AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 125 where they all lodged for the night by the side of a fire, with no shelter save a big oak and the canopy of heaven. The exact location was on the home lot of the late Dr. Truesdale, a few rods west of Yellow creek. "1799, September 1, Sunday, he attended public worship at Youngstown. The Rev. William Wick, from Washington county, Pennsylvania, delivered the first sermon ever preached on the New Connecticut Western Reserve. "October 19, John Struthers and family arrived at Poland." 1800, June 16, he (T, K.) went from Poland to Youngstown to agree on the place where the county-seat should be located. "June 19, Messrs. Canfield, Young, and King met J. S. Edwards at Fowler's tavern, in Poland, to advise as to the location of the county-seat. "July 1, John Atkins, an old salt, returned to Poland with a mail from Pittsburg, the then nearest postoffice. There lie obtained two lemons from another sailor who had turned pack-horse man. T. Kirtland and Atkins immediately started, with the lemons in charge, for Burton. These were probably the first lemons on the Western Reserve. CELEBRATING THE FOURTH. "July 4, the good people of Burton, and others from Connecticut, assembled on the green, forty-two in number, partook of a good dinner, and drank the usual patriotic toasts. Then the president of the day (T. K.) caused the lemons to be mixed in a milk pan of punch, when he offered and drank as a toast, 'Here's to our wives and sweethearts at home.' The vessel of punch and the toast passed around the table till at length it came to a Mr. B., who, a few weeks before, had fled from a Xanthippe of a wife in New England, to .obtain a little respite, and had joined the surveying party; he promptly responded thus to the toast: 'Here's to our sweethearts at home, but the d-1 take the wives.' "August 23 Turhand Kirtland had partially recovered from an attack of fever and - 7 - ague. He went from Poland to Youngstown to get his horse shod; was required to blow-and strike for the smith. This threw him into an aggravated relapse of the disorder, which. was at length cured by taking teaspoonful, doses of the bark every hour. He adds: 'I found that Joseph McMahon and the people of. Warren had killed two Indians at Salt Spring on Sunday, l0th, in a hasty and inconsiderate manner; and they had sent after a number of Indians that had gone off, in order to hold a conference and settle the unhappy and unprovoked breach they had made 0n the Indians. They had agreed on Wednesday, 30th, to hold a conference at Esq. Young's, and had sent for an interpreter to attend, who arrived this clay, in company with an Indian chief and his lady on horseback.' "Wednesday, July 30, went to Youngstown (from Poland) to attend the conference with the Indians on account of the murder of two of their principal men at Salt Spring, on Sunday, l0th, by Joseph McMahon and Storer. We assembled about three hundred whites and ten Indians, had a very friendly talk, and agreed to make peace and live as friends. FIRST MURDER TRIAL. "Monday, August 25, went to Warren, met the judges and justices of the county, when they all took the oaths of office, and proceeded to open the courts of Quarter Session and Common Pleas ; appointed constables and summoned eighteen grand jurors. Bills of indictment found against Joseph McMahon and Richard Storer for murder. "Sunday, September 14, Sample, the counsel for McMahon, went on to Youngstown. The prisoner is on the way from McIntosh (Beaver) with the sheriff, and an escort of twenty-five troops from the garrison at Pittsburg, to guard him to Warren, where a court is to be held on Thursday, for his trial for the murder of Captain George and George Tuscarawa (Indians) at Salt Spring. "Wednesday, September 17, went to the court at Warren, Meigs and Gilman, the 126 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY judges. Messrs. Edwards, Pease, Tod, Tappan, and Abbott admitted as counsellors-at-law by this court. "Thursday, September 18, prisoner (McMahon) brought in; a traverse jury summoned. "Friday, September 19, witnesses examined. "Saturday, September 20, case argued; verdict, acquittal." After quoting the above from the diary of his father, Mr. Jared P. Kirtland, in the letter above referred to, goes on to relate a few of his own, recollections: He recalls the night of June 10, 1800, when on his way from Wallingford, Conn., to Poland, Ohio, he spent the night at Liberty tavern, in the town of Liberty. "At noon of the following day," he says, "I dined with Dr. Charles Dutton in Youngstown, a sparsely settled village of one street, the houses mostly log structures, a few humble frame dwellings excepted; of the latter character was the dwelling house and store of the late Colonel Rayen." After dinner the doctor accompanied him to Poland (both on horseback), where he was going to join his father's family, from whom he had been separated since 1803. "No bridges then spanned the Mahoning. We passed over at Power's ford, the water high and muddy from recent rains; but the doctor pointed out a rock in the river, with its top barely above the water, which, he said, was an index that when the top appeared it was safe to ford the stream. PIONEER SCHOOLS "In the following week," says Mr. Kirtland, "I took charge of the fstrict school in the village of Poland, consisting of sixty scholars,. which I taught till late in September, in a log house on the public square. I soon learned that Josfh Noyes, a former schoolmate of mine, had charge of a school of similar size in Youngstown. It occupied a log building in Main street, next adjoining Mr. Bryson's log store, near where Colonel Caleb Witk formerly resided. Mr. Noyes and myself soon established the rule to visit each other's school on every alternate Saturday and counsel each other on school teaching. Reading. writing, spelling, arithmetic, and geography were the branches required to be taught. I have the vanity to believe that, in the three first named, the progress of our classes was as satisfactory as in the classes of the present day. Those three branches were rather specialties with both of us. Neither found use for the rod. Those bi-weekly visits to that school established an acquaintance with nearly every individual, old and young, in the village. I now know not a surviving one of that number. FEMININE COSTUMES. "Mary Tod (the late Mrs. Evans) was a member of Mr. Noyes' school. She then was just entering her teens, and a more lovely face than hers I have never seen. But, what do our fashionable and ambitious mothers of the present day imagine were the texture and style of the dress of that beautiful girl? Her external costume was a home-made mixture of linen and cotton, cut after the female disciples of Mother Ann Lee, with no plaits and few gores, unmodified by either corset or bustle. The lower margin was adorned with a two-inch stripe of madder red, followed next by one ofindigo blue, and a third one of hickory bark yellow, very much like the balmorals which, a few years since, our fashionable city ladies were sure to exhibit (accidentally, of course) at every street crossing, much to the admiration of crowds of idle loafers." HEAVY RAINS OF 1810-12. The latter part of Mr. Kirtland's letter is devoted to a regimental muster which he witnessed in Youngstown, in September, 1810, and which is referred to elsewhere in this volume and closes with some account of the heavy rainfall that year, and in the two following seasons. "As a consequence," he says, "the streams frequently overflowed their banks, cornfields were not worked, and the heavy AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 127 crop of wheat was generally grown or sprouted, much to the displeasure f the housewife and joy of the whisky distiller. The latter found his grains half malted by nature, while the former could hardly restrain her loaves from running. Every public road was almost impassable., and some of the recent emigrants left the West, discouraged and disgusted." OTHER EDUCATIONAL MATTERS. To those who are interested in the cause of education the following copy of an old school contract may be of interest : "This article, between the undersigned subscribers of the one part, and Jabez P. Manning of the other, witnesseth, That said Manning doth, on his part, engage to teach a school n at the schoolhouse ear the center of Youngstown for the term of one quarter, wherein he engages to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, and English grammar ; and, furthermore, that the school shall be opened at 9 o'clock A. M., and closed at 4 P. M. on each day of the week (Saturday and Sunday excepted), and on Saturday to be opened at 9 and closed at 12 o'clock A. M, And we, the subscribers, on our part, individually engage to pay the said Manning one dollar and seventy-five cents for each and every scholar we subscribe, at the end of the term; and we furthermore agree to furnish or to bear the necessary expense of furnishing wood and all other things necessary for the use of the school. "Furthermore, we do engage that unless, by the 6th day of April of the present year, the number of scholars subscribed amount to thirty-five that the said Manning is in no way obligated by this article. "Furthermore, we allow the said Manning the privilege of receiving five scholars more than are here specified. "J. P, MANNING. "Youngstown, March 31, 1818. "Subscribers' names and number of scholars : George Tod, 3 ; John E. Woodbridge, 4; Homer Hine, 2 ; Henry Wick, 2 ; Philip Stambaugh, 1 1/2; Samuel Viall, 2 ; Robert Kyle, 2 ; George Hardman, 1; James Davidson, 2 ; Polly Chapman, 1; Jerry Tibbits, 3 1/2 ; John F. Townsend, 2 ; Henry Manning, 1; William Bell, 1; Jonathan Smith, 1; William Potter, 2 ; William Rayen, 1 1/2; William Morris, 1; Noah Chamberlain, 1; Richard Young, 1/2, ; James Duncan, I; Mrs. McCullough, 1/2; Bryan Baldwin, 1/2. Total, 403/4. "The township was first divided into school districts on May 22, 1826. There were seven districts and two fractional districts. The first or center district, Which included the present city and some additional territory, contained fifty-four householders, The whole township, as then enumerated, contained 206 householders, of which twelve were women." Some further reminiscences of the early inhabitants of Youngstown may be found in a letter from Roswell M. Grant, uncle f General U. S. Grant, which is published, in part, in the chapter on the Settlement and Organization f Mahoning County, EARLY AMUSEMENTS. Though, our forefathers were without the theater, the moving picture show, the trolley car and the automobile, they were by no means destitute of amusements, and most of them of a healthy and beneficial kind. Debating societies were frequently held, at which such subjects as the following were debated, "Whether, is the intrinsic value of an article or the probability of obtaining the price to be made the rule in selling?" "Is slave-holding proper or improper ?" "Ought the Mahoning to be a public highway or not?" Then there were the huskings and logging-bees, the athletic sports and dances, "Sister Phoebe," and kicking the blanket. The bill of fare at a logging in 1817, in which the Hon. Shelden Newton (then a young man) participated, was bread, raw pork, raw onions, and whisky. We have since improved on that diet. In relating the circumstance, he said that in those days "all men raised what they ate and made what they wore, all business transactions were conducted by simple barter, that money was only used 128 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY in the payment of taxes, and that 160 cents for a long time paid the taxes on 160 acres of land. Occasionally the paper f neighboring banks was circulated, redeemable only at the place f issue, and sometimes not even there. PIONEER HOUSES. Alexander McKinney, who settled with his parents in Youngstown in 1804, and who came from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to attend the pioneer. reunion in this city in 1875, said in regard to the houses : "After the logs were piled up for one side of the house, the man would go out with a broad-axe and scratch them down a little, so that they would be a little smoother on the inside. Some places where there was good timber that would split well, they would split the log in two and that was considered a good deal better. There were not many nails used in building in those clays ; every man had the charge of the erection f his own temple. I suppose in the majority of the houses there wasn't a pound of nails used in the whole building. No nails were made then except by the blacksmith. The furniture was very crude. If the people were fortunate enough to bring furniture with them they had it; otherwise they had to do the best they could. * * * The house was a factory in one sense, for whatever we had to wear we manufactured for ourselves as a general thing. The men raised the flax and the women spun it and wove it. The wool was shorn from the sheep and picked and carded by hand. We had hand-mills and carded the wool and made the cloth. If there was a fulling-mill in the neighborhood it was taken there, and made into winter wear. We wore flannel in the winter and linen in the summer. The doors were hung on wooden hinges, generally with the latch-string out. Some houses had chairs and some benches. In many cases they used, as there was generally a baby in the house, a sugar-trough to rock the baby in. * * * If we wanted to go any place we had to go on foot or on horse-back. If a young gentleman wanted to take his lady to singing-school he took her on the horse with him." Most of the facts and incidents contained in this chapter up to the present page were related at one or the other of the two reunions of old settlers which took place in Youngstown in May, 1874, and on September 10, 1875, respectively, by some of the very men whose early years had been passed amid pioneer surroundings, and whose parents were, in most cases, among the earliest settlers in Youngstown and the vicinity. John M. Edwards, Esq., in addressing the first of these meetings, made use of these words : "Those pioneer men and women have mostly passed away. To cherish their memory ; to recall the history of those early days ; to renew ancient friendship ; to greet, as of old, companions and acquaintances from whom we have been long parted, we, their successors and early settlers of this, one of the earliest settled townships f the Reserve, have assembled here today. To all those present, to those who were residents of this township thirty-five or more years ago, to our invited guests and visitors, and to those, as well, who have become residents at a more recent period and are here as spectators, we extend a cordial welcome." ELECTIONS. Elections were held in Youngstown at the dwelling-house or inn of William Rayen up to 1813, after which they were held at different public-houses until the town-hall was built, about 1850. They were afterwards held there until the city was divided into wards in 1870, since which time each ward has been its own election precinct for those residing in the ward. The town hall is still the place of voting for the inhabitants of the township outside of the city. INCORPORATION. In 1848 upon application of the citizens, an act was passed by the legislature incorporating so much of the town of Youngstown as was included in the recorded town plat. In June, notice given, extended the limits of the town, 1850, the county commissioners, upon due AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 129 and on the 15th an election was held "at the Union House, kept by W. H, Ross, in said Youngstown, for the purpose of electing by ballot one mayor, one recorder, and five trustees, to serve for one year, according to the act of Assembly in such cases made and provided." The notice for this election was signed by W. Edson, James Fowler, James Calvin, George Murray, J. R. Holcomb, T. Garlick, John Heiner, Cyrus Brenneman, B. F, Heiner, A, McKinnie, R. W. Tayler, G. G. Murray, George W. Seaton, William S. Parmele, and Benjamin H, Lake, John Heiner was elected mayor, with 91 votes, and Robert W. Tayler, recorder; John Loughbridge, Abraham D. Jacobs, Francis Barclay, Stephen F. Burnett, Manuel Hamilton, trustees. FIRST COUNCIL MEETING. On the evening of the same day the first meeting of the council was held, and Youngstown commenced its existence as a municipal corporation, no organization having been formed under the act of 1848. At first a borough, it became, under the subsequent state laws governing municipal corporations, the "Incorporated Village of Youngstown," CITY OF THE SECOND CLASS. "In June, 1867, a census of the village was taken, and the number of inhabitants found to exceed five thousand. This fact was certified by resolutions of the council to the Secretary of State, in order to secure the advancement of the village to a city of the second class," which it was soon after accordingly declared. FURTHER EXTENSIONS OF LIMITS. On March 2, 1868, the council passed an ordinance to extend the city's boundaries, and at the same time a vote of the people was ordered to ratify or reject the proposed extension. A proclamation was also issued to elect at the same time officers of a city of the second class. The vote on the extension was yeas 593, nays 10. George McKee was elected mayor ; Owen Evans, marshal ; Thomas W. Sanderson, solicitor; Robert McCurdy, treasurer; Joseph G. Butler, Chauncey H. Andrews, Homer Hamilton, Richard Brown, and William Barclay, councilmen. In September, 1870, the population having increased to 8,100, the council divided the city into five wards. In 1880, on a further increase of population, the First and Second Wards were subdivided, making seven in all. In January, 1880, the city having again widely outgrown its boundaries, a petition signed by 469 citizens, most of them prominent business men, was presented to the council asking for a further extension of the city limits, and an ordinance was passed by the council extending the city according to the report. When presented to the county commissioners for approval their decision, contained in their journal, November 18, 1880, was as follows : "The board met at 10 A. M. On motion the prayer of the petition for the extension of the city limits is ordered not granted, and the petitioners pay the cost." This summary dismissal of the petition caused widespread dissatisfaction, as there were hundreds more who would have signed it had they known that the influence f their names was needed. April 8, 1889, however, an ordinance was passed which extended the limits, making them very nearly the same as they are today, there having been but two subsequent modifications, namely, by an 0rdinance passed in 1892 some land was detached in the neighborhood of the Austintown road, and in 1903 another slight change was made at Crab creek whereby two or three acres were added on. MAYORS OF YOUNGSTOWN, The following is a list of the mayors of Youngstown from its incorporation as a village and first election, held June 15, 1850, with dates of election, The mayors of the village were elected for one year. John Heiner June 15, 1850 Robert W, Tayler April 7, 1851 Stephen F. Burnet April 5, 1852 William G. Moore April 4, 1853 130 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY William G. Moore (re-elected) April 3, 1854 William Rice April 2, 1855 Thomas W, Sanderson April 7, 1856 Reuben Carroll April 6, 1857 Reuben Carroll, elected in April, 1858, '59, 60 and 1861 Peter W, Keller April 7, 1862 John Manning April 6, 1863 Thos. H, Wells Oct. 16, 1863, to fill unexpired term of John Manning, resigned Brainard S. Higley April 4, 1864 Brainard S. Higley, re-elected April 3, 1865 George McKee April 2, 1866 George McKee re-elected April 1, 1867 The following were elected mayors of the city for two years: George McKee April 6, 1868; re-elected April 4, 1870 John D. Raney April 1, 1872 William M, Osborne April 6, 1874 Matthew Logan April 3, 1876; re-elected April 1, 1878 William J, Lawthers April 5, 1880; re-elected April 3, 1882 William J. Lawthers 1882-1884 Walter L. Campbell 1884-1886 Samuel Steele 1886-1888 Randall Montgomery 1888-1892 I. B. Miller 1892-1896 E. H, Moore 1896-1900 Frank L. Brown 1900-1903 W. T, Gibson January 1, 1903-1906 F. L, Baldwin January 1, 1906 CITY OFFICERS-1907. Mayor—Hon. F. L. Baldwin. Judge of Criminal Court—Anthony B. Calvin, Solicitor—F, L. Oesch, Auditor—W. I. Davies. Treasurer—C. G. Jacobs, Clerk—P, W. Hubler, Engineer—F. M. Lille, Building Inspector—C. C. Knox. Chief of Police—W. W. McDonald. Superintendent of Sewers—Wm, Powell, Fire Engineer—William H, Loller. City Electrician—Ambrose Perkins, Board of Public Service—David Heinselman, Philip Hagen, J, Edgar Rudge, George T. Prosser, clerk. Board of Public Safety—L, E. Davis, James Butler. Board of Sinking Fund Trustees—S. L, Clark, F. C. Brown, F, A. Scott, James Square, W. I. Higgins, secretary. City Council—M. C. Higgins, president; P. W. Hubler, clerk ; James Whitehead, sergeant-at-arms. Members—First ward, NV. H, Hayden ; Second ward. Lionel Evans; Third ward, William L. Bence; Fourth ward, J, A, Green; Fifth ward, Sol S, Davis; Sixth ward, R. D. Campbell ; Seventh ward, M, A, Sweeny. Members-at-large--Harry Parrock, E. H, Welsh, Warren Williams. Board of Health—Mayor F, L. Baldwin, president ; Dr. M. S. Clark, vice-president; Clate A, Smith, secretary ; Dr. H. E, Welch, health officer ; G. C. Steventon, chemist ; W. H.. Peterson, plumbing inspector; B, F, Thomas, Dr. E. M, Ilgenfritz, Andrew Lawton, Benjamin Jenkins. Board of Education—W, N. Ashbaugh, clerk ; N. H. Chaney, superintendent of schools; T. J, Helrigle, M, Samuels, E, J. Anderson, Dr. C, O. Brown, J, G, Morgan, L, E. Guess, T. H. Jenkins, YOUNGSTOWN CITIZENS IN 1841, The following names are taken from a directory of Youngstown in 1841: Merchants—Lemuel Wick, Henry B. and Hugh Wick, Jr,, P. and A. D. Jacobs, Frank. and Joseph Barclay, Wick and McClelland, John Kirk, Thornton and Corrl. Commission Merchants—John Kirk, E, S, Hubbard, Hon, William Rayen, president board of public schools. Taverns—Mansion House, A, Gardner; Eagle House, A. McKinney, Youngstown-Hotel, F. Reno. Groceries—J. Weiser, C. Cost. Tailors—S. King, William S, Crouse, Calvin and Fowler. Saddlers—J, Marshall, D. E. Brisbene,. H. C, Fuller, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 131 Boot and Shoe Makers—J. Pettygrew, J. G. Haney, John Squire, John Sett, Wagon Makers—A. W, Upham, C. Barr, J. Brothers. Iron Finishers—Spencer & Co., Fairmount Iron Works. Dealer in Tin and Copper Goods—Ashael Medbury. Gunsmith—S. F. Bernett. Physicians—Timothy Woodbridge, Henry Manning, Thomas L. Bane, Chas. C. Cook, Theodatus Garlick, and Chas. Dutton. ONE ATTORNEY. Attorney-at-Law—Robert W. Tayler. Blacksmiths—J. Pierce, H. McKinnie, Copper, Tin and Sheet Iron Worker—A. Brown. Postmaster—James Hezlep. Cooper—J. Cleland. Tanners—J. Van Fleet and Wm. Woodbridge. Hatter—S. Strickland. Milliner—Mrs. Avery. Cabinet Maker—H. Heasley. Stone Mason—William Jones. Chair Maker—J, Laughredge, Fanning Mill Maker—William Rice, Canal Collector of Tolls—S, B. McEwen. Carpenter—R. Boillan. Grist and Saw Mill Maker—L. Murry. CLERGYMEN. Presbyterian—Rev. Charles Boardman, Protestant Methodist—Rev. Mr, Inskeep. Episcopal Methodist—Rev, Wm. Plimpton, Rev. Wm. Clark. NO NEWSPAPER. There was no newspaper published in Youngstown at that time, but four years later Ashael Medbury started the Mahoning County Republican, a vigorous Democratic weekly, There was no bank, and business men of Youngstown went to the Western Reserve Bank at Warren. A good part of the capital stock of this bank was owned by Youngstown men, and on the board of directors of the bank were men of Youngstown and vicinity, to-wit : William Rayen, Henry Wick, Sr., Henry Wick, Jr., Lemuel Wick, David Clendennen, Turhand Kirtland, Jared P. Kirtland, Adamson Bentley, Charles Dutton of Youngstown and Comfort S, Mygatt and Elisha Whittlesey of Canfield. Citizens of Youngstown and vicinity who were incorporators of the Western Reserve Bank were George Tod, William Rayen, Turhand Kirtland and Comfort S. Mygatt. OF HIGH CHARACTER. The physicians then here had a high reputation throughout Northern. Ohio as men of high character of their prfession. Dr. Theodatus Garlick was the first man in America to demonstrate the possibilities of hatching fish eggs in the artificial way. It is a tragic story as far as regards the career of this benefactor of the human race. The only practicing attorney was Robert W. Tayler, although Judge George Tod and Homer Hine, both widely known as eminent lawyers, resided here, but both had retired from active practice of their profession, Soon after this David Tod moved from Warren to Brier Hill. John S. Dennison, who died in Youngstown, at the age of 83 years, April 17, 1907, was a pioneer resident of this locality, He was a native f Liberty township, Trumbull County, O., where he lived until his early manhood. In 1842, when he was eighteen years of age, he came to Youngstown to do blacksmithing work for John Shehy, The shop in which he worked stood near the Robert Montgomery homestead on the banks of the canal. Youngstown was then a village of less than 2,000 inhabitants. The land where the John H. Fitch wholesale house now stands was then offered for sale at $40 an acre. It was used as a dump for an old tin shop. No building then stood between it and the old American House since demolished. Between the Diamond and Spring 132 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY Common there were corn and potato patches in a high state of cultivation, and the land which was not thus occupied was, for the most part, of a swampy character. One or two small houses stood in the vicinity, and they were built of logs. Where the court house now stands was the Youngstown cemetery. Mr. Dennison helped to do the blacksmithing for the first rolling mill in the city. Youngstown was then a station on the old stage road running from Cleveland to Pittsburg, and Mr. Dennison did his share of shoeing stage horses. Colonel Rayen lived in the finest house in town at Spring Common, There was a man by the name of Medbury located in South Hazel street who operated a distillery there. The Disciple Church was located where the opera house now stands. There were two doctors in town at that time, Dr. Cook and Dr, Manning. Wick avenue was then graced by but two residences, one a small brick house and the other a log shanty. The land around these buildings was selling for $20 an acre. Mr. Dennison ften related that he had heard his father say that on first coming to this section in 1800, he had shot deer over the present oak trees in Wick avenue, as they were then scrubs only a few feet high. OAK HILL CEMETERY. Oak Hill Cemetery was founded in 1852, the Cemetery Association being incorporated in that year with Dr. Henry Manning as its first president. About sixteen acres of the original land was purchased from Dr, Manning and formed part of his farm. The land has been improved at considerable expense, and now consists of twenty-seven acres, beautifully situated upon a high hill on the south bank of the Mahoning River. To this cemetery were gradually conveyed the remains of those who had been previously interred in the old burying ground on Wood street and Wick avenue. In it about 14,000 interments have been made up to the present time. The cemetery is not conducted for the profit and no dividends are declared. Myron C, Wick is now president of the association, with Mason Evans secretary and treasurer. The grounds are tastefully laid out and kept in admirable order under the careful superintendence of Mr, J. D. Orr. With its retired and picturesque situation, elevated far above the noise and smoke of the valley, it makes an ideal City of the Dead, where bereaved ones may commune awhile in spirit with those who have passed away. There are seven costly private burying vaults now in the cemetery, BELMONT PARK CEMETERY, The Belmont Park Cemetery Association was incorporated in July, 1903. The cemetery, Which is located on the Belmont avenue extension, with the main entrance on the Holmes road, comprises two hundred acres f rolling farm land, of which, up to date, but forty have been improved. These are well and tastefully planted with trees and shrubs, interspersed here and there with forty-foot flower beds, Spacious driveways render every part of the cemetery easily accessible. The improved portion is all hand mowed in lawn fashion, and there are no raised graves. Several small lakes, connected by rustic bridges, and fed by an artificially designed fountain, serve to enhance the picturesqueness of the surroundings, The water for these lakes is drawn from natural wells by electric pumps and stored in two large tanks—one of 12,000 and one of 15,000 gallons capacity. A tasteful building near the main entrance serves as the headquarters of the superintendent, Mr. G. E. Whitaker. The .present officers of the association are J. H, Fitch, president; E. F. Shellaberger, vice-president; F. G, King, secretary treasurer, MILL CREEK PARK, The brief description of this beautiful park which follows is taken from a longer descriptive article, which appeared in the report published in 1904 by Mr. Volney Rogers, who, more than anyone else has been instrumental in securing and improving the park for the benefit of the inhabitants of Youngstown and the vicinity. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 133 Mill Creek Park is the property of Youngstown township, including the City of Youngstown. It is located partly within the city limits, and has two entrances, each one and one-fourth miles from Central Square, the central business portion of the city, The park has an area of 482 acres, and when completed it will have over 500 acres within its boundaries. Its total cost up to January 1, 1904, was $339,920.47. "The one dominating feature of the park is its natural, beautiful and picturesque scenery, An eminent landscape architect, the late Charles Eliot of Boston, who visited the park in 1891, after careful observation, said : 'So far as natural beauty is concerned there is no park in the country to compare with Mill Creek Park. It is as if a bit of choice scenery had been taken from the mountains f Switzerland and deposited in a level country.' " Similar testimony has been given by other well-known landscape architects. The late H, W. S. Cleveland, of Minneapolis, who visited the park in 1893, said : "The existence of a tract comprising such a rare combination of attractive natural features in the immediate vicinity of a city is, so far as my experience goes, unparalleled elsewhere," "The park is, in brief, a gorge, and' its environments : A picturesque stream coursing through its center, having fine cascades and waterfalls, cliffs and bluffs upon each side f from sixty to over a hundred feet in height clothed with sylva and flora exceedingly rich in variety and beauty. "In a direct line the park is two and one-fourth miles in length. Its width varies from a few hundred feet at places where the gorge is narrow, to a half, three-fourths, and in one instance over a mile, where it includes Bear Creek and its enchanting surroundings. The windings f Mill Creek make the park seem much longer than it really is; the main driveways follow the banks or bluffs of the main stream upon each side and are connected by a bridge across the gorge, where most remote from the city, ninety feet in height. "Where the drives are necessarily upon the bluffs foot-paths have been made along the banks of the main stream on each side, and fine vistas have also been opened from good view points along both driveways and footpaths. * * * There are meadows, lakes, islands, swift-running streams, waterfalls, cliffs, natural grottos, and wooded hills of unending variety and interest, "The park is naturally well-drained and abounds with ample shade, as well as excellent springs of pure, clear water, convenient to all its parts, It adjoins the city on the west, or windward side, insuring pure air from the country for the refreshment of visitors while at the park, and in a measure preserving and passing to the city generally, better air at all times than would have been the case had this large territory been occupied for residence or manufacturing purposes. The benefits to health that will result from the establishment and preservation of this park are incalculable. MILL CREEK AND ITS RELICS IN THE PARK, The source of Mill Creek is about twenty miles south of Youngstown, and the stream flows almost directly north through portions of Columbiana and Mahoning counties to its confluence with the Mahoning River within the corportate limits of Youngstown. It drains seventy-five square miles of territory, and its waters flow slowly and peacefully until about three miles from Youngstown, when they suddenly become turbulent upon reaching Mill Creek Park and dashing over a series of rapids and waterfalls, make a descent of 132 1/2 feet before they reach the Mahoning, "Geologically the stream is new, likewise the greater portion of the gorge, that is, they have been formed since the glacial period. The lower central portion f the gorge, however, is the partially filled valley of an ancient river." A hundred years ago the water shed of Mill Creek was covered by a dense virgin forest, resulting in a constantly amply flow of water in its streams, and when the first settlers came to Ohio at the close of the eighteenth century, that portion of Mill Creek which passes through the gorge above 134 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY described was in good demand for mills and factories; many being established and operated successfully there by water power, hence the name. The first of these was erected by John and Phineas Hill about 1798 at Mill Creek Falls, (Lanterman's). It was constructed f round logs and contained machinery for grinding grain and sawing lumber. It was a primitive affair, but when ready to be raised there were not men enough in the neighborhood to do the work and help came from Pennsylvania, On the clay the mill was erected a bear was killed near by and its flesh served as meat to the men engaged in that work, This mill was replaced by a larger and better one, built by Eli Baldwin, the father of the late Hon. Jesse Baldwin of Boardman, Ohio, and Mr. Homer Baldwin, of Youngstown, about 1823. It was a frame structure, and was entirely. washed away by an unprecedented flood in the summer of 1843; when, it is said, Mill Creek suddenly became larger than the Mahoning River. All dams in Mill Creek and some dwellings in the creek valley were swept away in the mad rush of waters, resulting in great loss of property and some loss of human life. The present mill structure on the same site, known as the Lanterman mill, was built by the late Samuel Kimberly and the late German Lanterman in 1845 and 1846. It was operated as a flouring mill until about 1888, and became the property f the park commissioners in 1892, whose purpose is to preserve the relic. Another object on the bank of Mill Creek that ought always to be of interest, is what is now called "The Pioneer Pavilion." This stone structure was built for a woolen factory by James Eaton in 1821, but later was used as a store-room in connection with a charcoal furnace near it, built by Daniel Eaton, a brother of James, in 1826. LAKE COHASSET. Lake Cohasset, has, including two small islands, a surface area of twenty-eight acres. It is surrounded by bluffs varying from sixty to one hundred and ten feet in height, and just above its head is a vertical cliff one hundred feet high, with Mill Creek swiftly running at the base of the cliff to the inlet of the lake. These bluffs and cliffs are clothed with natural forest growth, largely of handsome evergreens, suggesting the name "Cohasset," an Indian word, meaning "Place of Pines." The lake was formed by the construction of a masonry stone dam of excellent design and workmanship, twenty-three feet in height, resulting- in a picturesque body f water in three connected pools. There is a drive and a foot-path upon each side—the drives mostly overlooking the lake from the bluffs ; the foot-paths are at the bottoms of the bluffs trailing the shores. The west drive, however, descends to the lake at one point and follows its shore for some distance. The vistas from both drives, and from the foot-paths present some of the most charming park scenes in America. The prospects from boats on the lake are very different from those on shore and seem even grander at times. The cliffs and bluffs around the lake and in view from its waters are clothed with lichens, mosses, ferns, wild flowers, and shrubs, as well as trees, and, as a whole, present one of nature's very best lake borders. In conclusion we 'nay say, once more in the words of Mr. Rogers, "To the stranger who visits Mill Creek Park there is a pleasant surprise always, and to the resident of Youngstown who is somewhat familiar with its more prominent features there is always something new. The face of nature changes there as the seasons come and go, in forms and pictures of wondrous beauty. Mill Creek Park is a place that never disappoints an in telligent, appreciative visitor. EAST END PARK. The East End Park, Youngstown, is composed of about sixty-two acres of land, extending along the valley of Dry Run, fifteen acres being included within the limits of Coitsville township. The land was purchased about two years ago, at a cost of $19,600. The park occupies the bottom lands of the creek, which AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 135 runs through it, and which it follows in general direction. In some places the banks are steep and in others rocky, but in general the slopes are gentle, and covered with nice timber. In the plan of development laid out it is proposed to retain all its natural features of beauty, and to add thereto such artificial conveniences and improvements as may be required to transform it into an ideal summer resort for Youngstown people. These improvements include a band stand, which has already been constructed, several bridges, graded roads and driveways, with possibly a darn, in order to form a pool for swimming or skating. This park contains one the largest glacial boulders in the State of Ohio, the stone being split into two parts. Many years ago the Delawares and several other Indian tribes used to come to the Mahoning Valley yearly for their supply f corn and salt. The corn was grown in the fertile river bottoms, and the salt was obtained from the salt springs. After the battle of Braddock, which was fought July 9, 1755, the Indians came here to celebrate their success. The place selected for the big feast was the usual ground around Nea-To-Ka, or Council Rock, the large boulder above mentioned. In all there were six tribes repre sented and 3,500 Indians at the feast. While it was in progress a hurricane struck the place. Many Indians were killed by falling trees. Four chiefs were killed when lightning struck the rock. The dead Indians were buried on the site of the present Haselton furnaces, The Indians thought the calamity a visitation from the "Great White Spirit," and none of them ever visited the spot again. The Indian name for Dry Run Creek was Sem-is-co-le-to, which means shady water. The East End Park is easy f access, and has three entrances, one f which is in the township of Coitsville. WICK PARK, Which takes its name from the Wick family, was deeded to the city of Youngstown by the heirs of Hugh B. Wick, in 1889, on condition that the city would improve and beautify it for park purposes. It is a large piece of ground,. rectangular in shape, situated in the north part. f the city, and measuring about 1,700 feet in length by 1,200 feet in width, including the streets which form its boundaries. It is crossed by several spacious driveways and has six entrances, The land is finely timbered, but the main attractions are the flower beds, which are very tastefully laid out, and in the summer time present a fine appearance. In accordance with the conditions f the deed of gift, the city has spent thousands of dollars in setting. out flowers and caring for them and making the grounds attractive. As many as twelve-thousand tulips have been set out in one season, while there is an abundance of other favor-: ite flowers. During the present year (1907) it is proposed to erect a fine band stand, which will be built of pressed buff brick, with concrete floor and tile. rof, with other useful and artistic improvements. YOUNGSTOWN CITY WATER WORKS. The Youngstown City Water Works was established by an ordinance passed in City Council, May 23, 1871. In the year 1872 a pumping station was erected on the bank of the Mahoning River just west of what was then known as Stull street, now known as North West Avenue. The equipment f the. plant at that time was as follows : One Holly Gang pump of one million gallons capacity per twenty-four hours; two Holly rotary-pumps, one of two million gallons capacity, and one of three million gallons capacity; one Holly vertical boiler. to generate steam for rotary pumps; two return tubular boilers for generating steam for gang pump. With about seven miles of water .mains, in sizes from 15- inch to 4-inch, cast iron, and 2-inch gas pipe. This plant was installed at a cost of about $135,000. In the year 1886 the Holly rotary fire pumps were replaced by a three million. gallon Worthington duplex non-expanding condensing pump. In the year 1879, the Holly rotary fire pumps were replaced by a million-gallon Dean duplex compound condensing 136 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY pump, thus completing the retirement of the entire original pumping plant in the short period of fourteen years. Changes were made from time to time, so that from the humble beginning in 1872, as stated above, the plant has grown in the short period f thirty-four years to the following equipment: One five million gallons Deane duplex compound condensing pumping engine. Two five million gallon William Tod & Co, cross compound condensing, crank and fly-wheel pumping engine. Two 200-horse-power Stirling water tube boilers, Two 150-horse-power Babcock & Wilcox water tube boilers. Two 200-horse-power Scotch marine boilers. One 3,000 gallons centrifugal pump, used as a booster to increase pressure for fire purposes in high ground. The Electric Light Plant consists of one Bullock, 50 K, W. generator, direct connected to a 85-horse-power vertical Shepard engine. There is a filter plant of ten million gallons normal capacity, equipped as follows: Two ten million gallons William Tod Co. centrifugal pumps, direct connected to Reeves vertical cross compound engines. One four-five million gallons William Tod Co. centrifugal pump, direct connected to a simple vertical Reeves engine. Two 125-horse-power Sterling water tube boilers. The outside equipment consists of two stand-pipes of 528,768 gallons capacity each. Ninety-five miles f cast iron water pipe, ranging in size from 4-inch to 24-inch, together with valves, etc. Altogether the equipment has a value on January 1, 1906, of $1,303,171.16. YOUNGSTOWN FILTER PLANT. A mechanical filter plant of 10,000,000 gallons capacity has been built at Youngstown (1905) to treat the water of the Mahoning River, which was formerly pumped under direct pressure into the mains of the distribution system without any attempt at purification. The Mahoning River has a watershed of 960 square miles above the pumping station of the water works in Youngstown and is subject to sudden and considerable variation in flow with corresponding variation in the character of the water. The sewage from several towns above Youngstown, which is discharged into the river, together with the drainage from several large steel mills in Youngstown above the pumping station, rendered the river unsatisfactory as a source of supply, unless the water from it was filtered. In attempting to secure a more satisfactory supply, several projects were first considered for developing reservoir sites on creeks in the vicinity which are tributaries of the river and bringing the water by gravity from these reservoirs to the pumping station. The adoption of any f these sources, however, would have required the erection of a filter plant t0 insure a sanitary supply, so it was decided to adhere to the river as a source of such supply, and build a filter plant near the old pumping station; then, if necessary, develop a further supply on one f the creeks. The pumping station on the north bank f the river is in a very closely built-up section, with little room to expand and no feasible site for a filter plant. A tract of vacant ground of several acres, bordering on the south bank of the river, and immediately across from the pumping station, was acquired and the filter plant erected on it near the river and about 500 feet up stream from the station. The filter plant embraces an intake in the river, a main filter building and a clear water well. Quicksand was encountered in making the excavation for the clear water well and some difficult was experienced in completing the excavation and laying the concrete. The contract for the intake and boiler house, filter building, clear water well and all filtering appliances was awarded to Messrs, Thomas Lightbody & Son, f Youngstown, for $100,000. The machinery equipment was furnished by the William Tod Co. of Youngstown, at a cost of $9,400. The boiler-house contains two 125-horse-power water turbine boilers, built by the Sterling Boiler Company at a cost of $4,200. The total cost of the plant, exclusive f heating and lighting and the 36- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 139 inch river crossing, was $123,000. The valves in the entire plant were made by C. W, Thomas, of Detroit; the cast iron pipe by the Massillon Iron & Steel Company. The plant as constructed was designed by Mr, F. M, Lillie, city engineer f Youngstown, assisted by Messrs. H. M. Reel and S. A. King, assistant engineers, and with the advice of W. S. Hamilton, superintendent of the water works. Mr. George W. Fuller, f New York, was consulting engineer. The plant was built under the direction of the Board of Public Service, David Heinselman, president, with Messrs. Hagan and Vetter as the other members. The .committee of the City Council, which had much to do with the adoption of the plans for the plant, and their execution, consisted of Messrs. Middleton and Parrock. FIRE DEPARTMENT. One of the notable incidents in the history of Youngstown was the organization of the Youngstown Fire Department. As with all cities the first was a volunteer department, and for years the organization maintained a name for itself by the efficient work Which it performed. The patron of the organization was Governor David Tod, and after him the engine which marked the start of the department was limed. The venerable machine is still in existence, after having gone through years of service, and stands in the annex to Central fire department station, as a monument to the organization which "whooped 'er up" so many times in making the runs to the many fires which they extinguished during the existence of the department. With it came the reel hose wagon yet remembered by all, and later came the hook and ladder wag-on, and the department was a reality. The organization of the department was coincident with the blossoming of the village into a city, and was demanded by considerations of public safety. On March 2, 1868, while Youngstown was yet a 'village, the council passed an ordinance authorizing the issuance of $10,000 worth of bonds for the purpose of purchasing a fire engine. It became evident before the village became a city that such an amount would be inadequate for the purchase of a fire engine, and the ordinance was repealed. The city organized as such after the first city election on April 6, 1868, and on April 14, the new city officers took charge. One of the first acts of the new city government was to authorize the issue of $20,000 worth of bonds for the purchase f the fire engine. In the meanwhile the citizens were preparing an organization to take hold as soon as the city was ready for them, which was perfected April 20, 1868. Governor Tod had worked incessantly on the organization f the department, and the city showed its appreciation of his labors when they finally bore fruit, by naming the engine after him. The first organization had sixty members, and the following were the officers elected: President—J. M. Silliman. Vice-president—A. W, Jones. Secretary—J. H. Thompson, Treasurer—Edward Miller. Foreman—James. A. Hamman. First Assistant—D. H. Arnold. Second Assistant—L. R. Roberts. Engineers—W. S, Hamilton, N. L. Pollock and W. B. Wilson. Hose Directors—Owen Evans, L. P. Gilman, James Van Fleet, C. Miller, T. J, Lewis, and John Davis. Fireman—Henry Morris, Assistant Fireman—A, W. Jones. The company got along with the hose wagon and engine for three years, and in the meanwhile the first engine-house was built. A temporary house, for the fire engine was erected, but on November 2d, H, Hamilton and Mayor McKee were appointed a committee for the erection of a permanent house on the present site of the Central department station, September 14, .1871, a hook and ladder company was organized with fifty members. After the organization of the engine company the first appearance of its members in uniform was at the funeral of Governor Tod in November, 1868. Surviving members well re- 140 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY member that dmeetingthe uniforms, which had arrived the day before, were donned for the first time to pay tribute to one of the strongest friends the volunteers ever had. The companies were governed simply by foremen until May 6meetingwhen the office of chief engineer was created, and J. W. Ross was appointed to fill it. Fourteen fire police were also appointed. On April 20, 1875, the volunteers reelected J. M. Ross chief, and he was confirmed by the council, together with recognizing officers of the department : J. W. Metz, assistant chief; W. S. Hamilton, fire engineer; Albert Probst , hose cart driver; Chauncey Hamilton, hook and laddeo'clock p. m. On February 29, 1876, the City Council fixed the salary of the chief of the fire department at $65 per month. On April 11, 1876, the following nominations of the volunteer association were confirmed by the council : John W. Metz, chief ; Philip McGonnell, assistant chief ; W. S. Hamilton, fire engineer, and A. M. Probst, hose cart driver. The following year the salary of the chief was made $600 per year. Charles W. McNab was nominated chief and confirmed by council on April 9, 1878, together with the following officers nominated by the volunteers : Joseph C. Cook, assistant chief ; W. S. Hamilton, fire engineer; D. H. Evans, hose cart driver. May 13, 1879, McNab was again appointed chief of the department with the same sub-officers. April 27, 1880, Richard Morgan was confirmed by the council as chief, and served one year. The following year Wil30,m Horner was chosen chief, and served through until the next year. W. S. Hamilton in that year resigned as the engineer, and E. E. Jones succeeded him. The following spring there arose differences between the council and the volunteer organization over the purchase of supplies. Council refused to confirm the officers selected by the volunteer organization in 1882, and the organization immediately retaliated with a notice that it would disband. The following notice was served on the council : "At a special meeting of the Youngstown Fire Department held April 29, the following resolutions were adopted : "Whereas, We have been a volunteer fire department for fourteen years for the said city ; and whereas at our regular meeting held Thursday, April 6, 1882, we elected our officers for the ensuing year according to the rules and laws of said company, and "Whereas, Said nominations were sent to council for confirmation of the same, and "Whereas, said council refused to recognize and confirm said nominations ; therefore, be it "Resolved, That we cease to exist as a volunteer fire department for said city from Monday, May 8, 1882, at 9 o'clock p. m. "Signed WILLIAM HORNER, "JAMES W. METZ, "EDWARD E. JONES, "Committee. The volunteers immediately made preparations for leaving and took their possessions frodriver,ire department building. D. H. Evans, as driver, on May 4, 1882, resigned, and it seemed that for a short time the city would be without a fire department. A number of the members of the old department came to the rescue, however, and offered their services to the city as "experienced and trained firemen." Their offer was at once accepted, and the nomination of Charles W. McNab as chief, John Lung as hose and Albert Probst as hook and ladder driver, were confirmed on April 28. A move was made in the same year for a new building. On May 7, 1883, the volunteers nominated William H. Moore as chief, John Lung as hose cart driver, and Al Probst as hook and ladder driver. On June 30, 1884, Moore was reelected chief, and his salary fixed at $500 per year. Five men were ordered hired at $60 per month, and later the council passed a resolution to pay the minute men fifty cents per hour. On May 11, 1885, W. H. Moore was reelected chief, and again on May 24, 1886. At that time Al Probst was made hose cart driver, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 141 and Sim Dyer, hook and ladder driver. George Battieger, Ambrose Perkins, and Charles Vaughn were appointed as stationary men at the fire station. On June 13, 1887, Chief Moore was renominated for chief, but was not confirmed, On June 27 John P. Mercer was chosen by council as chief. In August of the same year M. Quinn and William Knox were added to the department, Battieger resigning. February 6, 1888, the fire station at the corner of Oak and Fruit streets was finished and Warren McCready, John McAleer and W. H, Loller were appointed as additional men, Loller taking the place of Ambrose Perkins, The next year M. Sullivan was appointed in place of James Probst. The Sixth Ward station was completed in 1889. John B. Reynolds, Dyer and McCready were assigned there. John P. Mercer was continued as chief of the fire department until the city commissioners took hold in 1891, and the volunteer department became a thing of the past. The volunteer department did great work in its day with the growing city, and had a number of big fires to combat. It had its start just after the great fire of 1867, which destroyed the residence of the late Governor Tod, when it was proven that the old bucket brigade was entirely inadequate to the needs of the city. It was owing to Governor Tod, through his ready and energetic assistance in the organization of the department, that it soon became recognized as one of the most efficient in the country. One of the notable events of the old organization was the holding of the State convention of volunteer fire departments Where in 1873. The event brought together a large number of notable fire fighters of the State, and the move was started then which resulted in the next year, when the convention was held at Springfield, in a law being passed by the legislature which relieved volunteer firemen from jury duty. In 1878, a delegation of eighteen from the Youngstown department went to Chicago to attend the national tournament of volunteer fireman there and carried off the honors for the country, Generals Hayes and Grant reviewed the procession at that time. The delegates were entertained while in Chicago by Joseph Brown. Mixed with hard work which the department had to do, the boys found time for a great deal of pleasure. The weekly meetings of the department were events, and once a year came the annual ball; in the summer time the annual excursion. Great fires occurred in those days and were combatted as successfully as the apparatus would allow, One of the first fires was that which destroyed the Jewell block, and two or three surrounding buildings. This was almost immediately after the department had been organized, and, according to all accounts, it was one of the fiercest fires the young town ever knew. The burning of the Porter block in the early seventies, and that of the Ritter block, which preceded it, were both bad fires, and gave the department hard work, as did also, in the eighties, the Pollock barn on East Front street, and, about the same time, the destruction of Young's cooperage shop on South Champion street. Later came the destruction of the mower and reaper works, and that of the nut and bolt works, and the fire which wiped out almost the entire square from the Howell's block to the Wick National Bank block on West Federal street. At all these fires, the department, at first wholly volunteer, and afterwards part paid, conducted themselves with great credit, An outcome of the old volunteer department was the veteran Volunteer Fireman's Association, which was formed December 21, 1895, with the following officers: President, J. M. Ross; vice-president, J. B. Housteau; secretary, J. F. McGowan, and treasurer, David Heinselman. When the present law governing the city went into effect the fire department consisted of three companies, Central No. 1 and No, 2. John P. Mercer was chief, having been appointed to the position by council about three years previous. The department under the control of the council was a part paid; part volunteer organization. In addition to the chief there were four drivers and seven hosemen 142 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY who were paid for their services and were on duty at all times, and a large number of volunteers,, or minute men, who responded to fire alarms when their occupation permitted. The minute men received no stated salary, but were paid fifty cents per hour for all active service rendered, THE DEPARTMENT REORGANIZED. On May 16, 1891, the city commissioners reorganized the fire department by appointing William H, Moore chief, William L. Knox assistant chief, and the following firemen, eight of whom, including the assistant chief, had served under council : Albert Probst, Sim Dyer, Warren McCready, Charles Vaughn, Michael Quinn, William H, Loller, Christ Weick, Charles Daley, Thomas Reilly, William Evans, David Stambaugh, Samuel McKenzie, Patrick Dooley, William Smedley, and John Haid. Ten of these men were located at Central, three at No. 2, Oak street, and three at No, 3, Thomas street. The apparatus at Central station consisted of a hose wagon and a dilapidated and almost useless hook and ladder truck, notwithstanding the fact that a few months previously the city had purchased a modern chemical engine and an aerial ladder truck, Central headquarters were located in a rickety old frame building in which there was not sufficient room for the men, horses or apparatus, and public telephones afforded the only means f notifying the fire department when a fire occurred, Recognizing the necessity of providing a new building and a modern electric fire alarm system, the commissioners and city council, in 1894, obtained legislative authority to issue bonds in the sum of $25,000, thus enabling them to build and equip a new engine house and install a fire alarm system by which citizens can instantly communicate with the fire department, After the erection of the new central headquarters the city officials were confronted with the problem of affording necessary fire protection to the property in Haselton, Brier Hill, and the South Side, three rapidly growing suburbs of the city, Realizing that there was only one solution of the problem—the erection of three new stations and the organization of three additional companies—a proposition to issue the necessary bonds, which was submitted to the citizens at the November election, in 1895, carried by an overwhelming majority; in the following year three handsome and well-appointed fire stations were erected. Station No, 4, located on Falls avenue, was opened December 17, 1896. Station No. 5, at the corner of Superior street and Oakland avenue, was opened January 9, 1897, and Station No, 6, Wilson avenue, on December 19, 1896. The public generally has little or no idea of the daily routine of a fireman's life, or of the system by which men, horses, and apparatus are kept ever ready to respond to calls for the protection of life and property. A visit to Central station is a revelation to any one unacquainted with fire department methods. Visitors are always welcome and may rest assured of finding a set of obliging men who will take pleasure in escorting them through the building and making intelligent explanation of every feature. The first object to attract attention is the combination chemical engine and hose Wagon, This truck is fitted with two tanks, each containing sixty gallons of chemical fluid, one gallon of which will extinguish as much fire as forty gallons of water. This fluid is especially effective on fires that are confined to the interior of buildings. Situated above the tanks .is a bed or box in which is carried 800 feet of 2 1/2-inch hose for attachment when a fire is too large to be extinguished by the chemical. This truck has rubber tires three inches wide, weighs nearly four tons, and is drawn by three horses. In the center of the room stands the aerial truck, which is run to all fires in the business part of the city, This truck is so built that its ladder can be extended to a height of seventy. feet and placed at any angle desired. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 143 In addition to a full complement of ladders this truck carries chemical extinguishers, forks, door openers, life lines and life net, and electric wire cutters with insulated handles. Standing next the aerial truck is a truck of lighter pattern, designed purposely for long suburban runs. Standing in a row in the rear of the trucks are the magnificent and well-trained horses, whose almost human intelligence never fails to attract the admiration of visitors. Standing always with their heads toward the stall doors, only a shake of the gong is required to bring them galloping to their places under the suspended harness. On the second story of the station are the sleeping rooms of the firemen—everything clean and home-like. Handsome carpets on the floor, pictures adorning the walls, and a neat and well arranged bed inviting repose. When the fireman retires at night he removes his clothes like the ordinary citizen, but before he lays down lie places a pair of rubber boots into which his pants have been tucked beside his bed. If a fire disturbs his slumbers he bounds out f bed, jerks on his pants and boots by the same operation, grabs the sliding pole, and quicker than you can read this paragraph- he is in front f the truck on which he rides hitching a horse. His coat and hat are donned while the horses are madly galloping to the fire. FIREMAN'S DAILY ROUTINE. The routine of the fireman's life is ordinarily as follows: In the morning he must make up his own bed and arrange his room. The trucks must be cleaned, every bit of brass about the engine house polished, the floor swept and mopped, horses groomed, harness cleaned, hose taken care f, and innumerable details attended to of which the public has no conception. Every member of the department is on duty day and night, except every tenth day, when lie has leave of absence of twenty-four hours. So the fireman has very little time to discharge social or other obligations aside from his regular duty, THE DEPARTMENT AS NOW ORGANIZED. On May 1, 1900, Chief Moore and Assistant Chief Knox were retired on a pension, and William H. Loller was promoted to the position of chief, Thomas C. Reilly being selected as his assistant. Promotion came to both men as a reward for the faithful and intelligent manner in which they had discharged every duty devolving upon them while in subordinate positions, and subsequent events have justified their selection. Chief Loller is an active, energetic man who has well settled progressive ideas as to how a metropolitan fire department should be conducted. In carrying out whatever policies he establishes, the chief enjoys the confidence, and has the hearty co-operation of all his subordinates, which guarantees that harmony so essential to the success of the department. Without being a martinet he stands for discipline, and with a full appreciation of the necessarily confining- nature of their duties Ile believes the men under his charge should enjoy the fullest liberty consistent with proper order and discipline. One of the first orders issued .by the new chief was that the aerial truck, which had be come rusty from ill-use, should be placed in service, and that the firemen, not only from the Central station, but of the entire department, should familiarize themselves with the operation of the truck. This was followed by other reforms, including daily drills with the life net, coupling and uncoupling of hose, practical hitches, and the establishment of a watch service which guarantees a prompt response to all calls. A careful and itemized account is kept of all supplies, and not even a box of matches leaves the store room until it has been charged to the company for which it is in tended. Believing that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure Chief Loller has established a system of building inspection that has no doubt resulted in the prevention of many fires. The chief, assistant chief, and captains make periodical inspections of all the - 8 - 144 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY buildings in the down town district. This system not only causes compliance by owners and tenants with the laws designed to prevent fires, but it also serves to keep the officers familiar with the location of all stairways, hatches, elevators, fire escapes, etc, Assistant Chief Reilly, who has been a member of the department for years, is well fitted for the position of assistant chief. His ability as a fireman has been shown on innumerable occasions previous to his appointment as assistant chief. Upon him devolves the execution of all the orders of the chief, whom he represents at fires. From the chief to the latest man added to the force the department is composed of an intelligent and fearless body of men whose conduct in the past is proof that danger will never deter them from doing their duty individually and collectively, and justifies all the confidence reposed in the department by the citizens. Some among them have fallen victims in the performance of their duty. Nov. 1, 1901, at the Stambaugh fire on Belmont avenue, Captain Smedley, Mike McDonough, and J. Smith Cowden were ,injured. McDonough died at the hospital on the following day, and Cowden lingered until March 22, when he died as the result of his injuries, Captain Al Probst of Station No, 6, the oldest man then in service, was killed at the Consolidated Gas and Electric Light Company fire, June 23, 1904. In addition to the above casualties, there have been numerous lesser injuries received at different times by other members of the department at work in extinguishing fires, STATIONS AND COMPANIES. "Station 1, or Central," northeast corner of Boardman and Hazel streets. Chief, W, H, Loner; first assistant chief, T. C. Reilly; second assistant chief, H. S. Dyer : electrician, Ambrose Perkins: Hose Company No. I ; Engine Company No. Ladder Company A ; Ladder Company B W. A. McCready, marshal. Twenty-four men, not counting the chief officers first mentioned. This station had installed in April, 1903, a Nott engine, No. 1 size. Station No. 2, corner Oak and Fruit streets. Hose Company No. 2 ; five men; M. T, Quinn, marshal. Station No. 3, corner Thomas and Foster streets, Hose Company, Engine Company No. 3; seven men ; Edward Sweeney, marshal. This station has a Nott No, 2 size engine, Station No. 4, south side, Falls avenue, near Oak Hill avenue. Hose Company No, 4; five men ; Charles Daley, marshal. Station No. 5, corner Oakland avenue and Superior street. Hose Company No, 5; five men ; John Haid, marshal. Station No. 6, south side, Wilson avenue, near Jackson street, Hose Company No. 6; five men; J, C. Vaughan, marshal, Station No. 7, corner Madison avenue and Elm street. Hose Company No. 7 and Engine Company No, 2 ten men ; A. W, Smedley, marshal. In January, 1904, this station installed a Metropolitan No. 2 engine. All the hose companies above mentioned are supplied in addition to the usual amount of regulation hose with two or more Babcock or chemical fire extinguishers, extension ladders, and other necessary apparatus, POLICE DEPARTMENT. Youngstown is a cosmopolitan city, almost every civilized country in the world having representatives within its limits. It is only to be expected that in such a large and mixed community, numbering over 70,000 souls, a certain percentage of the inhabitants will be occasional or habitual transgressors against the moral code, and defiers of the laws which society has made for self protection. To cope successfully with this element a well-organized police force is necessary, and Youngstown is therefore fortunate in having a chief of police, police officials, and a police force of which any municipality might well be proud. From the time of Colonel James Hillman, the first constable, and almost, if not actually, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 145 the first settler in the township, the department has experienced a gradual but steady growth, keeping full pace at all times with the requirements of the ever growing community. Colonel, or, as we may here call him, Constable Hillman, was a man of nerve, as is evidenced in the fact of his single-handed arrest of a party of Indians, one of whom had shot and desperately wounded a white settler of Deerfield, named Daniel Diven, in revenge for having been cheated, as he thought, in a horse trade. The Indian had intended to shoot John Diven, Daniel's brother, but had shot Daniel by mistake. The Indians had called at the house of Judge Day, where the two brothers were attending a ball on Christmas night, and had asked for John Diven. Daniel going to the door in place of his brother, received the full charge of the Indian's gun, which inflicted a terrible wound in the head, from which it was a marvel that he survived. Constable Hillman was awakened in the night by two messengers, who told the story, and getting up, immediately set off for Deerfield, twenty-five miles away. On arriving there he found some fifty or sixty men ready to start in pursuit of the Indians. He declined any assistance, however, telling them they could go. if they wished, but that, if he went, he should go alone, and accordingly set off by himself. He came upon their camp early in the morning, and covering the chief with his gun, ordered the Indians to stack their arms against a tree, which they did. He then told them that he wanted the Indian who had committed the assault delivered up, and the whole party to accompany him. The Indians at first declined to deliver up the criminal and some of them after a long consultation, put on their war paint, but Mr. Hillman's resolute demeanor, coupled with the fact that he cautioned to keep guard over their arms, finally induced them to reconsider the matter, and at last they agreed to accompany him to .Warren, where the chief was placed under guard and the matter was finally settled. In 1802, Calvin Pease and Phineas Reed were elected constables to succeed James Hillman, and from this time on until 1867 there seems to have been little record kept of the guardians of the peace. In that year Owen Evans was elected marshal and Captain Samuel C. Rook, William Casey, and Joseph Maltby were patrolmen. Captain Rook, a veteran both of the Mexican and Civil wars, is still living in Youngstown, hale and hearty at the age of eighty years. He states that "during his time every good citizen was expected to look out for himself and his own property during the day time, and the bad ones were supposed to call a truce, no day watchman being employed except on circus days, holidays, and occasions of public demonstration when the night men did double duty. At this period, the south side was so sparsely settled that the policemen never visited it except to serve warrants." "Drunks" were usually conveyed to the lockup in a wheelbarrow and the policeman, being his own turnkey, would reach in the window for the key, which hung on the wall, open the door and confine his prisoner. "If it happened to be a cold night, the rule of hospitality that then prevailed required the officer to build a fire in the prison stove to insure the comfort of his guest until the hour of his trial. About 1878, the force consisted of but five men, and they were accustomed to augment their salaries by lighting the street lamps, which cast a feeble illumination for a few surrounding yards on favored corners. "Also in case of the discovery of a fire the patrolman was expected to convert himself into a fire alarm and proceed at full speed to the engine house, yelling `Fire!' at every step. Personal taste was the sole arbiter as to dress and if the choice ran to a plug hat and sack coat or a straw hat and Prince Albert, or no coat at all, it was all the same, just so there was enough clothing to conform to the laws of propriety and to attach his star, the emblem of authority." With the large additions of territory and increase f population consequent on the founding of new industries, an improved system of police government became a necessity, and in 1891, as the result of public agitation the Ohio legislature passed a non-partisan bill 146 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY (amended in 1892) which provided, among other things, for the control of the police department in cities of a certain population in which Youngstown was included by a board of city commissioners, the members of said board to be appointed by the mayor and judge of probate immediately after the organization of the council, not more than two members of the board were to be members of the same political party, All police officers and night watchmen were to be appointed by the board under suitable rules and requirements as to physical condition and other elements of fitness, as the board should adopt, and were to hold their office during good behavior subject to removal or suspension at the pleasure of the board for cause entered upon the record book. The commissioners were also given power, in case of emergency and upon the application of the mayor, to appoint special policemen, "On Monday, March 10, 1891, the city council, acting under the new law, abolished the office of marshal, and created that of chief of police, with a salary of $1,000 a year. John F. Cantwell was appointed as the first chief and held the position until succeeded by W, W, McDowell on September 8, 1894. During the first term of Mayor R, Montgomery, 1888-1890, the first patrol wagon was put in service, and during the second the Gamewell police and fire alarm telegraph system was installed, "two innovations that have proved to be of incalculable value in. facilitating the work of the department." There was no further change in the law affecting the police department until the present code went into effect in 1902, which designated as cities all municipal corporations having a population of 5,000 or more, and provided among other things for a department of public safety in every city to be administered by two or four directors, as council might determine, The code also provided that every applicant for a position in the department must state in his own handwriting, under oath, the facts on the following subjects ; 1st, full name, residence and postoffice address; 2d, nationality ; 3d, age; 4th, place of birth ; 5th, health and phy sical capacity for public service; 6th, previous employment in public service; 7th, business or employment, and residence for the previous five years; 8th, education; 9th, such other information as may be reasonably required by said board touching the applicant's fitness for public service. Chief W. W, McDowell was appointed to succeed John F. Cantwell, September 8, 1894, He had been a member of the force for about four years, previously having been appointed patrolman by Mayor Montgomery in 1890, Since he took charge the force, which then consisted of a meager squad of sixteen men, has increased in size more than fourfold, there being now some sixty-seven names on the payroll, including a captain, lieutenant, five sergeants. and two detectives. "Among the many improvements that have been made during his incumbency there is none of which the chief is more proud than the new headquarters building, and the modern sanitary prison with its humane equipment for handling the various cases that require attention, "For years he had seen the desirability of jail so constructed that the sexes could be separated, and youthful offenders kept from coming in contact with old and hardened criminals. In accordance with this idea, in the construction of the new building, a large room was set aside in the basement for tramps, none of whom, by the way, who come seeking lodgings are ever turned away; the chief holding the opinion that it is safer to have them under surveillance than to be roaming around the streets. "On the upper floors are separate rooms for women, boys under sixteen, and a padded cell for violent cases, The entire construction of the cell department being of steel with cement walls, floors and ceilings, the chances for escape even by the most expert jail breaker are reduced to an absolute minimum." The Bertillon system of measurements, which since its invention by Dr. Alphonse Bertillon and adoption by the chief of prefecture of the Parisian police in 1882, has proved an infallible means of identifying criminals, is in AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 147 use in the Youngstown department, having been adopted on the recommendation of Chief McDowell. A national bureau of identification under this system was established at Washington, D. C., by the national association of chiefs of police of the United States, to the benefits of which all members of the association are entitled upon payment of the yearly dues, which are graded according to the population of the various cities. The dues for a city of the size of Youngstown are $15 per year. If a thief or suspected person is arrested whom it is desired to identify his picture and measurements are taken under the Bertillon system and forwarded to the Central office at Washington, and if the person is a crook his identity, history and a list of his usual companions are obtained. Chief McDowell has been a member of the National Association of the Chiefs of Police of the United States and Canada since the year 1895, and of the state association since its organization in 1901. He is also vice-president of the latter association. He has been untiring in his efforts to give the citizens of Youngstown a thoroughly adequate system of police protection, and has succeeded as nearly as it is possible for success to be attained. Although a strict disciplinarian, he has endeared himself to his men by his uniform fairness and impartiality and their loyalty to him is unquestioned. MAHONING AND SHENANGO RAILWAY AND LIGHT COMPANY, The company controlling the street car system of Youngstown, Warren, Niles, New Castle and Sharon, and connecting lines, is known as the Mahoning and Shenango Railway and Light Company. It was incorporated in 1902 to take over the independent trolley lines which had been operating in the territory mentioned, many of which were owned by different corporations. The merged interests include the following companies : The Mahoning and Shenango Railway and Light Company ; Youngstown-Sharon Railway and Light Company ; Sharon and New Castle Railway Company; the Mahoning Valley Railway Company ; the New Castle and Lowell Railway Company; the Youngstown Park and Falls Street Railway Company; the Sharon and New Castle Street Railway Company; the Sharon and New Castle Railway Company ; the Valley Street Railway Company; the Sharon and Wheatland Street Railway Company; the Youngstown Consolidated Gas and Electric Company; the Shenango Valley Electric Light Company; the Sharon Gas and Water Company; the Sharpsville Electric Light Company; and the New Castle Electric Company. The books of each of the foregoing companies are kept in accord with the statutes governing corporations in the states under whose laws the companies were organized, separate sets of books being kept for each f the sixteen companies. In addition to the above there are a number of other companies which form connecting links in the trolley system. The Youngstown street railway system was founded in 1875, when James Mackay, with his brothers David and Robert, and others, organized a stock company for the purpose of building a horse-car line on Federal street. As at first constructed the line was about two miles long, extending from the turn-table in front of M. Clemens' old store in East Federal street, near Basin street, to the car barns at Jefferson street, Brier Hill. Four cars were in service. At first there were no conductors, and the drivers used to stop at the treasurer's office, at Smith's brewery, and deposit their fares each trip. During the busy hours f the day a man was stationed about midway on Federal street to assist the drivers in .collecting fares, boarding each car in turn for this purpose. Mr. James Mackay, who is still living, was president of the company for the first seven years, with Alfred Smith as treasurer. The line was gradually extended and new routes added, the first extention being on Wilson avenue. In 1889 a. franchise was granted to the Youngstown Street Railway Company for an extension of the line on Federal street, Himrod avenue, Mahoning avenue, and Henrietta street; also for exten- 148- HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY sions of line on Lawrence street and North avenue. The Mahoning Valley Electric Railway was chartered in November, 1894, and the same company was granted a twenty-five year franchise from June 3, 1895. The name of the company was changed in 1896 to the Mahoning Valley Railway Company, and the latter company subsequently purchased the property of the Youngstown Street Railway Company, increasing its capital stock from $150,000 to $1,500,000. The Youngstown Park and Falls Street Railway Company was chartered for twenty years in 1893. with the privilege of extending, five additional years on request; and a franchise to October, 1914, was passed in council in June, 1895. Other franchises were subsequently granted this company extending to June, 1920, The Youngstown Consolidated Gas and Electric Company was incorporated in 1896, with a capital of $1,055,000. The Mahoning and Shenango Railway and Light system now controls and operates one hundred and fifty miles of track, not including the double track in the different cities. It has invested $150,000 in paving its share of the street paving in the different cities through which it operates. New cars have been purchased during the past year at an outlay of $250,000. The company has invested $400,000 in power plants. It is now about to erect a new boiler house at a cost of $25,000, and to spend $50,000 more for the installation of new boilers, Two new engines will also be installed, in addition to those recently placed in commission at North avenue, They will cost $90,000. The increased demand for power since the large cars were placed in service has been tremendous, and additional power will have to be supplied. The topography of Youngstown makes it one of the most difficult cities in the country in which to operate street railways, It is hilly and consumes power at an alarming rate. The company pays union wages to its employes, who number all told about twelve hundred people, this number being increased at certain periods of the year to as high as sixteen hundred, It pays out about $750,000 each year in wages alone. The company recently moved into an enlarged and remodeled three-story office building at the corner of Boardman and Champion streets. This is one of the' best arranged office structures in the city. The basement is occupied by the supply department, gas and electric work shops, laboratory, meter and transformer rooms. The first floor contains the office of R. Montgomery, vice-president and general manager of light and power companies, the offices of superintendents of gas and electric light and power departments, cashier, collection department, waiting room and freight department. On the second floor are the offices of M. E. McCaskey, vice-president and general manager of railway companies, general superintendent of railways, superintendents of power supply, transportation, track and roadway, overhead lines, parks and claim department. On this floor the company also maintains its own drafting rooms, The third floor is given over to the department presided over by Treasurer and Auditor S. C. Rogers. Besides the general bookkeeping room, private offices are provided for the assistant treasurer, the statistical department, stenographers and the filing and counting room. This floor also contains the directors'. and conference room. The center space in the building is occupied by a large and commodious vault, with openings on each floor, including the basement. A pneumatic tube system forms a convenient and rapid means of transferring papers and documents between the several departments, Provision is also made for the comfort and convenience of conductors and motormen on all lines. A large room specially equipped with lockers and other modern conveniences, is set apart for their exclusive use any hour of the day or night. The plans for the remodeling of the building were prepared by the company's draftsmen, who developed the ideas of the heads of the several departments as to their individual needs for space and other accommodations. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 149 The building also contains an independent telephone exchange with fifty-five phones for the company's exclusive use. It is the policy of the company to patronize home industries. Where it is possible, supplies are purchased from the stores and factories of the towns through which the lines pass or the lighting plants are operated. All the receipts from operation in the several cities are deposited with the local banks of the towns where such earnings are made. The company .carries in all twenty-five separate bank accounts. It maintains its own inspective force, with uniformed officers on duty both day and night. Some idea of the growth of the system may be obtained When it is remembered that twenty-five years ago there was not an electric street car or an electric light in the Mahoning and Shenango valleys. Today the district is webbed with trolley lines, and the electric light is used in stores, factories, homes and for street lighting in every town. The business is one of the most important in the country, and when interfered with by storm or other causes is missed more than any other public utility, except perhaps the water system. The trolley lines are now indispensable. The.' have brought distant communities nearer. together, made it possible to extend cities, cheapened travel, and developed communities that would never have prospered but for the transportation facilities they afford. The power stations in Youngstown and other places in the system have been brought up to date at an enormous expense, old rolling stock is being replaced with new cars, and the company is working hard to keep the service up to the required standard. The following is a list of the company's officers and heads of departments: E. N. Sanderson, president, New York. R. Montgomery, vice-president and general manager, light and power companies. M. E. McCaskey, vice-president and general manager of railway lines. Leighton Calkins, secretary and general counsel, New York. Arrel, Wilson & Harrington, local counsel. S. C. Rogers, treasurer and auditor. W. T. Burns, assistant treasurer and assistant auditor. G. J. A. Paul, general superintendent of railways.. H. L. Patterson, superintendent of power supply, J, S. McWhirter, superintendent of shops. and equipment. E. H. Bell, general superintendent of light and power (Youngstown Consolidated and Sharon Lighting Companies), Moses Coombs, general superintendent of gas. department. ,J. W. Sturdevant, chief claim agent. U. S. Sliter, superintendent of transportation (Mahoning Valley division). Chas.. C. Beckman, superintendent f transportation (Youngstown-Sharon division). W. C, Smith, superintendent of transportation (New Castle division), F. C. McGonigle, superintendent New Castle Electric Company, Paul C. Kaercher, superintendent Sharon Lighting: Company. Frederick L. Finch, superintendent of track and roadway (Mahoning Valley and. New Castle divisions). George G. Rose, excursion agent and superintendent Idora Park,. Perry Barge, superintendent of Cascade Park, New Castle. S. R. Wilkinson, superintendent, of overhead lines (Mahoning Valley and New Castle divisions). Charles D., Brown, super intendent of overhead lines (Youngstown-- Sharon division). YOUNGSTOWN BOARD OF TRADE. The first organized effort to promote and develop the business and commercial interests of this section was made in 1887, when, at a meeting quite generally attended by the leading business men of Youngstown; and the vicinity, a board of trade was organized, This board during its existence of some ten years or more was largely instrumental in advancing the objects for which it was designed. It how, ever, gradually relaxed its efforts and about ten years ago ceased to exist, YOUNGSTOWN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. A movement for a new and permanent organization was begun some two years ago, and resulted in the Youngstown chamber of commerce, which was organized in Match, 1903, under regular articles of incorporation.