AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 175 the contract and ordered Campbell off his farm, the latter thereby losing from $1,200 to $1,500. This act, which took place about 1880, was, it is said, the beginning of the final phase of the Morgantown trouble, which resulted in the final incarceration of the guilty parties. The town of Morgantown, which was named after John Morgan, the raider, was the place of residence and headquarters of the criminal gang who for a score of years kept the community in terror by their midnight depredations, barn burnings, and other criminal acts of revenge. So well organized were these lawbreakers that for a long time, though they were well known, few could summon up courage. to proceed against them, and when any one did so the systematic perjury of the accused and other members of the gang always resulted in acquittal, while the one who had complained was made to feel the vengeance of the conspirators. A German farmer who was put upon the witness stand in connection with one of these cases declined to give evidence tending to conviction on the ground that he "didn't want to have his barn burned." About 1883, the situation became so intolerable that some resolute county officials, backed by the local press, made at last a determined and successful effort to bring the offenders to justice, Indictments were found against a number of the lawbreakers, some of whom fled the county, Several convictions, however, were obtained. George Paulin, a son of the "Old Fox," and Delmar Little received each a sentence of six years in the state penitentiary for perjury, Among those who disappeared were Azariah Paulin himself, his sons, William Henry and Charles, and his nephew, Simon Paulin, The last named, who lived on a part of Azariah's farm at Steamtown, and who was indicted for 'arson at the May term of court, 1884, with Jacob Paulin and Bill Cluse, after absenting himself for a considerable time, returned March 6, 1885, and going to the jail in Youngstown at 2 o'clock in the morning, gave himself up. He was a very large stout man, weighing about 225 or 230 pounds, and had a wife and four small children. He was a son of Jacob Paulin, who was convicted of arson at the May term of court 1884, and sentenced by Judge Arrel to three years in the penitentiary, Those interested in the prosecution, however, were determined to have the chief conspirator, Azariah himself, who had been indicted on four charges—concealing stolen property, corrupting witnesses, perjury and arson, His bail was placed at $2,200 and the bond signed by Attorney P. F, Gillies, Mrs. Paulin securing Gillies by executing a mortgage on their farm f ninety-six acres in Morgantown. Azariah's disappearance took place about January 5, 1885. As near as could be ascertained, he went first to Columbiana, and thence to East Liverpool, remaining in that vicinity until January 13th. From there he went to Alexander, West Virginia. It was at this place that ex-Sheriff Lodwick got track of him and spent several days trying to get him, but failed. He was next heard of in Pittsburg, where he claimed to have remained three days. On February 24, 1885, Sheriff Walker, who had received a clue as to his whereabouts, arrived with a requisition from Governor Hoadly, The sheriff left the city going directly to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where he found that Paulin had remained there for several days, but had left for Shippensburg on the Cumberland Railway, While in Harrisburg, the latter had passed himself off as a tramp and got free lodging one night in the jail, going under the name f "A. Summers." From that place he went to Shippensburg on the Cumberland Railway. Here he took refuge with one Jacob Stoffer, whom he had formerly known as a resident of Poland, On arriving at Shippensburg, the sheriff found that Azariah had received mail at the post-office. In leaving the building he saw him sitting on a horse across the street and immediately placed him under arrest. When arrested Paulin had but $7 or $8 in his possession, The sheriff conveyed him to Pittsburg and thence to Youngstown, His bail bond in the meanwhile had been forfeited, but on his arrival the forfeiture was set aside. The prisoner, who was partly disabled by a disease of his feet, which were much swollen, 176 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY was sure of conviction, but claimed persecution by his family, He had previously made charges of immorality against his wife, which were declared to be false by every reputable witness who was acquainted with the family, and in his disagreement with her he had threatened to commit suicide, In court he presented a grizzled and unkempt appearance, He pleaded guilty to subornation of perjury, and to the second count in the charge of arson (the first count being nolled by the court) whereby he was accused of procuring William Chuse to burn Blosser's barn. In so doing he said : "I'm not really guilty of this crime, but I discover that I am so surrounded with witnesses who will swear my liberty away and whose statements I cannot contradict, except by myself, that I have concluded to save the county expense and the court trouble by pleading guilty. I am satisfied that upon a trial I would be found guilty, although I am perfectly innocent of the charge. I take this step by the advice f my attorneys," The cases against Paulin for receiving stolen property and corrupting witnesses were also nolled, I, A, Justice, A. Paulin's counsel, made an earnest plea for judicial clemency, urging his client's age and the crusade that had been incessantly made against him, His sentence was three years on each indictment—for arson and for subornation of perjury. BERLIN TOWNSHIP Berlin is one of the most picturesque townships in Mahoning County, the beauty of its western portion being enhanced by the winding Mahoning river, with its woody banks and verdant valleys. In the southwestern quarter is Mill creek, with its tributary of Turkey Broth, and other small streams and runs that empty into it, and add variety of scenery to a well-watered landscape. The surface of Berlin is almost level with a few gentle undulations here and there, The soil is a good strong loam, fertile and well adapted to fruits and cereals. With such inducements for the pursuit of agriculture, Berlin has naturally developed into a farming community, There are no large villages, Berlin Center, a somewhat straggling settlement with a population of about sixty, being the most important. ORGANIZATION The township was formerly a part of Ellsworth and was not separately organized until March, 1828, when it was erected into a township and made an election precinct by the county commissioners, The township officers first elected were as follows, the election taking place April 7, 1828: Trustees, Nathan Minard, Thompson Craig, Samuel Kauffman ; treasurer, Salmon Hall; clerk, Joseph H. Coult ; constable, John Stuart ; overseers f the poor, William Kirkpatrick, Christian Kauffman ; fence viewers, Joseph Davis, Joseph Leonard; supervisors, Edward Fankle, Benjamin 'Wisner, Abraham Craft. The first justice of the peace was Peter Musser, appointed in 1828. SETTLEMENT, The first white settler of Berlin was Garret Packard, who came from near Winchester, Virginia, to Austintown in 1803. After remaining there about two years, he removed to Deerfield, but six years later came to Berlin and settled on a farm on Mill creek in the southwestern part of the township, Soon after his arrival, he had a son born, Thomas, who was the first white child born in the township, For a number of years his family was the only one here, In the war of 1812, being then the only man in what is now Berlin, he was drafted, and served three months, He died in 1820 at the age of about forty-five. His wife, whose maiden name was Eleanor Hendrickson, survived him ten years, dying at the home of her son-in-law, John McCollum, in Austintown, May 13, 1830, she being then about fifty-four years of age. They were the parents of ten children, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 177 The second settler in Berlin was Jacob Weldy, who located with his family in the southwestern corner of the township. He had a large family. Other early settlers were: George Baum, whose father emigrated from Germany, settling in Salem, and who in 1815 married Betsey Packard; Joseph H. Coult, who was the first settler at the Center, and who was land agent for Amos Sill, proprietor of the greater part of the township ; Abraham Hawn, who came about 1820, and located about two miles north of the center; Matthias Glass, who settled in the northwestern part of the township about 1822, and Reuben Gee, Joseph Davis and David Parshall, who came about 1824.. Many of the early as well as the later settlers came from Pennsylvania, and were for the most part "quiet, unobtrusive and progresssive people." The early name of Berlin township was "Hart and Mathers," from the names of two men who were originally proprietors in it, It was named Berlin at the instance f one of the early German settlers, Matthias Glass; who wanted the name of the township to remind him of his fatherland. Berlin was settled somewhat later than the other townships, and was for a number of years a great hunting ground for the settlers for miles around, game being most abundant. EARLY INDUSTRIES. A sawmill was built by Matthias Glass, who also built a grist mill, both on the Mahoning, a short distance above Frederick. The grist mill was afterwards burned and the site purchased by Isaac Wilson, who built thereon a flouring mill, which was subsequently operaated for some years by his sons. It was later purchased and conducted for a while by George Schilling. Another sawmill was erected by Joseph H. Coult on Turkey Broth creek, in the southwest part of the town, and 'afterwards passed through a number of hands. In the same year David Shoemaker built a sawmill on Mill creek, which mill was subsequently purchased - 10 - and carried on for several years by Jacob Sheets. There are now no manufacturing industries in the township. Among the early store keepers were Joseph Edwards, who commenced business at the center in 1833; Garrison & Hoover, Daniel A, Fitch, David McCauley, John Ward, Warren & Webber, Hughes Bros., and several others. For a time there were two stores at the center. In the early fifties there was also a blacksmith's shop, a little west of the town house, and opposite was a store kept by Joel Booth, About 1836 or 1837 a man named McKean established a tannery at the center, and also carried on a shoe making business, A number of years previous, about 1839, a store was built at Belvidere by Isaac Wilson, who afterwards bought the mill privilege there. The store was carried on for some years by his sons, who afterwards sold it to Jacob Glass. It subsequently passed through a number f hands and finally ceased to be used as a store. POSTOFFICE. The first postoffice in the township was established about 1828 and was called Amity, The postmaster was Peter Musser, who kept a tavern on the old stage road in the northern part of the township. After he moved away the office was discontinued. The postoffice at Berlin center was established in 1833. Joseph Edwards being the first postmaster. The first wedding at Berlin center was that of William Ripley and Miss Allen. It took place at the house f Joseph H, Coult, on a cold night in December, the guests coming from Ellsworth, Benton and other places, and carrying torches in order to intimidate the wolves, which were numerous and bold, owing to the severe weather, After the abolition movement began there were occasional disturbances in the township, owing to the discussion of the slavery question, and on one occasion, in 1837, a Presbyterian minister, Rev. M. R. Robinson, who came from Salem to deliver a lecture against slavery, and to vindicate the Bible from the charge of supporting it, was mobbed, stripped, and tar- 178 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY red and feathered, after which his clothes were put on again. Twelve f the perpetrators of this outrage were arrested, and compromised the matter by paying Mr. Robinson $40 each. SCHOOLS, The first schools in Berlin were not different materially from those in other parts of the county, the buildings being log structures. At first the German language was taught alternately with English. About 1824 a log schoolhouse was erected on Turkey Broth creek, near the center, in which Sarah McGee was one of the first teachers, Martha and Eliza McKelvey were among the first teachers in the southeastern part of the township. In the northern part Alexander Hall taught school at an early period. There are now five school districts, in which is included the Berlin High School organized in 1905. All the school houses are frame buildings. J, R. Campbell is superintendent, and there are about 125 pupils enrolled. CHURCHES. The Methodist society was formed previous to 1830, and a church built at the center in 1839. The present church edifice was erected in 1886 at a cost of $3,500, a 'parsonage being added in 1905; the church has a membership of about one hundred ; both buildings are frame. The present pastor is Rev. M. Moses, The Lutheran church is situated two miles north of the center and now has for its pastor Rev. A. J. B. Kast. SOCIETIES. Ashur Kirkbridge, G. A. R. Post, located at Berlin Center, where it owns its own hall, was organized August 19, 1886, through the efforts of Martha T. Hughes, wife of Dr. Wallace K. Hughes. Its first commander was Francis White. Mahlon Kirkbridge is the present commander. Knights of Pythias Lodge No. 235, organized at Berlin Center in 1886, has seventy-three members, and is a flourishing society, MISCELLANEOUS. Berlin township owns its own hall, which is located at the center. There are two cemeteries known respectively as the North cemetery, which is situated two miles north of the center, and the West cemetery, situated one mile west of it. The present postmaster at the center is La Rue Hawkins. There are three general stores, conducted respectively by Stanley & Hawkins, E. O. Carlin, and George Muskrey. C. F. Fifer is proprietor f a hardware store. The medical profession is well represented by Dr. W. K. Hughes and Dr. Frank Carson. BOARDMAN TOWNSHIP The natural aspect of this township is one of beauty, with just enough of hills and valleys, fields and woodlands, to please the eye by presenting to its gaze a varied and lovely landscape, The western and northwestern parts of the township are watered by Mill Creek and its tributaries. Yellow Creek flows for over two miles through the southeast of Boardman, thence entering Poland township near the village. The surface is in general undulating, and in some portions nearly level, The township is essentially a farming community, there being no villages f any considerable size. SETTLEMENT. The township derived its name from Elijah Boardman, who, accompanied by six companions, among them Nathaniel and Ebenezer Blakely and a man named Summers, settled here in 1798. Mr. Boardman who was a member of the Connecticut Land Company, came from New Milford, Connecticut. He spent his time during the summer in making surveys and establishing landmarks, the men who came with him being engaged in making clearings. Five of the six, leaving behind the AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 179 two yoke of oxen they had brought with them, returned to Connecticut on foot, the other one of the Blakelys settled permanently in the town. A stone which Mr, Boardman set up to mark the center of the township was unearthed about 1878 or 1879, and his initials, E, B., discovered on it, During the next ten or twelve years settlers from Connecticut, with a few from Pennsylvania, came in rapidly, so that in 1810 the population was about 850, In a list of property holders contained in the township records for the year 1806 appear the following names : Abner Webb, William Drake, Joseph Merchant, Linus Brainard, Eli Baldwin, Haynes Fitch, George Stillson, John Davidson, Oswald Detchon, Elijah Boardman, Eleazer Fairchild, with his sons, John Amos, and Daniel Francis Dowler, Richard J, Elliott, Samuel Swan, Peter Stillson, Warren Bissel, and David Noble, Major Samuel Clark, who came in 1810, was one of the first postmasters, and used to bring the mail from Poland once a week in his pocket, About 1829 he served as justice of the peace, and he was also commissioned lieutenant, captain and major of militia. He was a native of Connecticut, as was also his wife Anna, whose maiden name was Northrup, He died in 1847, and his wife in 1860, Richard J. Elliott, who came in 1804 or 1805, was a member of the legislature in 1808 and 1809, at his last election receiving every vote in his district. Henry Brainard came in 1800 and settled about a mile from the center on the road running west. One of his sons, Dr. Ira Brainard, was probably the first settled physician in the township. After practicing here a few years, however, the doctor moved to Canfield. Oswald Detchon, a native of England, was one of the very first settlers; he located three-fourths of a mile east of the center. Eleazer Fairchild was another early settler, and located on what was later the farm of Eli Reed. Among those who came between 1801 and 1810 were several families by the name of Simon from Washington county, Pennsylvania. They all brought up large families and many of their descendants still reside in the township. From the same county came George Zedaker with his son John. The latter was the last survivor, in Boardman, of the war of 1812, dying- in the late seventies of the century just closed. George Pope, who came to Boardman from Virginia, after settling on Benjamin McNutt's farm removed to the northwestern part of the township near Mill Creek ; he attained the age of ninety-eight years. Other pioneers, with the date of their advent in the township, were as follows : John Twiss, 1818; Charles Titus, 1819; Amos Baldwin, 1811; Asa Baldwin, brother of Amos, 1811 or earlier ; Thomas and Elizabeth Agnew, from Pennsylvania, 1824; Henry Foster, previous to 1808; Philip and Catherine Stambaugh, 1811; Eli Baldwin, from Connecticut, 1801 ; the De Camps, Shields and Woodruff families, 1801 ; Josiah Walker, 1803 ; Isaac Newton, 1811; William and Pamelia Fankle, 1816; David and Mary (Walker) Porter, 1815. The last named who came from Adams county, Pennsylvania, settled in the southeast corner f the township. They had five children, one of whom was named David, Another, Harvey, removed to Kansas. Their daughter, Martha, married a Mr. Slaven, The father, David Porter, Sr., was killed by a falling tree in June, 1819, FIRST ELECTION, The first township meeting for the election of officers was held April 7, 1806, previous to which year the township had been included in Youngstown. It was organized as Boardman township in 1805. Eli Baldwin was the first justice of the peace. The amount of taxes levied in Boardman in 1803 was $17.47, being distributed among twenty-nine tax payers. ABUNDANCE OF GAME The early settlers were much troubled with bears and wolves, and hunting was both a favorite amusement and most useful occupation, A bounty of $6 each, was paid by the county for the scalps of wolves, There were also 180 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY abundance of deer, turkeys and pheasants, and more than enough of rattlesnakes, upon which the settlers, of course, made constant war. There was scarcely a house without a rifle, whose crack meant usually either the destruction f a common enemy or food for the family. It is related that Curtis Fairchild, a noted hunter in those days, killed 105 deer in one season, besides trapping thirteen wolves. The skin of a deer was worth seventy-five cents, but the meat was not valued and was unsalable. THE WAR OF 1812. There were three drafts made during the War of 1812, each taking one-third of the militia, There were few, if any, volunteers, At one time, though but for a short period, not an able bodied man was left in the township. Boardman's soldiers took part in some sharp fighting with the Indians at the Battle of the Peninsula, near Sandusky. After the war and Until 1820 money was scarce, though provisions were cheap in comparison with the prices which prevail today. Butter could be bought for five cents a pound, wheat was twenty-five cents a bushel in paper money, and eggs cost four cents a dozen, in "store pay." Every, article of clothing was manufactured, except leather for shoes. Shoes, however, were only used on special occasions in the summer, most of the settlers going barefoot, Many of the men wore buckskin breeches, CHURCHES. St. James Episcopal church is the oldest in the county, having been organized in July, 1809, Among the first members were many of the principal settlers, including Turhancl Kirtland, Jared Kirtland, Arad Way, Josiah Wetmore, Charles Crittenden, Eleazer Fairchild, Eli Platt, John Liddle, Joseph Platt, Ethel Starr, John Loveland, Lewis Hoyt, Joseph Liddle, Samuel Blocker, Francis Dowler, Russell F. Starr, and Ensign Church, All these persons were instrumental in forming the first Episcopal society, The congregation worshipped in schoolhouses and private dwellings until 1828, when a church edifice was erected. The German Reformed church, one of the oldest churches in the township, was erected in 1816, the church edifice being rebuilt in 1845. The present pastor is Rev. E. D. Weadock. A Congregational church was established in 1813 by Rev. John Field, from Connecticut. Among its first officers were Charles A. Boardman and Samuel Swan. In 1849 the organization ceased to exist on account of the death or removal of its principal members. It was sometimes called the Presbyterian church. The Methodist Episcopal church was founded at an early date, though the year is not known. Oswald Detchon, elsewhere mentioned, was one of the most prominent among its early members, and the first meetings were in a log schoolhouse on his farm, The church edifice was erected about 1835, those chiefly instrumental being Thomas Agnew, Major Samuel Clark, and Josiah Beardsley. The Disciples church was organized about 1854. by an evangelist named Reeves, and a church building erected two years later, but organization ceased to exist about 1872, and the church was sold to the township which converted it into the town hall, The first burials in Boardman township were made upon the farm of Adam Simon, and soon after the German cemetery was laid out. The cemetery near the center was laid out in 1805, SCHOOLS. The first log school house was built a few rods west of the center in 1803 or 1804, Nathaniel Blakely was the first teacher. Mrs. Simeon Mitchel, who settled at the center in 1810, also taught school for several terms. In 1809 a two-story frame school house was erected, which was called "The Academy," and "was used for school, church, and meetings for forty years or more," In the seventies it was moved a mile and a half east of the center and converted into a stable. About the same time as the school house at the center AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 181 was erected, the Simons built a log school house, Where for some years German alone was taught. Jacob Simon was the first teacher. The present frame school building at the center of the township, known as the "Centralized school," has four rooms, with Prof. W. B. Randolph, Minnie Kiper, Olive Beard and Ethel Walters, teachers. The Woodworth school, on the south line of the township, is a one-room brick building; Alice Renkenberger is the teacher. The Heintzman school in the southwest corner of the township has one room and is taught by Alice Winter. The yearly cost of maintenance for the township schools is $4,500, INDUSTRIES, In 1805 George Stillson built the first frame house in the township, where he afterwards kept tavern for twenty-five years. Joseph Merchant, who came from Connecticut in 1804, started a tavern about 1814 a short distance east of the center. MILLS. Baird's mill on Mill creek, near Lanterman's Falls, was the first grist mill in the township. It was at first a small log building, but afterwards a larger one was built on the same site. Thomas Shields was the proprietor for many years and was succeeded by Eli Baldwin. About 1808 a sawmill was built a mile and a half from the center, and was conducted for a short time by Richard Elliot and Elijah Boardman. Another sawmill, known as De Camp's, was constructed in the northwestern part of the township, but like the first named had a short lease of life. Another sawmill and a grist mill were erected later on Mill creek by Eh Baldwin also a cloth mill. The were several small stills in the township, and in 1808 or 1809, Eli Baldwin, who seems to have been a very enterprising citizen for his day, built a distillery near the north line of the township on the Youngstown road, and carried on a good business for several years. James Moody, who came to Boardman in 1804, built a tannery, and continued in business as a tanner for forty years or more subsequently, Charles Boardman and William Ingersoll opened the first store in a room of Stillson's tavern. SOME FIRST EVENTS. The first white child born in Boardman township was James D. McMahon, the date of this event being October 31, 1799, Horace Daniels, whose parents came in 1799, was born in March, 1800. In 1823 he drove the first stage westward on the old Pittsburg and Cleveland stage line, Andrew Webb, the first blacksmith in the township, came about 1804. He manufactured scythes, which he sold for $2 each, eastern scythes being then worth $2.50. John Davidson and Elijah Deane were probably the first shoemakers in the township. Peter Stillson, in 1804, made the first cheese in Boardman, which was also, perhaps, the first made on the Western Reserve. He carted several hundred-weight of it to Pittsburg, where he easily disposed if it, The first sermon was preached, in 1804, in the log school house at the center, by Rev, Joseph Badger, a Presbyterian missionary from Connecticut. CANFIELD TOWNSHIP Canfield, the central township of Mahoning county, was one f the earliest settled townships on the reserve, and has always been the home of a thrifty and prosperous agricultural class, having besides contributed able men to the leading professions, especially that of law. That her sons have not been equally prominent in trade, commerce and manufactures, is due to the limited opportunities afforded by the township in those directions. No large stream flows through Canfield, but there are plenty of small creeks and fresh water springs, affording a plentiful supply of pure 182 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY cold water for dairy and agricultural purposes, These industries are further favored by the soil, which is a rich and easily cultivated loam, suitable to a large variety of crops. Canfield was township No. 1 in range No, 3 of the purchase of the Connecticut Land Company, and contained 16,324 acres, It was purchased from the company by six persons who owned in the following proportions : Judson' Canfield, 6,171 acres; James Johnson, 3,502 acres ; David Waterman, 2,745 acres; Elijah Wadsworth, 2,069 acres ; Nathaniel Church, 1,400 acres ; Samuel Canfield, 437 acres, The total price paid was $12,903,23, or a trifle more than seventy-nine cents per acre. Lot No, 2 in township No, 1 in the tenth range, consisting of fifty-eight and a half acres, was added to it under the equalization system adopted by the Connecticut Land Company, which has been explained in a previous chapter. In 1798 the land was surveyed into lots and improvements commenced. The surveys were superintended by Nathaniel Church, who was accompanied by Nathan Moore, of Salisbury, surveyor; Eli Tousley, Nathaniel Gridley, Barker King, Reuben Tupper, Samuel Gilson, Joseph Pangburn, and one Skinner, of Salisbury. Gilson and Pangburn were axemen. The center of the township was first found, the east and west road laid out, and clearings made, and some oats and wheat sown, A log house was erected at the center and two houses and a barn east of the center. About a month after their arrival the first family 0f settlers arrived, consisting of Champion Minor, with his wife and two children, who made the journey in an ox team from Salisbury, A few days after their arrival the youngest child died, and was buried in a coffin of split wood, which was the first white burial in the county, After cutting through the east and west r0ad most of the party returned to Connecticut, Samuel Gilson and Joseph Pangburn remaining, with Champion Minor and his family. The township was denominated Campfield by the surveyors above mentioned, but on April 15, 1800, it was voted that it should be called Canfield, in honor of Judson Canfield, who was there as early as June, 1798, and who owned the greatest amount of land in it. In 1799 the settlement was strengthened by the arrival of Phineas Reed, Eleazer Gilson and Joshua Hollister, and in the following year by that of Nathan Moore and family, who arrived May 15, after a journey of forty-five days, In 1801 came James Doud and family, Calvin Tobias, Abijah Peck and Ichabod Atwood. In 1802 there was a larger immigration and thenceforth for a number of years there was a steadily increasing stream of settlers, some of whom, however, remained but a short time, afterwards moving to other townships. All of the first settlers came from Connecticut, A number of Germans came in 1805, and during subsequent years, those who settled permanently doing much to develop the agricultural resources of the township. An epidemic, in 1813, carried off a large number of the settlers, including Aaron and Lavinia Collar, who came to Canfield in 1802. They left descendants who still reside in the township, William Chidester, who also came in 1802, was the first justice of the peace in Canfield, and in early days officiated at numerous marriages, both in this and other townships. He died in 1813, at the age of fifty-seven. Some of the pioneer settlers lived to a remarkable age, John Everett, one of the oldest among the immigrants, died in 1819, at the age of ninety-two, Mrs, Esther Beardsley, wife f Captain Philo Beardsley, died at the age of ninety-one ; and Ethel Starr, a comparatively early settler, was ninety-two years old at the time of his death in 1861. Herman Canfield, Sr,, who was a brother f Judson Canfield, settled here in October, 1805, He and his wife, whose maiden name was Fitia Bostwick, were the parents of five children—Herman, William H,, Elizabeth, Cornelia and Lora. Lieutenant-Colonel Herman Canfield died at Crumps' Landing April 7, 1862, while in the service of his country. He was an able lawyer and served as state senator of Medina county, William H, Canfield, who studied law under Hon, Elisha Whittlesey, removed to Kansas in 1866, and in 187o AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 183 was appointed judge of the Eighth Judicial District of that state, which position he held until his death in 1874. James Reed, one of the immigrants f 1805, whose father, also named James, came out and lived with him, during the war of 1812 set up a distillery to furnish the soldiers with whisky, that being considered an essential part of their rations. He died in 1813; his wife survived him forty-seven years, dying in 1860 at the remarkable age of ninety-eight. They were the parents f ten children, several of whom lived to an advanced age. One of the most important immigrants was Elisha Whittlesey, who came in 1806, a sketch of whom may be found in the chapter of this volume entitled "Bench and Bar," He was one of the foremost lawyers in the county, and was almost constantly in public service up to the time of his death in 1863. A number of distinguished men acquired a part of their legal training in his office, among them being Hon, Benjamin F. Wade, General Ralph P, Buckland, Hon. Joshua R. Giddings and W. C, Otis. In 1806 came also Adam Turner and wife, Margaret, from New Jersey, with their five sons and three daughters ; they settled in the northwestern part of the township, on the road that was afterwards known as Turner street. SOME FIRST EVENTS. The first male child born in Canfield was Royal Canfield Chidister, the date of his nativity being June 22, 1802, his parents residing near the center of the township. The first person buried in the cemetery east of the center was Olive, wife of Charles Chittenden; she died September 30, 1801, Joseph Pangburn and Lydia Fitch were the first couple to get married in Canfield, the ceremony being performed April 11, 1801, by Caleb Baldwin, Esq., of Youngstown, There would have been an earlier marriage—that of Alfred Woolcott to Mary Gilson, in February, 1800—but there being no person duly qualified to perform the ceremony, they were obliged to go to Pennsylvania to be married. The building of a sawmill was begun in the northwestern part of the township, in 1801,. by Jonah Scoville, but before finishing the mill, he sold out his interests to a Mr, Atwood, who completed it and put it in operation in the spring of 1802. In the same year another sawmill was erected on what was known as the "Brier lot," one-half being owned by Elijah Wadsworth, the other proprietors being Tryall Tanner, William Sprague and Matthew Steele. The land was rented by Mr. Wadsworth from Judson Canfield for seven years, the consideration being "one pepper-corn yearly, to be paid if demanded." About 1810 a carding machine propelled by horse power, was erected by a company, and for some time did a fair business, EARLY MERCHANTS, The first store was opened in 1804 by Zalmon Fitch and Herman Canfield, who were partners. Mr, Fitch also kept a tavern in Canfield until his removal to Warren in 1813. In 1807 Messrs. Fitch and Canfield took as an additional partner in the business Comfort S. Mygatt, who had arrived in that year from Danbury, Connecticut, with his family, The latter consisted f four daughters, two sons and two step-sons. Two years later the partnership was dissolved and the business was continued by Mr, Mygatt during the rest of his life, which terminated in October, 1823, In 1828 there were three merchants in Canfield—William Hogg, Alson Kent and E. T. Boughton, C. S. Mygatt, son f Comfort S., began business in Canfield in 1833 with the firm f Lockwood, Mygatt & Co,, general merchants, and was subsequently in business here until 1860, most of the time in partnership. Other industrial and mercantile enterprises were established from time to time, f some of which we must omit mention for lack f space. CANFIELD, THE COUNTY SEAT, As we have seen in a previous chapter, on the creation of Mahoning county during the legislative session of 1845-46, Canfield, being 184 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY the geographical center of the county, was made the county seat, which it continued to be for thirty years. This naturally made Canfield a place of importance; the legal business of the county was transacted here, and the volume of general business increased, But this state f things was not to continue. The establishment of the iron industry in Youngstown gave that place a formidable advantage over her one-time rival, and she gradually forged ahead, slowly at first, but afterwards with big strides, until she had left Canfield far behind in the race for industrial and commercial importance, Being thus superior in wealth and population, she went a step farther and began to proclaim her intention of having the county seat. A rival agitation was at once begun, which was carried on spiritedly on both sides until the legislative session f 1874-5, when Youngstown gained her point, and in 1876 became the county seat of Mahoning. CANFIELD VILLAGE. The village of Canfield was incorporated by act of legislature in 1849, and the first election held in April of that year, L. L. Bostwick being chosen mayor ; H. B. Brainerd, recorder; and John Clark, Thomas Hansom, M. Swank, Charles Frethy and William B. Ferrell, trustees. Canfield is like a "city that is set on an hill" and "beautiful for situation." The town is about a square mile in area and situated on a gradually rising elevation 1200 feet above sea-level and 640 feet higher than Lake Erie. Its elevation and natural drainage caused by the land surface falling away in gentle undulations of hill, plain and valley in all directions, together with the total absence of mill and factory smoke and dust, give the town an abundance of pure, invigorating air all the year round. Its healthiness is excellent, just what would be expected from such favorable conditions. Adding very much to the health, comfort and beauty of the place, the streets are wide and lined with noble trees, elms and maples predominating. Main and Broad streets crossing at right angles are each ninety-nine feet wide and a mile in length. A neatly laid-out park of eleven and one-half acres, studded with rows of trees, stretches its avenues of shade through the town from north to south for two-fifths of a mile, The material conditions and natural environments of a community exert a silent but continuous and decided influence on its moral and social life, And this is especially true of mosphere are good and wholesome, making it an ideal place of residence, NORTHEASTERN OHIO NORMAL COLLEGE, Overlooking the park from the south end and near the highest elevation, stands the N, E. O. Normal College, commanding a fine outlook and panoramic survey of the park and town and of the surrounding country of meadows, rolling uplands and native forests for miles in every direction. From both the moral and educational point of view the location f the Normal College in such quiet, healthful surroundings in the midst of a fertile, prosperous and intelligent farming community, is almost ideal. The history of the institution since its opening in 1882, incorporated 1881, gives ample testimony to the advantages of such wholesome and healthful surroundings and location, Although the particular aim of the school has always been and still continues to be the training of young men and women efficiently for the profession of teaching and business pursuits, her many graduates from the collegiate courses who are now filling positions of trust and honor in the learned professions of the Christian ministry, law, medicine and journalism, attest the excellent character of the work done, Many of these received no other academic training than what they obtained at the Normal, while others found here the kind of preparatory training needed for entering other and older colleges, The Commercial Department has sent large numbers of trusted and successful accountants into every line f business, while the department of Music has played its important AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 185 part in the education of the student body by its refining and elevating influences. From the Normal or Pedagogy department have gone successful teachers into all grades of public school work, school superintendents and college instructors, The institution points with just pride to the sterling worth and Christian character of her alumni and students, -qualities which make for the largest success. The present outlook is promising and assuring. The great scarcity of teachers throughout Eastern Ohio, Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia opens the way for a greater usefulness f the school and a larger attendance than ever before. To meet the urgent demands of the teaching. profession, and to meet the requirements of its patrons, it aims to give the students of the Normal Department the most practical and thorough instruction and the most helpful preparation possible for the work in which they are to engage. This part of the work is carefully planned and perhaps has never been stronger than it is now. The faculty has under consideration the opening of a well organized summer school in 1908. The Music Department is in a flourishing condition under the very competent direction of Miss Anna K. Means, a graduate of Oberlin Conservatory of Music, an accomplished pianist and vocalist and a successful teacher of both voice and piano, Charles O. Allaman, A. B., graduate f Wooster University, is president and has charge of the departments of Latin, Greek and English Literature, and conducts the teachers' class in literature, Franklin B. Sawvel, Ph. D., one of the instructors associated with Prof. Heiman during the earlier history of the Normal, has the departments of Philosophy, History and Pedagogy and the teachers' training class in Arithmetic. Miss Florence Rose Wilson, Ph. M., has charge of the department of German, Normal branches and the review classes in United States history and English grammar. R. W. Correll, A. B., is professor of science and mathematics and the review class in geography. The commercial courses, including shorthand, typewriting and penmanship, are under the direction of Munson Buel Chidester, B. C. S. The school is interdenominational and therefore unique in character among Normal schools and colleges. It has now .about one hundred scholars. Among Canfield's other acquisitions, she rejoices in an up-to-date and interesting newspaper, the Mahoning Despatch, which was established by Henry M, Fowler, father of the present editor, C. C. Fowler, and has just completed its thirtieth year f existence, Mr, C. C, Fowler, who began his connection with the paper as printer's devil at its origin, has continued with it ever since, and has made it one of the most robust and firmly established enterprises of the village, In his own words, "It circulates very largely throughout Mahoning County and weekly visits nearly every state in the Union. Its advertising patronage is not surpassed by any local publication in this quarter of the state, while the job printing department output has steadily grown in public favor." On March 29th of the present year, (its thirtieth anniversary), it printed an issue of approximately 3,000 copies of a twenty-four page paper. An interesting feature of the newspaper is its publication from time to time of valuable articles dealing with local history. We can give no better description of Canfield during the last thirty years than is contained in two articles f this kind that were published in the anniversary issue above referred to. One is from the pen of Hon, Charles Fillius, who became a resident of Canfield thirty-two years ago, when a young man of twenty-three, and who was for some three years thereafter superintendent of schools ; he describes Canfield as it was at that time. The other article is by Dr. J. Truesdale, well known as one of Canfield's oldest and most prominent citizens, and as a local historian of well-earned repute. Dr. Truesdale depicts the changes which have occurred in the period under review, We quote largely, if not entirely, from both articles. Mr. Fillius writes as follows : "In June of 1875 my college career came 186 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY to an end, and there was 'necessity laid upon me' to do something. Learning through Mrs. Judge Servis that there was likely to be a vacancy in the superintendency of the Canfield schools, I made my first visit there in June of that year. "It struck me then as a quaint old town, On my way up to the hotel from the station I had the experience, which I afterwards learned was common to newcomers, of being greeted with an unearthly sort of noise from a barefoot, queer-acting individual whom I afterwards learned was Rupright, and of being similarly informed by Sammy Ruggles, who evidently `caught onto' the fact from my appearance that I was to the country born, that the county seat could not be moved from Canfield to Youngstown because it would be impossible to take the court house through the covered bridge at Lanterman's Falls. That was substantially my first introduction to the court-house removal controversy that was then raging, I put up at the Bostwick Hotel, which looked then much as it did twenty years later, The room that was given to me seemed to partake in its general appearance of the character of the landlord and the building proper, It ought to have been condemned for being unsanitary, and the excuse for a bed which I had precluded the possibility of a good night's sleep. "The next day I took in the town. Its Broad street, with interlying parks, made a very great impression upon me, Court was then in session. There appeared to be a great many lawyers in town, and it seemed to me as if at least half of the buildings on the street were occupied as law offices—little buildings erected for law offices and used exclusively as such. I remember very well the more imposing offices of this character, namely, the one then occupied by Judge Servis, being a more pretentious building of this character than any of the others perhaps, a brick building on the west side of Broad street, I was told that it had been used as a law office for many years, and was formerly occupied as such by Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, who had been a member f congress, and that at once invested the building with unusual importance in my mind. Then across the street from Judge Servis' office was a larger office building then occupied by the firm of Van Hyning & Johnston, which I was told was formerly the office of Judge Newton, who. was then still living, active, nearly eighty years old, and one f the most kindly and genial old gentlemen that I ever knew. "As I say, the town seemed to be a town of lawyers, and I remember seeing upon its streets not only those named above, but A. W. Jones, Gen. Sanderson, M. H, Burky, L. D. Thomas, and others still whose names after the lapse of these many years do not readily come to me, M, V. B. King was then probate judge. "The parks then were simply so much naked. land, meadows if you please, in the midst of the town. They did not even subserve the ordinary uses of a park, save as they made fresh air possible for the inhabitants, and as I now remember they were mowed each year for the. grass that grew upon them. The trees that. have grown up since so beautifully were not_ planted until several years after I left Canfield. "There were at that time three leading hotels in the village, the one at which I stopped on my first arrival in Canfield, the brick hotel, then occupied by Mr, Clark, and the large wooden. structure on the east side of Broad street, a sort of a companion to the other one, and one about as desirable as the other to keep out of, "I met on this occasion the members of the board of education, and the village board of examiners, I do not now recall the names of the members save two, Judson Canfield and Doctor Truesdale, The village board of examiners was made up f the three ministers f the three leading churches in town, the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational, "Father" Guy, as he was affectionately known, was pastor of the Methodist church, then, Mr. Peterson of the Congregational church and editor and publisher f the newspaper, and Mr. Irwin, pastor of the Presbyterian church, I was not subjected to the ordeal of an examination by this board for the reason that it was ascertained that the board had no legal existence, and I therefore was examined and, obtained my certificate from the county board of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 189 examiners. I afterwards came to Know Father Guy, Mr. Peterson and Mr. Irwin very well: They were all most excellent men. Father Guy was an especially kindly man, and I have of him very affectionate memories. Mr, McLain was then living in Canfield, a retired Methodist preacher of the old school, who fondly imagined that he had reached that stage in Christian experience and life where he was no longer in danger f sin, and his good life warranted his fellow villagers in sympathizing with him in that conviction. I always regarded Judson Canfield as a character. He was always my best and stanchest friend, He was the village's handy man, always ready to do anything from surveying a farm to mending a wagon. He had a habit of what I called ridiculous profanity. His swearing was f that peculiar and energetic kind that never suggested wickedness, but always aroused one's risibilities. "My employment as superintendent of the schools followed shortly after my first visit, and late the following August school opened under my charge. I succeeded Mr, Fording, who had been the deservedly popular superintendent for a number of years preceding—so popular, indeed, had he been that it made my position as his successor doubly difficult, but owing to the kindly and firm support of the board I succeeded in getting along after a fashion. The school yard was then barren of trees, Many of those that now adorn the yard were planted by myself, "I was impressed then, as I continued to be during my three years stay in Canfield, with the character f the inhabitants of the village. It seemed to me then, and it seems to me now, as I recall those impressions, that the people of the village were remarkable for their intelligence, character and goodness. Many of them, if not all of them, I recall as my friends, who placed me under lasting obligations for kindnesses shown me, sympathy extended me in my work, and all those thousand and one things that make life in a given community happy and worth living. Your readers I am sure will be interested to know about some of them, and at the risk of omitting some who are equally worthy of mention with the others, I will recall some. There were Judge Servis and his wife and two daughters ; Judson Canfield and family; Judge Newton; Judge Van Hyning; Judge Johnston; Judge King; Mr,. Hine, a tall, dignified, elderly gentleman, who. lived in a white house on the east side of Broad street, about half way between Church's store and Van Hyning & Johnston's law office; G, F. Lynn and his wife who lived next door ; "D'ri" Church, as he was familiarly called, who kept the store on the corner, whose widow is still living; William Clark, who kept the. brick hotel then, and with whom I lived for a year, his widow and his eldest daughter, now Mrs. Leet, now living in Warren ; Ira Bunnell, who kept a harness store, whose religious. experiences were of that character that they revived at every religious revival and lapsed between times, Then there was Colonel Nash, always dignified and courteous; Mr. Edwards. and his family, who kept a store and lived next the Congregational church; G. W, Shellhorn. and family, with whom I lived a year, who did. a thriving business in the boot and shoe line: on the west side of Broad street; good old Dr, Caldwell and his son and daughter ; Charley French and his wife; the Lynn boys, who kept a drug store next to Truesdale & Kirk's store on the west side of Broad street ; Charley Schmick and his father ; the Whittleseys, who lived near Judge Servis ; the Mygatts, father and son, who kept a store on the corner north. of the Truesdale & Kirk store, And there were others whose names do not readily come to me, These all lived within the village, but just outside lived many others, Whom I knew equally well and favorably, and among whom I now recall with greatest satisfaction my old friend, H, A, Manchester, now your banker, some of whose children attended school in the village,. And then with an ever widening radius I came to know the people for miles about through their children, who were sent to the Canfield. school, "Those whom I have mentioned were but a type of the general character f the inhabitants of the village and country around---sturdy, intelligent, honest, high-minded, gen- 190 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY erous, Christian men and women, whom it was good to know and good to associate with, "The preachers were of the old- fashioned type. I remember very well hearing Father Guy direct the attention of his audience to the terrors of hell by depicting to them in very plain and vigorous language the streams of molten lava in which the sinner would meet his final doom. Mr, Irwin f the Presbyterian church was equally sure that he who indulged in playing with these 'instruments f Satan,' i, e,, cards, was in danger of eternal punishment, Good old Dr. Caldwell was a fervent member of the Disciple church, and gota good deal of satisfaction in attending regularly upon its services and engaging often in public prayer, in which he was sure to ask the Lord to deliver the individual members of the congregation from 'works of supererogation.' "It was the next year that the county seat question assumed an acute stage, and upon the issues of its removal Judge Thoman was elected probate judge, and Judge Conant of the common pleas court decided, upon a suit brought for the purpose of contesting the question, that the law providing for the removal of the county seat to Youngstown was constitutional. I remember very well going into the court room one evening on my way home from school when the case was being argued before Judge Conant. It was there that I first saw Judge Tuttle, who is now nearly ninety-two years old and comes daily to the office. He was representing the Canfield people in their attempt to prevent the removal. When I went in Gen. Sanderson was talking to the court, and Judge Tuttle was walking about in deep reflection, apparently, until his eye fell on me, with my school books, and he •came over and looked at them. After Conant's decision the court house officials quietly and .secretly arranged to remove the records during the night to Youngstown, and so one morning the good people of the village awoke to the fact that the county seat had actually been removed, notwithstanding Sammy Ruggles early declaration that that would be im- possible owing to the covered bridge. "That was a sorry day for Canfield. She mourned like Rachael for her children that were not. "As I write I am reminded of the wonderful changes that have taken place in the last thirty years. In those days we knew nothing about an electric street car, a phonograph—indeed we knew nothing scarcely at all of all the various uses to which electricity is applied now—nothing of arc and incandescent electric lighting, nothing of electric motors and the various kinds of electric power machines. Indeed the text books then in use in our schools told all that was known about electricity in a very short chapter in physics, Great changes have taken place in thirty years." Of some of these changes we will now let Dr. Truesdale speak : "In the most conservative or fixed communities changes are constantly occurring by reason f death. Neither a death nor a birth in a family can occur without modifying to some extent the social relations of that family. And it ften happens that the death of one individual in a community leads to the necessity of a very considerable change of its social and industrial relations, As we shall see, Canfield is no exception to this rule. During the past thirty years no devastating epidemic, plague or disasters have visited us, yet no one year of these thirty has passed without the removal of some of our number to their last resting place. This change by death is made more apparent by getting back by the aid f memory and recalling the names of residents of former years on a few of our streets as an illustration for all. To this end we will begin at the lower end of West Main street. There thirty years ago we find Mathias Swank engaged in the manufacture of wagons and buggies from the raw materials to finished products; employing more men and doing a larger business than any other industrial enterprise in the town. A little community f laborers made their homes near his establishment and the suburb was known by the now forgotten name of Kensington. The business, although profitable at first, became unprofitable, for the reason that machinery driven by steam power AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 191 could construct a wagon or a buggy at a less cost than Mr. Swank could do by hand labor, A part of the buildings remain and are occupied by the Kimerle Brothers, whose work is more in the line of repairs than new work. "In our retrospect we move up East Main street and soon come to our village cemetery, and at once notice the great change that has taken place since the late seventies, Thirty years ago the surface was rough and uneven and covered with a thick fleece of ground ivy, and about every species of foul weeds known in this locality. A great amount of labor was necessary and has been accomplished to dig up and remove the entire surface to low parts and fit the ground for a sward of timothy and the use of a lawn mower. Thirty years ago the maple trees were mere saplings. Now they are trees that Virgil could rest under and admire their wide 'spreading branches.' A public receiving vault, and a private one are useful additions. In short, we have a creditable place for the repose of the dear ones we have in the years past placed there for their last rest. Apparently the population of this spot has doubled within the last three decades, judging from the great number of monuments recently erected. Passing up the street we notice the absence of many old dwellings, one church structure, store rooms, and shops that in former years lined the street have been destroyed, moved away, or burned, In all I recall fourteen and am not sure that I have them all. Some of them have been replaced by modern dwellings, and of others the ground remains unoccupied. But few who lived on the street in 1877 remain residents to this day, I can only recall Martin Kimerle, a part of the McCoy family, Mrs, Mary Nash, Mrs. Sarah Tow, and myself. The general appearance of the street has improved by the erection of modern dwellings, and the remodeling of most of the older ones, "I have prepared a list of the old familiar residents of thirty years ago, but space forbids their use. In the later seventies, and for some time after the northeast corner retained a large part of the retail business of the village. But repeated fires have done much to change the locality of trade to where it now exists. At intervals between 1857 and 1887 a succession of destructive fires occurred at the northeastern and southwest corners, the last of which destroyed the three-story brick block belonging to the estate of the late John R. Church, and was never rebuilt, which finished that corner as a place of business. Within the period allotted for men the old Mygatt store building on the southeast corner had long been a landmark and was moved away to give place to the indispensable town hall. A sweep of the eye takes in all of the north part of the village, After a long drowsy spell this locality has become rejuvinated, Some old offices and dwellings have disappeared and a number of modern structures have been erected within the last few years, and other old residences have been so remodeled as to appear new and fresh. But what a change on the part f residents ! Not a soul is there found who lived there thirty years ago. What spot can be found within so small limits that has produced more distinguished men ? This is apparent when we mention such names as Elisha Whittlesey, Judge Eben Newton and Columbus Lancaster, whose united services as congressmen extended to twenty or more years, Other prominent men in this same locality might be mentioned, but our task relates to other matters, West Main street may be treated much in the same way as East Main. A few old landmarks have ceased to exist, notably, the old Boughton and Cronk homes, and the old red building built by Ensign Church, the old M, E, parsonage and possibly, the old Tryal Tanner homestead, All these places have been replaced by modern dwellings. Some other new structures have been erected on the street within the period mentioned. The old Presbyterian church has been replaced by an elegant, up-to-date modern church, costing $12,000. The new Methodist parsonage is a beautiful structure, costing $2,500, so that we are able to say the street has made substantial improvement within the decades mentioned. But when we look for the residents of thirty years ago but few remain to answer the roll call, The aged ladies, Mrs. Mary Hoover and Mrs. Mary Hartman; 192 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY to these may be added Mrs. Martha Fowler, C. C, Fowler, then a young man, Miss Myra .Smith, Miss Lucy Hartman, Miss Sarah Barnes, Mrs, S, W. Brainerd and son, Fred, .George Hollis, son and daughter, Miss Bond, .are all that I can recall, But I see plainly that I must abandon minute details. To follow out the plan so far pursued with other streets in the village would practically be a repetition. It will be enough to say that the improvements and buildings beginning at the east end of Lisbon street, have mostly been made since 1877, and the same may be said with reference to Court street. "But the greatest feature of our industrial improvements centers around the railroad station, There we find indisputable evidence of growth and prosperity. Thirty years ago the .novelty works may have had a small beginning. Since then it has swollen to large proportion, The buildings have been greatly enlarged and much machinery addded, The output of articles manufactured indicates prosperity and its present outlook promises stability and success. The company gives steady employment to a large force of men and teams, affording a ready market for nearly all kinds of timber, taken from the stump or shipped in by railroads. Thirty years ago the Canfield Lumber Company was a small affair, Under the present management it has grown wonderfully in the amount of business transacted. Its sales during the past year have amounted to between forty and fifty thousand dollars, and the company is now prepared to do a much larger business in the future. They have taken down the old mill and erected a new and capacious one with new machinery for sawing and dressing lumber. Callahan & Neff, it is said, are doing a business of over one hundred thousand dollars per annum. Recently the company have expended several thousand dollars in improvements to their immense warehouses, and purpose making further improvements the present season, They deal extensively in hides and tallow, and the purchase of pipe and building blocks. "Recently a new firm has come into existence, John Delfs & Sons. This company also deals largely in hides and tallow, sewer pipe, building blocks and feed stuffs of every description, I hear good reports of business success and I know from the character of the men who form the firm they are bound to succeed. These different establishments around the station give employment to a large force of men and teams. We have neither time or space to comment upon our banking institution or the N. E. O. N. C., which we cherish so highly for its past success and for its future prospects. "There are other changes which have been made in our town during the last three deccades, that we cannot pass by without notice. In 1877, our park, as it then existed, was quite different from what it now is. What were twigs then, are trees now, affording a delightful shade in the noon-tide or eve of a hot day, The upper part f which was then surrounded by a railing that has since been removed. This leads to another important change that has taken place. Thirty years ago we uniformly thought it essential that our lots and public buildings must be surrounded on all sides by a fence. Now, almost by the same unanimity, we have cast our front fences aside. The old system of fencing was an eye-sore to all ideas of taste and uniformity. Generally, the fences were old, dilapidated and useless. This reform has led to the cultivation of sightly and well-kept lawns. Another marked feature of change are the long stretches of cement sidewalks. Although badly constructed at first, they are much superior to our old plank and cinder walks." CHURCHES. The Presbyterian church in Canfield was organized in April, 1804, and consisted at first of nine members. Meetings were first held in a log school house, and for some time, there being no regular pastor, ministers f various orthodox organizations were invited to preach. Lay meetings were also held frequently and were generously attended, A revival of religion in 1831 added some twenty-five members to the church. Among the early ministers were AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 193 Revs. Joseph Badger, Robbins, Wick, Curtis, A. Scott, I. Scott, Dwight, Chapman and others. Rev. Mr. Stratton was installed as the first regular pastor October, 1828, The church had been originally established on the plan of union adopted by the general assembly of 1801, and remained under that plan of government until 1835, when the pastor and fifty members, acting under a special request from the Presbytery of Beaver, separated from the Congregational part of the society, organized themselves into a regular Presbyterian church, and built a house of worship, which was occupied by the society until within the last few years, About the same time Rev. W. O. Stratton severed his connection with the congregation and in April, 1839, Rev. William McCombs was installed as pastor. He was succeeded in a few years by Rev, James Price, who was followed by Mr. J. G, Reaser and Rev, J, P, Irwin successively, Since Mr. Irwin, the pastor has been the Rev. William Dickson, who has occupied the pulpit for the long period of twenty-five years. His place will soon be taken by Rev, George V, Reichel, who has recently been elected to the pastorate. The church now has a membership of 200, and occupies a fine new building which was erected in 1904 on the site f the old edifice. The Sunday school, with an attendance of 100, is under the charge of Dr, Daniel Campbell, METHODIST EPISCOPAL, The first Methodist society was organized in Canfield in 1820, previous to which time the history of Methodism in the township has not been preserved, It is probable, however, that some of the ministers sent to labor on the western circuits preached here occasionally, This first society consisted of Rev. S. Bostwick, wife and sister, Comfort Starr and wife, Ansel Beeman and wife, and Ezra Hunt, In 1821 Canfield was visited by the circuit preachers Rev. Dennis Goddard and Rev, Charles Elliott. In 1822 it was known as the Youngstown circuit and was visited by different preachers from that time on. Services were held in a frame school house that stood a little east of the center, In 1826 it was supplanted by a brick building with galleries that was known as Bethel chapel, In 1836 Canfield became a part of the Erie Conference, just then formed. In the following year Dr. Shadrach, one of the early preachers, who was also a physician, died at his home in Canfield, About 1861 the old Bethel chapel was torn down and a new structure erected, partly with the same material, The new church was dedicated in June, 1861, In 1869 a comfortable dwelling house was purchased for a parsonage. For a number of years beginning with 1836 Canfield was included at different times in the circuits of Poland, Youngstown, Ellsworth and Canfield, but it is now no longer in the circuit, supporting its own pastor, On the site f the .old Congregational church the society is now erecting a new church edifice. The society has an enrolled membership of 200. The Sunday school enrollment is 170. CHRISTIAN, This church had its origin in a Baptist society that was formed in January, 1828, at the house of David Hays. Thomas Miller was the clergyman, and among the principal members were Deacon Samuel Hayden, William Hayden, John Lane of Youngstown, and Elijah Canfield of Palmyra. Later William Hayden became a preacher and ministered to the church, the services being held in a small log house. In the winter of 1827-28 Walter Scott, a follower of Alexander Campbell, came into the community and preached a sermon that had the effect of converting most f the Baptists present, who during the winter organized themselves into a Disciples church, Soon after they erected a frame building for public worship in the northwestern part of the township, The church prospered, making converts, and from time to time receiving additions from other sects or denominations, In 1847 about twenty of the members who lived near the center formed a separate organization and erected at the center a neat and commodious church, which is still their place of worship. 194 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY In October, 1867, they were joined by the remaining members of the church, which had first been established in the northwest part of the township, the older members of which had died, and there having been for a long time but very few accessions. Since then the church has had a prosperous and useful existence. The building has lately been remodeled, both inside and out. The membership is about sixty ; that of the Sunday school thirty-five, Of the latter Mrs. Anna Osborne is superintendent. REFORMED. The Reformed church, formerly known as the German Reformed Lutheran church, was organized previous to 1810, by a number of German settlers in the township, the first pastor being the Rev. Henry Stough, A log church was built in the same year and was used by both the German Reformed and Lutheran congregations until it was destroyed by fire in 1845, It was replaced in the same year by a new and more substantial building. For more than fifty years the services were conducted in German, which language subsequently gave place to English, for the benefit f the later generation, Some twelve years ago the church was again burned down, the present building, located about three-quarters of a mile north of Canfield village, being erected in 1895. The membership of the church is 145, with a Sunday school attendance of fifty. SCHOOLS. The first school house in Canfield stood about a mile and a quarter east of the center, the first teacher being Caleb Palmer. Here the educational system of Canfield was inaugurated with a three months' term in the winter of 1800-01. Miss Getia Bostwick and Benjamin Carter were among the early teachers, as was also Miss Olive Langdon, who taught school in a small log building about two miles south of the center, Elisha Whittlesey also taught school in 1806, being a successor of Caleb Palmer. The early schools were carried on without much system or method, no sound working plan of education being devised until 1867, when the union school law was adopted and a board f education elected. Since that time Canfield has been well abreast of other townships in educational matters, her schools being provided with a thoroughly efficient corps of teachers, the Normal school, already mentioned, providing students with excellent opportunity for acquiring more advanced knowledge. An advanced school known as the Mahoning Academy existed in Canfield from 1857 to 1860, or a little later. It was established by David Hine, A. M., a graduate of Williams College, Massachusetts, who was also its principal, In October, 1860, it had 240 students on its rolls, but the war, by draining the country of so many of its young men, caused its downfall, and it perished during the continuance of that struggle. The building was afterwards converted into a dwelling. THE PRESS. The first newspaper in Canfield was the Mahoning Index, a Democratic sheet that was started in May, 1846, by two printers from Warren—James and Clate Herrington. They sold out later to John R. Church, a prominent Democrat, who conducted the office and published the paper until September, 1851, when the building with all its contents was destroyed by fire. In the following year another Democratic paper was established—the Mahoning Sentinel—and was conducted for some time by an association, with Ira Norris as editor. The paper was printed by H. M. Fowler. It subsequently passed through several hands, being purchased and repurchased until in 1860 John M. Webb, who was then the proprietor, removed the office to Youngstown. In the spring of that year a small Republican paper called the Herald was started, the proprietor being John Weeks, who came from Medina at AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 195 the instance of Hon, Elisha Whittlesey, It also passed through a number of hands, until it came into those of Mr. Ed E. Fitch, who had for a time been Mr. Weeks' partner, and by whom, in 1870, it was enlarged. Two years later Mr. Fitch sold it to McDonald & Sons, who changed its name to The Mahoning County News. After being thus conducted for eighteen months it was disposed f to W. R. Brownlee, who made the paper Democratic and afterwards sold out to Rev. W, S. Peterson, who soon after removed to Warren. Canfield was then without a newspaper until Mr. H. M. Fowler started the Mahoning Despatch in May, 1871, which paper is still in existence, and in a prosperous condition, being now conducted by Mr. C. C. Fowler, son of the first proprietor, CANFIELD'S 1NDUSTRIES. The following information in regard to Canfield's present industries is taken from a local source, and may be considered reliable : The manufacturing interests of Canfield, Ohio, though not as extensive as they might have been have been sufficient and worthy of consideration. The town has contributed brains and skill that have produced great and extensive results, and had not petroleum oil been discovered, the fields of cannel coal would have been made and developed an immense resource for public utility, by light and fuel. We can safely say, our possibilities are scarcely discovered. In our fire clay lies a proposition, yet to be solved, The persistent drilling for coal in special, not isolated, localities, bids favorable for the future good. Our forests are stocked with the finest timber suitable for ,the world's demands,. Ship timbers of immense size are frequently forwarded, and our product runs down almost to the clothes-pin and tooth-pick trade. The trade at large recognizes that the Canfield product has a special quality. and finish now well known, and its demands are beyond our present output: The proof of this lies in the fact that for the last eight years solicitation for orders has not been needed. - 11 - About three hundred thousand handles were distributed to the trade in general last year, by the Canfield Manufacturing & Novelty Company, a plant originally erected in. 1882, by George N. Boughton with a pay roll. at present of twenty-eight, distributing its funds almost entirely at home, for crude products and labor, Although a modest concern, yet the fact of its distributing annually over $10,000 to its employes and eventually to the merchants, makes it a desirable proposition for our community. It is a public institution in which many of our prominent and active citizens are personally interested. The demands of the agricultural field have not been forgotten, for over 200,000 hand-rakes have been placed by them on the market during the last ten years, and over 5,000 horse-rakes, besides wood novelties of various kinds. But this is not our only wood-working establishment. The Canfield Lumber Company, originally established by W, J. Gee, Mr, Stark and Mr. Brobst, but now with new owners, new buildings and new machinery, is laying the foundation for a valuable acquisition, The new owners, Weikart & Overhultzer, have the grit and push to make things go. The grist mill under J, V, Calvin's management is advancing fast to the front, and winning its way to the hearts, as well as to the. stomachs of the public. It has grown beyond. the home demand and enjoys a good trade in other markets. A commodious elevator for a heavy delivery of grain, is a leading feature at Callahan & Neff's large plant. Delfs & Sons, though not making and Changing their feed product as the manufacturers, yet place a fine stock of grain before the farmers. This with their coal, tile, etc., gives them a favorable trade. Kimerle Brothers have not forgotten the public need, for uses of pleasure and utility, by the buggies and wagons they turn out. J. W, Johnson, also for work of a similar character, must not be forgotten. Besides all this, Canfield is not so lost in the sordid manufacturing of essentials as to 196 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY overlook the needs of the eye and pleasures of the aesthetic tastes of heavenly beauties. To meet that want, extensive greenhouses, erected five years ago by W. J, Smith of Pittsburg, and organized under the name of the Altino Culture Company in 1907, is an institution of large possibilities, The immensity is more fully realized by a personal inspection of its lengthy glass-covered buildings and its forty-acre tract of land, one space, 200x40 feet and another 400x40 feet, being under glass. The manufacture of oil from cannel coal was carried on by several companies in the southeastern part of the township from 1854 to 1863. This business came to an end with the discovery of the naturally flowing oil wells. These manufactures, which were established at a cost of about $200,000, were built by eastern capitalists, who during the somewhat brief spell of their existence did a considerable business, Canfield has usually been favored by the high character for faithfulness and ability of her public officials. Those now in control are no exception to the rule. Hon. H. A. Manchester, who as mayor exercises the largest share of influence in the local government, is an old resident of the town, thoroughly versed in its history and having a clear and sympathetic understanding of the needs and aspirations of the community. He is well supported by the .subordinate officials, who are efficient in their respective spheres of duty, and have the full confidence of the people by whom they were elected to office, COITSVILLE TOWNSHIP This township, which lies directly east of that of Youngstown, being adjacent thereto, was purchased previous to the year 1798 by Daniel Coit, of Connecticut, from the Connecticut Land Company, and derives its name from him. "It does not appear that he ever became a resident of Ohio, but authorized Simon Perkins, of . Warren, as his general agent " The township was surveyed by John P. .Bissell, Asa Mariner and others, Mr. Bissell being appointed a sub-agent to sell the land. He made a clearing and built a house at the center in 1799. In the following year he brought his family from Lebanon, Connecticut, the journey occupying forty days. The first white settler in the township was Amos Loveland, a Revolutionary soldier, who came in 1798, and who spent the summer in assisting Mr. Bissell in surveying. In the fall of the same year, he purchased all the lands in that part of the township on the south side of the Mahoning river—some 424 acres—and then returned to Vermont for his family. After settling his affairs there, he and his family left Chelsea in December, in two sleds drawn by four horses. After going some distance the snow melted, and he exchanged his sleds for a wagon, with which they continued their journey. Says Mr. Shields, the source of our information : "After many trials, hardships and discouragements, they arrived at their future home, in the rich and beautiful Mahoning valley, April 4, 1799, themselves and their horses much the worse for their long winter journey. Where they landed they found a log cabin erected for their residence, one-half of it floored with puncheons, split out and dressed with an axe, the other without a floor except Mother Earth. Cynthia Loveland was the first white child born in the township, She was born in June, 1799, and died at the age of sixteen years. Her brother David, the second white child born in Coitsville, attained an advanced age, residing in a house upon the original homestead, of which he owned about 300 acres," On December 4, 1806, Coitsville was set off as a separate township by the commissioners of Trumbull County, the record reading as follows : "Ordered by the Board of Commissioners for the County of Trumbull, that No. 2 in the first range of townships in said county, be set off as a separate township, by the name of Coitsville, with all the rights, privileges, and immunities by law given to and invested in any township in this state, and the first meeting f said township shall be held at the house for- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 197 merly occupied by John P. Bissell, in said township, "Attest : WM, WETMORE, "Clerk Commissioners pro tern," The first election was held April 6, A, D, 1807, Alexander McGuffey, chairman ; John Johnson and Joseph Jackson, judges of election. The following officers were chosen : Township clerk, Joseph Bissell ; trustees, Wm, Huston, Joseph Jackson and William Stewart ; overseers of the poor, John McCall and Timothy Swan ; supervisors of highways, William Martin and Ebenezer Corey ; fence viewers, David Cooper and John Stewart ; appraisers f houses, Y James Stewart and Alexander McGuffey ; lister, Alexander McGuffey ; constable, James Lynn ; treasurer, John Johnson. CHARACTER OF THE SETTLERS, In 1801 settlers began to come into the township in large numbers. They were mostly farmers from Western Pennsylvania, especially from Beaver and Washington counties, while some came from east f the mountains. They were in general a moral and church-going people, a number of different sects being represented among them, while there were a few who were loose-living, fond of drink and opposed to Bible religion, The year 1811 brought hard times for many of the pioneers of Coitsville. Mr, Bissell died in that year. His financial affairs were found in bad condition, which brought disaster to many of those who had purchased their land from him. Some had paid for their lands, received their deeds, and were consequently safe. Others who had not got their lands paid for and received their titles were caught up, No matter how much they had paid, all fared alike and received a small per centage on their money, The land had to be repurchased or abandoned. It was supposed that had Mr. Bissell lived to settle up his own affairs, the result would have been different. Another cause of discouragement was a series f very rainy seasons, which flooded the low flat lands, and caused them to be unproductive. This caused a bad report to be put into circulation concerning the town, and many emigrants passed by. Then the War of 1812 came on and many of the men subject to military duty were drafted, or volunteered, and went into the service. There were few left at home except women and children, old men, cripples and invalids, A majority of the settlers, however, withstood their trials, and many of those who had lost their lands made new contracts for .them with Mr. Perkins, and were finally successful. The soldiers returned home amid great rejoicings without losing a man, it is said; the rains ceased their profusion, the fields again yielded good crops, and soon every farm had its occupant, and Coitsville was again progressing, HIGHWAYS The first public highway laid out in this township is the east and west road, known as the Mercer and Youngstown road; it was opened in 1802, Soon after that date the Yellow Creek road leading from Poland village to Hubbard, was opened through the township, In 1827 the Youngstown and Mercer road became a post road from New Bedford, Pennsylvania, westward, The Coitsville postoffice was first established in that year at the center of the town; William Bissell was appointed postmaster, MILLS. The first sawmill in the township was built by Asa Marriner and James Bradford on Dry Run, about a mile northwest of the center, There were five other sawmills built on the same stream at later periods, all of which have long since disappeared, having been replaced by steam sawmills in different parts of the town. TANNERIES, The first successful tannery in Coitsville was established by William Stewart and R. W. Shields in 1832, Mr. Stewart becoming sole 198 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY owner by purchase in 1855. The plant was rebuilt in 1875, with the addition of modern machinery and other improvements, by Mr, Stewart and his son, D. C. Stewart. SCHOOLS The first school was taught in a log cabin on the farm of Joseph Beggs, a short distance west of the center, Jeremiah Breaden, afterwards Dr, Breaden, being the first teacher. The second school organized was in the Harris district, in the northeast portion of the township. It was held in a log cabin erected for that purpose, which was afterwards taken away, a frame house being built on its site, The new one was used for a number of years, but was burned about the time that the union school system came into effect, In this school, as in many others in early days, the Bible was used as a reading book, the younger scholars reading from the New Testament, while the older ones read in the Old Testament. Rev. William McGuffey, whose name became famous in connection with his excellent series of school books, entitled "McGuffey's Eclectic Readers," and who was long a resident of Coitsville, did a great deal for the cause of common school education in thus providing suitable school books. Though a college graduate and licensed to preach the Gospel, he was never settled as pastor over any congregation, but spent his life in promoting the cause of education. He died in Dayton, Ohio, at the age of sixty-five years, Mr, McGuffey's home in Coitsville was on Gravel Hill, which is interesting to geologists as being a remarkable deposit of the glacial period, The present schools of the township are in a sound and flourishing condition. Mr, S, D. L, Jackson, a leading attorney of Youngstown, is now president of the school board, J. S. Palmer being clerk, Quite a number of the advanced scholars who live near the street car lines attend the Rayen high school in Youngstown, it being more easily accessible to them than the high school of their own township, CHURCHES. Among the early settlers of Coitsville was the Rev. William Wick, who afterwards became the pastor of the Presbyterian churches at Youngstown, Hopewell and New Bedford, Pennsylvania. Yet, notwithstanding that the religious and moral element had a preponderance among the inhabitants of the township, there was no church edifice until 1836, The Methodists had an organized society for a number of years before, but held their meetings in barns, private houses and school houses. In 1837 they erected a meeting house on a lot half a mile west of the village, the lot being the gift of Isaac Powers, of Youngstown. This building was destroyed by fire in 1847, In 1848 a new and handsome church was built on the site of the old one, Rev. Mr, Patterson, of Youngstown, is the present pastor of the M. E. church, the membership of which has fallen off in recent years, owing to the death of many of the older members and the removal of others, The Sunday school, which is in a more flourishing condition, having a roll call of forty-five scholars, is presided over. by C. F. Shipton. PRESBYTERIAN, The old-school Presbyterians organized a congregation in 1836 and erected a church building at the village, Rev, William Nesbit was their first pastor, In 1870 the old church was torn down, and a new and substantial one erected in its place. The pastors since 1882, with dates f their employment, have been as follows : Rev. Hair, October, 1882 ; Rev, V, Verner, June, 1886; Rev. Robert Stranahan, September, 1889 ; Rev. A, D. Collins, March, 1894; Rev. Mr. Foster, June, 1896; Rev, J, U. Harvey, May, 1897; Dr. Evans (supt.), June, 1903; Rev, J. S. Grimes, April, 1904; Rev. A, A, Loomis (present pastor), April, 1905. A RESIDENCE SUBURB. Coitsville has no incorporated village. Though formerly well wooded, the trees have AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 199 now largely disappeared. The township has a plentiful supply of clear, pure water, there being many artesian wells and springs, and the water of Dry Run Creek, fed largely by artesian wells, being suitable for drinking purposes. The East End Park of Youngstown, which follows the course of this creek, overlaps the boundary line and has an entrance in the western part of this township, In recent years Coitsville has become a favorite residence suburb for Youngstown people, which has had a tendency to advance the price of real estate here, and indicates that the future prosperity of the township is to be found chiefly in enhancing its natural beauty and attractiveness, rather than in seeking to become a rival of Youngstown as a place f business and manufactures, ELLSWORTH TOWNSHIP This township was settled mainly by people from Connecticut and Pennsylvania, The immigration commenced in 1804. Among the first comers was Captain Joseph Coit, who began making improvements in that year. The family of James Reed, it is said, was the first in the township, His daughter Polly, who married a Mr. Bowman and settled in Goshen township, where she was living in 1882, being then over ninety years of age, said that her father came to Ellsworth from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, in 1803, and remained during the summer, He made a clearing and raised a crop of corn that year, occupying a camp on the bank of Meander Creek, He had previously made several trips from his home in Pennsylvania to Canfield carrying supplies to the settlers on pack horses. In 1804 he brought his family, and erected a rude log structure for shelter, one side of which was open and used for an entrance. This was occupied until a more substantial house could be erected. Bears and deer were numerous, and the children sometimes found young fawns lying in the bushes near the house. Mr. Reed resided in Ellsworth not much over a year, selling his farm and removing to Canfield township, where he died in 1813. Several other settlements were made about the same time by men who remained but temporarily, soon removing to other localities, The second family to arrive in the township was that of Thomas Jones, of Maryland. He became a permanent settler, dying in Ellsworth in 1852, at the advanced age of ninety-two, His wife, whose maiden name was Sarah Wilson, survived her husband in longevity, dying in 1865 at the age f about ninety. They were the parents of fifteen children. Philip Amer, from Pennsylvania, purchased land in Ellsworth in 1803 and built a cabin in 1803, In the following year he brought out his family and settled on land east of the Meander, Hugh Smith, of Maryland, who had made a previous visit, settled on the main branch of the Meander in 1806. He had a family of five sons and three daughters, He died suddenly about 1821. In 1805 Elisha Palmer and William and Hervey Ripley, with several others, came from Windham County, Connecticut, and began improving land west of the center, William Ripley served as justice of the peace for many years, was a member of the legislature in 1826 or 1827, and was afterwards state senator. Richard Fitch was another early settler near the center. So was Andrew Fitch, who married Lucy Manning, and who when quite old returned to Connecticut, John Leonard and family settled near the Meander about 1806, but died at an early date; he left several children, James Parshall was an early settler in section twenty-four, James McGill and family in section twelve. David and Philo Spaulding came about 1813, David settling about a quarter f a mile west of the center, and Philo in the southwestern part f the township, The latter died in 1876 in his ninetieth year, Other early settlers were, John and Robert McCreary, who settled on section nineteen; Michael Crumrine; William Logan, the first cooper in the township, who died during the war of 1812 ; John Bingham, from New London County, Connecticut, who married a daughter of Richard Fitch;