AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 375 town, who had charge of the school on the Diamond as early as 1806, was a good Greek and. Latin scholar, and was also one of the earliest lawyers on the Reserve. The usual charge for tuition for reading, spelling, writing and arithmetic was $1.50, and when grammar and geography were added, $2.00 per quarter. This was usually paid in produce, the only money in use on the Reserve at that time being what. was received at Pittsburg in exchange for the whiskey into which the greater part of the corn and rye crop was converted. Up to 1838 the studies above mentioned were the only ones pursued in the Youngstown schools, and the schools throughout the county, outside of Youngstown were no more advanced. The Bible was often used as a reading book, in connection, with Dillworth's or Webster's spelling book and Adam's arithmetic. There were usually two terms of school each year, the winter term of December, January and February—and the summer term which lasted until harvest time. It was not unusual to see married people considerably older than the teacher, occupying the benches of the school house during the winter months, in this way making up to some extent for their meagre opportunities in early youth. In addition to the payment of the regular school fees, the residents were obliged to contribute a certain portion of wood to be used for warming the school house during the winter. Quill pens were used for writing, the only desk for this purpose being a long board attached in a slanting position to the wall, before which the scholars sat on rough log benches. For their books they had no support but their knees. Among the early teachers of Milton township were Peggy Stevens, Gain Robinson, Joseph Duer, Phoebe Canfield, and Billings O. Plympton, who afterwards became a famous Methodist preacher. For many years teachers in this township were paid by subscription, receiving during- the summer terms from $4 to $5 per month and very often taking their pay in grain or orders on the neighboring stores. On one occasion a teacher who was to be paid in grain ordered it to be taken by the farmers to J. Orr's distillery, and a few months afterward he carried his winter's wages home in liquid form in a barrel. In Jackson township the public schools were few, and but little interest taken in education until 1840, when a new impulse moved the settlers. They divided the township in eight school districts with a fractional district in the southwest corner. They hired competent teachers, secured a good attendance of scholars, and from that time until the present the citizens have felt a deep interest in the cause of education. An academy was. erected at the center in 1859, and the efforts of those who erected it were crowned with fair success: The first school in Coitsville township was taught by Jeremiah Breaden, in a log cabin on the farm of Joseph Beggs, a little distance west of center. The second school organized was in the Harris district in the northeast portion of the township. It was held in a cabin house erected for the purpose which was afterwards taken away, and a frame house built on its site. The new one was used for a number of years, and was finally burned about the time when the first laws for the regulation and support of common schools were enacted in Ohio. In that,school the Bible was one of the most important school books used. Rev. William McGuffey, author of the popular and excellent series of school books entitled McGuffey's Eclectic Readers, was born in Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1797, and subsequently became a resident of Coitsville. He probably did more for the cause of common school education than any other person of his day, his school books being used throughout many, if not all the states of the Union. His parents had emigrated to this country from Scotland and were old school Presbyterians. He was a graduate of Oxford College, Eng- land, and although licensed to preach the gospel, was never settled as a pastor over any congregation, but spent his life in promoting education. He presided at different times over several colleges in this state and in Virginia. 376 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY He died at the residence of his daughter in Dayton, Ohio, in the sixty-seventh year of his age. In Greene township the early settlers took a deep interest in education and when there were only eight families in the township, and but eighteen prospective pupils, and some of these living three miles apart, a school house was erected, and in the winter of 1818-1819 Roswell Bartlett taught the first school. In the following winter the teacher was John Harrington, in 1821 William Harrington, and in 1822 W. Bartlett. The summer schools during these four years were taught by Rhoda Rice, Mary and Syrena Evans, and Charlotte Bascom. Good schools have always been maintained in the township. EARLY YOUNGSTOWN SCHOOLS The first school house in the village of Youngstown, which was erected about 1805, or possibly a little earlier, was a one-story log building, containing one room which stood on the Public Square, on the spot where the Soldiers' monument now stands. Perlee Brush, as has been already mentioned, was teaching this school in 1804 though it is not certainly known whether or not he was the first teacher. He was followed by James Noyes, whose description has come down to us as "a tall, slim man from Connecticut." In 1848, Jabez P. Manning occupied the school house on the Diamond, and in the following year Fanny Roth, or Ross, taught school either in Youngstown or just south of the village. Besides the school house on the Diamond there was one near the residence of Isaac Powers, .a building that served both as a church and school house at Cornersburg, and another near Parkhurst Mills. In 1820 Miss Phebe Wick taught the school on the Public Square: Miss Mary Case, afterwards Mrs. Benjamin Stevens, also taught in the village about this date. THE ACADEMY In 1823 the second school house in Youngstown, sometimes known as the academy, was built in Youngstown village by A. R. Bissell, and paid for by subscription. It stood upon the present site of the Diamond Block, near the southwest corner of the square. It was' taught about 1827 by a Mr. Robinson, who at the same time was studying for the Methodist ministry. Upon the introduction of the union schools system in 1851, this school building was sold to the Disciples congregation, who used it as a church until 1873, when it was-moved over on East Federal street and occupied as a store. According to the best information at hand, Miss Phoebe Wick and Jabez. P. Manning were the principal teachers in. Youngstown between 1820 and 1827. STATE LAWS In a true sense the early schools were not-public schools, and, as we have seen, were far from being free schools. Land grants were for many years not productive of any revenue, and school taxes were unknown before 1821, when an enabling law was enacted by the legislature providing that the townships might be divided into independent districts by the trustees if authorized by the electors, and that each independent district might elect three directors, who were empowered to erect a school building, employ a teacher of whose qualifications they were the sole judges, and make assessments for expenses with the consent of two-thirds of the electors. This law, being permissive, was of little consequence, and was followed in 1825 by what is usually referred to as "the first school law of Ohio," and was mandatory in its provisions. This law made it the duty of the township trustees to lay off the respective townships into school districts, hold annual elections for school directors in each district, and authorized them to build a school house and maintain a school. A penalty was imposed if they failed to employ a teacher. The law also provided for a board of county examiners to examine teachers. In 1837 a law was enacted creating the office of superintendent of common schools of Ohio, and elected Mr. Samuel Lewis as super- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 377 intendent at a salary of $50o per year. Mr. Lewis was a man of remarkable ability and had the STATE THOROUGHLY ORGANIZED at the end of his three years' of service, when he resigned. The reactionists then came into power, and so many laws were enacted and repealed that it is very difficult to determine what the exact condition was when the Akron Law of 1847 was enacted, providing for organizing all the independent districts in the borough into a union school, with a board of six members with full authority to employ a superintendent and conduct graded and high schools, followed in 1849 by a general law providing for the organization of union schools in all towns with a. population of 200 or over, similar to the union schools of Akron. It was under this law that the Youngstown Union Schools were organized. Youngstown had at that time a population of about 1,800, with a school enumeration between the ages of 5 years and 21 years of 530. There were three school buildings, the West Side, the Middle or Front street building, and a building situated on East Federal street. Additional rooms were rented. THE FIRST MEETING "At a meeting held by the directors-elect —elected under the Act of Assembly of February 21, 1849—for the borough of Youngstown and the territory attached thereto for the school purposes—on the evening of the 3d of May, 1851, Dr. H. Manning was elected president of the Board of Education ; William J. Edwards, secretary, and Wilson S. Thorn, treasurer of said board. "Homer Hine was appointed school examiner for one year ; R. J. Powers was appointed for two years, and R. W. Taylor for three years. "It was ordered by the board that the treasurer give bond and security for the faithful discharge of his duties to the amount of two thousand dollars." With this auspicious beginning the union schools of Youngstown began their history with a board of education composed of Dr. Henry Manning, Theodotius Garlick, William. J. Edwards, Wilson S. Thorn, Jesse Baldwin and A. D. Jones. Mr. Samuel F. Cooper was employed as-superintendent and teacher in the High School at a salary of $500 for forty weeks. Mrs. Cooper was employed as assistant teacher in the High School at a salary of $160 per year. Teachers in the primary and secondary schools. were employed at $140 per year, each teacher in the primary, secondary and grammar-schools to sweep her own room and build her own fire. Mr. Cooper was elected superintendent July 9, 1851, and served until July 9, 1853- Mr. Cooper remained in the service of the: board two years. Mr. W. S. Gray, who was a Disciple minister, was in the employ of the board in the: secondary schools at a salary of $300 per year.. Mr. Gray enjoyed the reputation of being a. clear, incisive teacher, was much interested in oratory and oral reading, and a profound believer in the virtue of the rod. If pupils were truant, Mr. Gray would assign work to his pupils and then act as truant officer. The board met August 15, 1853, and "W. S. Thorn was appointed to visit Mr. McMillen and hire him for a sum not exceeding $500 per year, to superintend our schools," is the entire record of the proceedings of a meeting. Mr. McMillen resided at Canfield, where he was employed in a harness shop. On August 16 the hoard met and confirmed the action of Mr. Thorn, who drove to Canfield and closed a contract with Mr. McMillen to superintend the schools and teach the High School. Mrs. McMillen was employed as assistant teacher at the rate of $20 per month. Schools were to be open forty weeks of five days each, and teachers were expected "to spend a portion of each Saturday together for mutual improvement." 1853 marked an era in school legislation. By the law of 1849 town and city schools were reorganized, but township schools were still 378 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY managed in part by the township trustees, and by the directors of the independent districts. By the new law a township board of education was created, consisting of one representative chosen from the board of local directors from each sub-district, with the responsibilities divided between the two boards. A provision to maintain a free school library was included, with an annual levy of one-tenth of a mill for its support. This law was in effect until 186o, when reactionary legislation repealed this excellent law. By this law the best literature found its way into every school house in the state, and many of the books then distributed are yet to be found in city and Village libraries. The schools were supported by the various state funds and a local levy of two and one-fourth mills to four mills each year during the first twenty years of the union schools. If a deficit was encountered; pupils were assessed in the High School one dollar, in the grammar school seventy-five cents, and in the secondary and primary schools, fifty cents. Mr. McMillen was engaged June 26, 1.854, for $65o for the ensuing year. On July 13, 1855, the board proposed to employ Mr. McMillen one year for $800, which he declined and Ephraim Miller was employed for $550 a year. The following year an effort was made to secure Mr. McMillen, but without effect. Mr. Charles H. Lathrop was employed at $600 per year "unless the board should become dissatisfied with his management, in which case they are at liberty to discharge him." Mrs. Lathrop was made assistant at $200 per year. During 1857 and 1858 Mr. A. B. Cornell was superintendent and was succeeded by Dwight Hubbard in 1859, and Mr. Hubbard by H. A. Hall in 186o. In 1861 Reuben McMillen was elected at a salary of $1,100. In 1860 a union school building was erected on Wood street, on the site of the present structure (then Coal street), at a cost not to exceed $6,500, the building to be three stories high and 76x5o feet. The journal of the board shows that on June 16, 1862, an order was drawn for $326 in payment of "eleven weeks' salary for Mr. McMillen, deducting $24, his share of keeping school house clean. He is engaged at the same meeting for one year at a salary of $1,100. On May 4, 1866, a regulation was made requiring the schools to commence at 1:30 in the afternoon and close at 4:30. At a meeting of the board on July loth of the same year, the board made its first agreement recorded in the minutes, by which the public schools and Rayen school, which was opened in 1863, co-operated. By this arrangement the Rayen school was to assume the salary of the principal of the High School, $1,000; assistant teacher of the High School, $500; one-half the salary of the superintendent, $750 ; salary of teacher for lower grades at Rayen school, $350, and janitor and incidental expenses amounting to $400, making a total of $3.000. It was arranged that a joint meeting of the two boards be held every three months. In 1867 Superintendent McMillen again severed his connection with the schools of Youngstown, and Mr. P. T. Caldwell served until 1873, when Mr. McMillen's name appears upon the pay roll again. On June 8, 1871, the board closed the contract for the construction of THE FRONT STREET SCHOOL. The cost aggregated $22,186.96. Ironclad rules were adopted for the management of teachers and pupils. Early in the sixties, a teacher who was tardy three times in one term was to be discharged unless a good reason for tardiness was given to the board. In 1867, on the return of a pupil who had been absent, the parent or guardian was required to give excuse in person or writing, stating the cause of absence. "In every case of the absence of a pupil for more than three half days in any four consecutive weeks without a satisfactory excuse to the teacher, the absentee shall without exception or favor, with the approval of the superintendent, be suspended from school, and the facts immediately reported to the board or AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 381 their chairman, and shall not be readmitted until the beginning of the next term, unless by a written order from the board." Mason Evans elected clerk, March 23, 1876-79. August 7, D. A. Wilson resigned as principal of Front street school, and on September 4 H. C. Muckley was employed to fill the vacancy. RAYEN SCHOOL. The Rayen school owes its existence to the farsighted beneficence of Judge William Raven, one of the best known and most highly respected citizens of early Youngstown, who, dying in 1854, set apart by will a residuary fund of over $31,000 to be vested in trustees, the interest of which was to be expended in establishing a school to be known as the Rayen school. By an act of incorporation passed in 1856, it was provided that five trustees should be appointed, one each year, each to serve five years. The appointments were to be made by the judge of the court of common pleas. The first board appointed in June, 1857, consisted of Jonathan Warner, Charles Howard, Charles E. Cook, James Mackey, and Robert W. Taylor. With the accrued interest a lot was purchased and the original building completed in 1866. In the same year the trustees made a working agreement with the city Board of Education under which the Rayen school became the High School for the city and township. This arrangement still continues, the board of trustees being organized under the Ohio state law governing endowed schools, and the property belonging to the township. The ground and school buildings now have an endowment of $60,000. Prof. Edwin S. Gregory, who had had a previous experience of thirteen years as professor of Latin and principal of the preparatory department at the Western Reserve College, was elected principal, Miss Mary Emma Cutter being chosen as assistant teacher. His efficient administration gave Rayen a high standing, and he gained in a high degree the love and respect of his pupils. He was succeeded by Mr. Mitchell, who served one year. In 1879 Mr. M. S. Campbell, superintendent of schools of Portsmouth, Ohio, a thorough scholar and man of rare wisdom, became principal. He left in 1883 to become principal of the Central High School of Cleveland, Ohio. The next principal of Rayen was Mr.. Hill. Mr. Jewett came in 1891 and served until the present principal, Prof. Wells L. Griswold, was elected in 1901. Prof. Griswold, who is a graduate of Oberlin College (class of 1894) was superintendent of schools in Collonwood, a thriving suburb of Cleveland, before coming to Youngstown. He has proved himself a very efficient and successful instructor and is a man of exceptional executive ability. The school began with about forty scholars, and now (1907) has an enrollment of about 65o. To meet the growing demands for more ample accommodations, the school was remodeled in 1881; but within fifteen years the facilities had again become inadequate and it was necessary again to enlarge the building. The contract for the erection of the addition now used as a study room, was let August 20, 1894, and in the following year the new building was occupied. In the classics and mathematics the course of study is practically the same now as it was thirty-five years ago; but the other departments during the last ten years have been largely reconstructed. In 1901 a new chemical laboratory was fitted up. There is also a large physical science laboratory containing much valuable apparatus and recognized as one of the best in the United States. The manual training department introduced about 1896 is equipped with a large variety of tools, including wood and steel lathes. The work in English is extended so as to include the study of leading English and American authors. The other languages taught are Latin, Greek, French and German. There is also a normal department, which includes the study of civics, psychology and the science of education, designed expressly to fit young ladies for teaching. The school possesses a fine collection of 382 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY pictures, most of which are gifts of classes ; .others have come to the school through the liberality of citizens. The school emphasizes the college preparatory work, and its graduates have almost invariably made good records in college, especially in Harvard. Provision has been made for athletic training. There are also two literary societies, the "Rayen," for boys, and the "Galaxy," for girls, which hold outside debates on current topics. In the words of Prof. E. F. Miller : "With this evidence of success in its work, we may Seel assured that the school is realizing the ideal of its noble founder, and, as in the past, so in the future, Rayen school will offer incentives for all youth who enter her walls seeking knowledge." FREE KINDERGARTENS The Free Kindergarten Association was organized in 1892, and incorporated three years later under the name of The Youngstown Free Kindergarten and Day Nursery Association. It took this name because Mr. George D. Wick had given the association $1,000 to establish a day nursery. Conditions seemed to demand such an institution, and it was carried on for four years, when not enough mothers taking advantage of it, it was given up. The first kindergarten was located at the corner of Basin and Boardman streets, in the office of the old stamping works in the midst of the foreign element. But four of the forty children could speak English. It was conducted by Miss Mary S. Morgan, who had come direct from the Chicago Free Kindergarten Association training class and had presented the need of such work to the people of Youngstown. The first officers were : Miss Emilie Bonnell, president; Mrs. A. M. Clark, Mrs. George Fordyce, Miss Balch, vice-presidents; Miss Louise Edwards, secretary and treasurer. The institution owes much to Mr. John C. Wick for his encouragement and financial aid during those first years. He is still the largest individual contributor. At Thanksgiving time the kindergarten was transferred to a better home on E. Federal street. After several changes of location. the Hugh B. Wick heirs donated the use of their old homestead at Front and Market streets and it remained there seven years. By this time the kindergarten ideas had been so well rooted that the work had grown and spread so that there were several other kindergartens in various parts of the city. One had been opened in the old City Mission by Mrs. William Bonnell and Mrs. Arabella Ford, who undertook to raise funds for its support. This has now come under the direction of the association and has been transferred to Brier Hill. Through the interest of Mrs. E. L. Ford, Mr. Ford induced The Youngstown Steel Company and The Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company to maintain it for the children of their employees. They have built a substantial little home for it resembling somewhat a Swiss chalet. It is the first corporation kindergarten in the city. The next kindergarten was opened by the managers of Christ Mission, who still continue it and have added another at Westlake's crossing. This was followed by one at Haselton which was soon adopted by the association and named the Anna P. Haseltine Kindergarten in memory of Miss Haseltine whose mother donated the lease of a lot for a kindergarten building. The latest kindergarten to be added to the association is the Harriet and Leslie Bruce supported almost entirely by Mrs. Bruce. It is located in the Valley Mill district. The rent and fuel are donated by the Republic Iron & Steel Company. LUCRETIA K. BALDWIN MEMORIAL KINDERGARTEN After ten years of struggle in the original kindergarten with dark rooms and crowded quarters, the principal made a strong plea for a central building for kindergarten purposes. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 383 The work had proven its worth. It needed a building which could be used as the center of kindergarten interests. The training class, the board meetings as well as lectures, could be held in it. Other lines of work could be car-Tied on for older children, such as sewing and cooking classes, manual training and garden work, also free baths and a summer play ground. These needs were set forth at a meeting of the Board of Trustees. It was decided to undertake the raising of a building fund of $10,000.00. So generously did people respond to the earnest women who undertook it that $12,000.00 was raised in about four months. They sent out a printed appeal through the 'daily papers, one of which found its way across the ocean to Mr. and Mrs. William H. Baldwin, who were traveling in Turkey. The .latter gave up their planned trip in the Orient and returned to offer the association a kindergarten building in memory of Mr. Baldwin's mother, Mrs. Lucretia K. Baldwin, who was a daughter of Dr. Henry Manning, and who lived in Youngstown for seventy years after her birth here on October 5, 1827. Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin felt that in no better way could -they honor her memory than by the erection ,of a suitable building as headquarters for the -work of the association. The Grute lot, upon which the building 'now stands, offered the most suitable location, and was obtained at an expense of $20,000, of which the association paid half. Ground was 'broken for the building March 18, 1903, by the kindergartners and children, who marched in a body to the new lot. The contractor marked out the main entrance, handed them a new pick and shovel, and they dug- the great doorway line with happy hearts. The corner 'stone was laid on Froebel's birthday, April 21, by Imogen Baldwin, the little granddaughter of Mrs. Baldwin. On November 25th of the same year, the building, which had cost $28,000, was transferred to the association by Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin, with appropriate ceremonies. It is a handsome two-story structure, seventy-two by sixty-one feet, of light brick, with stone trimmings. The big sunny room is entered from the vestibule, contains a Tiffany stained glass window with a medallion of Christ blessing little children. A tablet over the open fire bears this inscription: "Hoping that other children than her own may rise up and call her blessed, and in loving memory of Lucretia Kirtland Manning Baldwin who died in this, the city of her birth, November 5, 1897, aged seventy years; this building is erected by her son, William H. and Isabel Cort Baldwin, his wife. All thy children shall be taught of the Lord, and great shall be the peace of thy children." Isaiah 54:13. What more enduring monument could be founded than a shrine in the hearts of the multitudes of little ones whose feet shall cross its threshold and whose happy laughter shall make its walls ring. Her life is not ended; it is enlarged and she will still be doing her part in the redeeming work of the world. BATHS Near the children's entrance is a tile-lined bathroom. The kindergarten children are bathed in the morning and after 4 o'clock p. m. it is open to school children. Over thirteen hundred baths were given during the last school year and over four hundred during the summer vacation. The second floor has a large lecture room, an overflow kindergarten room, a trustees' room, a room for the cooking class, and others. DOMESTIC SCIENCE The trustees used part of the endowment fund to equip the cooking room. The classes are limited to twelve, so each has her own set of utensils and is given individual attention. A different class meets each afternoon from 4 to 6 o'clock p. m. Beside the individual equipment, there is a gas range for other forms of cooking, a sink, ample cupboards and supplies. MANUAL TRAINING The manual training department is in the large, light basement. Mrs. John A. Logan, 384 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY Jr., fitted this out with twelve benches and all necessary tools. Two years ago classes were organized by a teacher from Pratt Institute. They met from 4 to 6 p. m., and accomplished good work. At present the work is among younger children, but will eventually lead up to the bench work again. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL A large sewing school is held here every Saturday during the winter under the direction of Miss Louisa M. Edwards. The lecture room was used by a Boys' Club, which met one winter with an attendance of between seventy and eighty. It was held six evenings a week. During the first summer vacation the building was used by the Council of Jewish Women for classes and clubs organized among the poorer Hebrew children. VISITING NURSE One room in the building is used by the Visiting Nurse Association, who have their headquarters here. The building is used every evening by the Boys' Club under the management of the Boys' Club Association. They have evening classes in manual training, also various kinds of games. The basement is finely equipped with apparatus for a gymnasium. Shower baths will soon be put in one room by the Club Association for the use of the older boys. PLAYGROUND The opening of the playground was deferred until the past summer. There were over a hundred children admitted each day and about sixty present all the time. FINANCIAL More funds were needed to carry on the enlarged work and the Board of Education placed four of the teachers and two janitors on the pay roll. A little later a fund was made available through the township trustees, who decided that what is known as the Shelly Fund could be used for the kindergarten, as that alone stands for the education of the poor. Such was the purpose of Mr. Daniel Shehy when he made. his will more than a quarter of a century ago. YOUNGSTOWN TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS Before the incorporation of the city of Youngstown, all the schools in the township were included under one school system, under the provision of an act passed about 183o, at which time Jedediah Fitch was representative from this legislative district. The township then had five school districts, or sub-districts, each of which elected directors. The respective chairmen of the different boards of directors formed the Board of Education. The directors had full control of all school matters. Before the annual school term opened it was customary for them to visit all the parents in their respective districts in order to ascertain just how many children were going to attend school. The parents were then assessed pro rata according to the amount required to meet expenses and the number of children attending from each family. The teachers "boarded around," and were not paid until the end of the term. A school then stood on the site now occupied by the Tod house. There were also the Madden district, the Connorsburg district (which included portions of the townships of Canfield, Boardman, Austintown, and Youngstown, and which corresponded with the present sub-district, No. 11 ), the Haselton district, and the district southwest of the city, now covered by No. 5. About 1852 a new constitution was adopted, the school board being reorganized in the following year substantially upon its present basis. The Board of Education now consists of five members who are elected by the township at large, and who have full control of the township schools and school property, with power to engage teachers. There are now twelve sub-districts, each with a schoolhouse of one or more rooms. A teacher is provided for each room. Those sub-districts having AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 385 one room only are No. 1, Park Hill; No. 3, Holmes Road; No. 5, southwest of the city limits (formerly a special school district) ; No. 6, west end of Mill Creek Park; No. 7, west of Brier Hill; and No. 12, west of Lansingville, on the Foster and Haselton road. The schoolhouse in the last named district being crowded, it may soon be necessary to provide another room. The following sub-districts have schoolhouses of two rooms each : No. 2, Crab Creek; No. 4, east of Kyle's Corners; No. 9, Perkins Corners; No. 1o, southwest of city and adjoining No. 5; and No. 11, known as the Connorsburg sub-district, which, as above mentioned, includes parts of other townships. The school house of the last-named - 22 - sub-district is situated in Youngstown township; only one room is at present in use. Sub-district No. 8, Kyle's Corners, has a schoolhouse of four rooms, built last fall (1906), three of the rooms being now in use. It has 120 scholars, and the attendance is increasing. so rapidly that it will probably be necessary to make use of the fourth room next year. Altogether eighteen teachers are now employed.. The present school board consists of John Mitchell, president; Wade E. Simons, Edward Ipe, L. T. Foster, and Myron Wehr. The clerk of the board is James Parfitt. Since 1853 the board has met in the old Town Hall at No. 268 West Federal street, Youngstown. CHAPTER XXV FRATERNAL AND BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS Free Masons— Odd Fellows—Elks—Knights of Pythias—Knights of the Golden Eagle— National Protective Legion—Other Societies. The first Masonic Lodge in Mahoning county was instituted at Canfield, June 8, 1813, under a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio, applied for in the previous year by the following named citizens : Charles A. Boardman, Elisha Whittlesey, George Stilson, Francis Dowler, Arad Way, Trial Tanner, Isaac Newton, Henry Ripley, Charles B. Fitch, Richard Fitch, William Logan, Archibald Tanner, Lewis Hoyt, and John Winthrop. These brethren had all attained to the Third degree in Masonry, and being resident more than twenty miles from any regular lodge of Masons were anxious to have a lodge instituted in which they could participate in the ceremonies and enjoy the privileges of their ancient craft. The new lodge was called 'Western Star Lodge, in accordance with the wishes of the petitioners and took rank as No. 2I. It was instituted on the date named by Judge Geo. Tod as deputy for John Leavitt, master of Erie Lodge, at Warren, who was unable to attend on account of sickness. The records contain the following entry •of the consecration ceremonies : Canfield, June 8, 1813. The original petitioners, together with a number of brethren from adjacent lodges, met agreeably to appointment at the house of Zalmon Fitch, from which place they proceeded to the schoolhouse, where a very appropriate discourse was delivered by Brother Darrow of Vienna, after which they returned to the house of Mr. Fitch, when Brother Tod proceeded to consecrate the lodge and install the following officers : Elijah Wadsworth, master; Trial Tanner, senior warden ; Isaac Newton, junior warden ; Elisha Whittlesey, treasurer; John H. Patch, secretary; John Northrop, senior deacon ; Richard Fitch, junior deacon ; George Stilson, Archibald Tanner, stewards; Charles B. Fitch, Charles A. Boardman, tylers. Although of slow growth during the war period of 1812-1815 the lodge made its usefulness felt in caring for the families of its members. It was chartered in 1816. Meetings were held with regularity and for a number of years were of more or less convivial character, as was then customary upon social occasions. With the advent of modern ideas on the subject of temperance. this feature gradually disappeared, the lodge giving evidence of the progressive character of its members by being one of the first social organizations to abandon the use of ardent spirits at meetings. Owing to the wide spread hostility against Free Masonry which arose from the reputed murder of John Morgan in 1828, this lodge in common with most others in the United AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 387 States suffered a long period of depression. At the last meeting in that year held at Boardman, November 19th, there were present : John Northrop, Daniel Titus, Henry Hubbard, Isaac Newton, Thomas T. Payne, Philo Cook, Elisha Blake, and Harmon W. Austin. No further meetings were held until May,. 1848, when the following brethren convened at Canfield : John Northrop, I. Chidister, I. Newton, A. Collar, William Schmick, William S. Reed, Isaac N. Lane, and Isaac Brookhart, the last four being visitors. "Interest in the order revived, and the lodge grew somewhat in membership, though it had a small territory to draw from. Youngstown Masons belonged to Erie Lodge at Warren. Though small in numbers, the Canfield Lodge was composed of prominent and highly respectable men. It continued to hold its convocations at Canfield until the fall of 1852. "The initial steps towards forming a lodge of Free and Accepted Masons were taken in Youngstown in the year 1851. A dispensation was issued by the grand master, March 18, 1852, to Mahoning Lodge, in which Theodatus Garlick is designated grand master, John I. Webb, senior warden, and Thomas H. Wells, junior warden. "A charter was never granted to Mahoning Lodge, instituted under the dispensation of March, 1852, when the proposition came before the grand lodge at Chillicothe at the regular meeting in October. A charter would have been granted, but the application was withdrawn upon the 'occurrence of the facts and proceedings.' "That W. N. Prentice, worshipful master of the Western Star Lodge and the delegate from the said lodge, in compliance with the wishes of the members of Western Star Lodge and of a resolution passed unanimously therein, offered the following resolution for adoption : "'Resolved, That Western Star Lodge No. 21, now holding its regular communications in Canfield, Mahoning county, be removed to, and hereafter hold its meetings in, Youngs- town, provided the following be agreed to and adopted by the grand lodge : "'Resolved, That the petitioners for a new lodge at Youngstown have leave to withdraw their petition, provided the foregoing resolution be agreed to.' "These resolutions were adopted, and Western Star Lodge was accordingly removed to Youngstown, where its membership was consolidated with Mahoning Lodge." It now has a membership of 545. After the removal of the charter and effects of Western Star Lodge to Youngstown, it was the only society of Master Masons in the county till Hillman Lodge No. 481, F. & A. M., was chartered on October 2 I , I 874. The latter has 181 members. There are now in Youngstown two blue lodges, F. & A. M., a chapter R. A. M., commandery, K. T., and Lodge of Perfection, A. A. & S. R. Youngstown Chapter, No. 93, R. A. M. was chartered October 13, 1866, and now M., 348 members. The charter of St. John's Commandery No. 20, K. T., which has a present membership of 200, was issued October 15, 1869. Both. the chapter and commandery draw their membership in part from Hubbard, Canfield, and other neighboring lodges. On February 4, 1904, a dispensation was asked for a Lodge of Perfection of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite for the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the U. S. A. The first officers were Geo. E. McNab, 33rd degree, thrice potent master; John P. Hazlett, 33rd degree, deputy master ; B. Frank Thomas, senior warden; Mason Evans, junior warden. On September 20, 1905, a charter was granted to the petition for a lodge known as Hiram Lodge of Perfection 14 degrees. The membership at this time is considerably over Too, and the officers serving under the dispensation have been re-elected and are serving under the charter. ODD FELLOWS. Odd Fellowship began its existence in Youngstown with the institution of Hebron 388 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY Lodge No. 55, December 2, 1845, by some members of the Warren Lodge who had petitioned for dismissal and obtained from the grand lodge a charter. These charter members were William Braden, Theodatus Garlick, John C. Grierson, R. G. Garlick, Frederick S. Smith, and Daniel J. Wick. The first noble grand was William Braden. The lodge was instituted in the Mansion House, where meetings were held until 1849, and during that period enjoyed a healthy growth, numbering some of the most prominent citizens among its members. In 1865, the lodge took up its quarters in the Porter block, which in June of that year was totally destroyed by fire, the lodge losing all its property, including records, regalia, furniture, and charter. This untoward event was not allowed to cast any blighting effect on the future of the order in Youngstown. The benefits of Odd Fellowship were at that time particularly in demand owing to the large number of soldiers returning from the army, and soon a subscription paper was circulated, new quarters in Chapman's Hall, were, with all the necessary appurtenances, ready for occupancy. By 1868 the growth of the order had been such that the establishment of a new lodge became a necessity. The Grand Lodge was petitioned, and Youngstown Lodge No. 403 was instituted July 9, 1868, with the following charter members. John M. Edwards, Charles C. Chapman, Ezriah Pratt, Phillip A. Palmer, L. R. Roberts, Isaac Fellows, James Luck, Nelson Crandall, Geo. B. Converse, Elmer 0. Woodford, Henry Slawson, Hamson Keen, P. N. Wilder,. J. M. Silliman, and James Predmore. The first officers were : John M. Edwards, noble grand ; C. C. Chapman, vice-grand ; P. A. Palmer, secretary ; E. O. Woodford, permanent secretary ; Isaac Fellows, treasurer. The lodge now has a membership of about 650, and is the largest I. O. O. F. lodge in the state. Three of its original members are still living,—James Hillman, James Predmore, and Dr. H. Slawson, though not now connected with the lodge. Its present officers are : E. S. Dickson, noble grand ; A. V. Hinman, vice-grand ; C. S. Miller, recording secretary; Jacob Oppenheimer, financial secretary. Hebron Lodge has about 425 members. It may be considered at the mother of four other lodges—Niles, Girard, Hubbard, and Mineral Ridge. Niles, however, was formed of members of both Hebron and Mahoning Lodge of Warren. Its present officers are: Benj. C. Miller, noble grand; H. H. Stafford, vice-grand ; L. M. Hahn, recording secretary ; B. P. Shook, financial secretary ; Henry Onions, treasurer. Fernleaf Rebecca Lodge, No. 564, is in a flourishing condition having a membership of about 200. The growth of Odd Fellowship in Youngstown has been such that by the opening of the present century it was deemed advisable to erect a building wherein the various lodges might meet to transact their business, and steps were accordingly taken for that purpose. The spring of 1903 saw the realization of these plans in the dedication of the fine I. O. O. F. Temple at No. 115 Boardman street, which was accomplished with appropriate ceremonies. The building which is a fine brick structure with stone foundations is admirably fitted for the purpose for which it is designed, and was erected at a cost of $25,000.00. It has the distinction of being the only building in the state devoted entirely to the purposes of Odd Fellowship. BENEVOLENT AND PROTECTIVE ORDER OF ELKS. Among the prominent fraternal organizations of the city, known throughout the United States by reason of the prominence it has attained, is Youngstown Lodge No. 55, of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Owning a magnificent club-house which is the perfection of architecture, and the interior not excelled in any city in its appointments and furnshings, it is a matter of just pride to the high character of the membership, and to the officers who have by the sacrifice of their time and means .made it one of the finest temples devoted to the cardinal virtues upon which the order is founded. More than twenty years ago, when the Or- AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 389 der of Elks was in its infancy, a party of prominent men of the city, none of them wealthy but all engaged in the practice of the charity which believed in aiding without ostentation those less fortunate, decided to apply for a dispensation and organize a local lodge. With thirty-eight members on the charter list Youngstown Lodge was instituted on Saturday evening, October 23, 1886, by ti late Daniel A. Kelly, who was then grand exalted ruler, and who installed the following officers : Exalted ruler, Clate A. Smith esteemed leading knight, A. J. Woolf ; esteemed loyal knight, Eugene Rook ; esteemed lecturing knight, J. P. Wilson.; secretary, Charles J. Smith ; treasurer, Samuel Cornell ; tyler, Daniel H. Arnold. As with many other fraternal organizations, the first year proved a critical period in the life of the lodge, and its being placed upon a substantial foundation is largely due to the able and untiring assistance given the first exalted ruler by the other officers and members. A cardinal principle adopted by the members of No. 55 was quality and not quantity in the selection of its members Modest quarters were secured in what was the Union Veteran Legion hall, and later the top floor of what is now the Weil-Hartzell Company building was secured. The growth of membership made larger quarters necessary, and two floors of the Gallagher block were leased for a term of years. Up to that time the lodge rooms of the growing organization were considered the finest in the city. Steady increase in the prosperity of the lodge, and a larger acquisition to its membership roll resulted in a concerted effort of officers and members to have a handsome home for the lodge that would be not only a credit to them but to the entire order of Elks. and at a largely attended meeting it was unanimously decided to formulate plans, and organize a company, the stockholders to be limited to members here, to purchase a site and erect and furnish a magnificent club. The Elks Building Company was organized, the handsome site at the corner of Wick avenue and Wood street purchased, and on this was erected the elegant edifice which has been the home of the order for the past five years. The commodious quarters are elaborately furnished not only for the comfort and entertainment of the members but also for the ladies. On the first floor opening from an attractive arcade is an elaborate library, and adjoining it is the Turkish room furnished with appointments of the latest designs and a piano for the ladies. Adjoining this is the billiard room with three tables, and leading out from it is the grill room, decorated and furnished in Flemish oak, where the wants of the inner man are supplied. On entering the arcade from the Wood street entrance, to the right is a magnificent parlor for the ladies, and leading out of it is a large private dining-room. Next to this is a magnificent dining-room decorated in a superb manner to charm the eye, while the happy guest is being served with a menu that would delight an epicure. Leading up from the arcade is a broad stairway to the lodge room, which is one of the largest and finest of any secret organization in the country, and furnished with commodious ante-rooms. To the right of the lodge room are seven bachelor apartments which are occupied by resident members, and transient members while in the city, and who prefer the quiet quarters and superb service not found in any hotel. On the third floor is a magnificent banquet hall which is occupied during the winter season by dancing parties of the Elks, their ladies and invited guests. On the first floor leading from Wick avenue are rooms for business purposes which are held by desirable tenants on long leases. To the rear of these rooms, and leading from the Wood street entrance are the gymnasium and bowling alleys, with all the furnishings to make them attractive. The Elks building complete with its furnishings cost $100,000 and is a substantial monument to the energy and spirit of fraternity which is exemplified in such a high degree by the officers, and those who have succeeded them and to the sterling character of its membership. Among the factors contributing to the rec- 390 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY ord of success attained by No. 55, is that it was the first lodge of the order in the world to banish intoxicating liquors from its social sessions, and also the first lodge to adopt a rule to hold no lodge meetings on Sunday, except the annual lodge of sorrow. Since the action taken by the local lodge others have followed its example and the result has proven beneficial in many ways. According to an addition to the by-laws of Youngstown Lodge members of No. 55 who have been in good standing in the lodge for twenty years, are eligible to election as life members of the order, it being conditional that a petition to that effect is signed by five member, and adopted by the lodge; such members will not be liable to further dues or assessments. Of the number on the charter list eligible to retirement, the list contains fifteen members. Some five have been placed on the list of life members, and others will be added to the roll as they become eligible. The present membership of No. 55 is 440. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. Mahoning Lodge No. 52, K. P., was organized May I, 1873, by the following-named as charter members: John T. Gray, J. C. Brennemar, Wm. H. Gault, John L. Alexander, L. J. Jacobs, Asa W. Jones, Henry Onions, R. Shurtleff, J. M. Silliman, C. T. Meadsker, Philip Eberhart, A. Kingsbacher, D. C. Daniels, David Baker, A. H. Rice and A. D. Fassett. Since the organization, they have admitted about 400 members of whom quite a number have died, some have dropped out of membership while a large number have affiliated with the other K. of P. Lodges that have been organized in the city. The present membership of the lodge is about 150. Its present officers (1907) are : A. V. Hinman, C. C.; M. Goldstine, V. C. ; Thomas McGinnis, P. ; James E. Froom, M. W. John P. Mercer, M. F.; Charles Fredenberg, M. E.; John P. Mercer, K. R. S.; Wm. J. Henry, M. A. ; H. G. Stambaugh, I. G. ; James Morgan, 0. G. The lodge meets in Bushnell Hall, 127 W. Federal street. Starlight Lodge No. 224, K. P., organized August 26, 1886, with I. K. Ilgenfritz of Youngstown, Ohio, as instituting officer. The charter members were as follows by card : A. B. Howe, E. Morgan Faust, F. H. Martin, Wm. Eckert, I. O. Kridler, L. W. Scholl, H. J. Bishop, W. H. Knesal, H. W. Sipe : initiated: L. M. Hahn, D. W. Emery, O. L. Miller, H. H. Shafer, Alvin Welker, John Beitler. D. Livingston, A. S. Warner, Wm. E. Auer, W. S. Raub, W. R. Martin, W. E. Emery, E. M. Whittenberger, Joseph Coleman, A. C. Grise, D. F. Seiter. The following were the first officers: A. B. Howe, P. C. ; F. H. Martin, C. C.; Wm. Eckert, V. C. ; E. M. Foust, prel ; H. H. Shafer, M. of Ex.: A. S. Warner, M. of F.; L. M. Hahn, K. of R. & S.; 0. L., Miller, M. at A. ; I. O. Kridler, I. G. ; E. M. Wittenberger, O. G. The present membership of the lodge is seventy-three. Haselton Lodge, K. of P., No. 456. was founded November 18. 1890, with eighty-six chartered members. The present membership is 142. Its officers for the present year are : Rodger Howells, C. C. ; Wm. Mason, V. C. ; W. H. McMillen, M. of W. ; Wm. Morrow. prelate ; John Hunter, M. of F. ; I. M. Watt, K. of R. S. ; W. P. Kerr, M. of Ex. ; A. R. Brightman, I. G.; H. H. Haggarty, D. G.; Joseph Miller, D. G. C. The lodge meets every Wednesday evening in the Louis Block, Haselton. Youngstown Lodge, No. 154. K. P., meets every Thursday evening in Davis Block. Robert E. Johnston Lodge, No. 614, K. P., meets every Tuesday evening in Davis Block. Fleur de Lis Co., No. 31, U. R. K. of P. meets every Friday evening in Davis Hall. Eureka Assembly, No. 23, Pythian Sisterhood, meets every Thursday evening in the Finn Building. Goethe Lodge, No. 1, (German) meets every Thursday evening in Pabst Building. Colored Knights of Pythias. Logan Lodge No. 4, meets alternate Wednesday evenings in Foresters' Hall. Golden Leaf Co., U. R. meets alternate Saturday evenings in Foresters' Hall. Louise Edwards Court No. 30. I. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 391 O. Clanthe, meets alternate Wednesday evenings in Foresters' Hall. KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE. The order of the Knights of the Golden Eagle was founded in Baltimore, Md., February 6, 1873, by John Emory Burbage. For a period of twelve years its growth was very slow and it was confined wholly to that state. But in 1885, certain prominent citizens of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and other Eastern cities became interested in the work and undertook its advancement. Its progress since then has been marvelous and unprecedented in the history of kindred organizations. The organization of the Order consists of a Supreme Castle, Grand Castle of the various states and Subordinate Castles of the cities and towns. The order is both social and beneficial and during its existence in this county has paid in sick and funeral benefits a little over $10,000.00 to its members and to the widows of deceased members. There are at present four subordinate castles in Mahoning county and one Ladies' Temple. Youngstown Castle, No. 24, was instituted October 18, 1889, in the A. O. U. W. Hall with a membership of 27 and its present membership is 137. C. H. Andrew Castle, No. 6o, was instituted July 2, 1893, with a membership of 35 and has increased its membership during its existence to 157 members. Gov. Tod Castle, No. 7, was instituted October 15, 1897, with thirty members present and has increased its membership to 76. Maine Castle, No. 44, of Lowellville, was instituted November 4, 1899, with 33 members and has a membership today of 52. Ladies of the Golden Eagle, Garfield Temple No. 5, meets alternate Tuesday evenings in Jewell Block. NATIONAL PROTECTIVE LEGION. Mahoning Legion, No. 1105, was established in December, 1904, and now has a mem bership of 180. The National Protective Legion is the only order in Ohio paying cash dividends to its members every five years. The present offcers of Mahoning Legion are : Joseph Coope, president; Thomas Malpass, vice-president ; David G. Jenkins, secretary ; Robert McCracken, secretary ; Alva E. Craft, John Lloyd, and Thomas Malpass, trustees. Youngstown Legion, N. P. L., No. 177o, was founded December 13, 1906. It has a present membership of 36. Its officers are as follows : John J. Denny, president; Mary H. Ryan, vice-president; John Schofield, secretary; Mary McGraw, chaplain; Fred A. Reed, conductor ; Stephen Jones, guard ; Geo. H. Hines, Charles W. Fox, Myrtle M. Reed, trustees. Haselton Legion, No. 1427, N. P. L., has regular meetings at 128 N. Quarry street. TRUE IVORITES. Star of the West Lodge No. 4o, True Ivorites, was founded in Youngstown, November 25, 1875, and a charter granted April I I, 1877. It meets the first Wednesday and the second and last Saturdays of each month at I To W. Federal street. Naomi Lodge No. 1, True Ivorites, meets in the same hall alternate Tuesday evenings. ROYAL ARCANUM. Royal Arcanum, Youngstown Council, No. 387, was organized September 25, 1879. It now has a membership of several hundred. KNIGHTS OF THE MODERN MACCABEES. Campbell Tent, No. 1173, K. of Modern Maccabees, was established March 17, 1904, chiefly through the exertions of Mr. R. D. Campbell. The order is a large and flourishing one, its leading feature being fraternal insurance. The present membership of this lodge is 385. It has for officers (1907) : Wm. Gethung, commander ; W. F. Perry, record keeper ; and Samuel Ellis, finance keeper. D. 392 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY J. Woods is past commander. Ladies of the Modern Maccabees meet at 255 West Federal street. KNIGHTS OF THE MACCABEES. Youngstown Tent, No. 34, meets every Wednesday evening at 271 W. Federal street Mahoning Tent, No. 279, meets every Thursday evening at 1732 Wilson avenue. LADIES OF THE MACCABEES. Mahoning Hive, No. 99, meets every Tuesday evening at 271 W. Federal street. Youngstown Hive, No. 335, meets every Wednesday evening in Bushnell Hall. STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Youngstown Lodge No. 2, Star of Bethlehem, was instituted February 26, 1907, with 26 charter members. The order is said to be of ancient origin and to have been introduced into America in 1691. Its present (and first) officers are : Commander, Sir D. L. Lett; vice-commander, Lady Clara Frame; scribe, Sir Harry E. Miller; accountant, Lady Belle McFarlin treasurer, Sir Louis Greenwood; chaplain, Lady Julia Creed; marshal, Lady Clara Lovell; assistant marshal, Lady Grace Arkwright ; past commander, Worthy Sir George ..Arkwright; legato, Lady Zelda Sollinger. CATHOLIC MUTUAL BENEFIT ASSOCIATION. The Catholic Mutual Benefit Association was organized in the village of Niagara Falls, New York, in July, 1876, and was incorporated by the legislature of the state of New York, in 1879. Its act of incorporation is known as Chapter 496 of the laws of New York, passed June 9, 1879. The object of this association, as set forth in section 5 of said act, is "to improve the moral, mental and social condition of its members; to educate them in integrity, sobriety and frugality; to endeavor to make them contented with their position in life, and to aid and assist members and their families in case of death." The organization of this association was first suggested by the late lamented Rt. Rev. S. V. Ryan, bishop of Buffalo, and by its members he is referred to with pride and affection as the "Father of the C. M. B. A." This name with many other distinguished prelates and a vast number of the reverend clergy throughout the United States and Canada adorn its rolls. The qualification for membership are that a man shall be a practical Catholic, physically sound, of the full age of eighteen years and under fifty years of age at (late of initiation. Every applicant must have the signature of the pastor of his parish to his application paper as a guarantee that he possesses the first qualification before his application can be considered in any branch. Being a business society haying for its object a safe and reliable insurance for its members, and as the strength and perpetuity of all such associations depend entirely on the nature of their risks, all applicants must undergo a rigid medical examination by a competent physician regularly appointed and sworn to perform his duty honestly. All certificates of examination made by such examiners must be submitted to the Grand Medical Examiner of the Council, who approves or disapproves the applicant, according to the statements contained in the certificates, and no person can be admitted or balloted for until the branch has been notified of the approval of the Grand Medical Examiner of the Council. In addition to this, each branch has a board of five trustees, to whom all applications must be referred, who are empowered to approve or reject. No society that has ever existed has done so much to unite our Catholic men, to bring them together. to get them acquainted with one another, to elevate them morally and socially, to wipe out the lines and prejudices of nationality, to brighten their intelligence by contact in meeting, and by inculcating a spirit of brotherly love, unity and affection make them better men and better citizens. Branches are bound to visit their sick and provide assistance for the members of their families when in need. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS - 393 The Ladies' Catholic Benefit Association is an auxiliary body that has proved of great assistance to the C. M. B. A. in carrying out their social features, not only in Youngstown but throughout the county. Each state with 10 or more branches is entitled to form a Grand Council, subject to the Supreme Council, which is composed of its supreme officers and three representatives of each Grand Council. The Ohio Grand Council is composed of 106 branches of which number Youngstown contributes the following: Branch No. 31—Meets first and third Sat-day evenings at No. 13o West Federal street. Branch No. 96 -Meets fourth Saturday of each month at No. 1668 Wilson avenue. Branch No. 72—Meets second and fourth Saturday evenings in Immaculate Conception Church. Branch No. 91—Meets second and fourth Saturday evenings at No. 1267 West Federal street. Branch No. 94—Meets second and fourth Tuesday evenings of each month in St. Joseph's Hall. L. C. B. A. Branch No. 279—Meets firs' and third Tuesday evenings of each month at No. 13o West Federal street. L. C. B. A. Branch No. 336    Meets first and third Tuesday evenings of each month in Immaculate Conception Church. Advisory Council—Meets every fourth 'Sunday in St. Joseph's Hall. JUNIOR ORDER UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS. Youngstown Council No. 51—Meets every 'Tuesday evening in Bushnell Hall. Samuel J. Randall Council No. 96 Meets every Friday evening in Carpenter's Hall. DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY. Pride of Ohio Council No. 12—Meets alternate Friday afternoons in Bushnell Hall. ANCIENT ORDER UNITED WORKMEN. Anchor Lodge No. 52—Meets every Thursday evening at No. 271 West Federal street. Martha Washington Lodge No. 10, D. of H.—Meets alternate Friday evenings at No. 271 West Federal street. DAUGHTERS OF AMERICA. Idora Council No. 126 Meets every Tuesday evening in Carpenter's Hall. B. P. O. ELKS. Youngstown Lodge No. 55—Meets every Wednesday evening in Elks Building. KNIGHTS ANCIENT ESSENIC ORDER. Youngstown Senate No. 28—Meets in G. A. R. Hall. FRATERNAL MYSTIC CIRCLE. Youngstown Ruling No. 32—Meets fourth Thursday each month in G. A. R. Hall. PROTECTED HOME CIRCLE. Mahoning Circle No. 2—Meets second and fourth Tuesday evenings of each month in Y. W. C. A. Building. Haselton Home Circle No. 6o—Meets every Friday evening in Milliken Hall. THE NATIONAL UNION. Oriental Council No. 212—Meets second and fourth Thursday evenings in G. A. R. Hall. ORDER OF SCOTTISH CLANS. Clan MacDonald No. 39—Meets first and third Tuesday evenings in G. A. R. Hall. 394 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY DAUGHTERS OF SCOTLAND. Heather Belle No. 2—Meets second and fourth Tuesday evenings of each month in Bushnell Hall. FORESTERS OF AMERICA. Court Flower of the Forest No. 11—Meets alternate Saturday evenings in Foresters' Hall, No. 133 West Federal street. Court Mahoning No. 63—Meets every Tuesday evening in Foresters' Hall. Jefferson Circle No. 498, C. of F.—Meets alternate Monday evenings in Foresters' Hall. UNITED ORDER OF HEPTASOPHS. Youngstown Conclave No. 188—Meets second and fourth Wednesday evenings in Carpenter's Hall. UNITED COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS. Mahoning Council No. 233—Meets first Saturday in each month in Bushnell Hall. SONS OF HERMAN. Germania Lodge No. 1—Meets second and fourth Sundays in Gerstle Block. MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA. Buckeye Camp No. 3513—Meets every Monday evening at 225 East Federal street. IMPROVED ORDER OF RED. MEN. Mahoning Tribe No. 97—Meets every Thursday evening at No. 13o West Federal street. Ponemah Council No. 14, D. of P.—Meets alternate Thursday evenings at No. 13o West Federal street. SONS OF ST. GEORGE. Star of Albion Lodge No. 58—Meets alternate Saturday evenings in Ritter Hall. Hearts of Oak Lodge No. 245—Meets alternate Saturday evenings in Ritter Hall. Lady Brown Lodge No. 98     Meets alternate Monday evenings in Ritter Hall. ORDER OF BEN HUR. Aldeberan, Court No. 14—Meets first and third Thursday evenings in Bushnell Hall. TEMPLE OF HONOR. Mahoning Temple No. 29—Meets every Saturday evening in T. of H. Hall, No. 110. West Federal street. YOUNG MEN'S INSTITUTE. Father Klute Council No. 584—Meets second Sunday each month at 245 East Federal-street. ANCIENT ORDER HIBERNIANS. Division No. 1—Meets third Sunday of each month at 255 West Federal street. Division No. 2—Meets first Sunday of each month at No. 255 West Federal street, Division No. 3—Meets last Sunday of each month at No. 1668 Wilson avenue. Division No. 4—Meets second Sunday of each month, corner West Federal and Furnace. Division No. 5—Meets first Sunday of each month in Immaculate Conception Church. Ladies' Auxiliary No. I—Meets first and third Thursday evenings at No. 255 West Federal. AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS- 397 Commandery No. 67—Meets second and fourth Sundays at No. 225 East Federal street. Commandery No. 339—Meets every Sunday at No. 225 East Federal street. Ladies Auxiliary No. 85—Meets second and fourth Tuesdays at No. 130 West Federal street. St. Joseph's Parish—Meets every third Sunday each month in St. Joseph's Hall. FATHER ELLIOTT TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. Meets second and fourth Sundays each month at 645 Poland avenue. KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS. Youngstown. Council No. 274—Meets second Sunday and fourth Thursday evening of each month at No. 225 East Federal street. PATHFINDER. Mahoning Lodge No. 67—Meets every Monday evening at No. 271 West Federal street. ORANGEMEN. Loyal Orange Lodge No. 155—Meets alternate Saturday evenings in Resch's Hall. Ladies' Loyal Orange Lodge No. 84— Meets first and third Wednesday evenings in Resch's Hall. AMERICAN INSURANCE UNION. Youngstown Chapter No. 56—Meets alternate Monday evenings in Bixler Block. HOME GUARDS OF AMERICA Fidelity Home No. 21 - Meets every Thursda evening in Bixler's Hall. UNITED ORDER OF TRUE REFORMERS Mahoning Fountain No. 1023—Meets alternate 'Monday evenings in Foresters' Hall.. Good Hope Lodge No. 795—Meets alternate Friday evenings in Foresters' Hall. Heart and Hand Fountain No. 957—Meets first and third Thursday evenings in Foresters' Hall. Pride of Youngstown Fountain No. 2405 —Meets alternate Friday evenings in Forest-. ers' Hall. Bushnell Fountain No. 2265—Meets second and fourth Thursday evenings in Foresters' Hall. Early Dawn Fountain No. 2272—Meets in Foresters' Hall. ORDER OF AMERICUS. Mahoning Valley Council No. 69—Meets every Thursday evening in Carpenter's Hall. THE EARNEST AMERICANS. Mahoning Council Na. 23—Meets every Thursday at 1732 Wilson avenue. Youngstown Council No. 117—Meets every Wednesday evening in Ritter Hall. KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF SECURITY. Meets second and fourth Monday evenings. of each month in Bushnell Hall. PROGRESS CLUB. Meets first and third Tuesday evenings of each month at 22 South Phelps street. 398 - HISTORY OF MAHONING COUNTY DEUTSCHER KRANKEN-UNTERSTUETSUNGS VEREIN. (German Sick Relief Society)—Meets first and third Sundays of each month in Gerstle Hall. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS SICK BENEFIT SOCIETY. Meets alternate Saturday evenings in Carpenter's Hall. GERMAN RELIEF ASSOCIATION. Meets second and fourth Sundays of each month in Bushnell Hall. CROATIAN NATIONAL SOCIETY. Meets at 606 West Federal street. J. Kovacevic, secretary. CROATION POLITICAL SOCIETY. Meets 606 West Federal street. J. Kovacevic, president. SLAVONIC BENEFICIAL NATIONAL SOCIETY. Meets at 606 West Federal street. J. Kovacevic, president. WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION. Meets second and fourth Fridays of each month at 1503 Mahoning avenue. THE YOUNGSTOWN MAENNERCHOR. The Youngstown Maennerchor was organized January 4, 1863, by a few German citizens of Youngstown, for the purpose of cultivating the art of vocal music, preserving familiarity with the old German folk songs, and keeping up the use of the German language mong its members. John Foch was the first leader, and among the original members were also John Brenner, Fritz Stoeber and George Kreichbaum, with one or two others. The society has always kept up its organization, and during the last few years has been growing rapidly, the present membership being over one hundred. Only about twenty-four of these are singers ; however, the others being passive or honorary members. From two to three concerts are given every year, and at Christmas time a special entertainment, with Christmas tree, is given for the children. An instrumental branch of the society, composed of some of the younger members, has lately been started, which, it is expected, may develop in time into a capable orchestra. The present leader of the Maennerchor is Mr. John Adler, who is a well-trained vocal musician, and a hard worker for the welfare of the society. The governing officers are as follows : Fred Hochloch. president ; Fritz Bardon, vice-president ; Carl Wodionke, secretary ; Conrad Shafer, treasurer ; Carl Wodionke, Jr., librarian. The trustees are Christ. Schwaz and Charles Rudolf. CHAPTER XXVI PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS County Infirmary—Youngstown Free Public Library—Youngstown City Hospital—Mahoning Valley Hospital—Glenwood Children's Home—Florence Crittenden Home. THE MAHONING COUNTY INFIRMARY. The Mahoning County Infirmary is situated about two miles north by west of the village of Canfield in the township of that name. Perhaps nothing shows more clearly the degree of progress made by the present generation over those which have immediately preceded it, than by a comparison of present clay methods in caring for the poor and infirm with those in vogue in this section less than a century ago. Of the latter the reader may gain some idea from an entry in the Coitsville township records, Book No. 1, Page 19. Coitsville, January 1, 1810. Whereas, information hath been given us that there is a certain Elizabeth Eward, came into our town, who is likely to become a town charge, we, therefore, according to law, command you James Mariner, Constable of Coitsville Township, to warn said Elizabeth Eward to depart said township instantly, without putting the town to any further trouble. And you are to return, etc., etc. Signed, WILLIAM HUSTON, JAMES BRADFORD Overseers of the Poor. The modern way of dealing with such unfortunates is well exemplified in the following sketch. The Mahoning County Infirmary was founded within two or three years after the organization of the county. Additions were made from time to time until there were several buildings, certain quarters being reserved for insane patients who are now cared for according to law in state institutions. On Saturday night, February 20, 1897, the infirmary was totally destroyed by fire, with the loss, however, of but one life—that of an insane patient who rushed back into the burning building after having been rescued from it. The superintendent at that time was Mr. James Dickson. There were 235 inmates of whom forty-five were insane. That all were rescued, with the exception of the unfortunate man above mentioned, was chiefly owing to the herculean exertions of Mr. Dickson, and the six or seven attendants, who. were assisted by some of the inmates. After the fire the Park hotel was rented for a while as a temporary infirmary, the insane patients being provided with quarters in the county jail. The present infirmary buildings were erected in the same year, from plans by Messrs. Owsley & Boucherie, of Youngstown, archi-