Production— Muck bar Skelp & plates Billets Tin bar Sheet bar	215.110 tons 13,583 tons 584,955 tons 100,110 tons 265,259 tons
250 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY
Bars, iron & steel   Hoops, bands, cottonties   Sheets, black & galvanized Wire, barb & plain Wire nails Rails Pipes & tubing Ingots & blooms Wire rods Scrap Tin plate Total	423,229 tons 147,232 tons 86,223 tons 54.816 t0ns 739,639 tons 325,000 tons 39,513 tons 1,599,699 tons 77,316 tons 79.698 t0ns 77,500 tons 4,828,882 tons
Receipts
Receipts Pig metal Muck bar Skelp Billets Sheet & tin bar Scrap (iron, steel and old rails) Slack & coal Bar iron & steel Total	372,886 tons 6,474 tons 42,666 tons 193.806 tons 50,272 tons 116,917 tons 1,248,024 tons 12,106 tons 2,043,151 tons
Patterns 490,051 feet Lumber consumed LIMESTONE, BRICK, CLAY, ETC.
Limestone   Brick (all kinds)   Clay Total	2,039,401 tons 88,705 tons 13,726 tons  2,141,832 tons

The Mahoning and Shenango valleys above referred to include the towns and cities of Warren, Niles, Girard, Youngstown, Struthers, Powellville, Hubbard, Wheatland, South Sharon, Sharon, Sharpsville, West Middlesex and New Castle. The returns above given represent an aggregate of the reports submitted to the stock-holders of the several independent interests and directorates of the combined concerns, gathered after the close of the year's business, and were first published in Industries, Youngs-town, Ohio, March 26, 1903. The feature of the result is probably in the vast output of the valley furnaces, of which there were then thirty-two. Their combined output for the year was 2,604,344 tons, which represents nearly 14 per cent of the entire product of the United States, which, according to the American Iron and Steel Association, was 17,821,307 tons. This includes all kinds of pig iron, as does that of the accompanying report. The above is in spite of the fact that, owing to coke shortage, all the furnaces, except six stacks, were obliged to bank at one time or other during the period, losing time ranging from one week to two months. In June about one-half of the average month's output was lost by reason of the fur-nace strike. More detailed information in regard to the county's principal manufacturing establishments may be found in the following chapter.      CHAPTER XIX MANUFACTURES The County's Chief Manufacturing Establishments. REPUBLIC IRON & STEEL COMPANY. The Republic Iron & Steel Company, of New Jersey, was organized in May, 1899, its main offices being located in Jersey City, with executive offices in the First National Bank Building, Chicago, Illinois. The officers were: President, Alexis W. Thompson ; vice president and treasurer, John F. Taylor ; vice-president, Archibald W. Housten, in charge of purchases; vice-president and treasurer, John F. Taylor, of Southern Works ; vice-president, George A. Baird, in charge of sales. Executive committee : Colonel George W. French, chairman ; Harry Rubens, Alexis W. Thompson, Archibald W. Housten, George A. Baird. In addition to the above named the company had the following directors : Charles A. Wacker, L. C. Hanna, Peter L. Kimberly, Edwin N. Ohl, August Belmont, Grant B. Schley, George R. Sheldon and John Crerar. When in full operation, the company employs a total number of 21,000 men. The Republic Iron and Steel Company owns extensive mining properties in the south, operating three blast furnaces in Alabama and the mills which were formerly owned by the Alabama Rolling Mill Company, and the Birmingham Rolling Mill Company. These are now operated under the names of the Alabama Works and the Birmingham Works. The new blast furnaces are, without doubt, the best blast furnaces in the south and are now operated under the name of the Pioneer Mining and Manufacturing Company, the product being exclusively foundry and mill pig iron. In addition to the southern mills, the Republic Iron and Steel Company have a number of rolling mills located throughout the central west, namely, Central Works, Brazil, Indiana; Corns Works, Massillon, Ohio ; Eagle Works, Ironton, Ohio ; Indiana Works, Muncie, Indiana; Inland Works, East Chicago, Indiana; Mitchell-Tranter Works, Covington, Kentucky; Muncie Works, Muncie, Indiana; Springfield Works, Springfield, Illinois; Sylvan Works, Moline, Illinois ; Terre Haute Works, Terre Haute, Indiana; Toledo Works, Toledo Ohio ; Tudor Works, East St. Louis, Illinois; Wabash. Works, Terre Haute, Indiana ; Wetherald Works, Frankton, Indiana. These works, together with the local ones at Youngstown, New Castle and Sharon, have a total finishing capacity of 1,200,000 tons per annum, distributed among all kinds of ordinary merchant iron and steel, with a number of well-known shapes and specialties, consisting of trun-buckles, harrow teeth, spikes and splice bars, nuts and bolts, track bolts and shafting. Besides the southern mills and mining property, the company owns a large acreage 252 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY of good Connellsville coke, a portion of the property being developed and operated by the Connellsville Coke Company, with main offices in the Frick building, Pittsburg, of which company George L. Pearson is general superintendent. Edwin N. Ohl has had a great deal to do with the development of this property. They also own, or control under favorable leases, vast quantities of ore in the Lake regions. The local properties of the Republic Iron and Steel Company consist of the works formerly operated by the Brown-Bonnell Iron Company, to which has been added the Bessemer Steel Works, the old Mahoning Valley Iron Company's property, now operated as the Mahoning Valley Works and the Hannah Furnace; the Andrews Brothers Company, now operated as the Haselton Furnace, and the Andrews Works. In Sharon they have the plant formerly known as the Sharon Iron Company, in which Mr. F. H. Buhl was interested, and the Hall Furnace, which was acquired with the Sharon Iron Works property. At New Castle the Republic Iron and Steel Company own the stock of the Atlantic Iron and Steel Company, and these properties are operated under the name of the Atlantic Iron and Steel Company. These local properties are operated from the district office of the Republic Iron and Steel Company, located in the old Brown-Bonnell Company's office in this city, with Mr. Charles Hart as general manager and Mr. J. W. Deetrick, district superintendent. The Brown-Bonnell Works consist of twenty-six double and one single puddling furnaces, eight gas and six coal heating furnaces, one 7-inch, one 8-inch and one 10-inch continuous train ; one 8-inch, one 10-inch and one 12-inch guide train ; one 8-inch hoop train ; one 18-inch and one 20-inch bar train ; one 20-inch universal train ; two 20-inch puddle trains ; five spike and two washer machines, 8,000 spikes and 400 tons washers. Product, engine, stay bolt iron, angles, channels, universal plates, bar iron and steel from 1/4 to 5 1-16 round, 1/4 square to 4 1/2 inches, flats up to 20 inches, etc. Annual capacity 250,000 gross tons. Fuel, producer gas and coal. The number of men employed at these works is over 1,200. The Mahoning Valley Works consist of 24 double and two single puddling furnaces ; one double and one single busheling furnace; seven coal and five gas heating furnaces ; 55 cut nail machines with an annual capacity of 120,000 kegs; two 20-inch muck trains and seven trains of rolls, one 7-inch, one 9-inch, one 12-inch, one 16-inch, two 18-inch and one 24-inch. Product, merchant bar, angle, tank and plate iron, etc. The annual capacity is 110,000 gross tons. There are about 1,040 men employed at these works. The Shafting Works Company of the Republic makes the well-known brand of Acme shafting, and is located at the Mahoning Valley Works. They have an annual capacity of 10,000 gross tons. During the summer of 1903 the Bessemer Steel Works were remodeled and the capacity doubled. The semi-annual statement of this company for the first half of that year credits these works with an annual capacity of 400,000 tons, and there is no doubt that this figure is within easy reach. The equipment consists of the necessary cupolas, five in number, for smelting the pig iron which is furnished by the company's own blast furnaces and such iron as they may buy from outside parties. The converters are two in number, of ten ton capacity and of the eccentric type. The air for blowing the steel was furnished by the Allis-Chalmers Company, of the vertical steeple type and 3,000 horse power. The ingots are stripped from the molds by Aiken strippers, from which they are transferred to soaking pits of the usual type used at steel works for this purpose. The fuel used is producer gas, made in producers of the Laughlin Water Sealed Gas Producer variety. For reducing the ingots from molds to billets, a pair of William Todd reversing engines is used. These engines are 54x66 inch cylinders and have a horse power of approximately 6,000. These engines drive a 40-inch blooming mill, which has the power of reducing ingots weighing 272 tons in about a minute and a quarter. This mill is one of AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 253 the best in operation in this country and was designed by Willis McKee, chief engineer, and is used to supply blooms to the 26-inch mill, which comes next in line, or for rolling slabs which are sheared and shipped from the blooming mill proper. The 26-inch mill is a 2-high, semi-continuous mill with three pairs of rolls, and will reduce a 7 1/2 x 6 1/2 bloom to a 4-inch billet in five passes and to a 3-inch billet in seven passes. Four-inch and 3-inch billets are sheared and shipped to the other mills, or the entire piece is transferred to the 18-inch billet mill, of the Morgan type, which reduces it to a 2-inch, 1 3/4 inch or 1 1/2 -inch billet, depending upon the size desired. The 26-inch mill is driven by a tandem compound engine, built by the William Todd Company of this city, with an accredited horse power of 5,000, and the 18- inch mill is attached to a 5,000 horse power Filer & Stowell engine. These mills are enclosed in one building. The engineering work in connection with the same was done by S. V. Huber, the well-known engineer, having offices in Pittsburg. The mills proper were built by the Lloyd Booth, Department of the United Engineering & Foundry Company, and most of the tables and other parts were made by the Youngstown Foundry and Machine Company. Great credit is due both these concerns for the excellence of their work. The power for operating these tables and the other auxiliary machinery is furnished by a separate power plant. The installment of this department consists of two generators, one of 50 K. W. capacity and the other of 300 K. W., which are driven by tandem compound Buckeye engines. The steam is generated throughout this plant by Stirling boilers. The Hannah furnace is equipped with three new Weimer blowing engines with Stirling and Wheeler boilers. The Haselton is equipped with two E. P. Allis engines and one new Weimer engine, with Heine and Cahill boilers. The balance of the equipment is of the usual type and having the necessary stoves, trestles and other equipment. Both of these furnaces are equipped with the Rader Bosh Jacket, designed by Charles I. Rader, former manager of the blast furnace department, and' are giving excellent results. Hannah furnace-employs a total number of 140 men, and Haselton furnace employs 150 men. The Republic last year (1906) erected at Haselton two new Bessemer furnaces of 500 tons daily capacity each, making three in all. on the site of the old Andrews Bros. & Co.. works. Another furnace just ready to be blown in, after being remodeled and enlarged, is located at New Castle, and is known as the Atlantic stack, while a fifth furnace, the Hall stack, is located in Sharon. From the three Haselton furnaces the molten metal is conveyed to the Bessemer steel mill in ladel cars, while the pig metal from the Atlantic and Hall furnaces is remelted in the cupolas at the Bessemer mill here. All of this system is purely Bessemer and it has been officially announced that the next additions that the Republic Iron & Steel Company will make in Youngstown will be for the manufacture of open-hearth steel under the basic process. The Republic Iron & Steer Company several months ago purchased the Lansingville site to build from ten to twelve open-hearth furnaces, a billet mill, finishing mills, and either a rail mill or wire mill. The open-hearth furnaces will be built in pairs until the additions have been completed. It is intended that the new plant wilt tuft out 2,000, tons of finished steel every twenty-four hours. The progressive spirit of John W. Gates. at the helm of the Republic Iron & Steel Company, and the fact that the great corporation, is passing through an unprecedented period of prosperity, with the operating department hardly able to keep up with the deluge of orders, gives those in a position to prophesy correctly the impression that the plant planned for Lansingville will be built within the next two or three years. OHIO WORKS OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL CO. Throughout the industrial world there is,: not a more extensively known plant of its nature than the Ohio works of the Carnegie-Steel Company. The works are splendidly 254 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY situated on the south side of the Mahoning river in the extreme western part of the city. The Ohio Steel Company was organized by Youngstown capitalists and the first finished material was turned out February 4, 1895. The first officers of the company were Henry Wick, president; J. G. Butler, vice president, and W. H. Baldwin, secretary and treasurer. The plant was absorbed by the National Steel Company, February, 1899, and afterwards became constituent to the United States Steel Corporation. Today the Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company is recognized as one of the most important and best paying investments of that great corporation. One of the first movements of the original company was to secure the services of Thomas McDonald as general manager, a step that has never been regretted by the successors of the old company. Under his capable management and direction the plant has developed with a rapidity that is wonderful. Mr. McDonald has no peer in his line of work. He has surrounded himself with a corps of capable assistants, who have added to the success of the local works. The immense plant is laid out with the idea of continuous progression in the manufacture of iron and steel. All raw material, such as ore, coke, and limestone, is received at one end of the plant and deposited in an enormous yard capable of holding 500 cars at one time. There are altogether forty miles of track in the yards. Four first-class stacks constitute the blast furnace department, which are built in almost a straight line, near what is known as the ore yards, facing the Mahoning river with sufficient frontage to allow for the tracks. Being in operation almost constantly, these four stacks furnish an output which keeps the plant running to a certain degree. The diameter of the bosh is 23 feet and the height of No. 1 and No. 2 is 106 1/2 feet. At the time of erection No. 3 was the same height as the other two, but since then it has been found that it did not give good satisfaction, therefore 16 1/2 feet were taken off. These furnaces are equipped with closed tops, thereby allowing the ore to pass through a mixing-hopper to the throat ; then to the small bell, from where they pass through what is called the gas seal onto the large bell and from there into the furnace. There are sixteen tuyeres through which each blast furnace is blown. There are seven cross-compound condensing horizontal blowing-engines used to supply the furnaces with blast. There are three engines 54x102X108x60, two engines 50x96x100x60, two engines 58x110x108x60. The William Tod Company furnished all the engines with the exception of two, which were installed by the Allis-Chalmers Company. At Nos. i and 2 there are located three engines, at No. 3 there are four. A 48-inch Worthington condenser is used to condense exhaust steam at Nos. i and 2 furnaces, and at Nos. 3 and 4 there is installed one 54-inch Alberger condenser. The Worthington condenser also takes care of all exhaust steam from auxiliary machinery, electric light plant and the pumping station. There is a battery of 15,000 H. P. Sterling boilers, which supplies the entire furnace plant with steam, and a large quantity to the steel works. Furnace gas is used under the boilers, as is also coal to keep up the fires. Large cinder ladles take care of all slag which runs directly therein while still in a molten state, and is taken away for filling-in purposes about the plant. After the iron is turned into the ladles in the furnace, it runs direct to the mixers at the converting mill. When the iron cannot be cast in this way there is what is called a pig-casting machine installed by Heyl & Patterson. On Saturday and Sunday nights the iron is not taken to the mixer but sent to the casting machine. This machine consists of four strands of moulds. There is a trough through which the molten iron is poured into the molds, which operates on an endless chain. The strands pass through a large vat of water, thereby cooling the iron, and upon reaching the other end of the machine pass up an incline from which point the iron is dropped in the shape of pigs into a car and prepared for ship- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 255 ment. After the iron has gone through this process it is taken to the concerting mill where it is remelted in the cupolas. Much has been said of the excellent work these furnaces have done in regard to production, as they have produced since the first one was put into service to December I, 1904, inclusive, 2,033,589 tons of Bessemer ir0n. In January, 1902, No. 2 stack produced in one month after being in operation one and one-half years 19,645 tons, which established a world's record. It was in March, 1902, that No. 1 furnace took the record by producing 19,734 tons. This record held first place until October, 1904, when No. 2 furnace of the Duquesne furnace produced 20,659 tons. The immense magnitude of these furnaces can well be imagined when the four stacks forming the furnace department of the National Steel Company in Youngstown can produce almost as much iron in a year as the 21 furnaces in Virginia. J. C. Barrett has established an enviable record as superintendent, and has worked earnestly to bring the department up to its present standing in the iron world. He has had years of experience as a chemist and superintendent and has been with the company since its organization. The next step is to the two convertors, or vessels, where all impurities are blown from the metal. The converting mills are located in the center of the plant and consist of a mixer building, cupolas, converting-house, ingot stripper building, bottom-house and engine-house. The mixer building is two stories in height, containing two metal reservoirs of 250 tons capacity, each located in the second story. An elevated track leads to the building on which the ladles filled with molten metal from the furnaces enter and are hoisted by hydraulic jacks to the mixers and are poured in. An electric engine shifts the ladles to their positions and place them for the return to the furnaces. Iron is poured from the mixers into the ladles at the other end and sent to the converting house to be concerted into steel. In direct line with the mixer building comes the cupola house. This building consists of four stories 78 feet high, containing five cupolas 24 feet high with a diameter of 10 1/2 feet for each cupola, and blown through 12 tuyeres with a melting capacity of 1800 tons in 24 hours. A double hoist 62 feet high carries all raw material to the top for consumption. In front of the cupolas are bins 560 feet long containing pig iron, coke and limestone and other material necessary to the manufacture of iron through the cupolas. In tapping the cupolas 2 iron ladles with a capacity of 13 1/2 tons each are run under the tapping hole and filled. The ladles are then conveyed to the converters by means of an electric motor pulling a cable attached to the ladle. These ladles also travel to the mixers for the iron. To convert the iron into steel, the iron when brought either from the mixers or cupola is poured into the converters, one of which is located at either end of the building. The converters are 9 1/2 feet in diameter with a capacity of 10 tons each. The iron is poured through a trough leading to the nose of the vessel into the converter, which is placed at an almost horizontal position. The converter is then raised to the vertical position and the blast turned on. The blast is conveyed into the interior of the converter through the bottom, which contains 19 tuyeres imbedded in a highly refractory material. One horizontal cross compound Allis engine 40x78x60x60, and one steeple-type nose, compound engine, 42x84x68x60, are required to blow the vessels. The iron usually requires blowing about eight minutes in order to remove therefrom the impurities the vessels are then tipped over and the contents poured into a 10-ton ladle, operated by a 20-ton hydraulic crane placed in the center of the house, and which can be swung from either side. The ladle is then brought to the pouring platform and the steel poured into the molds. Each mold when removed leaves a solid piece of steel weighing 2 1/2 tons and measuring 18 1/2 x 22 1/2 x 70 inches. The steel is then conveyed to the heating furnaces to be heated with gas. In the process of conversion the brilliancy of the flames is dazzling, and the sparks fill the converting house, 256 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY lighting it up with a wonderful brilliancy and keeping its spectators entranced. As the blast burns out the impurities the variety of colors is amazing. L. N. McDonald is the efficient superintendent of this very important department of the works. After passing through the converters the purified metal is next cast into molds or ingots and conveyed to the blooming mill. Here the steel is rolled down into great lengths and cut automatically. There are 24 pits holding four ingots each, the entire building being commanded by two 5-ton capacity traveling cranes, whose duties are divided between placing the ingots in the pits and withdrawing them when ready for rolling. When the steel has remained in the pit the required length of time, it is withdrawn and placed on an ingot dumping car, electrically operated, which removes the ingot to the blooming train table ready for the rolling. Here it is quickly reduced from 18 1/2 x 22 1/2 in size to a long piece 72x8 inches. This is done in 13 passes through the blooming mills and the time averages a minute and a half. It is then brought down to the shears and cut into several lengths called blooms. In this mill, as in the other departments of the plant, the steel is handled without manual labor, the ingot is passed back and forth through the rolls on its 13 passes and is operated entirely by the machinery controlled by the roller from a station over the rolls. The four by four billet-mill is next reached, and duplex billet shears cut the product in the desired lengths, and the billets are then loaded, by means of an endless chain, into small cars, cooled off, and finally deposited in the railroad cars for shipment. Under the same roof is the tin bar-mill, at present in full operation. Further on is the sixteenth-inch continuous mill, made by The Morgan Construction Company, the fastest mill of its kind in the country. Eight passes are required to the rolls, and the 4x4 billet size comes out of the last pass a rod 1 1/2-inch finished material, at the rate of 650 feet a minute and without stopping, by the flying shears is cut into 30-inch lengths. These shears were built by the Loyd Booth plant of the United Engineering and Foundry Co,. Probably the rail mill is the most interesting department of the entire works, and it is worth one's while to watch the formation of the steel from the bulky bloom into a finished rail ready for laying. In this mill are four rail-saws. The regular regulation rails are-sawed into 30-inch lengths while still red rot. The cold saw is used principally for orders of special lengths and a ninety-pound cold rail can be cut in twain in the remarkable short space of thirty seconds. Previous to shipping, the ends of the rails are chipped and filed. One of the most remarkable features of these mills and one that most strongly impresses the sightseer is the apparent absence of men in the vicinity of the rolls. The blooms billets, bars and rails seem to come and go of their own volition, passing and repassing through the various stages of the work in a-manner most bewildering and interesting. From the time the raw material reaches the yards until it is on the cars again a finished product, no human agency seems to be employed while it is progressing through its various steps. This work is mostly accomplished by electricity, assisted to some extent by hydraulic power. The electrical power is furnished by three dynamos 550 K-W and one 200 K-W. Seventy-- five skilled men are employed in this department. All the ore is handled by electric machinery and in the plant there are thirteen cranes ranging in capacity from 71/2 to 33 tons. The entire rail department is operated by electricity and four electric locomotives are used at the plant and a storage battery is also in use since 1902. At the works will be found modern machine shops, boiler shops, blacksmith shops and every necessary adjunct to a first-class industry. An emergency hospital has been established at the Ohio Works, and skilled nurses with knowledge of medicine and surgery are constantly in attendance. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 257 The works are thoroughly policed, the chief being Capt. James A. Freed, and his force consists of no less than twenty men. A splendid laboratory, with every needful appliance, is situated within the grounds, and a short distance from the works is a commodious brick structure, a portion of which is used for drafting purposes. The Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company is without doubt Youngstown's leading industry, its products are known and appreciated throughout the entire civilized world and the chances are that this plant will in a short time be further enlarged until it rivals the largest in the world. The lines for the stone and iron work that will form the foundation of No. 6 furnace, in the group at the Ohio works, have lately been laid out and the work of constructing this giant smelter is now well under way. Indications are that the group of 12 open-hearth furnaces, the first of their kind ever planned for Youngstown, will be completed at the Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company before any of the other new work. At the Homestead works a group of ten smelters for the manufacture of open-hearth steel was completed in exactly nine months. Just six months elapsed from the time the first drawing was made until four of the furnaces were completed and in operation. The local force desires to come up to this record, and it is possible that it may even be beaten. The work on the live Bessemer stacks that will supply basic iron for the group of open hearth smelters is also being hurried. The contract for the iron has been let to Wm. B. Pollock Co. of this city. UNION MILLS, CARNEGIE STEEL CO. No more wonderful mills exist throughout the country than the local ones of The American Steel Hoop Company. In the two plants in this city, grades and classes of iron and steel products are made such as can hardly be duplicated anywhere else in the world. On their mills the experience of years and the experiments of the most expert have been ap plied with wonderful success. There are ideas and appliances put into effect on those mills which, are used nowhere else in the country. Everything has been done to increase the output and vary the class of steel made, adding constantly new grades of work. A few years ago some considerable changes and improvements were made in these works. The Lower Plant, so-called, begins a short distance above Spring common and runs to West Avenue; the Upper Plant begins just across the street from the Lower Plant on West Avenue and extends far up into Brier Hill. The Lower Plant is what was known as the Cartwright-McCurdy mill, while the Upper Plant was the Youngstown Iron Company's mill. These were consolidated first under the name 0f the Union-Iron & Steel Company, and later became a part of the National Steel Company, finally being merged into the American Steel Hoop Co., which in turn became really a part of the Carnegie Steel Company. In the 10-inch continuous or cotton tie mill the Upper Plant has one of the .most famous mills in the country. It is run largely on cotton. ties, and supplies an enormous amount of the ties which are used in the country. This mill was built in 1894 and the vibrator on the hot bed is used by no other mill. The Lower Plant of the Company has but one continuous mill, that is the continuous guide mill. The plant has five finishing mills which are all good and efficient and will produce i0,000 pounds a month. The products of the 12-inch mill are giving the company a great reputation. One of the features of this mills is the cold straightening plant of 24 machines. It straightens special Red Cross round edged tires, channels for rubber tires, etc., specially fine finished and perfectly straight. The specialty of buggy tires on this mill makes it one of the most valuable in the plant. All the puddle furnaces in the Upper Plant were torn out in 1898 to make way 'for the new improvements, which have made it one of the most modern and up-to-date plants for the same kind of work in the country. There is a boiler plant of sixteen boilers outside of the 10-inch continuous boiler plant.. 258 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY The gas producers are all hoppers, automatic stokers are used, and all furnaces fed by manufactured gas from the twelve gas producers. The 7, 8, and 10-inch hoop mills deliver hoop longer than any other mill outside of the cotton tie ( 10-inch continuous), which has rolled a piece of hoop longer than any other mill in the city, 1,700 feet. THE YOUNGSTOWN SHEET AND TUBE COMPANY The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company was organized November 21, 1900, under the laws of Ohio, and under the name of the Youngstown Iron, Sheet & Tube Company, the authorized capital being $600,000.00. The incorporators were Mr. George D. Wick, Mr. Wm. Willkoff, Mr. E. L. Ford, Mr. George L. Fordyce and Mr. J. A. Campbell. The purpose of the company was to build and operate a mill for the production of iron sheets and tubes. Mr. George D. Wick was elected president, Mr. J. A. Campbell, vice-president, Mr. Robert Bentley, secretary, and Mr. W. C. Reilly, auditor. In December, 1900, the capital stock of this company was increased to $1,000,000.00. Pending the investigation of certain patents for the making of tubes, nothing was done for the erection of a plant or the selection of a site until February, 1901. The ground was broken in May, 1901, at the present site of the plant between Struthers and Hazelton. In June, 1901, it was decided to increase the size of the plant and the capital was authorized to be increased from $1,000,000.00 to 2,000,000.00. In December 1901, the company purchased from Pickands, Mather & Company, the Alice Furnace, located at Sharpsville, and also purchased a three-fifths interest in ore property in the Mesaba Range now known as the 'Crete Mining Company. In January, 1902, the company was again authorized to increase its capital stock from        $2,000,000.00 to $4,000,000.00, the increase to be devoted to the purpose of building an open-hearth steel plant. The officers of the company at this time were: Mr. George D. Wick, president, Mr. J. A. Campbell, vice-president, Mr. W. H. Foster, secretary, and Mr. Richard Garlick, treasurer. Mr. C. W. Reilly, who had taken the position of general superintendent, was at that time placed in charge of the operations. In February, 1902, the original portion of this plant consisted of the sheet mill and puddle mills, were started into operation, the company employing at that time all told about 800 men. In October of the same year, three pipe mills of the company were placed in operation, employing an additional 800 men. In May, 1902, the president of the company, Mr. George D. Wick, was compelled to retire owing to ill health, and his successor was not elected until July, 1904, when Mr. J. A. Campbell was elected president. In July, 1902, the directors of the company decided to abandon the building of the open-hearth plant owing, first, to the lack of funds, and; second, to the fact that open-hearth steel had not been proved to be desirable for the making of pipe, and all contracts which had been made toward the erection of this plant were therefore cancelled. In July, 1904, Mr. J. A. Campbell was elected president of the company; Mr. H. G. Dalton of Cleveland, vice-president; Mr. Richard Garlick, treasurer, and Mr. Geo. Day was elected secretary and general sales agent in place of Mr. W. H. Foster, Who had resigned early in 1904 owing to ill health. W. B. Jones was elected auditor. In September, 1904, the company commenced the erection of a large pipe furnace, which was completed and placed in operation in the spring of 1905, giving employment in the neighborhood of 200 additional men. In October, 1905, the company commenced the payment of a dividend at the rate of five per cent per annum. In October, 1906, this dividend was increased to six per cent. In July, 1905, the name of the company was changed to the present style. In July, 1905, the company found that it was necessary for them in order to meet successfully the severe competition on the product of their manufacture to build a Bessemer AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 261 steel plant, and for this purpose the stockholders authorized the issue of two and one-half million of bonds. These bonds were taken almost entirely by the stockholders of the company, and the company then proceeded with the erection of a large Bessemer steel plant, plate mill and a 10-inch mill for making small skelp. The Bessemer steel plant and plate mill were placed in operation in the fall of 1906, and gave employment in the neighborhood of 1800 additional men, making a total of about 3,600 men then in the company's employ. In January, 1907, the capital stock of the company was authorized to be increased from $4,000,000.00 to $6,000,000.00, the additional $2,000,000.00 of stock to be devoted to the purpose of building two blast furnaces. This building is now under way at the present time and will probably give employment to 500 additional men. This work is expected to be completed by July, 1908. In January Mr. C. S. Robinson, who came here from the Colorado Fuel & Mining Co. of Pueblo, Colorado, was elected second vice-president of the company. NATIONAL TUBE CO.-YOUNGSTOWN DEPARTMENT. The American Tube & Iron Co., manufacturers of wrought iron and steel pipe and tubing of every description, was incorporated in 1880 under the laws of Pennsylvania, with a capital of $100,000 and purchased the property of the old Middletown Tube & Iron Co., at Middletown, Pennsylvania, which had been out of business for years. They at once remodelled and enlarged the plant, put the same into operation, and were successful from the strat. The capital stock was changed to $500,- 000, and afterward increased to $1,000,000. At the annual meeting in January, 1886, it was decided to build a branch western mill to better supply the rapidly increasing western trade, and the officials who at that time were Jas. Young, president, George Matheson, treasurer, John J. Spowers, managing director, A. W. Momeyer, secretary, and A. S. Matheson, general superintendent, at once began to look for a suitable location. They had about decided on New Castle, Pennsylvania, when Mr. Chauncy H. Andrews convinced them of the advantages of Youngstown, Ohio, as a manufacturing point, and to clinch the matter offered for the location of the works to donate free of any cost a tract of land of about eight acres of land on the south bank of the Mahoning river, at what was then called Gibsonville. After due consideration the proposition of Mr. Andrews was accepted, and ground was broken in the latter part of April; James Matheson was made superintendent, and Walter L. Kauffman, chief clerk and purchasing agent, and the work was pushed as rapidly as possible, so that the plant was ready for operation by the middle of the following October, the first finished pipe being turned out on October 16, 1886. The first order was a line of 8-inch pipe for the Mahoning Gas Fuel Co., which line is still bringing in the natural gas to supply Youngstown. In 1890, on account of failing health, Mr. James H. Matheson went abroad and W. L. Kauffman was made local manager of the Youngstown Mills of the American Tube & Iron Co., the officers of the company at that time being as follows : president, George Matheson; vice-president, S. C. Young; secretary and treasurer, F. Musselman; general manager, A. S. Matheson; superintendent, Jas. H. Matheson; local manager, W. L. Kauffman. In July, 1899, the National Tube Co. was formed by the consolidation of a number of pipe and tube manufacturers throughout the United States, the American Tube & Iron Co. being one of the number absorbed. Mr. W. L. Kauffman was retained as manager of the National Tube Co.—Youngstown department, as it was then named, with Mr. W. Ed. Samp as chief clerk, and the plant was considerably enlarged and its output increased. In April, 1901, the United States Steel Corporation was formed, the National Tube Co. becoming one of its constituent companies. The plant has added to its real estate, so that it now occupies about thirteen acres. It is admirably located for shipping, having the Pennsylvania Co. and the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. tracks running 262 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY into the grounds, and is connected by transfer .switching arrangements with the Erie, the Lake Shore and the Pittsburg & Lake Erie railroad systems. The works have a capacity of 250 or more tons per day, and employ 425 men, their product going to all points of the country. BRIER HILL IRON & COAL CO. The Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company was originally known as the Akron Manufacturing Company, and was incorporated in the year 1838, for a period of thirty years, by Messrs. James R. Ford, Daniel Townsend, John Williams, Jr., George B. Martin, David Tod, Simon Perkins, Jr., and Arad Kent, for the purpose of manufacturing iron, steel, nails, stoves, pig iron, and castings of all kinds. The capital stock of the company was $250,000. In the year 1859 the office of the Akron Manufacturing Company was moved to Brier Hill, Ohio, and firm name changed to Brier Hill Iron Company. In the year 1867 the Brier Hill Iron Company was merged into the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company, for the manufacture of pig and merchant iron, and for the mining of coal, David Tod, William Pollock, Nelson Crandall, John Stambaugh, Jr., and Henry Tod—all local people—being the incorporators. The capital stock was $432,000.00. The ;original plant for the manufacture of pig iron consisted of one blast furnace, with a capacity of about seventy-five to eighty tons of, pig iron per week, and employed from twenty-five to thirty men. Additions and improvements have been made at various times until the plant now has a capacity of about twenty-five hundred tons of pig iron per week. Mr. David Tod was the first president of the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company and Nelson Crandall, secretary. In March, 1869, Mr. John Stambaugh was elected president to fill the vacancy made ,by the death of Mr. Tod. In the year 1882, :the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company was merged into The Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company, the incorporators being John Stambaugh, William Pollock, Henry Tod, George Tod, J. G. Butler, Jr., Nelson Crandall, and John Tod, with John Stambaugh, president ; Nelson Crandall, treasurer; H. C. Marshall, secretary ; and Joseph G. Butler, Jr., general manager. The capital stock of the company was $500,000.00. In January, 1883, Mr. H. H. Stambaugh was elected treasurer and William B. Schiller was elected secretary. Mr. George Tod was elected president of the company in 1889, in the place of John Stambaugh, deceased. In January, 1890, Mr. H. H. Stambaugh was elected secretary and treasurer. The present directors of the company are Mr. George Tod, J. G. Butler, Jr., H. H. Stambaugh, David Tod and John Tod. The officers are Mr. George Tod, president; J. G. Butler, Jr., vice-president and general manager ; R. C. Steese, secretary, and H. H. Stambaugh, treasurer. The company now manufactures pig iron and cement. The works are provided with a well equipped chemical laboratory. THE YOUNGSTOWN STEEL COMPANY. This company was organized in 1882 by Edward L. Ford and the late John Stambaugh, for the purpose of making steel castings. A small plant was erected on South Market street but was never operated as a steel casting foundry. About the time the plant was completed, the company started experimenting in refining pig iron. In the years 1884 and 1885 a plant was built at Brier Hill alongside of the Tod Furnace, which was then owned and operated by the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Co. The plant erected by the Youngstown Steel Company was for refining pig iron, making a product which has since been sold and very largely used by steelmakers throughout the world, and known as "washed metal." In the year 1890 the Youngstown Steel Company bought from the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company the Tod Furnace. Since that time the furnace and washing plant have been operated almost continuously. The annual production of the company is 100,000 tons of pig iron and 40,000 tons of washed metal. The present officers are: Tod Ford, presi- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 263 dent; Paul Jones, vice-president; John Stambaugh, secretary and treasurer; Edward L. Ford, general manager. THE WILLIAM TOD COMPANY. The works of this company were established in 1856 by Mr. Homer Hamilton, and were known as the "Hamilton Works." The plant was operated from 1878 to 1901 by William Tod & Company, a partnership, and was incorporated in 1901 as "The William Tod Company," with the late William Tod as president. The company is engaged in the manufacture of special engines in the largest sizes, supplying blowing engines and reversing engines for blast furnaces and steel plants, and general power engines for all purposes; municipal water-works pumping engines and gas engines ranging in size from 500 to 5,000 H. P. are also being manufactured. The plant occupies about eight and one-half acres, and furnishes employment to from 500 to b00 men, and has an annual output of about 7,O00 tons of finished machinery. This company is the only one in the Mahoning valley engaged in the construction of heavy engines. The present officers of the corporation are: John Stambaugh, Jr., president; Irving H. Reynolds, vice-president and general manager; H. J. Stambaugh, secretary and treasurer. UNITED ENGINEERING & FOUNDRY CO. The United Engineering & Foundry Company, one of the oldest and most important industrial enterprises of Youngstown, had its origin as far back as 1849, in a stove foundry which was established here and carried on for some years under the firm name of Parmelee & Sawyer, and afterwards under that of Ward, Kay & Co. Still later, under the style of Ward, Margerum & Co., the firm began the manufacture of rolling mill machinery, which business was continued under the successive styles of Ward, Booth & Miller, and Booth, Miller & Co. On March 1st, 1888, the Lloyd Booth Company was organized, with a capital of $100,000, which was subsequently increased to $225,000, and with officers as follows : Lloyd Booth, president; H. M. Garlick, vice-president ; C. W. Bray, secretary, and C. H. Booth, treasurer. A more important change took place, July 1, 1901, when the United Engineering Company was organized with a capital stock of $5,500,000. The company are now the largest manufacturers of rolling mill and steel-works machinery in America, and the largest producers of steel, chilled, and grey iron rolls in the world. The concern consists of five separate departments : The Lloyd Booth Company department, which includes two separate plants, is located at Youngstown and is engaged in the manufacture of rolling-mill and steel-works machinery, grey iron and chilled rolls. The McGill department, located at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, manufacturers of rolling-mill and tube-works machinery. The Lincoln Foundry department, also 0f Pittsburg, manufactures only rolls, from the smallest to the largest, used in rolling mills and steel plants. The Frank Kneeland department, of Pittsburg, turns out rolling mill and steel works machinery; while in the chilled roll foundry department, located at Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, are manufactured iron and steel castings and the celebrated water-chilled rolls. The company has received and satisfactorily executed some large and important contracts. They built the blooming mills and rail mill, besides furnishing other machinery, for the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Company; the blooming mill, rail mill and billet mills for the Bessemer department of the Republic Iron & Steel Company; and the blooming mills, sheet, bar and billet mills for the new plant of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. They are now engaged in building the rail mills and structural mills for the Bethlehem Steel Company, of Bethlehem, Pa., and have under contract what will be the first installation of mill machinery for the great steel plant of the United States Steel Corporation, at Gary, Indiana. This consists of five 264 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY blooming mills and one continuous rail mill, with the necessary tables, saws, and other appliances for handling the material. The present officers of the United Engineering & Foundry Company are I. W. Frank, president; C. H. Booth, vice president ; G. G. Small, second vice president ; Edward Kneeland, treasurer, and C. E. Satler, secretary. THE ANDREWS & HITCHCOCK IRON COMPANY. In 1859 C. H. Andrews and W. J. Hitchcock formed a partnership for the mining of block coal, in which business they continued for about ten years. With a view to the manufacture of iron, they began the erection of a furnace at Hubbard, Ohio, which was finished and started in 1869, and is known as No. I furnace. No. 2 furnace was finished and started in 1873. In 1892 the furnaces were turned over to a stock company, which was organized under the name of the Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company, with William J. Hitchcock, president ; John A. Logan, Jr., vice president, and Frank Hitchcock, secretary and treasurer, for the manufacture of Hubbard, Scotch, Foundry and Bessemer pig iron. C. H. Andrews died December 25, 1893, and W. J. Hitchcock on November 18, 1899. The present officers of the company are Frank Hitchcock, president ; William J. Hitchcock, vice president, and H. W. Heedy, secretary and treasurer. FINISHED STEEL CO. The Finished Steel Company, whose up-to-date plant is located at 1623-1631 Wilson Avenue, Youngstown, was incorporated in 1895, with a capital stock of $100,000, for the manufacture of cold-drawn steel in rounds, squares, hexagonal, flat and special forms for machine construction. C. Seymour Dutton was president and general manager, and Thomas E. Davey secretary and treasurer. After an existence of some seven years the plant was purchased by Thomas G. FitzSimons of Cleveland, O., and the company reorganized, with Thomas G. FitzSimons, Robert F. FitzSimons, James R. FitzSimons, Thomas L. Johnson and W. J. FitzSimons as directors, and with the following officers : Thomas G. FitzSimons, president ; Robert F. FitzSimons, vice president ; J. R. FitzSimons, treasurer, and W. J. FitzSimons, general manager. The company is enterprising and prosperous, the present output of their plant being about 500 tons per month. YOUNGSTOWN PRESSED STEEL CO. The Youngstown Pressed Steel Company, was organized in November, 1905, for the manufacture of agricultural and other pressed steel specialties, the office and works being located at No. 1931 Wilson Avenue. It is now doing a prosperous business in the manufacture of pressed steel for agricultural implements, pressed steel singletrees and double-trees of an improved construction for wagons, felloe plates, wrought washers, riveting burrs, sad-iron stands, and other steel specialties. The officers of the company are : L. E. Cochran, president ; Charles B. Cushwa, vice president; John O. Pew, general manager ; Mason Evans, treasurer ; C. A. Cochran, secretary, and G. F. Danielson, superintendent. GENERAL FIREPROOFING CO. The General Fireproofing Company of Youngstown, was incorporated January, 1902, with a capital of $500,000, and the following officers : M. I. Arms, president; A. P. White, vice president ; George D. Wick, vice president; W. H. Foster, secretary ; W. A. Kingsley, treasurer and general manager, and H. E. White, chief engineer. The company started by the purchase of the business and plant of the International Metal Lath Co., manufacturers of "Herringbone expanded steel lath," whose plant, located at Niles, Ohio, consisted of two lath machines and four lath presses. The General Fireproofing Company immediately purchased a site from the Paul Wick estate at Crab Creek, Youngstown, and in the summer of 1902 built the original buildings of the present plant, AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 265 which included a two-story brick and steel building, with reinforced concrete floors, 135 feet by 250 feet, for the manufacture of all-steel furniture and filing equipment for offices, banks, public buildings, libraries, etc.; a one-story brick and steel building, 65 feet by 216 feet, for the manufacture of "Herringbone expanded steel lath," and a power plant, 34 feet by 65 feet. The entire plant was equipped with the most up-to-date machinery, most of which was built to order from the company's own designs, the power being supplied by individual motors driven by a dynamo connected directly to the engine shaft. In the fall of 1902 the new plant at Crab Creek was occupied, the offices of the company being in the Federal Building at Youngstown, Ohio, and the Niles plant abandoned. During the summer of 1903 a two-story office building, 44 feet by 60 feet, was erected at the plant and was occupied that fall. In 1903 a machine was installed for making Expanded Metal for reinforcing concrete and by the following .summer this part of the business had so increased that a new building, 52 feet by 175 feet, was installed to accommodate the Expanded Metal part of the business. In the spring of 1906 it became necessary to add a building, 130 feet by 135 feet, for the joint. use of the lath and expanded metal departments ; there having been installed by that time two additional lath machines and a second expanded metal machine. In the fall of 1906 an addition was added to the furniture building, 60 feet by 180 feet, two stories, built of reinforced concrete, using the company's system of Pin Connected Girder Frames for beams and girders ; Cold Twisted Lug Bars for columns; and Expanded Metal for floor reinforcement. A crate factory, 24 feet by 60 feet, was also added to the Metal Furniture Department. Also in the latter part of 1906 the manufacture of Pin Connected Girder Frames for reinforcing concrete beams and girders was .started, and this necessitated the erection of a brick and steel building 85 feet by 200 feet. The introduction of the Cold Twisted Lug Bar, which is a. bar for reinforcing concrete, invented by the company's engineer and sold exclusively by the company, was also taken up, in the fall of 1906, and to take care of this part of the business a bar storage house, T00, feet by 325 feet, served by a ten-ton Gantry-crane, was erected early in 1907. With the increased output and new lines, which had been added, more power was called for, and during 1907 the power plant was more than doubled, and to house the executive and clerical force required an addition to the office, 36 feet by 75 feet, which is joined to the old building by a connecting building, 36 feet by 36 feet, all of which are two stories and of cement siding style of architecture, being lathed on the exterior with "Herringbone Expanded Steel Lath" and plastered with cement mortar, a style of building which is becoming very popular and is at its best when "Herringbone Lath" is used. The products of the General Fireproofing Company include Herringbone Expanded Steel Lath, Diamond Mesh Expanded Metal Lath, All-United Steel Studding, Expanded Metal for all purposes, Cold Twisted Lug Bars, Pin Connected Girder Frames, Trussit Metal, Steel Equipment for banks, court houses, offices, vaults, public buildings, libraries, etc., which include roll top and flat top desks, counters, filing devices of every kind and sectional filing cases, all built entirely of steel. The capital stock of the company is now $900,000. The employes number 460, of whom 400 are employed in the works and 60 in the office. The yearly output is $700,000. The following are the officers : M. I. Arms, president; A. P. White, vice president; H. B. McMaster, secretary ; W. H. Foster, treasurer and general manager ; G. H. Knowlson, manager furniture department ; H. E. White, chief engineer ; O. D. Kaiser, auditor; P. G. Marsteller, purchasing agent; W. H. Ham and E. N. Hunting, concrete engineers. The company maintains offices in six different cities, namely : New York, 156 Fifth Avenue, J. L. Sharkey, manager ; Washington, 420 Colorado Building, W. A. Kennedy, manager ; Chicago, 115 Adams street, A. C. Tobin, manager ; St. Louis, 710 Missouri Trust Building, W. A. Chestnut, manager; New Orleans, 266 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY 409 Hennen building, C. W. J. Neville, manager ; Boston, 161 Devonshire street, W. F. Kearns, manager. YOUNGSTOWN CAR MANUFACTURING CO. The Youngstown Car Manufacturing Company, whose plant is situated at the corner of Wilson avenue and Jackson street, in the southeastern part of the city, was started in 1881 as a private company, under the name of Milliken, Boyd & Co., for the building of railroad freight cars. In 1883 it was incorporated as the Youngstown Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of $100,000, its officers being: L. A. Cochran, president ; Andrew Milliken, general manager; B. F. Boyd, secretary and treasurer. In 1902 the plant was purchased by Mr. George T. Oliver, of Pittsburg, Pa., and associates, who are its present proprietors. The present officers are : George T. Oliver, president; Alexander C. Blair, vice president; Charles A. Palmer, secretary; John P. Young, general manager. REPUBLIC RUBBER COMPANY. The Republic Rubber Company, whose offices and works are located on the lines of the Erie and Lake Shore railroads, at Crab Creek, was incorporated in 1901, with a capital of $1,000,000, the first officers being: H. K. Wick, president ; A. E. Adams, vice president ; John Tod, secretary and treasurer, and J. S. McClurg, superintendent. Though one of Youngstown's later industries, the excellent grade of goods turned out by the company has already made it widely and favorably known, its product being found in all parts of the United States, and its business increasing with each passing month. In the spacious and substantial plant are manufactured nearly all kinds of rubber goods, including searchlight sheet packing, cross arm, tubular gasket, firestone piston packing, belting, h0se, valves, gaskets, rubber-covered rolls, molded specialties, automobile and solid vehicle tires, and mechanical rubber g0ods in general. The present officers of the company are : Warner Arms, president ; C. H. Booth, first vice president; L. J. Lomansey, -second vice president; John Tod, secretary ; and L. T. Peterson, superintendent. The company has branch offices in New York, Pittsburg, St. Louis and Chicago. THE YOUNGSTOWN IRON & STEEL ROOFING CO. This company, whose plant is located at No. 1931 Wilson Avenue, in the southeastern part of the city, was organized as a stock company in July, 1894, with a capital of $12,000, which was increased in January, 1898, to $25,000. The primary object was the manufacture 0f metallic roofing and John O. Pew's patent fastening for metallic roofing. The company has as a board of directors : G. M. McKelvey, Mason Evans, L. E. Cochran, Horace P. Heedy, and John O. Pew ; and as officers : L. E. Cochran, preident ; John O. Pew, secretary and Mason Evans, treasurer. In 1901 the company built a rolling mill for the manufacture of sheet iron and sheet steel, the capital stock being then further increased to $300,000. Their product now includes, galvanized and black sheet iron and sheet steel, curved corrugated iron, iron and steel roofing and siding, sheet and expanded metal lath, heavy expanded metal, bridge and fire proof flooring, roll cap, ridge roll, and various steel specialties, and amounts to about 2,500 tons per month. The present officers of the company are : L. E. Cochran, president ; John O. Pew, vice president and general manager; C. A. Cochran, secretary; and Mason Evans, treasurer. The directors are : John O. Pew, Henry W. Reedy, Mason Evans, C. A. Cochran and L. E. Cochran; Charles B. Cushwa, general superintendent. FALCON BRONZE CO. The Falcon Bronze Company originated in 1893, when G. A. Doeright and J. B. Booth formed a partnership for the manufacture of brass and bronze castings for engines and for rolling mill and steel plant purposes. This AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 267 partnership lasted until October, 1895, when the firm was incorporated as a company with a capital stock of $10,000, which in 1898 was increased to $25,000, J. B. Booth being president, John Tod, secretary and treasurer, and G. A. Doeright, general manager. Owing to the death of Mr. Booth in the following year, a change in officers took place, Richard Garlick becoming president, John Tod, vice president, W. W. Bonnell, secretary, and G. A. Doeright, treasurer and general manager. On March 2, 1907, Mr. Doeright purchased the interests of Mr. Tod, Mr. Garlick and Mr. Bonnell, thereby obtaining a controlling interest in the company. The company was thereupon re-organized with G. A. Doeright, J. G. Haney, and R. H. Doeright as directors, and with officers as follows : G. A. Doeright, president and general manager ; Thomas Parrock, vice president ; J. G. Haney, secretary ; E. E. Miller, treasurer, and R. H. Doeright, superintendent. The company has its plant at No. 218 S. Phelps street, where they employ from fifteen to twenty men, turning out from nine to ten hundred tons of brass and bronze castings in a year. YOUNGSTOWN BRONZE CO. The Youngstown Bronze Company, manufacturers of iron castings, located at 548 Poland avenue, was incorporated in 1902 with a capital of $50,000. Its officers are G. L. Jones, president; J. W. Wright, vice president ; Fred C. Noll, secretary and treasurer ; J. Watson Long, manager. YOUNGSTOWN FOUNDRY & MACHINE CO. The Youngstown Foundry & Machine Company was organized at Girard, Ohio, in 1888 by William J. Wallis and F. A. Williams, and was first known as the Wallis Foundry Company. In 1890 they took over the Girard Stove Works and incorporated as the Girard Stove and Foundry Company. Two years later they bought the Youngstown Foundry and Machine Shops from John Miller and moved to Youngstown. In 1893 the name was changed to the Youngstown Foundry and Machine Company, with Thomas Parrock, president ; William J. Wallis, vice president and general manager, and F. A. Williams, secretary and treasurer. In 1902 a consolidation with the Youngstown Steel Casting Company was effected, the firm name remaining The Youngstown Foundry and Machine Company, with Thomas Parrock, president and general manager ; William J. Wallis, vice president, and B. G. Parker, secretary and treasurer. The company are manufacturers of sand, chilled and steel rolls, rolling mill machinery, and iron and steel castings. AMERICAN BELTING CO. The American Belting Company was incorporated in May, 1901, by Mr. J. Edwin Davis, of Boston, who took a controlling interest in the business. The original capital stock was $50,000, only a part of which was paid in, and the business was started in rather a small way. The company manufactures stitched canvas belting exclusively, under the name of "Alpha" brand, the product being shipped to all parts of the United States and Canada. In 1903 the local stockholders in the company bought out the interest held by Mr. Davis, and the capital stock of the company, which is now $00,000, is all owned by local people. In 1906 the size and capacity of the plant was doubled by building on an addition 700 feet long, and the business which was started in a small way five years ago, now aggregates several hundred thousand dollars annually. The officers of the company are : John Tod, president ; H. K. Wick, vice president ; and H. R. Greenlee, secretary and treasurer; the directors being John Tod, H. K. Wick, C. H. Booth, H. M. Garlick and A. M. Clark. The plant of the company, which is now the largest canvas belting plant in the world, is located on Albert street, and extends from the street to the Erie Railroad tracks. ENTERPRISE BOILER CO. The Enterprise Boiler Company was organized in 1886 by O. C. Beatty, F. H. Klipp, and George Rudge, Jr. It was incorporated 268 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY in 1897 with a capital stock of $50,000 by the same people, with O. C. Beatty, president ; F. H. Klipp, vice president and general manager, and George Rudge, Jr., secretary and treasurer. In 1898 George Rudge, Jr., purchase.d the interest of F. H. Klipp, and was elected secretary and general manager, and J. F. Rudge, treasurer, Mr. Beatty remaining as president. The plant was partially destroyed by fire in 1903, was rebuilt, and totally destroyed by fire in 1906. At the time of its destruction the annual business amounted to about $500,000 per year, and the company employed from 125 to 150 men. While it is not the intention of the company to rebuild in Youngstown at present, they will maintain their offices here. STANDARD TABLE OLCLOTH CO. The Standard Table Oil Cloth Co., of Youngstown, was established in 1898 as a stock company, with a capital of $200,000, by the Ohio Oil Cloth Co. The concern was purchased by the Standard Table Oilcloth Company in 1901, the capital being increased to $4,000,000 preferred stock and $4,000,000 common stock. The company is engaged in the manufacture of light weight oil cloth of all colors, turning out 2,500 pieces 12 yards long, 1 1/4 yards wide per day. They employ about 60 hands. The present officers of the company are H. M. Garlick, president and treasurer; George H. Hughes, vice president; Alvin Hunsicker, secretary and general manager, and W. E. Thatcher, assistant treasurer. The general office of the concern is at 320 Broadway, New York. YOUNGSTOWN CARRIAGE & WAGON CO. The Youngstown Carriage & Wagon Company was established in April, 1881, with a capital of $100,000, for the manufacture of high-grade carriages, wagons, buggies, phaetons, and other fine vehicles, and has since carried on a successful business in this line. Their office and works are located at the corner of Boardman and Hazel streets. The present officers are W. J. Hitchcock, president; John Tod, vice president; W. P. Williamson, general manager and treasurer, and D. E. Webster, secretary. CRYSTAL 1CE & STORAGE CO. The Crystal Ice & Storage Company was incorporated in 1892 with a capital of $50,000, of which $40,000 was paid in. Its object was the manufacture of ice from distilled water. The first capacity of the plant was 25 tons per day. In 1902 this capacity was increased to 60 tons per day, its present output. In addition to the manufacture of ice the company manufactures distilled water for drinking and mechanical purposes, much of it being sold to the electric companies, and to chemists for use in the manufacture of various compounds. This product, which is double distilled and filtered, is known as Colonial Drinking Water. The company also has fourteen rooms devoted to the cold storage of perishable goods. some of the rooms having a temperature of 10 degrees below zero. They are also engaged in the manufacture of ice cream. In the plant are three ice machines of the latest and most approved manufacture. The water is pumped from wells 375 feet deep by compressed air. The plant is run day and night the year round. The present officers of the company are : John McGuire, president; John Gallagher, vice president; George Rudge, Jr., secretary; J. C. Drury, treasurer and general manager. YOUNGSTOWN ENGINEERING CO. The Youngstown Engineering Company was organized in 1901 as an incorporated stock company, the officers being John Runette, president; B. F. Boyd, vice president : Harry A. Boyd, secretary and treasurer. Capital, $100,000. The company is engaged in general foundry and machine work. OTHER INDUSTRIES. In the City Mills, located at 101 Oak Hill avenue, Youngstown possesses an establish- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 269 ment long famed. for the manufacture of superior winter wheat flour, The proprietor, Mr, Homer Baldwin, first began milling in 1846, in Girard, taking a part interest in a mill with his brother Jesse, In 1858 he disposed of his interest to his brother and, coming to Youngstown, built a mill and began the . manufacture of flour at the location above mentioned, where he has since continued in business, In 1875 he took the highest premium at the Northern Ohio Fair, held in Cleveland, also in the same year at the Pittsburg Exposition, and at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, held under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce, In the following year he took the highest premium at the Centennial Exposition, held in Philadelphia, and in 1878 he took two first prizes, a third competition being limited to local exhibitors, in which, of course, he was unable to participate, For several years he has manufactured both spring and winter wheat flour, the average output of his mills being 200 barrels per day, In February, 1906, Mr, Baldwin was awarded a patent for an improved separating machine, which is said to be superior to any other existing contrivance of its kind, and is now in use in the City Mills, Trigg Brothers (Wallace and Frank G, Trigg), No. 13 Oak Hill avenue, manufacturers of granite and marble monumental work of every description, began business in 1878 on Spring Common, where they remained for four or five years, Afterwards they were located for several years on the site of the present office of the Youngstown Vindicator, About twelve years ago, they removed to their present location, They use the latest and most improved machinery, including pneumatic tools and are widely known as master workers of their craft. Kuhns Brothers (John W, and Henry J,) are well known in Youngstown and the vicinity as manufacturers of wagons and carriages, their manufactory being located at No, 21-23 N. Walnut street, They give work on an average to about twenty employees, In Youngstown and the vicinity are a number of large planing mills and lumber yards which are, in general, doing a prosperous business. The planing mills controlled and operated by the executors of the G, N, Dingledy Estate, at the corner of Basin and Boardman streets, was established in 1865 by N, Dingledy, and now has thirty employees, G, N, Dingledy is the manager, Scheetz Brothers' planing mill, which is located on North West Avenue, was established in 1899 by John Henry and Philip Scheetz, with a capital of $40,000,00, The plant is well supplied with modern wood working machinery, and turns out $50,000 worth of product per annum, chiefly sash and doors, The present proprietors and officers of the concern are all members of the Scheetz family, The B. C. Tibbits Lumber Company, Cherry street, was incorporated in 1903, with a capital of $40,000. It is engaged in the manufacture of doors, sash, and mill-working appliances, and in the retail lumber business, and has about twenty employees, The present officers are : B. C. Tibbits, president and treasurer ; A. G. Sharf, vice-president and manager; and W, P, Schmid, secretary. The Jacobs Lumber Company, on the Hubbard road, was established as a stock company, February 1, 1906, by B. M. Campbell and R. H. Jacobs, with a capital of $50,000. The company is engaged in a general lumber and planing-mill business which gives employment to about twenty-five hands, B, M, Campbell is president of the company, with H, W, Williamson, vice-president, and R, H. Jacobs, secretary and treasurer, Heller Bros, & Co,, corner Rayen avenue and Furnace street, was incorporated in 1891, with a capital of $40,000, The Mahoning Lumber Company, Brier Hill, was incorporated in 1902; capital, $65,000. Valley Lumber Co,, Holmes and Chestnut streets, was incorporated in 1905 ; capital, $10,000, The Smith Brewing Company, Youngstown, was established about 1846 by John Smith, a native of England, who came to America with his family in 1842, and who 270 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY was for some time before coming to Youngstown manager of a rolling-mill at Pittsburg. After his death the business was carried on for many years by his sons under the firm name of John Smith's Sons Brewing Company. In 1900 the Smith Brewing Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $250,000. The City Brewery, Youngstown, was established in 1885 by George J. Renner, Jr., its present proprietor. It is engaged in the manufacture of high grade malt liquors, bottled beers, ale and porter. The plant is located on the South Side at 203-209 Pike Street. CHAPTER XX BANKS AND BANKING Youngstown Banks—First National—Mahoning National—Commercial National—Dollar Savings and Trust Co.—Home Savings and Loan Co.—Equity Savings and Loan Co. —Youngstown Savings and Banking Co.—International Bank. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO. At the beginning of this half of the century on August 7, 1850, the Mahoning County Bank was started at Youngstown, Ohio, with Judge Wm. Rayen as its first president. It was Judge Rayen who founded the Rayen School, which recently celebrated the completion of its enlarged building. He was a strong man and a wise man, and the fact that the bnk, afterwards made the First National Bank, has also just occupied a beautiful new home, bears additional testimony to wise plans carried out by capable successors. The record of the Mahoning County Bank was excellent. When Judge Rayen died in 1854, he was succeeded by Dr. Henry Manning, a man who had the courage of his convictions in finance, as well as in medicine. He was not one of those who refuse credit because it is needed, or because others do. He granted it liberally where he thought it was deserved, and the results, owing to the trying times of 1857, and the years when our iron industries were struggling for a foothold, showed the soundness of his judgment and the wisdom of this policy, "not only in the good it did to others and to the town in general, but also in the increased business it brought to the bank." When the national banking law was passed the officers of the Mahoning County Bank were quick to avail themselves of its provisions. That bank was closed, and the First National Bank was organized as its successor;. June 2, 1863, having the third place in the list of National Banks, which has since run up into the thousands. Dr. Manning was elected president and remained at the head of the bank until January 9, 1866, when he resigned on account of the infirmities of old age. Mr. William S. Parmelee, a man of conservative judgment, already identified with the management of the Rayen estate, succeeded him and held the office for eleven years. He declined a re-election, because of his removal to Cleveland, and on January 9, 1877, Mr. Robert McCurdy, who has held the position ever since, was elected president. The first cashier of the Mahoning County Bank was Hon. Robert W. Tayler, afterwards for so many years Comptroller of the United States Treasury. On his resignation, January 2, 1860, Mr. Caleb B. Wick was elected cashier, and remained until October 9, 1862, when he resigned to go into the iron business at Sharon, Pennsylvania. His successor was Mr. John S. Edwards, who served until the Mahoning County Bank was wound up, when , he became the cashier of the First National 272 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY Bank. When he left the bank, June 20, 1865, Mr, Robert McCurdy was chosen cashier, and filled the place until he became president in 1877, Mr, Wm. H, Baldwin was then elected cashier and held the office for ten years, until he resigned in 1887 to go into the iron business, Since then the duties of cashier have fallen upon the president. All of these men were at all times entirely faithful to the bank and its interests, There has never been the slightest irregularity, nor has even a suspicion ever attached to any one connected with the institution, The liberal policy began so many years ago, has always been followed, The bank has never charged excessive rates, nor sought to make large profits, It has never speculated in any form, It has faithfully tried to serve the true purpose of a bank in the community, and to win a fair return on the money invested, 'by maintaining proper relations with proper customers, How well it has succeeded in doing this .since its organization as a National Bank, the laming statistics show :

Original Capital Increased by cash in 1866 to Increased from profits in 1870 Increased from cash in 1875 Present Capital Present Surplus and Undivided Profits T0tal Dividends paid Total Taxes paid

$ 156,000.00 250,000.00 50,000,00 200,000.00 500,000.00 283,652.64 1,223,417.47 336,053.73

The bank has never passed a semi-annual dividend, nor has it ever made a dividend of less than four per cent with all taxes paid, Large as these figures seem in the aggregate, they simply show the result of steady work year after year, for more than thirty years in the midst of a growing community. The annual profit on the capital used is small, compared with that of other kinds of business, to the success of which the bank's money has contributed, In January, 1896, Mr, Myron E, Dennison was made cashier, In 1904 Mr, Robert McCurdy, who had been president since 1877, died and soon after the First and Second National banks were consolidated, the capital being then increased to $1,000,000, Mr, Henry M. Garlick, who had been president of the Second National, becoming :president of the consolidated bank, The vice-presidents were: Henry M, Robinson, Myron I, Arms, and Henry Tod, R. E, Cornelius was made assistant cashier, The condensed report of the bank made to the Comptroller of the Currency, November 12, 1906, is as follows:

RESOURCES
Loans, Discounts and Investments U. S. Bonds to Secure Circulation U. S. Bonds to Secure Deposits Real Estate Due from Banks Cash	$4.985,787.79 950,250.00 75,000.00 85,980.00 1,253,527.31 509,602.91 $7,860,148.01
LIABILITIES
Capital Surplus and Profits Circulation Deposits	953,322.50 941,850.00 4,964.975.51 $7,860,148.01

The present officers are: Henry M. Garlick., president; Myron I, Arms, vice-president; Henry M. Robinson, vice-president ; Myron E. Dennison, cashier; Ralph E. Cornelius, assistant cashier, MAHONING NATIONAL BANK, The Mahoning National Bank is the successor to the Youngstown Savings & Loan Company, which was organized in 1868, with a capital stock of $600,000 ($150,000 paid in) , and with the late Governor Tod as president, The bank was continued under that name and with the original charter until 1877, when it was reorganized as the Mahoning National Bank, with the same officers, directors and stockholders, and with a capital stock of $229,000. It was thus continued until July 1, 1906, when the capital stock was increased to $300,000, and the surplus to $200,000, The original twenty-years charter having expired in 1897, it was then renewed for twenty years more. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 273 An abstract of the report made to the comptroller of the currency, November 12, 1906, by the Mahoning National Bank shows the following resources and liabilities:

RESOURCES
Loans, Discounts and Investments U. S. Bonds Banking House Cash and due from Banks	$4,985,787.79 300,000.00 54,750.00 359,947.33 $2,177,722,40
LIABILITIES
Capital Stock Surplus Fund Undivided Profits Circulation outstanding Deposits	$ 300,000.00  200,000.00 40,426.76 290,000.00 1,347,295.64 $2,177,722.40

The present officers of the bank are: W. Scott Bonnell, president; Walter A, Beecher, vice-president; J. H. McEwen, cashier; Thomas A. Jacobs, assistant cashier, COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK The Commercial National Bank of Youngstown was organized in 1881, with a capital stock of $200,000, C, H, Andrews was the first president. The capital has been lately increased to $350,000, the bank having a surplus fund of $100,000., with undivided profits of $56,000, President Andrews died December 25, 1893, and was succeeded in the presidency of the institution by the late George M, McKelvey, whose death occurred December 24, 1905. Up to the time of Mr, McKelvey's election General T. W. Sanderson had served as vice-president, Early in January, 1906, Mason Evans, who had been cash-ier from the beginning, was elected president, which office he still retains. The other officers are: L. E. Cochran, vice-president; C. H. Kennedy, cashier; Harry Williams, assistant cashier, The following is a condensed statement of the bank's condition made to the comp-troller of the currency, November 12, 1906:

RESOURCES
Loans and Discounts U, S. and other Bonds Due from Other Banks Cash on Hand	$ 999,019.23 328,979.90 110,278.45 156,351.71 $1,594,629.29
LIABILITIES
Capital Stock Surplus and Profits Circulation Deposits	$ 300,000.00 150,361,71 193,850,00 1,100,417,58 $1,594,629,29

THE DOLLAR SAVINGS AND TRUST CO, The Dollar Savings and Trust Company, one of Youngstown's leading financial institutions, was organized in 1887, with a capital stock of $100,000,00, Its first president was John I, Williams, who continued in that office until 1902, He was succeeded by Asael E, Adams, who is now president, The capital stock of the bank has been increased four times, and is now $1,500,000, The deposits have been increased to $6,500,000, The bank is now the largest bank in Ohio outside of Cleveland and Cincinnati, and combines within itself all the elements of a savings bank, a commercial bank, and a trust company, The following statement of the condition of the bank was issued December 31, 1906:

RESOURCES
Cash on Hand and in Bank Loans and Bonds Real Estate	$1,443,360.82 6,772,933,47 300,000.00 $8,516,294.29
LIABILITIES
Capital Stock Surplus and Profits Unpaid Dividends Deposits	$1,500,000.00 343,094.67 45,166.50 6,628,033,12 $8,516,294.29

The present officers of the bank are: A, E, Adams, president; John C, Wick, vice-pres-ident; Henry M, Garlick, vice-president; E. 274 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY Mason Wick, secretary; Rolla P, Hartshorn, treasurer; Charles J, Wick, cashier; Paul H, McKelvey, assistant treasurer; E. H, Hosmer, assistant cashier, THE HOME SAVINGS AND LOAN COMPANY, This company was organized in 1889 and its charter dated on January 15th, of that year, Among its incorporators were such men as John R, Davis, then a leading fire insurance agent, P, D, Cotter, a successful merchant, and other well known men, most of whom are now deceased, The only survivors of the original incorporators are Mr, J, R, Woolley, who is now vice-president of the company and Mr, James M, McKay, who has been its secretary from the start, The company opened for business on February 28, 1889, Its first location was upstairs in the Excelsior Block over the store room now occupied by the Mullaly-Reilly Company, Mr, McKay had been occupying this room as a law office for some years and for quite a while the company had the use of the room without expense, The business at first grew slowly ; by January 1, 1890, the deposits amounted only to $3,652,00, The expense had been light, however, and a good dividend was left for the depositors, Steadily and surely, if not rapidly, the business increased and in about four years time the deposits reached $100,000,000. By this time it was felt that a location nearer the ground floor would be more accessible and accordingly the basement room of the Mahoning National Bank was leased for a period of five years and the company took possession of it, This term was afterward extended and the company occupied the basement for a little over ten years, From '93 to about '97 or 98 times were bad in Youngstown and the growth was small ; still the company managed to forge ahead a little each year and add new depositors to those already secured, On January 1, 1898, its deposits reached a quarter of a million, From this time on times began to get better, but it was still a year or two before there was much activity in real estate and the growth of the corn pany continued to be slow, In the fall of 1901, however, the deposits had increased to more than half a million and the basement room was getting too small to accommodate the business, Inquiries were made which finally resulted in the purchase of the property at 129 West Federal Street, where the company is now located. This property was purchased from Reel & Moyer in November of that year, but being under lease at the time, the company was not able to occupy it until two and one-half years later, From the time that the property was purchased, the growth of the company was more rapid, By January 1, 1904, their deposits exceeded a million, Two years later they were over a million and a half and their net increase during 1906, which was more than three quarters of a million, stands unparalleled in the history of savings institutions in towns the size of Youngstown, Mr. McKay has been secretary of the company since its organization, For the first four or five years he did all the clerical work himself, drew up the mortgages and personally examined the records for all loans on real estate. In time, however, it became necessary to make additions to the clerical force until now it requires the constant services of ten people to look after the affairs of the institution, while still others are employed part of the time in appraising property and doing other outside work, The form of investment which has been favored by this company from the first is to lend its money on mortgage of real estate, Of all the monies that it has handled, 98 per cent have been invested and its loans have been selected with such care that not a dollar has been lost, During the hard times which prevailed from '93 to '98 the company was compelled to foreclose a few mortgages and occasionally had to take a piece of property and hold it until a purchaser could be found, but these were all sold without loss and on most of them a profit was realized. Of all forms of loans on real estate, the management have always considered that loans made for the purpose of buying, build-