presbyterian church, and a member of the Republican party. He was an unassuming man, a conscientious Christian, a kind father and husband, and a good citizen. He died October 14, 1856. He was the father of eight children, six of whom are living—Nancy E., Charlotte M., Asahel C., Laura E., John Ferris and Mary Ann.   Jacob Wolfcale, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in the same township October 23, 1819. He is the third of the children of Abram Wolfcaleo a native of Virginia, who, with his brother John, and his father, John Wolfcale, Sr., came into this country at an early date, and bought tracts of land on part of which their children are now living. Abram Wolfcale was a cabinet-maker and carpenter by trade. He also carried on a farm. He was born January 14, 1785. He married Elizabeth Brooks, who was born in Maryland October 6, 1792. They had five children—Margaret, Jonathan, Jacob, Polly, and Elizabeth. Of these Polly died in infancy, and Jonathan when about forty years of age. Margaret married Roswell Matthews, and lives upon the old homestead. Jacob Wolfcale is a blacksmith by trade, but is engaged in farming. He was married July 17, 1843, to Lavina Oatstein, a native of Mahoning county. They have seven children living, three deceased. The names of those living are : Owen, Abram, William, Milo, Elizabeth, Filena,   146 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO.   and Mary. Mr. Wolfcale is a Democrat, He has surrendered the care of his farm to his sons and is now enjoying the quiet which a life of activity has earned him,   Ira Wilcox, farmer, Austintown township, Ma- honing county, is a native of that county, born March 9, 1816, His father, Isaac Wilcox, was a native of Maryland, and was in the War of 1812. Isaac Wilcox was married to Catharine Kussurd, and shortly afterward came to Canfield township, now Mahoning county. About twenty. five years later he removed to Virginia. He was a class leader in the Methodist church, and for a long time a justice of the peace in Canfield. He had four children: Ira, Reuben, Eli, and Hannah, Eli died when but fourteen years old, Hannah married Jacob Umstardt, and died many years ago. Reuben is living at Rootstown, Ohio. Ira Wilcox, when about twelve years of age, was apprenticed to the shoemaker's trade, at which he served until he was eighteen, in the meantime working upon the farm of his employer. He followed his trade some eighteen years. After his marriage he resided in Jackson township for a short time, then returned to his former home. In 1839 he bought a small part of his present farm, which was then in the woods. He has since added to his first purchase until he now has a fine farm. April 11, 1835, he married Rebecca Gilman, who was born in (now) Mahoning county, November 16, 1816, and is a daughter of Jacob Gilman, Mr. and Mrs. Wilcox have nine children, as follows: Christina, Daniel, Isaac, Sarah, Ira, Jr,, Mary, Cecilia, Anson B., and Ella. Their church relationship is with the United Brethren in Christ.   Jacob Wise, deceased, was born in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, January 21, 1786. He came to Trumbull county in 1810, and bought one hundred acres of land at $3 per acre. Several years later he purchased what is now known as the Peters farm, one hundred and thirty-three acres, and afterwards he bought one hundred an twelve acres on the tract where the Tod mine was opened, Coal was mined there over fifty years ago, In ar0 Jacob Wise married Susanna Weitzel, who lived only about one year lafter giving birth to a child named Jacob, born June 24, 1813. In 1815 Mr, Wise married Priscilla Pyle, who was born in Little York, Pennsylvania, in 1797. They had thirteen children—John, Mary, Eliza, Sarah, Hannah, Priscilla, Lydia, Solomon, Jonathan, Rebecca, Adaline, Rachel, and Elias, who died when quite young. Priscilla, Rebecca, Mary, and Solomon are also deceased. Jacob Wise was a soldier in the War of 1812. Both he and his wife were members of the Presbyterian church. He died October 24, 1854, and Mrs. Wise September 7, 1862,   John Wise, farmer, Austintown township, Mahoning county, was born in Trumbull county, August 13, 1816. He is the second son of Jacob Wise. He was married October r, 1844, to Mary Carn, who was born in Canfield, February 18, 1820. Her father, a tailor by trade, came from Pennsylvania. The union gave them two children, Zenas, an attorney at Pine Bluff, Kansas, and Thomas Jefferson, a coal operator at Canfield. Mrs. Wise died May 24, 1854, Mr, Wise was married a second lime February 1, 1855, to Rachel A. Morris, born in Monmouthshire, England, February 26, 1828. They have two children, Lucy, born February 7, 1856, the wife of E. Grover Marshall, Weathersfield township, Trumbull county and David, born May 30, 1865, now residing at home. Mrs. Wise is the seventh of fourteen children of William Morris, who emigrated to America in 1839, and settled in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he was a coal operator some years ; he then moved to Weathersfield township, Trumbull county, and was there a superintendent of mines.