(RETURN TO THE MAHONING AND TRUMBULL COUNTIES INDEX) 250 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY close the mills successful. In spite of the fact that more than 30,000 men were idle for a period of two months, there was comparatively little disorder—a fact probably due to the absence of saloons and the presence of several hundred returned soldiers who served as policemen in addition to the regular police force maintained by the sheriff and the city officials. The strike involved a loss of many millions of dollars to the workers, the companies and the community, but was without other tangible result, as the mills were reopened without changes in conditions or wages as they existed at its beginning. It is probable that in the steel strike of 1919 there was less public sympathy with the strikers than in any similar disturbance in the history of Youngstown. Heretofore they had always been accorded the sympathy usually granted the weaker side. In this particular instance the hostility on the part of the public was attributable less to the feeling that the steel workers were already highly paid—although this was a factor—than to the resentment felt toward the type of leadership that the strike developed. The feeling that it was not so much a strike as part of a movement toward breaking down constitutional American government was strong even at the inception of the strike and grew stronger as the walkout continued and excited greater discussion. Radicalism was at its height, conservative labor unionism was little in evidence; and even the strikers held conflicting opinions as to what the strike was about. Renewal of operations in the mills came within a month, but this was only a small percentage of capacity operations. There were gradual increases for another month, and by this time the way would have been opened for the complete return to steel mill activity had it not been for a general strike of coal miners. This had no direct effect in Youngstown, or in the Mahoning Valley, since coal mining here is now a very minor industry, but it had a very pronounced indirect effect, for without coal industrial operations of any kind are almost impossible, and are wholly impossible in the steel business. The coal strike began on November I, 1919, and while officially terminated in compliance with a court order on November 11th, actually lasted another month. Courts might order a strike order abrogated, but could not make the miners dig coal if they were not of a mind to. This fuel shortage effectually prevented any extension of steel mill operations and even caused a slackening up of the partial operations then under way. In fact the country faced a revival of the "coalless" days of the winter of 1917-18. The deadlock between the operators and miners was finally broken on December 10, 1919, when the latter accepted a proposal made by President Wilson that they return to work with a 14 per cent increase in pay and assurance of a still further advance in case this was found justified by an investigating committee he proposed to appoint. While this agreement removed the greatest menace to prosperity, it was many weeks before the steel mills fully recovered from the fuel shortage and returned to old working conditions. They, and the city, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 251 triumphed over this, however, and over radicalism and many other obstructions and made the year 1920 a prosperous one. Notwithstanding six years of turmoil, the second decade of the twentieth century had been one of marked changes in Youngstown. It had been a time of immense additions to the steel works, the backbone of business in the city and in the entire Mahoning Valley. Extensions exceeded extensions until virtually all the available manufacturing land in the city was taken up. The industrial payroll had grown from $20,000,000 to approximately $100,000,000 in ten years, much of this increase being due, of course, to wage advances, but a great percentage of it to added capacity as well. This growth, was so marked, in fact, that Youngstown was detached from the Pittsburg steel district in 1916, and a separate Youngstown district was created. Civic improvements had been greatly hampered by the war. The most notable one made during this decade was the completion of the Milton reservoir, the one most discussed was grade crossings elimination. Yet better city lighting in the form of the "White Way" along Federal Street had come and an effort at least had been made toward providing for relief from the traffic congestion brought about by increased business and by the growth of motor vehicle traffic between 1910 and 1920. The street railway situation became a most vexatious one after the business revival of 1915 set in. Operating costs mounted in every line of business and with almost everybody but the transportation companies this problem was met by increased prices for the commodity furnished. Electric traction lines were especially hard hit, not alone because the materials they used were the materials also needed in fighting a war, and therefore worth vastly more than they had been before, but because the unit of fare was fixed- by franchise and could not be arbitrarily increased. Increased- patronage was the only means of increasing profits and its effect was probably negligible. Youngstown faced the same problem in this respect that other communities had to meet, and the result of prolonged discussion and negotiations was the adoption in December, 1918, of the "Service-at-Cost" plan of operation by which the traction lines are operated by the street railway company but under the supervision of 'a municipal street railway commissioner. The fare is based on a sliding scale that guarantees the investors in the company a fixed return on their investment, the rate of fare being increased or decreased to assure only .this revenuer This system of operation went into effect on January 16, 1919, W. A. Sause being named the first street railway commissioner. Under this plan street car fares reached nine cents by June, 1920. The grade crossings elimination question is the most vexatious problem that Youngstown has ever had to contend with; and at times it has seemed the most hopeless one. Far back in the '9os the demand for a new Erie passenger station, or a union station, was a burning subject and even then grade crossings elimination was naturally an incidental issue. It is perhaps twenty years since the demand came for outright elimination .of the downtown grade crossings on the Erie railroad and for fully fifteen years this subject has been discussed almost without 252 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY cessation. Campaigns have been waged over it and city and railroad representatives alike who have surveyed the situation with a view to making the improvement have served out their terms, but the grade crossings are still with us. About 1906 the project was taken up with added zest and some time later a proposal was offered for moving the Erie tracks "into the hill," or, in other words, moving the right of way northward toward Wood Street instead of raising or depressing the tracks at the present right of way. It was at first intended that the land necessary for this improvement should be acquired by private purchase and turned over to the railroad company at the purchase price. This project was subsequently abandoned because private interests could not acquire the land at what they believed was a reasonable figure and the grade crossings elimination question returned to its old status, of elevation versus depression. The latter plan, that of eliminating the Erie tracks had virtually been agreed upon, however, and the improvement was scheduled along this line. In anticipation of early work the city voted a popular bond issue of $800,000 in November, 1913, to pay for its third of the estimated cost of the improvement. Once again there was delay, but in March, 1916, the city secured an approval by the common pleas court of the depression plan of elimination. The "into-the-hill," plan, however, had been revived in 1915, and the final entry by the court was delayed awaiting a possible agreement between the city and the railroad on this proposal. The plan, in brief, provided for moving the Erie tracks northward to a line seventy feet south of Wood Street, and paralleling that street, of course. Its adoption would permit of the bridging of the railroad tracks and remove the necessity of depressing them. On this occasion it was provided that the railroad company should secure the necessary land itself instead of having this done first through the medium of private purchase. While this project was still being discussed the Erie Railroad Company offered still a third plan for crossings elimination. This proposal, made public on November 16, 1916, provided for the removal of the railroad tracks to the south line of Wood Street, the hill to be cut away, of course, through the city, and a retaining wall to be built at Wood Street. The railroad company proposed to buy all the necessary land, there being no loss entailed by the extra charge that it was imposing on itself since the land on which the tracks now stand could be sold, if desired, at a high figure. Better grades would be possible with the adoption of this plan, and the proposal also included the construction of a $1,000,000 passenger station and railroad office building to cover the block bounded by Wood, Phelps and Hazel streets, and extending to Commerce Street, or approximately that far. The estimated cost of this entire improvement was $5,000,000. There were many other advantages, of course, most of them so apparent that they need scarcely be enumerated. The acceptance of the plan by the city would double the estimated expense to the municipality, but. the plan was more pretentious than Youngstown had hoped for, and YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 253 there was no objection to the added cost. This plan was approved by the Common Pleas Court in June, 1917. Before any active steps could be taken toward carrying out this improvement the war had broken on the country and semi-public improvements were generally abandoned, first by action of the railroads themselves and later by governmental decree. Everything remained in abeyance for two years, or until business conditions began to show an improvement in 1919 and the demand for action was renewed. The railroad company procrastinated, pleading financial inability to carry out its project. The situation had been complicated by the fact that the court order of 1916 had been vacated by agreement between the city and the railroads and there was no authority to compel the Erie to go ahead. In October, 1919, however, another court order was issued instructing the railroad to proceed immediately with grade crossings elimination through the medium of the "Wood Street Plan." This is the present status of grade crossings elimination insofar as "down town" crossings are concerned. The one project carried out along this line was the rebuilding of a part of the so-called East End bridge that virtually eliminates the grade crossings at the foot of Himrod Avenue. The elimination improvement that the city is demanding contemplates the abolition of the Oak Street and Division Street crossings as well and the construction of a bridge from Belmont Avenue to Federal Street. Another public improvement under consideration for the benefit of Youngstown, and of the entire Mahoning Valley, is a barge canal through the city. A return to a transportation system abandoned here almost fifty years ago may appear strange, but the waterway is urged now to supplement the overburdened railroads of the valley and to haul slow and bulky freight. Chiefly, of course, it is proposed as a means of hauling ore from the Great Lakes to the Mahoning Valley and on to the Pittsburgh district, and coal from the Pittsburgh district to the Ma-honing Valley. Support for this improvement comes from practical business men who have studied the situation and pronounced the plan beneficial. The proposed canal would follow the Beaver-Mahoning route of the old canal to Niles, but from this point would proceed almost due north, instead of westerly, by way of Mosquito Creek, reaching Lake Erie at the mouth of Indian Creek, or Red Brook, in Ashtabula County. The waterway, it is believed, would help not only the manufacturing district that it would traverse but the agricultural district as well. No record of Youngstown in the second decade of the twentieth century would be complete without reference to perhaps the most remarkable change that has come over it in that period—the substitution of prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors for the open saloon. It was the culmination of a movement that began almost 100 years ago, when the first faint rumblings in favor of the abolition of intoxicating liquors were heard in Northeastern Ohio. It was a movement that made virtually no headway at that time, for intoxicating liquor was then not only a commodity in common use but was even used as cur- 254 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY rency. In the early days of the Western Reserve the small distillery, or "still," was all too common. Whisky was drunk freely ; and while there were many pioneers who abstained entirely from the use of intoxicants, this was more often a matter of personal choice than because of a pronounced sentiment against whisky. Prohibition proposals were therefore dismissed as idle talk. When Youngstown adopted' city prohibition by councilmanic ordinance, later approved by popular vote, in 1870, it leaped all the way at once, going from the almost unrestrained sale of intoxicating drink to complete inhibition of such sales. The reform proposed was well-meaning, but the change was too violent and the attempt failed. Twenty years earlier Ohio had placed itself in a rather anomalous position by voting down a proposal to license liquor-selling, but by adopting no proposal forbidding it. The ultimate result was the passage of a law placing a tax on the privilege of selling intoxicating drink. In the '90s the movement against liquor became more serious. The prohibition party as a political organization had been in existence for twenty years or more, and while it gained no added voting strength it recruited many adherents to the anti-liquor cause. Gradually statutes providing for precinct, ward, city and district local option were passed, so that much of Ohio became prohibition territory in the early years of the twentieth century. The Rose County Option Law, passed early in 1908, was a pronounced step toward prohibition. Many counties voted "dry," including our neighboring counties of Trumbull, Portage and Columbiana, and in December, 1908, plans were launched for a test Of Mahoning County sentiment. It was six months later, or on June, 9, 1909, when the vote was taken and an anti-prohibition majority of 1,954 votes was registered. Youngstown gave a "wet" majority of 2,677 while the county outside the city voted for prohibition by 723 votes. In 1912 the state constitutional convention adopted an amendment providing for the licensing of the sale of liquor in Ohio, and at the election in November of that year this amendment was ratified by the voters. A state license law was enacted early in 1913 and licensing machinery in each county created, the law becoming effective in November, 1913. Instead of "settling" the liquor question the license act appeared to aggravate it. There was statewide opposition to the operation of the law, so much in fact that renewed efforts were made by the prohibitionists to profit by the county option law. Another election was called in Mahoning County, and on March 2, 1914; the county voted "wet" by a majority of but 316 votes. Means had also been provided by this time for a statewide referendum on the prohibition question and a vote of all Ohio was taken on November 3, 1914, resulting in an overwhelming victory for the anti-prohibitionists, although Mahoning County gave a prohibition majority of 315 votes. In 1915 there was a slight reversal of sentiment here when a second state election was held, and the county voted "wet" by approximately 300. At the 1914 election Ohio voters repealed the Rose county option law. It was a victory for the anti-prohibitionists, but a costly one in the end as the return of the saloon to many of the rural counties brought on resent- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 255 meat. When a third statewide election was held on November 6, 1917, Mahoning County gave a prohibition majority of approximately 3,000 and this was increased on November 5, 1918, when Ohio definitely abolished the manufacture, and sale of intoxicating liquors. On May 27, 1919, the saloons of Ohio closed their doors and Youngstown entered the ranks of prohibition cities. Nationwide prohibition came but a few weeks later. Here at least, the abolition of intoxicating drink had been foreseen for several years, so that the change came with less violence than might have been expected. The 1910-20 period was one of so many pronounced changes in Youngstown that no one could affect it greatly. War had a serious WICK AVENUE IN 1920 effect on the promotion of. both public and private improvements, but in spite of this adverse circumstance much headway was made. In no respect was this more pronounced than in the construction of new buildings, of which the decade boasts a notable array. The new county buildings, courthouse and county jail, were completed in 1910 and the Reuben McMillan Public Library Building in the same year. The six-story city hall, or municipal building, was erected in 1914-15 and this decade also witnessed the erection of two :modern hotels, the Ohio, opened in 1913, and the Tod House, opened in 1916. The latter stands on the site of the venerable Tod House that was Youngstown's pride for so many years. It dated back to 1869 and ended an honored existence forty-six years later, the abandonment of the old 256 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY structure being fittingly celebrated with a farewell banquet on the evening of June 30, 1915. Both the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. buildings have been put up in the last ten years, the latter being completed and opened in November, 1915. The splendid St. Elizabeth's Hospital was thrown open in. January of the same year and a notable addition has been constructed to the Youngstown Hospital. Fully a dozen new churches have gone up in this time, and a score of public and parochial schools, while one of the largest public schools is now in the course of construction. The First National, Commercial National, Mahoning Bank and Wick buildings were completed about the beginning of this period, a great new home of the Central Savings & Loan Company is projected, while an addition is proposed for the First National Bank, these two buildings to face each other at West Federal Street and Central Square. The Butler Art Institute, in Wick Avenue, the newest of public buildings in Youngstown, places this city in the ranks of the largest municipalities in the country in the cultivation of love of the beautiful. The Masonic Temple was brought to completion about the time this era began. The Odd Fellows Temple and the Knights of Columbus Building antedate it, the former being completed in 1902 and the latter in 1908. The Elks Club Building was erected even earlier. Since 1910 the Moose Lodge Building has been put up, the Knights of Pythias have purchased the Baldwin Memorial Kindergarten Building and remodeled it for lodge purposes and the Eagles have purchased a site at Rayen Avenue and Holmes Street where they will erect a home. The G. M. McKelvey Company has put an entirely new building on the site of the original McKelvey store and this year the Home Savings & Loan Building, probably the most beautiful business structure in Youngstown, was completed. The home of the Federal Savings & Loan Company has been recently occupied and the Salow Building in West Federal Street has added much to the architecture of that neighborhood. The Stambaugh Building was increased from eight to twelve stories in height in 1913, and the Strouss & Hirshberg Company Building, occupying the entire Federal Street frontage between the Wick and the First National Bank buildings and extending through to Phelps and Commerce streets, will be a reality within two or three years. The Century Building was also completed about 1910 and the Liberty Theater Building in 1917. Two buildings of perhaps the near future that will reflect the greatest credit on Youngstown are the Stambaugh Auditorium, to be built at a cost of $r,000,000 through the generosity of the late Henry H. Stambaugh and a $1,000,000 Postoffice Building, a movement for which is now under way. The present Federal Building is wholly inadequate. It was built in 1898 at a cost of $75,000 and enlarged in 1910 at an expenditure of $1 00,000. The Lake Erie & Eastern Railroad, built through the city in 1914-15, has been a notable addition, while the most beneficial improvement made within the city in the last ten years is the widening of West Federal YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 257 Street. The first step in this direction was taken in 1907, when the street was widened from the old "Euwer corner" to Chestnut Street, on the north side of the street. The widening of '1919-20 was on a far greater scale, taking in all the frontage from the Deibel Building to Holmes Street on the south side of the street, and from Chestnut to Holmes streets on the north side. The beginning of this former narrow section of West Federal Street marked the limits of the original town laid out by John Young in 1798. A similar widening of East Federal Street to the East End bridge, with an elevation of the grade of the lower end of the street, is now contemplated. Today, in 1920, Youngstown stands on the threshhold of the third decade of the twentieth century, after an existence as a settled community of 123 years. Located but five miles from the Pennsylvania state line, by air route, it is the center of the Youngstown steel district that embraces the Shenango as well as the Mahoning Valley. Its population in 1920 was 132,358, a gain of 53,292, or 67.4 per cent since 1910. In area Youngstown embraces 25.18 square miles, including the Pleasant Grove section of Boardman Township that became part of the city in 1917. Within a radius of scarcely more than a mile outside the city limits there is an additional population of 50,000, and, further removed, but included in the business district of which Youngstown is the center, is another 100,000 population. Youngstown is a city built upon hills. The business and manufacturing districts are located in the river valley and in the valleys of tributary streams, and from these lower levels the hills ascend by gradual slope to an elevation of approximately 250 feet. The residence districts of the city, located on these hills, stand 1,050 to 1,100 feet above sea level, 6r more than 500 feet above the level of Lake Erie. The city has 320 miles of paved streets within the corporate limits, 158 miles of which are paved, brick and asphalt, making up most of the pavement, although there is a small amount of macadam, concrete, stone and bitulithic. There are 180 miles of sewers, mostly on the combined system. It has 59 miles of street railway tracks, with 140 miles of suburban traction lines running into the city. A modern police department operating on the eight-hour, or three-shift, system and a fire department, motorized since 1913 in which the two-platoon system is in effect, safeguard the city. The public parks of the city embrace almost 700 acres. This is a creditable showing in the aggregate, but almost 70 per cent of this acreage is in Mill Creek Park. The remaining parks are splendid breathing spots and outing places for young and old alike. The one objection is that they are too few. Through shortsightedness and indifference many beauty spots within the city that are naturally fitted for park purposes have been lost to us and have become mere dumping grounds for refuse. It is to be hoped that Youngstown will waken from its inexcusable lethargy in this respect. We have dealt in another department of this work with the schools and churches, it will suffice to say here that Youngstown has 'J0 places of worship and 60 educational institutions. In spite of the extensions of recent years, however, the school capacity of the city is inadequate. Vol. I-17 258 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY for the needs, and only an extensive and scientific building progra will make the capacity equal demands. The Reuben McMillan Public Library is one of the most creditable institutions of the city, and heavily patronized by the people of Youngstown, although the municipality has not been extremely liberal in its financial support by any means. In social service Youngstown does extremely well. In fact there is no demand on their generosity too great to be met by Youngstown people when the appeal is made directly. It is only the institutions that depend BELMONT PARK CEMETERY, YOUNGSTOWN One of the most beautiful and elaborately planned "cities of the dead" in the country. The mausoleum shown contains more than 500 burial crypts, and a large fund has been arranged for the perpetual care of the grounds. upon tax levies for support that find themselves short of funds. The social service work is centered in the Community Corporation, an organization that raises the funds for twenty-eight affiliated societies. Charity is dispensed through the medium of several well-conducted organizations, and the welfare of children promoted by more than half a dozen separate societies. For the care of the sick and the injured there are the Youngstown Hospital with 250 beds, the St. Elizabeth's Hospital with 200, the Visiting Nurse Association, Anti-Tuberculosis League, Community Social Hygienic Clinic and Crittenton Home. The children, the aged, the blind YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 259 and even the lower animals are looked after by properly accredited organizations. Capital invested in manufacturing here is approximately $355,000,000. Steel manufacturing, of course, is the backbone of industry, the products embracing almost every steel commodity and all the by-products as well. Diversified industries include steel fabricating plants, whose output ranges all the way from blast furnace steel construction to steel furniture for the office and home, motor truck manufacturing and the manufacture of cement, foundry products, electric bulbs, gas mantles, leather, rubber, powder and the slaughtering of meat animals. Youngstown has nine banks and three building, or savings, and loan companies. Total deposits are approximately $75,000,000. The valuation of property in the city is probably $400,000,000. Railroad transportation is furnished by six railroads, the Erie, Baltimore & Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York Central, Pittsburg & Lake Erie and the Lake Erie & Eastern, although the two last mentioned are New York Central subsidiaries. The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad has a creditable, although not a palatial, passenger station. Aside from this, Youngstown passenger stations do not add either to the architecture of the city or the comfort of travelers. The Mahoning River traverses the city, entering at the northwest corner of the municipality and flowing generally in a southeasterly direction, although just north of Mahoning Avenue it follows an almost southerly course for some distance and a northeasterly course for a still shorter distance. The stream is spanned by seven bridges within the city. The longest of these is the Center Street bridge, 2,046 feet in length, built by the Republic Iron & Steel Company and given to the city in return for the abandonment of two streets. The Market Street viaduct is 1,600 feet long, including the steel approaches. The present Division Street bridge is but 200 feet long, but the structure that is to replace it will be 3,400 feet in length, including approaches, and will cross forty-four railroad tracks as well as spanning the river at a height of seventy-five feet above low water. The proposed Oak Street viaduct will be almost as long. Of the business future of Youngstown there can he no doubt. The world has not yet begun to use the amount of iron and steel products that it can and will absorb, and Youngstown is so strongly intrenched as the center of one of the half dozen or less great steel making districts of the world that she will inevitably keep pace with the growth of that business. Her business foundation is unusually sound. Undercapitalization, rather than overcapitalization, has been the rule here. In spite of the gigantic strides made in the last twenty years, and especially in the last ten years, there has never been any suggestion of a "boom" movement. Expansion has had a solid basis; it has been carried out conservatively although with amazing rapidity. This is the character Youngstown has created for itself and it is the character that will carry it to still greater lengths of expansion in the future. CHAPTER XV CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN YOUNGSTOWN DAYS OF THE "TOWN" MEETING-INCORPORATION OF THE VILLAGE AND FIRST VILLAGE ELECTION-YOUNGSTOWN AS A CITY-HISTORY OF THE POLICE AND FIRE DEPARTMENTS. For three years after its founding Youngstown existed without any legalized government at all. There was neither village nor township organization within or about the little settlement ; there was neither state nor territorial government over it. The few families here were a law unto themselves, and apparently a satisfactory law. as life moved serenely enough except for the hardships incidental to pioneer existence. With the recognition of Northwest. Territory jurisdiction over the Western Reserve in the spring of 1800, the creation of Trumbull County in the summer of the same year, and the appointment of a county court and of county officers, civil government in Youngstown came into being. We may pride ourselves today on Youngstown's size—ranking as it does with the large cities—but it so happens that the civil town of Youngstown one hundred and twenty years ago was territorially, almost a dozen times as large as the city of Youngstown today. The county court of Trumbull County which assembled at Warren on August 25, 1800, divided all Trumbull County east of the Cuyahoga River into eight civil townships. The civil township of Youngstown embraced the townships now known as Poland, Boardman, Canfield, Ellsworth, Austintown, Youngstown, Coitsville and Jackson, in Ma-honing County, and Hubbard and Liberty in Trumbull County. Both the civil township of Youngstown and the surveyed township of Youngstown were well represented in the first county court of quarte sessions, and George Tod was named prosecutor of Trumbull County; but the only strictly township officer in the first two years after the organization of the civil township was Constable James Hillman, whose jurisdiction included the above ten townships. In February, 1802, the court of quarter session ordered that the civil townships effect township organizations, and in keeping with this order a meeting was held at the dwelling house and tavern conducted by William Rayen, on April 5, 1802. John Young presided as chairman of the gathering, at which the following township officers were elected : Trustees—James Doud, John Struthers, Camden Cleaveland, Samuel Tylee and Calvin Pease. - 260 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 261 Overseers of the Poor Archibald Johnson, James Matthews and John Rush. Fence Viewers—Thomas Kirkpatrick and Samuel Minough. Appraisers—James Hillman and Homer Hine. Supervisors of Highways—William Chapman, Michael Simons, James Wilson, Benjamin Ross, William Dunlap, Amos Loveland, John Dennison, William Perrin and Thomas Packard. Constables—Calvin Pease and Phineas Reed. Town Clerk and Lister of Taxable Property—George Tod. These township officers actually represented, of course, all the ten townships listed above, but they comprised the first civil government of Youngstown. This township form of government sufficed in Youngstown for many years. From time to time the individual townships that made up the original civil township of Youngstown were detached and organized governments of their own until the civil township of Youngstown became identical with the original township purchased by John Young. Elections for trustees, clerk and other township officers were held annually each spring, all elections up to 1813 taking place at the public house kept by Judge Rayen. From 1813 to 1850 elections were held at different public houses, but the erection of the township hall in the latter year gave the township a home of its own and here the balloting was held for another twenty years. During the '40s the village of Youngstown experienced considerable growth, due to the construction of the canal, the opening of the coal mines and the beginning of the iron industry. With the increase in population the need of a village government became apparent, and the desire to become a full-fledged municipality may have been hastened by the loss of the county seat when Mahoning County was organized in 1846. Canfield won this honor over Youngstown, and it is not improbable that there was a feeling that Youngstown's claim would have been taken more seriously had it boasted the dignity of being an incorporated municipality. To remedy this backward situation, citizens of the village applied to the legislature, in 1848, for a village charter, and the prayer was granted in December, 1848. It was a rather diminutive township center that thus came into existence, being identical in fact with the village surveyed and platted by John Young in 1798. The corporate limits extended—if we reckon in twentieth century terms--from Wood Street to Front Street and from a short distance west of Hazel Street to a short distance east of Walnut Street. Before the village proceeded to organize, however, it was considered advisable to extend these boundaries, as the territory just outside the original boundaries was fairly well built up by this time. The petition of voters for extension was granted by the county commissioners early in June, 1850, and the village limits were extended to the Mahoning River on the south, to Crab Creek on the east and to perhaps greater distances north and west. Following this action, notice was posted calling the first village election, the date set being Saturday, June 15, 262 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY 1850, and the call being issued by W. Edson, James Fowler, James Calvin, George Murray, J. R. Holcomb, T. Garlick, John Heiner, Cyrus Brenneman, B. F. Heiner, Alexander McKinnie, R. W. Tayler, G. G. -Murray, George W. Seaton, William S. Parmelee and Benjamin H. Lake. The election was held at the Union House, conducted by W. H. Ross, on the date selected and John Heiner was elected mayor ; Robert W. Tayler, recorder ; John Loughridge, Abraham D. Jacobs, Francis Barclay, Stephen F. Burnett and Manuel Hamilton, trustees, or councilmen, The first meeting of the village government—or "borough" government as it was then known—was held the same evening at the office of Ridgeley J. Powers, when the newly elected officers took the oath and formally organized the municipality. In December, 1850, the Ohio legislature recognized the extension of the Youngstown city limits and a new form of government was instituted. At the election on April 7, 1851, R. W. Tayler was elected mayor; John F. Hollingsworth, police judge; Joseph Montgomery, assessor ; Hugh Moore, marshal. A board of five aldermen was named, James M. Loughridge being elected for the First Ward ; Daniel Sheehy, Second Ward; Moses C. Johnson, Third Ward; E. W. Hollingsworth, Fourth Ward; R. G. Garlick, Fifth Ward. At its first meeting the board of aldermen elected Samuel C. Griffith borough superintendent; D. I. Baldwin, treasurer ; E. S. Hubbard, counsellor and attorney ; E. E. Hutchins, clerk. The designation "borough" shortly afterwards gave way to village and the aldermen became trustees, although in common parlance they were "councilmen." With annual elections, held in April, Youngstown progressed under the village form of government for more than fifteen years. The state legislature had in the meantime enacted legislation classifying cities and villages in Ohio, providing in the act that villages should be promoted to the rank of cities of the second class when they had attained a population of 5,000. In June, 1867, a census gave Youngstown the required population to entitle it to this grade, and on proper certification to the secretary of state, a charter was granted making Youngstown a city of the second class. This necessitated a reorganization of the municipal government, and at the election held on April 6, 1868, Youngstown discarded its village officers and named a city government. The first officers for the city were : George McKee, mayor ; Owen Evans, marshal; Thomas W. Sanderson, solicitor ; Robert McCurdy, treasurer ; Joseph G. Butler, Chauncey H. Andrews, Homer Hamilton, Richard Brown and William Barclay, councilmen. In this year, too, the city limits were extended once more, taking in considerable territory in all directions. This extension had been approved by the voters at the spring election and was authorized by council on August 17, 1868, and approved by the county commissioners on September 12, following. The boundaries then fixed were destined to stand for twenty-one years, despite several attempts to extend them. In the '70s the mayor evidently enjoyed the right to name a man YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 263 to serve in his place while absent, for we find that council confirmed the appointment of John M. Edwards as mayor for the two weeks beginning July 1, 1875, the appointment being made by Mayor Osborn. The census of 1870 gave Youngstown a population of 8,075 within the city, and on September 13 of this year council divided the city into five wards. Ten years later the population of the municipality had increased to 15,435, when an additional two wards were created. This increase of almost one hundred per cent in population within the corporate limits did not represent all the actual growth of Youngstown in the decade between 1870 and 1880. To the northwest and southeast, following the river valley, the growth had been rapid and the suburbs of Brier Hill, Haselton, Lansingville and Crab Creek had become sizable municipalities in themselves. Believing that this out lying territory should be included within greater Youngstown a petition was circulated in January, 1880, asking annexation of these adjoining plats. Council passed the necessary legislation extending the city limits, and the annexation ordinance was presented to the county commissioners for approval ; but on November 18, 1880, they rejected it with scant courtesy. Sentiment, of course, in these suburbs was not by any means unanimous for annexation. There was a healthy opposition when the initial attempt was made, in 1880, and this opposition persisted almost another decade ; although repeated attempts were made to win sanction for city extension. The struggle was finally successful in 1889, council passing an extension ordinance on April 4 of that year which was approved by the county commissioners on November 24. By this legislation Brier Hill, Haselton and other populous suburbs became officially a part of Youngstown. In 1890 Youngstown's population had mounted to 33,220. It had become one of the large and thriving cities of the state, and in the preceding twenty years had progressed rapidly and taken on city airs. The iron works had expanded noticeably in the '70s, railroad trans portation became comparatively efficient and the act of the legislature of 1874 removing the county seat from Canfield to Youngstown gave impetus to the city. The '80s were likewise years of progress. A waterworks plant and sewerage systems were installed and street pavements laid, the horse cars had come and had been supplanted by the electric cars and the city limits extension act of 1889 had made the city miles in length. Having outgrown its village clothes, Youngstown became ambitious to shed its city village government also, and the way was opened by a special act of the Legislature, passed in February, 1891, that permitted a veritable revolution in the city .government. Heretofore the mayor had been virtually the sole administrative officer of the city, but under authority of the legislative measure referred to above a board of four county commissioners was named to accept part of this burden, the appointees being Captain C. M. Reilly, James W. Dickey, James H. Nutt and A. J. McCartney. These appointments were made on April 15, 1891. 264 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY On May 16, 1891, the city commissioners swept out of existence the village police and fire departments of the city. Prior to that date the police department of Youngstown had been under the jurisdiction of an elective town marshal, while the "roundsmen" and "night watchmen" were appointed by the mayor, with the result that the police force underwent changes with each change in the political complexion of the city administration. The fire department, which had been originally. entirely volunteer, still remained largely so ; although for some years the chief of that organization had been a paid man, while for several 'years prior to 1891 there were several paid firemen as well. The change made by the commissioners supplanted the town marshal with a chief of police and created a police force made up of men who were appointed permanently, or during good behavior, John F. Cantwell being made head of the department. The fire department of mixed volunteers and paid men gave way to a paid department, of which W. H. Moore was named chief and W. L. Knox assistant chief. For more than ten years the board of city commissioners remained as part of the government of Youngstown, but the existence of this board was ended in 1902 by a decision of the state supreme court, which held that special city legislation was unconstitutional in Ohio. While Youngstown and Akron alone had resorted to this form of administration, the court decision was felt throughout the state, since this decree meant that one form of government must be in effect in all Ohio cities. At a special legislative session in 1902-03 a new code was adopted for Ohio cities that reduced the councilmanic membership in Ohio cities and created an elective board of public service of, three members and an appointive board of public safety of two members. At the spring election in 1903, W. T. Gibson was elected the first mayor under this charter, David Heinselman, Philip Hagan and George. J. Vetter were elected members of the board of public service, and C. Perry Edwards was elected president of council, or vice mayor. Vice Mayor Edwards was the first councilmanic president elected by direct vote, occupants of that office having previously been elected by members of council from within that body. Subsequently Bales M. Campbell and Jerry R. Woolley were appointed by Mayor Gibson members of the first board of public safety. About this time too there was a general realization that the duties of the mayor were becoming too heavy, as Youngstown had become a 60,000 population city and was growing rapidly. Relief was furnished by creating a Municipal Court to replace the Police Court, over which the mayor had presided as magistrate, and, in 1904, Anthony B. Calvin was elected the first judge of this court. In 1910 the charter under which Ohio cities were governed underwent a modification that abolished the public service and public safety boards, an appointive director of service and director of safety being substituted. Herman Duesing was named to the former position and James J. Quinn to the latter place by Mayor A. W. Craver. Except that the number of ward councilmen was increased when the census of 1910 gave Youngstown a population of 79,066, Youngstown's 265 - GROUP OF YOUNGSTOWN PUBLIC BUILDINGS 266 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY municipal government has been changed but little in ten years. The state constitutional convention of 1912 removed the barrier to home rule imposed by the court decision of 1902 and permitted special charters for Ohio cities, a reform that was much needed in Ohio. In 1913 Youngstown elected a board of charter commissioners, who drafted a special charter for Youngstown; but after a warmly, and even bitterly, contested campaign, the charter was defeated on a popular vote on July 22 of that year. For almost twenty-five years after the Brier Hill-Haselton city limits extension of 1889, Youngstown's area was changed but little. There was one extension in 1902, when the land on which the Ohio works of the Carnegie Steel Company is located was taken into the city; this annexation being in fulfilment of an agreement made in 1892, when the steel mill territory was excluded from the city for a ten-year period as an inducement toward the building of the plant. In 1903 a few acres of land were added to the city in the Crab Creek settlement neighborhood, apparently for no purposes except to include a saloon located there. There was one annexation in 1904, one in 1906, four in 1907 and one in 1910 ; but these were small tracts taken into the city after they had been platted into city lots. For some time there had been agitation in favor of making the municipality of Youngstown co-extensive with the Township of Youngstown, and this movement eventually bore fruit in 1913. On November 17th of that year city council passed an ordinance taking in the entire township, and on December 18, 1913, this annexation became effective after it had been approved by the county commissioners. A small section of Coitsville Township also was included at the same time. On August 31, 1917, Youngstown again spread outside the old township limits for territory, the Pleasant Grove tract in Boardman Township being added to the city. Thus Youngstown became a city covering twenty-five and eighteen one-hundredths square miles of ground, and John Young's city became even greater in area than John Young's township that was settled 123 years ago. Until the incorporation of 1850, Youngstown, of course, had no municipal officials. The village charter, from 1850 to 1868, provided for annual elections in April. Following is a list of the men who acted as mayor of Youngstown in village days, and the years in which they served: John Heiner, 1850-51 Robert W. Tayler, 1851-52 Stephen F. Burnett, 1852-53. William G. Moore, 1853-55. William Rice, 1855-56. Thomas W. Sanderson, 1856-57. Reuben Carroll, 1857-62 Peter W. Keller, 1862-63. John Manning, 1863. Thomas H. Wells, 1863-64. Brainard S. Higley, 1864-66. George McKee, 1866-68. John Manning resigned in October, 1863, after serving a few months of his year's term. With the admission of Youngstown to the lists of second class cities municipal officers were elected for two years, instead of one, the city YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 267 elections taking place in April of even numbered years. After the division of the city into wards, in 1870, two councilmen were assigned to each ward, but the terms of five of the members of council expired each year, so that annual elections were held for membership in this body. Following is a list of the executive, legislative and legal officials of Youngstown from the incorporation of the city until today : 1868-69—George McKee, mayor ; Thomas W. Sanderson, solicitor ; councilmen, Chauncey H. Andrews, Joseph G. Butler, Jr., Homer Hamilton, Richard Brown, William Barclay. 1869-70—George McKee, mayor ; Thomas W. Sanderson, solicitor ; James F. Hudson, clerk ; councilmen, James Cartwright, William Barclay, John Fowler, William B. Pollock, Paul Wick. 1870-71—George McKee, mayor ; Joseph R. .Harris, solicitor; F. S. Whitslar, president of council ; James F. Hudson, city clerk ; councilmen, John Stambaugh, Daniel V. Tilden, John Manning, F. S. Whitslar, John Jones, E. C. Wells, John W. Beede, John Fowler, William Barclay, James Cartwright. Solicitor Harris resigned on June 14, 1870, and on July 2, 1870, George F. Arrel was elected to succeed him. Councilman E. C. Wells resigned and A. J. Packard was elected in his place on November 7, 1870. 1871-72—George McKee, mayor ; George F. Arrel, solicitor ; James Cartwright, president of council; J. H. Odell, clerk ; councilmen, James. Cartwright, D. V. Tilden, Jahn S. Besore, John Fowler, John Jones, A. J. Packard, William L. Buechner, John Manning, James P. Tillotson, George Rudge. 1872-73—John D. Raney, mayor ; George F. Arrel, solicitor ; James Cartwright, president of council; J. H. Odell, clerk ; councilmen, James Cartwright, William L. Buechner, John S. Besore, James P. Tillotson, George Rudge, Alfred Smith, John O'Herron, Job Froggett, Hugh King, William Dennison. 1873-74—John D. Raney, mayor ; George F. Arrel, solicitor ; D. V. Tilden, president of council; L. F. Shoaf, clerk ; councilmen, Alfred Smith, John O'Herron, Job Froggett, Hugh King, William Dennison, S. H. Shedd, D. V. Tilden, Gordon Parish, George T. Lewis, George Daniels. Councilman John O'Herron died. Succeeded by Evan J. Evans. 1874-75—William M. Osborn, mayor ; George F. Arrel, solicitor; D. V. Tilden, president of council ; George J. Williams, clerk ; councilmen, S. K. Shedd, D. V. Tilden, Gordon Parish, George T. Lewis, George Daniels, H. C. Rowland, John A. Woods, John S. Besore, Hugh King, Henry Toulmin. 1875-76 - William M. Osborn, mayor; George F. Arrel, solicitor; George T. Lewis, president of council ; George J. Williams, clerk ; councilmen, H. C. Rowland, John A. Woods, John S. Besore, Hugh King, Henry Toulmin, Henry Caldwell, Patrick McBride, Homer Hamilton, George T. Lewis, Charles S. Hilker. 1876-77—Mathew Logan, mayor; George F. Arrel, solicitor ; George T. Lewis, president of council; George J. Williams, clerk ; councilmen, 268 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Henry Caldwell, Patrick McBride, Homer Hamilton, George T. Lewi Charles S. Hilker, F. V. Floor, Ralph J. Wick, John S. Besore, Francis Miller, John Scholl. 1877-78--Mathew Logan, mayor; George F. Arrel, solicitor; John S. Besore, president of council George J. Williams, clerk; councilmen, F. V. Floor, Ralph J. Wick, John S. Besore, Francis Miller, John Scholl, Christ Felber, Patrick McBride, J. M. Bonnell, J. D. Van Fleet, Charles S. Hilker. 1878-79—Mathew Logan, mayor ; Volney Rogers, solicitor; Francis Miller, president of council; George J. Williams, clerk ; councilmen, Christ Felber, Patrick McBride, J. M. Bonnell, J. D. Van Fleet, Charles S. Hilker, H. C. Rowland, John Weirick, William R. Davis, Francis Miller, Charles Cook. 1879-80---Mathew Logan, mayor; Volney Rogers, solicitor; Philip, Jacobs, president of council; Allen Hellawell, clerk ; councilmen, H. C. Rowland, John Weirick, William R. Davis, Francis Miller, F. W. Andres, L. B. Matthews, Edward Ritter, Philip Jacobs, John M. Webb, George Daniels. 1880-81--William J. Lawthers, mayor ; Volney Rogers, solicitor; John M. Webb, president of council ; Allen Hellawell, clerk ; councilmen, L. B. Matthews, Edward, Ritter, Philip Jacobs, John. M. Webb, George Daniels, H. C. Rowland, C. M. Reilly, John O'Keefe, James J. Hamman. Charles J. Hilker. 1881-82—William J. Lawthers, mayor ; Volney Rogers, solicitor; H. C. Rowland, president of council; Allen Hellawell, clerk ; councilmen, H. C. Rowland, David Reel, James Squire, J. J. Hamman, A. B. Mullineaux, C. M. Reilly, Charles S. Hilker, J. G. Butler, Jr., George H. Dingledy, Patrick M. Kennedy, Samuel A. Steele, James W. Dickey, John O'Keefe, John Cregan. 1882-83—William J. Lawthers, mayor ; William A. Maline, solicitor; C. M. Reilly, president of council; John M. Webb, clerk; councilmen, David Reel, George H. Dingledy, Patrick M. Kennedy, Samuel A. Steele, J. W. Dickey, A. B. Mullineaux, John Cregan, J. G. Butler, Jr., John O'Keefe, John S. Besore, J. J. Hamman, John Goeppinger, Patrick Mylott, C. M. Reilly. 1883-84—William J. Lawthers, mayor-; William A. Maline, solicitor; C. M. Reilly, president of council; John M. Webb, clerk ; councilmen, J. G. Butler, Jr., John O'Keefe, John S. Besore, J. J. Hamman, John Goeppinger, Patrick Mylott, C. M. Reilly, John 0. McGowan, James Squire, Patrick M. Kennedy, John S. Orr, James W. Dickey, Aaron Harber, George Welsch. 1884-85--Walter L. Campbell, mayor ; Addis E. Knight, solicitor; B. 0. Eddy, president of council; D. N. Simpkins, clerk ; councilmen, John 0. McGowan, James Squire, Patrick M. Kennedy, John S. Orr, James W. Dickey, Aaron Harber, George Welsch, A. B. Brownlee, George M. Summers, Jared D. Porter, James H. Nutt, B. 0. Eddy, John Tomlins, John A. Woods. 1885-86—Walter L. Campbell, mayor; Addis E. Knight, solicitor; B. 0. Eddy, president of council; D. N. Simpkins, clerk ; councilmen, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 269 A. B. Brownlee, George M. Summers, Jared D. Porter, James H. Nutt, R. Montgomery, James Squire, Patrick D. Cotter, James Kennedy, B. 0. Eddy, John Tomlins, John A. Woods, Robert E Daniels, John C. Maloney, George Welsch. 1886-87—Samuel A. Steele, mayor; William A. Maline, solicitor ; B. 0. Eddy, president of council; John M. Webb, clerk ; councilmen, R. Montgomery, James Squire, Patrick D. Cotter, James Kennedy, Robert E. Daniels, John C. Maloney, George Welsch, A. J. McCartney, Thomas J. Lee, John F. Kennedy, James H. Nutt, B. 0. Eddy, Patrick Mylott, John A. Woods. 1887-88—Samuel A. Steele, mayor; William A. Maline, solicitor ; John C. Maloney, president of council; John M. Webb, clerk; councilmen, A. J. McCartney, Thomas J. Lee, John F. Kennedy, James H. Nutt, B. 0. Eddy, Patrick Mylott, John A. Woods, Rhody Maher, R. Montgomery, Ernest Kurz,, Roger Berry, James Kennedy, Arthur J. Thomas, John C. Maloney, Michael Obendorfer, Daniel Gribbon. 1888-89—Randall Montgomery, mayor ; George E. Rose, solicitor ; James H. Nutt, president of council ; John S. Roller, clerk;; councilmen, I. G. Tenney, Ernest Kurz, Roger Berry, James Kennedy, Arthur J. Thomas, John C. Maloney, Michael Obendorfer, Daniel Gribbon, A. J. McCartney, Christ Mauser, Reese L. Jones, James H. Nutt, P. H. McEvey, William K. Chapman, Thomas Glenny, John Mitchell. 1889-90--Randall Montgomery, mayor; George E. Rose, solicitor ; James H. Nutt, president of council; John S. Roller, clerk ; councilmen, A. J. McCartney, Christ Mauser, Reese L. Jones, James H. Nutt, P. H. McEvey, William K. Chapman, Thomas Glenny, John Mitchell, N. B. Acheson, Ernest Kurz, Roger Berry, J. C. Smith, Arthur J. Thomas, John C. Maloney, Michael Obendorfer, Daniel O'Connell. City Clerk John S. Roller resigned in October, 1889, and on November 9, Arthur J. Thomas was elected in his place. Fred A. Kaercher was elected member of council to succeed Mr. Thomas. 1890-91—Randall Montgomery, mayor; George E. Rose, solicitor ; John C. Maloney, president of council; Emanuel Guthman, clerk ; councilmen, N. B. Acheson, Ernest Kurz, Roger Berry, J. Craig Smith, Fred A. Kaercher, John C. Maloney, Michael Obendorfer, Daniel O'Connell, Veeder Heasley, Edward McGinnis, William J. Quinlan, R. W. Whitehead, P. H. McEvey, W. K. Chapman, John Weldon, John Mitchell. 1891-92—Randall Montgomery, mayor ; George E. Rose, solicitor ; N. B. Acheson, president of council ; Emanuel Guthman, clerk ; board of city commissioners, C. M. Reilly, J. W. Dickey, James H. Nutt, A. J. McCartney; councilmen, Veeder Heasley, Edward McGinnis, William J. Quinlan, R. W. Whitehead, P. H. McEvey, W. K. Chapman, John Weldon, N. B. Acheson, P. M. Joyce, Thomas Peat, Harry B. Chase, George D. Gessaman, Andrew C. Fairgrieve, George Welsch, John Mitchell, B. M. Gibson, Charles F. Grapentine, James Feeney, Patrick Flannery, Fred K. Wolff. 1892-93—I. B. Miller, mayor ; I. A. Justice, solicitor ; N. B. Acheson, president of council; J. Howard Edwards, clerk; board of city commissioners, James H. Nutt, J. W. Dickey, Levi J. Simonton, Bales M. Camp- 270 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY bell ; councilmen, N. B. Acheson, P. M. Joyce, Harry B. Chase, Thomas Peat, George D. Gessaman, Andrew C. Fairgrieve, George Welsch, James Feeney, Patrick Flannery, Fred Wolff, Veeder Heasley, Edward McGinnis, Elihu Williams, R. W. Whitehead, Fred A. Hartenstein, William K. Chapman, Philip Hagan, John F. Ward, Frank McEvey, Peter Deibel, City Commissioner James H. Nutt resigned and was succeeded by Veeder Heasley. Mr. Heasley was succeeded in council by James L. Botsford, who in turn resigned and was succeeded by Frank DeNormandie. 1893-94.--L. B. Miller, mayor ; I. A. Justice, solicitor ; R. W. Whitehead, president of council ; J. Howard Edwards, clerk ; board of city commissioners, J. W. Dickey, Veeder Heasley, Levi J. Simonton, Bales M. Campbell ; councilmen, Frank De Normandie, Edward McGinnis, Elihu Williams, R. W. Whitehead, Fred A. Hartenstein, William K. Chapman, Philip Hagan, John F. Ward, Frank McEvey, Peter Deibel, Walter A. Beecher, Peter M. Joyce, William R. Davis, jr., John DeVenne, Frank A. Scott, Dennis S. Scannell, L. L. Longstreet, William Lyden, Patrick Flannery, Thomas Tyrell. Elihu Williams and William Lyden resigned on February 26, 1894. Frank McEvey resigned on April 10, 1893, and Charles Harris was elected to succeed him. 1894-95—I. B. Miller, mayor ; J. A. L. Campbell, solicitor ; Walter A. Beecher, president of council ; J. Howard Edwards, clerk ; board of city commissioners, J. W. Dickey, Veeder Heasley, Harry B. Chase, Frank G. McConnell ; councilmen, Walter A. Beecher, P. M. Joyce, William R. Davis, jr., John DeVenne, Frank A. Scott, Dennis C. Scannell, L. L. Longstreet, Frank P. Hood, John C. Worrall, William R. Leonard, W. P. Williamson, Mansfield Milton, David Heinselman, Rudolph Kurz, Timothy McAuliffe, Patrick Flannery, Thomas Tyrell, John F. Ward, Charles Harris, J. R. Woolley. Councilman L. L. Longstreet resigned and Joseph A. Miller was elected to succeed him. 1895-96—I. B. Miller, mayor ; J. A. L. Campbell, solicitor ; Walter A. Beecher, president of council ; J. Howard Edwards, clerk ; board of city commissioners, Veeder Heasley, J. W. Dickey, Harry B. Chase, Frank G. McConnell ; councilmen, Frank P. Hood, John C. Worrall, William R. Leonard, W. P. Williamson, Mansfield Milton, David Heinselman, Rudolph Kurz, John F. Ward, Charles Harris, J. R. Woolley, Walter A. Beecher, John P. Hazlett, William R. Davis, Jr., John Devenne, T. J. Helrigle, John H. Fitch, Frank Staub, Timothy McAuliffe, Patrick Flannery, John Wolff. Councilman Frank P. Hood resigned and Z. P. Curry elected. William R. Leonard resigned and John P. Hazlett elected. Charles Harris resigned and C. E. Cross elected. John P. Hazlett resigned and S. B. E. McVay elected. 1896-97—E. H. Moore, mayor ; W. T. Gibson, s0licitor ; John De- Venne, president of council ; F. C. Brown, clerk ; board of city commissioners, J. W. Dickey, Veeder Heasley, Harry B. Chase, Ernest Kurz; councilmen, Walter A. Beecher, S. B. E. McVay, Edward Powell, John. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 271 DeVenne, T. J. Helrigle, John H. Fitch, Frank Staub, Timothy McAuliffe, Patrick Flannery, John Wolff, Z. P. Curry, Harry Thomas, William Rowney, W. P. Williamson, E. L. Welch, David Heinselman, Rudolph, Kurz, James J. Quinn; C. E. Cross, Marvin C. Knibb. 1897-98—E. H. Moore, mayor ; W. T. Gibson, solicitor ; David Heinselman, president of council ; F. C. Brown, clerk ; board of city commissioners, Ernest Kurz, Harry B. Chase, Patrick Mylott, William Cornelius; councilmen, Z. P. Curry, Harry Thomas, William Rowney, W. P. Williamson, E. L. Welch, David Heinselman; Rudolph Kurz, James J. Quinn, C. E. Cross, Marvin C. Knibb, George L. Fordyce, A. L. Rowland, Edward Powell, Cyrus A. Knox, Edward C. Schroeder, Thomas L. Jones, John J. Connor, John Martin, John J. Kane, John Wolff. Councilman William Rowney resigned and was succeeded by Mark R. Morris. 1898-99—E. H. Moore, mayor; W. T. Gibson, solicitor ; A. L. Rowland, president of council ; F. C. Brown, clerk ; board of city commissioners, Patrick Mylott, William Cornelius, Randall Montgomery, F. A. Kaercher; councilmen, George L. Fordyce, Thomas J. Lee, Ellsworth Jones, Cyrus A. Knox, Edward C. Schroeder, Thomas L. Jones, John J. Connor, John Martin, John J. Kane, John Wolff, Z. P. Curry, A. L. Rowland, Edward Powell, M. S. Clark, E. L. Welch, Thomas J. Vahey, Andrew Reed, James J. Quinn, Richard Sause, Marvin C. Knibb. 1899-1900--E. H. Moore, mayor ; W. T. Gibson, solicitor ; M. S. Clark, president of council ; F. C. Brown, clerk ; board of city 'commissioners, Patrick Mylott, William Cornelius, Rufus F. Thompson, F. A. Kaercher ; councilmen, M. C. McNab, Thomas J. Lee, Ellsworth Jones, M. S. Clark, Thomas J. Vahey, Andrew Reed, James J. Quinn, Richard Sause, Marvin C. Knibb, M. E. Dennison, Daniel J. Shea, Edward Powell, Edward C. Schroeder, Thomas L. Jones, John J. Connor, Thomas F. W Murray, John J. Kane, Jerry R. Woolley. City Solicitor Gibson resigned to become prosecuting attorney and was succeeded by I. A. Justice. 1900-01—Frank L. Brown, mayor ; Carvey Miller, solicitor; Jerry R. Woolley, president of council ; William I. Davies, clerk ; board of city commissioners, Rufus F. Thompson, F. A. Kaercher, Patrick Mylott, William Cornelius ; councilmen, Myron E. Dennison, Walter D. Euwer, Edward Powell, Cyrus A. Knox, Edward C. Schroeder, Thomas L. Jones, John J. Connor, Thomas F. Murray, Michael H. McMahon, Jerry R. Woolley, David Tod, John R. Squire, Ellsworth Jones, Chase T. Trues-dale, Thomas G. Lewis, C. Perry Edwards, John Ludt, James F. McCarron, Richard Sause, Harry R. Lewis. Solicitor Carvey Miller died during the first year of his incumbency and on October 1, two, he was succeeded by Stephen S. Conroy. 1901-02—Frank L. Brown, mayor; Stephen S. Conroy, solicitor ; M. Dennison, president of council; William I. Davies, clerk; board of city commissioners. C. \V. McNab, James Butler, R. F. Thompson, F. A. Kaercher; councilmen, David Tod, John R. Squire, Ellsworth Jones, Chase T. Truesdale, Thomas G. Lewis, C. Perry Edwards, John Ludt, antes P. McCarron, Richard Sause, Harry R. Lewis, M. E. Dennison, 272 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY W. J. Roberts, Edward Powell, Anthony B. Calvin, Alexander Irvine, John McGuire, Andrew M. Williamson, Thomas F. Murray, Michael H. McMahon, John W. Brennan. 1902-03—Frank L. Brown, mayor*;, Stephen S. Conroy, solicitor; C. Perry Edwards, president of council ; William I. Davies, clerk; board of city commissioners, R. F. Thompson, Charles W. McNab, James Butler, Charles F. Harris ; councilmen, M. E. Dennison, W. J. Roberts, Edward Powell, Anthony B. Calvin, David Tod, J. C. Birmingham, Ells-Worth Jones, Chase T. Truesdale, Alexander Irvine, John McGuire, Andrew M. Williamson, Thomas F. Murray, Michael H. McMahon, John W. Brennan, Thomas G. Lewis, C. Perry Edwards, John Ludt, James P. McCarron, W. J. Phelan, Harry Baker. 1903-06 - William T. Gibson, mayor j' ; Anthony B. Calvin, judge of the criminal court ; Stephen S. Conroy, solicitor; C. Perry Edwards, president of council ; Pyatt W. Hubler, clerk ; board of public service, David Heinselman, Philip Hagan, George J. Vetter ; board of public safety, Bales M. Campbell, Jerry R. Woolley ; councilmen-at-large, Harry Parrock, Chase T. Truesdale, Warren Williams ; ward councilmen, David Tod, John H. Middleton, William L. Bence, Anthony B. Calvin, Sol S. Davis, R. D. Campbell, Mylie A. Sweeney. Councilman Calvin resigned on November 14, 1904, and was succeeded by George McDonald. 1906-08—Frank L. Baldwin, mayor ; Anthony B. Calvin, judge of the criminal court; Frank L. Oesch, solicitor; M. C. Higgins, president of council; Pyatt W. Hubler, city clerk ; board of public service, George J. Vetter, Philip Hagan, David Heinselman; board of public safety, John R. Squire, James Butler; councilmen-at-large, Harry Parrock, Edward H. Welsh, Warren Williams ; ward councilmen, David Tod, Lionel Evans, William L. Bence, James A. Green, Sol S. Davis, R. D. Campbell, Mylie A. Sweeney. Service Board Member Vetter resigned in 1906 and was succeeded by J. Edgar Rudge. Safety Board Member John R. Squire resigned in 1906 and was succeeded by L. E. Davis. Councilman David Tod resigned and was succeeded by W. H. Hayden. 1908-10—Alvin W. Craver, mayor; Anthony B. Calvin, judge of the criminal court ; Frank L. Oesch, solicitor; M. C. Higgins, president of council ; M. F. Hyland, clerk ; board of public service, J. Edgar Rudge, Lionel Evans, A. John Miller; board of public safety, L. E. Davis, James J. Quinn ; councilmen-af-large, John R. Davis, George Kennedy, * Mayor Brown and Solicitor Conroy were elected in April, 19̊2, for two-year terms, but the city code adopted by the Legislature the following winter provided for new municipal elections in April, 1903, reducing to one year the terms of all city officials elected in April, 1902. t Mayor Gibson and all other city officers were elected in April, 1903, for two-year terms, but, in 1904, April elections were abolished in Ohio and November municipal elections substituted, the terms of all officials elected in 1903 being extended to January a, 1906. The number of wards in Youngstown was reduced from ten to seVen and the number of councilmen fixed at one to a ward, instead of two. Three councilmen-at-large were provided for, however, while the president of council was elected by popular Vote instead of being selected from the membership of council. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 273 John E. Fowler ; ward councilmen, J. Bruce Fithian, Thomas F. Murray, Joseph Owens, James A. Green, Robert McMaster, John P. Ryan, Ernest Hensch. Councilman George Kennedy resigned in 1909 and was succeeded by Peter Strachan. Councilman Owens resigned: Succeeded by Michael Hernan. 1910-12—Alvin W. Craver, mayor; Herman Brandmiller, judge of the criminal court ; David G. Jenkins, solicitor ; Sol S. Davis, president of council; M. F. Hyland, clerk ; Herman Duesing, director of public service; James J. Quinn, director of public safety ; councilmen-at-large, David J. Miles, William J. Sampson, Jerry R. Woolley ; ward councilmen, James G. Ewing, Thomas F. Murray, Jerry C. Sullivan, Fred G. Weimer, Robert McMaster, John P. Ryan, Frank J. Hechmer. 1912-14—Fred A. Hartenstein, mayor;; Herman Brandmiller, judge of the criminal court ; David G. Jenkins, solicitor ; Sol S. Davis, president of council; M. F. Hyland, clerk ; Veeder Heasley, director of public service; Harry Parrock, director of public safety ; councilmen-at-large, Dudley R. Kennedy, David J. Miles, Jerry R. Woolley ; ward councilmen, William M. Jones, William F. Lyden, Louis C. Breetz, Robert H. Barclay, William G. Reese, James B. Clark, Charles F. Weller, Fred G. Weimer, Harry J. Shay. Councilman Barclay resigned and was succeeded by Daniel Kenvin. 1914-16—Fred A. Hartenstein, mayor ; judges of the municipal court, Herman Brandmiller, Michael B. Welsh; George J. Carew, solicitor; Joseph N. Higley, president of council; M. F. Hyland, clerk ; Veeder Heasley, director of public service ; Harry Parrock, director of public safety; councilmen-at-large, J. R. Woolley, William P. Kerr, Thomas T. Woods; ward councilmen, Gus A. Doeright, Patrick A. Hyland, William Harrison, Daniel Kenvin, William G. Reese, James B. Clarke, Charles F. Weller, Allen Shale, Harry. Shay. 1916-18—Carroll Thornton, mayor; judges of the municipal court, Herman Brandmiller, Michael B. Welsh ; Max E. Brunswick, solicitor ; Joseph N. Higley, president of council; M. F. Hyland, clerk ; Harry Parrock, director of public service ; James H. Nutt, director of public safety; councilmen-at-large, William G. Reese, William P. Kerr, William F. Davis; ward councilmen, Gus A. Doeright, Patrick A. Hyland, William Harrison, Daniel Kenvin, Wiliam F. Mehlo, James H. Morris, William C. Damman, Allen Shale, Harry Hogue. Municipal Judge Welsh died in 1917 and was succeeded by George H. Gessner. Councilman-at-large William P. Kerr died and was succeeded by Thomas T. Woods. Ward Councilman James H. Morris resigned and was succeeded by Daniel Morgan. Ward Councilman Allen Shale resigned and was succeeded by Hugh Best. 1918-20—Alvin W. Craver, mayor ; judges of the municipal court, Herman Brandmiller., George H. Gessner; Max E. Brunswick, solicitor ; Joseph N. Higley, president of council ; M. F. Hyland, clerk; William L. Sause, director of public service; John W. Kuhns, director of public safety; councilmen-at-large, William G. Reese, Thomas T. Woods, William F. Davis ; ward councilmen, Gus A. Doeright, Frank P. Galvin, Vol. I-18 274 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Jerry C. Sullivan, David Shermer, William F. Mehlo, Daniel Morgan, David J. Welsh, Hugh Best, Harry Hogue. Public Service Director Sause resigned in January, 1919, to become street railway commissioner. Succeeded by John W. Kuhns, who was succeeded as director of safety by W. W. McDowell. Councilman Frank P. Galvin resigned, succeeded by A. J. Wardle. Councilman David Shermer resigned, succeeded by Carl Stickle. Councilman William F. Mehlo resigned, succeeded by Robert Backus. Councilman Daniel Morgan resigned, succeeded by Harry Holloway. Councilman Hugh Best resigned. succeeded by Thomas Booth. Councilman Harry Hogue resigned, succeeded by Raymond J. Copeland. Councilman William F. Davis resigned, succeeded by Stephen F. Sullivan. Councilman-at-Large Stephen F. Sullivan resigned in August, 1919, to accept a position as secretary of the municipal hospital commission. He was succeeded by Patrick J. Carney. 1920-22—Fred J. Warnock, mayor ; judges of the Municipal Court, Herman Brandmiller and George H. Gessner ; Jesse H. Leighninger, solicitor ; William G. Reese, president of council ; M. F. Hyland, clerk; Ett S. Smith, director of public service; David J. Scott, director of public safety ; Arthur H. Williams, city auditor ; Edward Johnson, city treasurer; councilmen-at-large, Thomas T. Woods, John F. Smith, Robert R. R0berts ; councilmen, Harry Payne, Robert Backus, Richard Flannery, Harry Holloway, Jerry C. Sullivan, David Welsh, George W. Millikin, Thomas Booth, Raymond J. Copeland. Councilman George W. Millikin died and was succeeded by Carl Stickle. The first postal route to Youngstown was established in 1801, and on January I, 1802, Calvin Pease was named the first postmaster. He was succeeded on July 1, 1803, by Dr. Charles Dutton, who held this office until 1818, except for a short period when Samuel White was postmaster. Succeeding postmasters include, William Rayen, 1818-39; Asahel Medbury, 1839-41; James Hezlep, 1841, (9 months) ; Caleb B. Wick, 1841-43 ; William Woodbridge, 1843-45 ; Alexander McKinnie, 1845-49; Jonathan Edwards, 1849-53 ; Alexander McKinnie, 1853-61 ; Thomas L. Moore, 1861-68; Corydon B. Streeter, 1868-76; Austin R. Seagrave, 1876-81 ; George J. Williams, 1881-85 ; Henry Cassidy, 1885-89; Edward H. Hosmer, 1889-94; George B. Snyder, 1894-98; 0. P. Shaffer, 1898-1914; George B. Snyder, 1914 (incumbent). THE YOUNGSTOWN POLICE DEPARTMENT The county court of Trumbull County that assembled at Warren in the summer of 1800 originated the organization that is now the public safety department of the City of Youngstown. Almost a century and a quarter has passed since then, and while the Youngstown Police Department has progressed consistently throughout that entire period the advancement has been far greater in the last twenty-five years than in the preceding one hundred. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 275 The beginning was a modest one, of course. "By order of the court" James Hillman was named constable for the civil township of Youngstown, a "beat" that would cause dismay to a twentieth century patrolman, for it comprised ten actual townships of what was then Trumbull County, or an area almost as large as Mahoning County of today. Fortunately Constable Hillman was his own chief, and was given free rein with no hourly reports to make. Keeping order among the settlers was not a difficult task, since the pioneers were usually too busy wresting a living from the soil to engage in lawbreaking, and most of them were landowners or prospective landowners, with none of the riff-raff usually found in frontier communities. Dealing with the shiftless Indians was perhaps the most difficult task that confronted this first constable—since they were troublemakers when filled with white man's whisky—but this was a work for which Constable Hillman was eminently fitted. He had lived among the Indians ; he understood them and they understood and respected him. There were tax laws to enforce, laws requiring settlers to kill predatory and destructive wild animals, and laws against fighting ; for much as we respect our ancestors, they were frontiersmen after, all, and rough and, tumble fighting was ever a frontier diversion. There was no jail here in the days of the first constable, or for many years afterwards, so that offenders were taken to Warren for incarceration. The first "jail" at Warren was not properly a jail at all, being merely an open space designated by rods and with certain trees and buildings as boundary lines. The prisoner was supposed to stay within this area, although as a matter of fact, if any prisoner was ever sentenced to remain there he probably employed himself in farm work and in pioneer gossip with little regard to the artificial limits that the dignified law had placed on his freedom. As early as 1802 the number of constables in Youngstown Township was increased to two, and as the remaining townships that made up the civil township of Youngstown were organized from time to time the jurisdiction of the Youngstown constables diminished. Yet constables, sheriffs and sheriffs' deputies appeared to give ample protection to Youngstown until the incorporation of the village in 1850. With the adoption of the village form of government the office of village marshal was created by council, and Benjamin H. Lake was elected to fill this position. Marshal Lake served throughout 1850. Succeeding village marshals were, Hugh Moore, 1851 ; John G. Winsworth, 1852 ; John R. Holcomb, 1853-54 ; J. M. Silliman, 1855 ; Lucius Dyer, 1856; Matthew D. Sanderson, 1857; John McFadden, 1858; Matthew D. Sanderson, 1859; Charles C. Chapman, 1860-61-62 ; James G. Niblock, 1863; Lawrence Baker, 1864; Owen Evans, 1865-66-67. Soon after Youngstown became a city of the second class, in 1868, it took on the dignity of a police department. Owen Evans had been elected city marshal on April 6, and on August 4, i868, city council passed an ordinance providing that the mayor should appoint "one night policeman in each ward," adding the proviso that "each councilman select a suitable man to be appointed." Provision was also made for not more 276 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY than fifty policemen to be appointed in time of emergency and to serve without pay. The first police force, aside from the marshal, consisted of three night watchmen, Capt. Samuel C. Rook, veteran of the Mexican and Civil wars, William Casey and John Maltby. Marshal Evans alone preserved order during the day. The territory to be covered was extensive, since the city limits had been extended in 1868 to take in land west and south of the Mahoning River and eastward and westward along Wilson Avenue and Federal Street. Captain Rook was wont to say in later years that the residents were expected to do much of their own police work during the daytime, except on circus days and holidays, when the night watchman did double duty. There was work enough,, however, as brawling was a regrettably common pastime in Youngstown in the '60s and '70s, and these fights were usually stopped with no argument and little ceremony. Marshal Owen Evans, in fact, acquired considerable fame in his day for his excellent skill in swinging a club on the heads of riotous brawlers. There was no patrol wagon except a wheelbarrow ; there was no jailkeeper on duty, and if it chanced to be a wintry night the unwritten rules of the department required that the, arresting officer light a fire and make -his prisoner comfortable before starting out again. In addition the watchman was expected to light the street lamps, to keep on the lookout for fires and sound the alarm by bounding to the engine house at top speed, breaking the news to the entire town as he ran. By way of diversion the watchmen were also permitted to help the firemen and at odd times to gather in lost children and keep roaming hogs and cattle from getting too officious. The police force grew in size as the city flourished and day police were added until the department numbered more than a dozen men in the '80s, the force being divided into night watchmen and day policemen or "roundsmen." Thee position of lieutenant of police was created by council in 1874 and Dan H. Arnold was named to fill it. Evidently it was not considered a necessary position as it was abolished in 1875. The marshal was an elective officer, so that politics entered largely into his selection, and the policemen were appointed by the mayor, so that a change of administration meant a shakeup in the entire force. Although a marshal's term was but two years but four men held this office after the incorporation of the city, Owen Evans serving from 1868 to 1877, David Evans from 1877 to 1881, Hugh Cowley from 1881 to 1885 and William Williams from 1885 to 1891. During the administration of Mayor Montgomery, from 1888 to 1892, modern innovations were introduced, including a regular patrol wagon and the Gamewell fire and police alarm system. In 1891 the police department of Youngstown underwent an entire reorganization. In preparation for this city council abolished the office of marshal on March 10, 1891, and on May 16th following, the newly organized board of city commissioners brought into the existence the modern police force of Youngstown, an organization headed by John F. Cantwell as chief of police. In September, 1894, Chief Cantwell was succeeded by W. W. McDowell, who remained as head of the police department for twenty years. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 277 At that time the chief was the one titled officer in the department and the police headquarters and the city jail were annexes to the central fire station. Gradually the force was expanded, new positions created and finally a new home was set aside for the safety department of the city when the Central police station was built in 1904. Actually this building was used in part for a city hall for another ten years, but the improvement was marked even considering this. The construction of this building gave the city a jail that was modern enough at that day, with men's and women's departments, annexes for youthful offenders and a harboring place for the homeless. The establishment of the Gamewell police alarm system was followed by the adoption of the Bertillon system, the motorizing of the police FORMER CITY MARSHALS OF YOUNGSTOWN Read from left to right, William T. Williams, Owen Evans, David Evans, Hugh Cowley department equipment, the establishment of the traffic police system and the introduction of the mounted police and motorcycle squads. In 1914 the department was given the use of much needed space when construction of the new city hall made it possible to use the nearby building for police purposes solely. Even today the department is, cramped for space, as Youngstown is unique in being a city of more than 125,000 population, and one of the busiest cities in America, with but one police station. This situation will be remedied, however, with the opening of the two substations now being constructed. In September, 1914, Chief McDowell retired and was succeeded by Capt. Harry H. Hartenstein. On the death of Chief Hartenstein in September, 1917, Detective James Watkins was appointed chief and still hold, that position. From a force of 4 men in 1868 and 16 men in 1891, the Youngs- 278 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY town police department has been increased to an organization of 150 men and women, working on a modern three-shift system. YOUNGSTOWN FIRE DEPARTMENT The organization on which Youngstown depends for protection against fires is of even more recent origin than the police department, although the beginning of the modern fire department dates from the same time. Fire fighting was purely a volunteer w0rk for almost three-quarters of a century after the founding of Youngstown. When a blaze threatened home or business establishment the sole reliance against the fire fiend was willing neighbors. The "bucket brigade" inherited from pioneer days survived through the days of Youngstown as a village, and not until the municipality entered the grade of cities was there even the slightest semblance of an organized fire fighting force. In 1867 Governor David Tod built a city residence in what is now Holmes Street, a short distance north of Federal Street, with the intention of moving there from his farm known as "Brier Hill," or 0f residing there at least a part of the year. In the winter of 1867-68 the home was burned, largely because Youngstown had no equipment capable of fighting a fire in such a commodious building. This called forcibly to the attention of the people of Youngstown the need of a fire department of some sort. Not alone because of his own loss, but rather because of his usual public spirit, Governor Tod led in the movement for organizing a volunteer fire department and the securing of necessary equipment. It was at first proposed to raise the required amount of money by popular subscription, but the need of a comparatively large sum was soon recognized and municipal action was urged. On March 2, 1868, the village council responded by authorizing a bond issue of $10,000 for the purpose of a fire engine. Even this amount, however, was not deemed large enough. The new city government came into existence on April 6, 1868, and on April 14, 1868, city council authorized a bond 'issue of $20,000 for fire equipment. A Silsby engine that was immediately named the "Governor Tod" was the initial equipment, with it coming the reel hose wagon. In the meantime organization of the volunteers had been proceeding and on April 20, 1868, was completed. The first volunteer organization had a membership of sixty, and was under the following officers : President J. M. Silliman ; vice president, A. W. Jones ; secretary, J. H. Thompson ; treasurer, Edward Miller ; foreman, James J. Hamman; first assistant, Dan H. Arnold ; second assistant, L. R. Roberts ; engineers, W. S. Hamilton, N. L. Pollock and W. B. Wilson ; hose directors, Owen Evans, L. P. Gilman, James Van Fleet, C. Miller, T. J. Lewis, John Davis ; fireman, Henry Morris ; assistant fireman, A. W. Jones. Appropriate uniforms were purchased, of c0urse, almost immediately. They were used for the first time when the volunteers marched at the funeral of Governor Tod in November, 1868. The first hook and ladder company was organized on September 14, 1871, with fifty members. The officers were, foreman, D. D. Hopper; YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 279 first assistant, William Fisher; second assistant, J. J. Harriman; axmen, I. N. Jones, E. Reel, C. A. Smith and James Probst ; laddermen, E. W. Johnson and William Jennings ; tillerman, W. E. Morrison. On May 6, 1873, the office of chief engineer was created and J. W. Ross was named to fill this position. Following this came the appointment of the fire police, Robert Riddle, C. T. Metzger, L. Hellawell, Charles Decker, J. Stevenson, John Casey, Harrison Sankey, David Osborn, John McMillan, Chauncey Hamilton, J. W. Metz, N. L. Sibbet, Joseph Cook and E. W. Johnson. In 1875 the title "chief engineer" gave way to plain "chief." The volunteers selected Ross for this place also, and with him were named the following officials : Assistant chief, J. W. Metz ; fire engineer, W. S. Hamilton; hose cart driver, Albert Probst ; hook and ladder marshal, Chauncey Hamilton. In 1876 city council placed the chief on a salary of $65 a month, which was amended a year later to $600 a year Officers elected in 1876 were Chief, J. W. Metz ; assistant chief, Philip McGonnell ; fire engineer, W. S. Hamilton; hose cart driver, Albert Probst. Charles W. McNab was elected chief in 1878 and re-elected in 1879. Associated with him were Assistant Chief Joseph Cook ; Fire Engineer W. S. Hamilton; Hose Cart Driver D. H. Evans. Richard Morgan served as chief in 188o and William Horner in 1881, while E. E. Jones had been elected fire engineer to succeed W. S. Hamilton. The volunteer organization at that time elected its own officers but the selections made were subject to ratification by city council. In the spring of 1882 a serious controversy broke out between the volunteers and council, partly a dispute over supplies and partly due to demands for pay. Council finally refused to recognize the officers elected by the volunteer organization on April 6, 1882, and on May 8, 1882, the organization resigned in a body. Momentarily it appeared as though Youngstown was going to be without a fire fighting organization of any kind, but former members of the department came to the rescue in this emergency. A new organization was hastily formed with Charles W. McNab as chief, John Lung as hose cart driver and Albert Probst as driver of the hook and ladder truck. The new organization remained and the fire department flourished even to the extent of building the old Central fire station, a structure that stood on the site of the present Central station and is familiar in memory to many residents of Youngstown. In 1883 William H. Moore was elected chief, and in 1884 he was reelected. At the same time three regularly paid firemen were added to the department, Ambrose Perkins, Charles Vaughn and George Batteiger being assigned to these places at a salary of $60 a month. Provision was also made for the payment of 50 cents an, hour to "minute men," or volunteers subject to call, for the time they were actually engaged in fire fighting. Chief Moore was re-elected in 1885 and 1886„ but in 1887 council rejected his nomination and selected John P. Mercer instead. In the same year Michael Quinn and William Knox were added to the paid YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 281 force. Sim Dyer had been made hook and ladder truck driver a year previously. With the opening of No. 2 station at Oak and Fruit streets, in 1888, Warren McCready, William H. Loller and John McAleer were added to the department. In 1889 Michael Sullivan succeeded James Probst. In 1889 the No. 3 station in Thomas Street was opened with Sim Dyer, John B. Reynolds and Warren McCready in charge. John P. Mercer remained as chief of the department until the reorganization in 1891 when even the semblance of a volunteer department went out of existence. The old volunteers were among the most picturesque figures of Youngstown of the '60s to the '80s. Actuated as much by sheer love of their work as by hope of reward—most of them actually received no pay—they did heroic w0rk for many years. They were a rescue squad in time of floods as well as property protectors in time of conflagration. There is no more enjoyable pleasure today than to hear the stories of the few surviving volunteers and tales of battles with the flames when water was pumped from the old canal and there was no motive power for -the fire fighting equipment except the sturdy volunteers themselves. As Youngstown boasted no paved streets in the early days of the volunteer department, while it did afford plank sidewalks, the volunteer squad often converted itself into a wrecking crew as well as a rescue squad by careening down the sidewalks of Federal Street with engine and hose reel, to the destruction of sidewalk stands and the demoralization of pedestrians. The volunteers' organization was social, too, and the banquets and picnics given by the firemen are still remembered by old time residents. This social feature, in fact, was maintained by the Veteran Volunteer Firemen's Association after its organization on December 21, 1895. The New Year's Eve masque balls that continued under the auspices of this organization until 1916 were unique and bizarre affairs that drew hundreds of dancers and spectators alike. The volunteers went out of existence almost thirty years ago and their organization is scarcely recognizable in the great department of today with its modern equipment. The "Governor Tod," that sturdy first engine of the department, gave way to finer pieces of mechanism, yet remained in honored retirement until June, 1919, when it was sold for scrap iron, a regrettable fate and a wholly inexcusable one. It is not creditable to this rich city that this valued relic should have been bartered away for a few dollars. On May 16, 1891, the board of city commissioners brought into existence the full paid fire department of Youngstown. The appointees named on that day were, William H. Moore, chief ; William L. Knox, assistant chief ; Albert Probst, Sim Dyer, Warren McCready, Charles Vaughn, Michael Quinn, William H. Loller, Christ Weick, Thomas C. Reilly, Charles Daley, William Evans, David Stambaugh; Samuel McKenzie, Patrick Dooley, Willard Smedley and John Haid, firemen. It was an uphill fight that Chief Moore made for ten years in maintaining a fire department, but the organization grew with the opening of three new fire houses, built in 1896. Station No. 4, at Falls Avenue, 282 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY was opened on December 26, 1896; Station No. 5, at Superior and Oakland, on January 9, 1897, and Station No. 6, in Wilson Avenue, on December 19, 1896. In April, 1901, Chief Moore and Assistant. Chief Knox retired and William H. Loller was named chief and Thomas C. Reilly assistant chief. During the dozen years of Chief Loller's regime two more stations were opened, No. 7 at Madison Avenue and Elm Street,. on January 20, 1903, and No. 8, in Market Street, on July 26, 1908. The chief event during Chief Loller's term, however, was the beginning of the motorization of the fire department, a w0rk that was completed during the regime of his successor. Youngstown has the distinction of being the first city in Ohio to install motor apparatus, and when the department became completely motorized, on August 13, 1913, it was one of the first cities in the United States to boast of possession of this modern equipment. Fighting fires is not the only work that has fallen to the lot of the Youngstown department. It has a complete life saving squad that has been called upon time and again, especially in times of flood. Its men are ever ready to risk their lives, a fact that is testified to by the toll of five dead who have perished in the line of duty. Those who made the great sacrifice were Assistant Chief Thomas C. Reilly and Capt. Charles Vaughn, both killed in the Knox store fire of October 1, 1908, Hoseman Michael McDonough and Roseman Smith Cowden, who died of injuries sustained in the Stambaugh fire of November 1, 1901, and Capt. Albert Probst, who met his death in the Youngstown Consolidated Gas & Electric Co. fire of June 23, 1903. On January 1, 1913, Chief Loller was succeeded by Joseph Wallace, who remains as head of the fire department and has brought it to an even higher standard. Under his administration the number of fire stations has been increased to ten with the opening of No. 10 station, Mahoning Avenue, on April 7, 1913, and No. 11 station, Poland AVenue, on June 13, 1914. There is no No. 9 station, as this number has been retained for a proposed down-town fire house when the Central station is abandoned and replaced by one at Spring Common and one in the Lower End of the city, an improvement that is now under contemplation. A site has already been purchased for fire station No. 11, in the Pine Hollow District, and the construction of this house authorized. No. 3 station, recently condemned, is about to be rebuilt and still another station is being urged for the Crandall Park District. The volunteer fire fighting force of fifty years ago and the four paid firemen of thirty-five years ago have been replaced by a department that numbers 125 men and women. Chief Wallace has three assistants, John Haid, first ; Herman Steinfurth, second, and William H. Bennett, third assistant. CHAPTER XVI YOUNGSTOWN'S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM FOUNDING OF FIRST SCHOOL IN THE VILLAGE AND TOWNSHIP AND GROWTH OF SCHOOL SYSTEM-INSTITUTION OR PUBLIC, OR UNION, SCHOOLS 1N 1851-ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS-PRIVATE SCHOOL SYSTEM AND BUSINESS COLLEGES. Provision for education in Youngstown antedates the founding of the city itself by ten years or more, since the act of the Connecticut Legislature of 1786 offering the Western Reserve lands of the state for sale reserved 500 acres in each township for the support of the schools. No sales of land in what is now the city of Youngstown were made under this act, nevertheless these Connecticut lawmakers with their profound belief in education decreed that schooling should follow any extension of Connecticut. It was, in fact, a half century after the settlement of Youngstown before there was any adequate school system here. Education was not wholly neglected in the meantime, of course. As early as 1802 or 1803 the handful of settlers made the initial provision for schooling their children by the erection of a one-room log school building in the public square. The first teacher was Perlee Brush, a bachelor of perhaps more than ordinary attainments who later became a lawyer and still later a farmer. Brush remained for several years, teaching reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic and, to the more ambitious, geography and grammar. There were three months of winter school at that time—December, January and February—and a second term in the early summer that lasted well into July. Frequently adults, even married persons somewhat older than the teacher, attended the winter school to make up for opportunities lost in their youth. School hours were from 9 in the morning until 4 in the 'afternoon except on Saturdays when school was dismissed at noon. Salaries paid male teachers were $10 to $12 a month, while female teachers had to be content with $4 or $5. The teachers, of course, "boarded 'round," their keep being in addition to the monthly wage. Salaries were not always paid in cash ; currency being perhaps the exception rather than the rule. Clothing, farm produce, provisions, wood, even whisky was often contributed in lieu of money. The furniture of the school buildings was of the crudest. A hewn log with four pegs driven in for legs sufficed as a place for the pupils to sit. There was no place whereon to rest their backs. A board placed - 283 - 284 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY against the wall in a slanting position was the writing desk. As to teachers' qualifications, Dr. Henry Manning wrote, on his arrival here in 1811, that "if a man could read tolerably well, was a good writer, and could cypher as far as the rule of three, knew how to use the birch scientifically, and had firmness enough to exercise this skill, he would pass muster." From the same authority we learn that there were four schools in Youngstown Township at this date, the village school on the public square, one on the Isaac Powers' farm, one at Cornersburg and one near the Parkhurst mills on Mill Creek. On March 3.1, 1818, Jabez P. Manning effected a better organization of the village school by entering into a contract with subscribers to teach for the quarter term, the rate of pay to be $1.75 per pupil. There were 40Y?, subscribers (parents or patrons of pupils) so that his compensation for the three-months term was approximately $7o. The subscribers also obligated themselves to furnish "wood and all other things necessary for the use of the school." These subscribers, largely residents of the village, included George Tod, John E. Woodbridge, Homer Hine, Henry Wick, Philip Stambaugh, Samuel Vail, Robert Kyle, George Hardman, James Davidson, Polly Chapman, Jerry Tibbits, John F. Townsend, Henry Manning, William Bell, Jonathan Smith, Moses Crawford, William Cleland, Margaret Murdock, William Potter, William Rayen, William Morris, Noah Chamberlain, Richard Young, James Duncan, Mrs. McCullough and Byron Baldwin. In 1823 a two-story frame school building was built on the site now occupied by the Diamond Block, fronting on the public square. This building was paid for by popular subscription and was used until about 1850. Soon after 1820 the log school in the square was abandoned. On May 22, 1826, the trustees of Youngstown Township, James Hillman, Henry Manning and William 0. Rice, complied with the school law of 1825 by dividing Youngstown Township into school districts and arranging for a better school system. Under this statute Ohio townships and school districts were compelled to retain instructors for the children. The division of Youngstown Township was made into seven full districts and two fractional districts and included the following resident householders in 1826: First district, including the village and adjoining territory to the north, south and east—Richard Holland, Solomon Holland, Daniel Sheehy, James Davidson, Homer, Hine, John Loughridge, Peter Repsher, Margaret Murdock, Henry Manning, James McCartney, Henry Wick, Joshiah Polley, Samuel Bryson, Abraham Lackey, Solomon Chapman, Mrs. Fitch, Wilson Thorn, Jeremiah Scannell, William Wick, James Hezlep, Peter Kline, Philip Kimmel, Rev. M. Harned, Daniel S. Morley, Robert Pollock, William Morris, Charles Dutton, Singleton King, George Hardman, Jonathan I. Tod, William Rayen, Jonathan. Smith, James M. Smith, John Day, Moses Crawford, William Curtis, Jonathan Edwards, John E. Woodbridge, Alexander McKinnie, George Cook, John Bissel, John Hayes, Robert Kyle, David LeRoy, Jacob B. Heaton, Levi Morley, Andrew McKinnie, Daniel McDaniel, Samuel Hayden, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 285 Christopher Hayden, Joshiah Polley, Jr., Mary Dabney, Peter Everett and Frederick Ague. Second district, northeast part of township—John Swager, John Derrick, James Moore, Robert McDonald, Michael Storm, Isaac Swager, Joseph Rees, Adam Swager, Joseph Kerr, Thomas Watt, James Wilcox, John Kimmel, Daniel Thornton, Richard Young, William 0. Rice, Joseph Meglathery, Dorcas Caldwell, Noah Chamberlain, Thomas Pauley, Elizabeth Baldwin, Jeremiah Allen, Joseph Cartney, Erastus Cowdry, James Mackey, Edward Boyd, Christopher Sowers, Byron Baldwin, Neal Campbell, Kitty Bryson and Henry Matthews. Third district, north part of township—George Tod, Archibald Beggs, James Wilson, Andrew Wilson, James H. Protzman, James Beard, John Stambaugh, Justus Dunn, John Murberger, Peter Wirt, Solomon Kline and Christopher Hollingsworth. Fourth district, west part of township—Thomas Ferrell, Alexander Kinkead, Marmaduke Bright, James Rayen, John Rush, John Rush, Jr., Eli Rush, John Madden, Joseph Williamson, James McKinnie, Stephen Baldwin, John Kyle, Cornelius Thomson, George Restler, Philip Mike-sell, Jacob Phister, John Gibson, Robert D. Gibson, James Gibson, Henry Meglathery, Thomas Kirkpatrick, Jonathan Stout, James Hillman, George Snider, Matthew Pool, Martha Knox, Francis Woodley, Samuel Gibson and Pyatt Williamson. Fifth district, northwest part of township—John Beard, John Bentley, James Taylor, William Smith, William Reid, Robert Holyrod, Elener Lightbourn, Anthony Ague, James Kyle, Joshiah Robbins, Hugh Beard, Peter Wonsettler, John Dougherty, Michael Rayen, Alida Ransom, Jonas Foster, David Arner, Amos 0. Stoddard, Joseph Paul, Daniel Schell, John Frederick, Jedediah Fitch, Moses Dray and Jacob Wycoff. Sixth district, southwestern part of township—John Woods, William West William White, Elisha Blake, John White, Joshua Kyle, James Price, William Hetfield, Mrs. Cleveland, James Fitch, John McCorkle, Joseph Osborn, George Stall, Phoebe Cook, Anthony Osborn, Mrs. Ross, Thomas Potts, Isaac Heaton, James Beggs, James White, Luther Babbitt, George Hull, Thomas Woodard, Jonathan Shores and Martha Woodard. Seventh district, northwest part of township—John Hogge, Abram Powers, Jacob Powers, Joseph Wilson, Eli. Phillips, Aaron Phillips, Christopher Erwin, Robert Kinkaid, J. Crowell, Samuel White, John Browher, Aaron Osborn, Jr., Thomas Erwin, Abraham Osborn, Jacob Erwin, David Vestle, Lewis Swaney, Robert Kerr, Humphrey Goff, Mrs. Rigall, Thomas Davidson, Jesse Bailey, Robert Patrick and William Near. Cornersburg district—Henry Hull, Jacob Hull, Samuel Turner, Nathaniel Swift, Abram Leach, Joseph Strock and Michael Hanson. Powers district—Isaac Powers, John Shannon, Frederick Hake and Joseph Kennedy. About 1826 a second school was built within the village, this being located at the eastern extremity of the settlement about where the plant of the W. B. Pollock Company now stands. In 1827 Dr. Henry Manning opened a private school in a building at Wood and Champion streets, using a structure that had at first been intended for church purposes. By 1840 286 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY school accommodations had become insufficient and in that year a two-room frame school was erected at Front and Phelps streets. This building was a historic one, for the site on which it stood was used for school purposes longer than any other location in Youngstown. The frame building eventually gave way to the three-story brick school, known for years as the "Front Street," or "Central," school, a structure that is still standing although abandoned for school purposes a dozen years ago, after the Front and Phelps streets location had been used for school purposes for almost seventy years. On March 7, 1838, the position of school commissioner of Ohio was created by an act of the Legislature and a better system of common school education was urged on all townships, provision being made for a state grant to assist in supporting the schools. It is notable that when an attempt was made at this time to extend education opportunities to colored as well as white children only two members of the Ohio Senate voted in the affirmative, these being Senator Benjamin F. Wade of Ashtabula County and Senator Leicester King of Trumbull County. Trumbull County then included Youngstown Township and nine other townships of what is now Mahoning County. On February 21, 1849, the Ohio assembly passed legislation providing for a "union" school system in Ohio, to include municipalities of 200 or more population. The public school system of Ohio actually dates only from this time. Previous to this, it should be understood, schools supported exclusively by public funds were unknown in Youngstown, 0r in the state. Except for private educational institutions the schools were open to all children, but the parent paid the tuition fee for each child directly. After 1825 each township was compelled to maintain schools, but the system of direct support remained for another twenty-five years in Youngstown. The act of 1849, however, provided for public, or "union," schools supported by established funds instead of by tuition fees. In 1850 William Travis of Jefferson County, Ohio, came to Youngstown as a teacher and immediately interested himself in the establishment of a union school system here. He was a man of college education and an enthusiast on the union school subject, being peculiarly fitted therefore for the task ahead of him. At first there was much opposition to the proposal, for many parents objected vigorously to being taxed "to pay for the schooling of other people's children," but Travis persisted. A public gathering was finally arranged for March 20, 1850, when John Hutchins of Warren delivered an address on the subject, and following this there was increased discussion. Converts multiplied and favorable sentiment increased until an election on the question of the adoption of a union school system was held on April 12, 1851, when seventy-five votes were cast for adoption and five against. The small vote is explained by the fact that acceptance was considered inevitable at this time. The union school act of 1849 provided for the creation of a school board 0f six members in boroughs where the uni0n school system had YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 287 been adopted, and as Youngstown had in the meantime become an incorporated borough, or village, an election was called here for that purpose. The board elected consisted of Henry Manning, Dr. Theodatus Garlick, William J. Edwards, Wilson S. Thorn, Jesse Baldwin and A. D. Jacobs, a most representative body of men. The board formally organized on May 3, 1851, when Doctor Manning was elected president, William J. Edwards, secretary, and Wilson S. Thorn, treasurer. Ridgeley J. Powers was appointed school examiner for two years and R. W. Tayler for three years. This first board of education of Youngstown was charged not alone with the management of the schools but with their organization. Provision first had to be made for their support and this was done by directing the auditor of Mahoning. County "to make out a tax on the property of the district of three mills on the dollar for school purposes in said district." This revenue was supplemented by moneys derived from the Western Reserve fund, the state school fund and from incidental sources. High school as well as grade school courses were provided for—the schools in fact being divided into high school, grammar, secondary and primary. Samuel F. Cooper was elected the first superintendent of schools, his salary being fixed at $500 a year. The pay of the teaching staff ranged from this figure down to $140 a year for primary teachers. The union school system was formally launched on September 15, 1851. At that time there were three school buildings in the village, the school fronting on Central Square (dignified by the name of "the academy") ; the school in the eastern part of the village, and the Central, or Front Street, school. The instruction given in the .high school department included geometry, algebra, chemistry, botany, physiology, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, reading and history ; in the grammar school, reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic with first lessons in grammar; in the secondary school a lower grade of reading, spelling, writing and elementary arithmetic ; in the primary school the familiar A, B, C's and the first reading lessons. In the first term of the union schools the number of scholars enrolled was 386. A partial list of school teachers in Youngstown Township from the opening of the first log school to the establishment of the public school system shows that James Noyes succeeded Perlee Brush about 1810, or perhaps earlier, Jabez P. Manning taught here in 1818, Fanny Ross about 1819, Phoebe Wick about 180, Mary Case at about the same date, Mr. Robinson about 1827, Mr. Black about 1828, Hiram B. Floyd in 1829, Jane Taylor in 1831, Loraine Marvin in 1832-33, Mr. Stafford 1834-36, Mr. Metcalf in 1835, Mr. Parrett in 1838, James Thorn, Hiram A. Hall and George Seaton between 1840 and 1845, Mr. Gillespie, Betsey Kirk and Susan Standish in 1845, Mr. Yates in 1846, E. B. Starkweather and Louis Phillips in 1847, and Miss Thompson in 1848. With the opening of the public schools Mrs. Samuel F. Cooper was elected assistant teacher in the high school, Superintendent Cooper being teacher. Rev. W. S. Gray was placed in charge of the secondary department and Alice Kirk, Miss Upson, Eliza Powers and Huldah Holcomb in charge of the primary department. 288 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY On August 16, 1853, Superintendent Cooper was succeeded by a man who was destined to have a profound effect on education in Youngstown and who is still remembered with love and gratitude by thousands of Youngstown residents. This was Reuben McMillan, a former school superintendent at Hanoverton and Lisbon, Columbiana County, but then living in retirement on a farm at Canfield. On this occasion Superintendent McMillan remained but two years, teaching the high school as well as acting as superintendent, but his entire course of service in Youngstown was destined to cover more than thirty years. Superintendent McMillan was succeeded in 1855 by Ephraim Miller, who gave way in 1856 to Charles H. Lathrop. A. B. Cornell was elected superintendent in 1857 and remained until 1859, when he was succeeded by Dwight Hubbard, who in turn was replaced by H. A. Hall in 186o. In 1861 Reuben McMillan returned at a salary of $1,100, his previous salary having been $500. In the meantime school facilities had become insufficient, and of February 19, 1859, a public meeting was held at the town school to dis cuss the erection of a new school. After much protest against the "extravagance, ' it was finally decided to raise $7,500 for the purchase of a site and construction of a school. The location finally picked was in Wood Street (then Cole Street) where a lot was purchased for $800 and a building erected at a cost of less than $6,000. This building, with additions made in 1884, stood until a few years ago, when it was replaced by the present Wood Street school on the same site. By this time the Central Square School had been abandoned and the school on the Pollock site had gone out of existence as well, but a frame school building had been erected on the West Side. In 1867 Superintendent McMillan was forced by failing health to relinquish his position and he was succeeded by P. T. Caldwell, who remained until 1872. During the last year of Superintendent McMillan's incumbency, however, the school system of the village had been immeasurably improved by the opening of the Rayen School and the transferring of the high school department to that building. After five years' rest Mr. McMillan had sufficiently recuperated that he resumed his duties as superintendent of the Youngstown schools. On this occasion he remained until 1886 when he returned to Canfield where he. lived in retirement until his death in 1898. The school accommodations had been increased in the meantime by the construction of the Covington Street School and the erection of a frame school building, in Oak Street. This latter building was burned down in 1877 and was replaced by a four-room brick building that has twice been enlarged and is still in use. The same year an eight-room brick building replaced the two-room frame building on the West Side that was then the oldest school in the city. In 1881 a two-room addition was made to the Covington Street School and a two-room structure erected on the West Side, six more rooms being added here in 1882. The Hillman Street School was built in 1884. Superintendent McMillan was succeeded by Frederick A. Treudley who remained as superintendent of the Youngstown schools for sixteen 291 - PICTURE OF REUBEN MCMILLAN 290 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY years. Superintendent Truedley's incumbency is still remembered by even the younger graduates of Youngstown public schools and is recalled with pleasure, as he was one of the kindliest of men, distinguished in appearance and exceptionally well qualified. The growth of the Youngstown school system was favorable during his term, although perhaps not rapid, as Youngstown's increase in population was not great during this period. The extension of the city limits, however, widened his field of supervision greatly after 1889 and the schools thrived and advanced under his ministrations. New schools were built to service outlying parts of the city and new courses added. The administration of Superintendent Treudley was ended by his retirement in 1902. Many eligible men were proposed to succeed him, the board of education finally selecting Dr. N. H. Chaney of Chillicothe, who assumed charge of the schools in September, 1902. The modern school system of Youngstown has been a development of the incumbency of Doctor Chaney. In fact the system has undergone such pronounced changes that it might be said to bear almost no relation to the system of twenty years ago. Not only have theories of education been altered in that time, but Youngstown has been transposed as well from a ."town" to a great city. The population has virtually tripled since 1902, and in addition to keeping abreast of the times by adopting modern and approved methods, there has been the added burden of trying to keep abreast of the growth of the municipality. Doctor Chaney's work has not only been successful, but, considering the handicaps, exceptionally successful. There has probably been not a year in his entire regime that the public school accommodations have been adequate. Instead of relief from this situation it has been growing worse annually although the greater part of Youngstown's school construction has been since the dawning of the twentieth century. Since the era of high wages began four years ago the problem of securing a sufficient number of qualified instructors has been added to other burdens, and at times it has been the greatest burden of all. The heavy salary increase granted within the past year has placed Youngstown in the front rank of cities' in respect to teachers' emoluments, but considering the training and ability required of a teacher the entire school force from the superintendent down is paid little enough. It is only necessary to call attention to the additions made to the work of the city schools during Doctor Chaney's administration to realize the vast changes made since 1902. In the grade schools these additions include, school savings banks, supervised play, department of hygiene and physical education, manual training, domestic art and science, humane and safety first training, medical inspection and school nurse system, special classes for defectives, kindergartens, psychological clinic and children's service bureau. With these added to the old established courses of education the whole theory of school training might be said to have been altered. In the high schools, too, the useful academic courses have been retained but to them has been added practical courses, including commercial work, domestic art and science, biology, iron and molding, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 291 music and credits. In this time South High School has been built and opened and the high school capacity of the city probably quadrupled. Today the public school holdings of Youngstown consist of buildings worth $2,820,000 on lands valued at $550,000, together with apparatus, furniture and libraries—the value of all public school properties being probably $3,500p00. There are two high schools with 76 teachers and 2,138 pupils and 43 elementary schools with 489 teachers and 18,273 pupils; a grand total of 565 teachers and 0,411 pupils. These schools have all the usual academic studies and also many of the industrial arts. They have six kindergartens in addition to the five others operated by the kindergarten association, and all the new departments mentioned above, the psychological clinic, special teachers for mental defectives and the near blind and deaf and opportunity rooms for the slow and the hindered, a medical department of doctors and nurses and a strong department of physical education and athletics. They cooperate closely with all other educational forces of the city. Twelve school buildings are used as social centers and thirteen schools have playgrounds. An additional grade school building, the twenty-four-room U. S. Grant School, is under construction, and a twenty-room addition is being built to the Washington School. In addition to this Doctor Chaney has recommended to the board of education a building program that calls for four junior high schools, in the east, west, north and south parts of the city, and additions to present grade school buildings totaling sixty-two rooms. While this is an immense and ambitious program it is a necessary one, if high schools and grade schools alike are to be given badly needed relief. The junior high school system is especially desirable, as the high schools are as badly congested today as the grade schools. Fewer new schools but larger ones is a reform also urged. A revision of the course of study and the adoption of a new text book was also urged by Doctor Chaney in January, 1920. After eighteen years' service Doctor Chaney retired as superintendent of schools in June, 190, but was elected superintendent-emeritus for the year 190-21. He was succeeded as superintendent by O. L. Reid, of Louisville, Kentucky. RAVEN SCHOOL During the many years that Judge William Rayen was one of the leading figures in Youngstown educational opportunities were most limited. A profound believer in the value of education and a thorough democrat by instinct, although a man of wealth and of big affairs, Judge Rayen provided in his will for a residuary fund, the principal of which was vested in trustees who were authorized to use the income derived in establishing and maintaining an institution. to be known as Rayen School, which was to be free to all children of Youngstown regardless of color or creed. The will, in fact, provided that : "As this school is designed for the benefit of all youth of the township, without regard to religious denominations or differences, and that none may be excluded for such or 292 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY like reasons or grounds, I hereby prohibit the teaching therein of the peculiar religious tenets or doctrines of any denomination or sect whatever; at the same time I enjoin that no others be employed as teachers than those of good moral character and habits." The will was drawn in 1852 and Judge Rayen died in 1854. To permit the instructions in the will to be carried out an act of the Legislature was passed in 1856 "to provide for the government of schools and academies especially endowed." By virtue of this act the Common Pleas Court appointed a board of five trustees to carry out the provisions of the will, Jonathan Warner, Charles Howard, Charles C. Cook, James Mackey and Robert W. Mackey being named in June, 1857. A year later the ORIGINAL RAYEN SCHOOL BUILDING executors of the estate delivered to the trustees securities to the amoun of $31,390.90 as the school fund. The lot on which the present school stands was purchased and when sufficient interest had accrued a commodious four-room brick school was erected thereon. The school •a opened in 1866 with forty pupils, Prof. Edwin S. Gregory being retained as principal, and Miss Emma Cutler as assistant, Reuben Mc Millan being in charge of organizing the institution. In the years that had elapsed since the death of Judge Rayen, however, conditions had altered in Youngstown municipality and township. "Free" schools has been established and education was assured children of any color of creed. Because of this Rayen School was made a city and township high school instead of the grade school he had proposed to found. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 293 The first class was graduated at Rayen School in 1868, and for almost fifty-five years it has had an honored existence. In 1878 Professor Gregory was succeeded as principal by A. J. Michael who remained but a year, or until 1879. Middleton S. Campbell was made principal in that year and remained until 1883 when he was succeeded by B. M. Hill, who gave way in 1891 to George F. Jewett. Even before this the demands on Rayen School exceeded the accommodations, and in 1894 a large addition was made to the rear of the old structure. Ten years later the school had become so inadequate that a movement was instituted looking toward greater accommodations. It was several years before this finally bore fruit, but in 1910 relief was afforded by the construction of an addition at a cost of $55,000, this addition being built to front on Wood Street. It provides also the public school headquarters, the land on which it stands having been purchased by the board of education from the board of Rayen trustees. The Rayen trust fund does not, 0f course, provide sufficient funds for the maintenance of the high school. The major share is borne by the city and the school is under joint control of the city school board and the Rayen trustees. In 1901 Professor Jewett resigned and Wells L. Griswold was named in his place. Mr. Griswold remained until 1911 when he accepted a responsible position with a local trust company and was succeeded by Edwin F. Miller, the present principal, who had been assistant to Mr. Jewett and Mr. Griswold. F. F. Herr is assistant principal. On January 13, 1920, the board of education voted to enter into an agreement with the board of Rayen trustees to build a new Rayen High School on the eleven-acre site at Ohio, Benita and Detroit avenues, owned by the Rayen trustees. The new school, which will cost about $1,000,000 when completed, will be governed jointly by the board of education and the board of Rayen trustees, under the present plan of operation. It will be a most modern institution, with a splendid athletic field as an accessory. This will mean, of course, the passing of the old Rayen school building and the surrender of its historic site to encroaching business. SOUTH HIGH SCHOOL Historical South High School does not rank with Rayen School, for it was established in the routine manner and is an institution young in years although the equal in every other way of the North Side institution. In fact it has the advantages common to new educational institutions in modern equipment and construction and has a larger attendance. The need of a high school south of the river became apparent soon after the opening of that part of the city in 1899. Differences relative to location, as well as many other considerations, delayed its construction for many years, hut in 1909 construction was finally authorized and a site on the old Williamson farm in Market Street at the foot of Warren Avenue was purchased in that year for $48,500. The erection of the building at a cost of approximately $140,000 was begun the same year 294 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY and in September, 1911, the school was formally opened. The building is a handsome three-story structure of Italian renaissance and Georgian colonial style, with a frontage of 195 feet and a depth of 115 feet. Located 250 feet back from the street it is most imposing. In the rear is a splendid athletic field, scene of countless feats of physical strength and skill and especially of the annual Thanksgiving football game between Rayen and South, an event that is not merely a school affair but is a recognized Youngstown institution. C. B. Dyke was named principal of South High School when it was opened in 1911. Mr. Dyke was succeeded in 1914 by W. E. Severance, who remained until 1917 when C. E. Reed was engaged. Principal Reed resigned in June, 1920. George P. Chatterton is the assistant principal. In both the high schools the work has been broadened in a remarkable manner in the last nine years until they rank near the top in the list of high schools of the c0untry. GRADE SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL AUTHORITIES The public grade schools are the Adams, Brier Hill, Caldwell, Covington, Cochran Park, Delason, Dewey, Dry Run, Elm, Fairmount, Fosterville, Garfield, Haselton, Harrison, Hillman, Jackson, Jefferson, Kincaid, -Kyles Corners, Lincoln, Madison, Market, Monroe, Myrtle, McGuffey, McKinley, Oak, Park Hill, Perkins, Parmelee, Poland, Pleasant Grove, Princeton, Roosevelt, Shehy, Stambaugh, Steelton, South Avenue, Tod, Washington, West Side and Wood. Members of the board of education for 190-21 are, Mrs. R. S. Baker, president; Mrs. T. J. Bray, Henry A. Butler, L. U. Hulin, Mrs. T. J. Inglis, C. A. Manchester, Thomas McDonald, George Rudge, Jr., and W. J. Thompson. The board of Rayen trustees consists of W. T. Gibson, Jonathan Warner, Bales M. Campbell, Robert Bentley and M. E. Dennison. CATHOLIC PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS Catholic schools had their beginning in Youngstown less than ten years after the inception of the public school system of today. The birth of the parochial school system was in 1860, or shortly after the assignment of the first resident Catholic pastor to Youngstown. This was in keeping with the system of this church which teaches that in childhood years the work of religious instruction which is the duty of parents of any creed should be supplemented by daily instruction in seeking the kingdom of God. In keeping with this doctrine the Catholic Church usually follows the construction of a church immediately with the construction of a school. Not infrequently, in fact, the school precedes the church, and invariably it is given the preference when limited funds make impossible the construction 0f two structures of the size actually needed. That cultivation of the mind alone is not sufficient, that the home nourishes and the church strengthens, but the school spreads before the growing intel- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 295 lect the beauty of that ideal that the world cannot dim nor the years erase, is the principle acted upon in the encouragement of the parochial school system. Rev. William O'Connor was appointed the first pastor of St. Columba's Church, the pioneer Catholic Church of Youngstown, in 1858, and two years later secured a small frame building and opened therein a school taught by two lay teachers. In 1864 Rev. Eugene M. O'Callaghan opened a more commodious school in the basement of the brick church that had been erected in 1863 by the members of St. Columba's parish—which included all Youngstown and vicinity. Lay teachers remained in charge until 1868 when they were succeeded by the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Mary. The sisters remained until 1871, when lay teachers were again employed. A year before, in 1870, Father O'Callaghan, purchased a lot at Elm Street and Rayen Avenue as a site for school and began construction at once. The school was opened in 1871 by Rev. W. J. Gibbons, who succeeded to the pastorate that year, and for the next five years it was taught by the lay teachers. In 1876 Rev. P. H. Browne placed the Ursuline Sisters in charge of the parochial schools of Youngstown. The modern parochial school system might be said to date from this time, for under the guidance of the Ursulines the schools expanded and increased and many Youngstown men today who are of the Catholic faith look back with a feeling of thankfulness on the guidance and instruction of the Ursulines. The local community of this order was organized on September 18, 1874, when seVen of these nuns came from Cleveland, their first home being a small frame structure adjoining St. Columba's School. In 1878 seven Ursulines came from Toledo to supplement this community. Mother Lawrence is the only survivor of the band that came here forty-two years ago. Sister M. Columba, still an active instructress, was the first pers0n received into the community after its establishment. St. Columba's early history is as given above. The school building, erected fifty years ago, is still in daily use, and while not as stately as it seemed in 1870, answers all purposes well. It has been remodeled several times, the last occasion being but four years ago. The present corps of instructors includes eight Ursuline Sisters. The attendance at the school is 425. St. Ann's Parish School appears to have been established in 1869 with the founding of the parish, when a frame building that had been used for store purposes was purchased by Rev. E. J. Murphy and converted into a combination church and school. Lay teachers were in charge. In 1872 a school building was erected and the Sisters of the Holy Humility of Mary were engaged as teachers. In 1898 a two-story frame school building was erected adjoining the new church at West Federal and Jefferson streets and in the same year the Ursuline Sisters were given charge 0f the school. They have remained since, four members of this order being instructors there now. There are 175 pupils in the school. St. Joseph's School was organized in 1870 by Rev. Peter Becker, and with the opening of the present St. Joseph's Church in 1884 the small 296 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY church building in the rear was converted to school purposes. In 1892 Rev. John Klute purchased a site at West Rayen Avenue and Phelps Street, and in 1893 the present three-story building on that location was opened as a school and parish assembly place. The Ursulines were the original instructors at St. Joseph's and remained until a few years ago, when the Sisters of Notre Dame were placed in charge. The present enrollment at St. Joseph's is in the neighborhood of 300, the instructors being seven in number. Immaculate Conception School, located in Oak Street, dates back to the opening months of 1883, when classes were formed and school opened in the four rooms on the first floor of the newly completed church and parish building. It became necessary later to hold additional classes in temporary quarters, but with the dedication of the present church edifice, in 1890, the old church building was converted entirely to school purposes. The present school, opened in 1906, is a handsome brick structure with creditable school equipment. The school is in charge of nine Ursuline Sisters. The attendance at the Immaculate Conception School is about 475. St. Patrick's School, Oak Hill Avenue and McKinnie Street, is one of the newest parochial schools in the city but its very youth gives it advantages for it is one of the most modernly equipped and complete schools in the city, public or parochial. It is also the largest Catholic school in Youngstown, the building being one of sixteen study and recitation rooms with parish assembly rooms in the basement. The attendance approximates 700, by far the largest in the city. St. Patrick's was opened in 1914, and since the beginning has been in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph, whose mother house is located at West Park, Cleveland. There are eleven sisters on the teaching staff now and they are assisted by three lay teachers. St. Edward's School, at Ohio and Benita avenues, was opened for classes in September, 1917, and has been most successful in the three years of its existence. The school building is a modern structure and will have increased accommodation with the construction of the proposed new church on an adjoining site, services being held now in the school building. St. Edward's is taught by seven Sisters of the Holy Humility of Mary. The attendance at St. Edward's is 250. Sts. Cyril and Methodious School for children of Slovak parents was opened in 1904. The brick building in Watt Street that houses the school is a parish gathering place as well, and a most creditable structure. The attendance at the school is about 475, the pupils being under the care of Ursuline Sisters. The teachers include eight Ursuline Sisters. St. Stanislaus School, connected with the Polish parish of that name, was opened in 1904 at its present location in South Avenue. It ranks well among the parochial schools in point of attendance, the number of pupils being 350. St. Stanislaus is taught by seven Franciscan Sisters. Sts. Peter and Paul School, West Rayen Avenue, is identified with the Croatian parish of the same name and was opened in 1914. It has an attendance of 200 and is taught by four Ursuline Sisters. St. Anthony's School is part of the Italian parish of St. Anthony's YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 297 Calvin Street, but is a cosmopolitan institution, since children whose parents represent seven nationalities are enrolled therein. The school was opened in 1907 and has an attendance now of 105 pupils. The instructors are two Sisters of the Holy Humility of Mary and one lay teacher. St. Matthias School in Homewood Avenue is for children of Slovak parents and was opened in 1916. The school is a flourishing institution with an attendance of 00 pupils taught by three Sisters of Charity. The Ursuline Academy, founded in 1874 and incorporated in 1882, is conducted as a day school for girls, while boys are received up to the fourth grade. The curriculum of studies provides for a thorough training in the various branches required for a liberal education, beginning with elementary work and extending to the completion of high school or college preparatory courses. Secular education of the highest efficiency is combined with religious training. In 1919 the Ursuline community purchased the C. H. Andrews home in Wick Avenue, and in September of that year the academic, or high school, classes were transferred there. The splendid building on these premises is located amid beautiful surroundings, and with the expansion of their work the sisters will have one of .the finest and most modern of schools there. Recently founded Catholic parochial schools include St. Elizabeth's Slovak School in Haseltine Avenue and St. Nicholas' Greek Catholic School in Wilson Avenue. The Catholic parochial schools are supported entirely by the members of the various parishes and are under the jurisdiction of the diocesan superintendent of schools, Rev. William A. Kane, of Cleveland. The parish pastors act as assistant superintendents. In 1914 the work of unifying the curriculum was begun, and the Cleveland diocese is now leading the way in drafting a uniform system of instruction for the Catholic schools of the United States. The attendance at the local schools is unusually large, approximating 4,000 pupils. EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS The Lutheran parochial school system, conducted in connection with the church of that denomination, is f ounded on the principle enunciated by Daniel Webster that, "Whatever makes men good Christians, makes them good citizens.' It is to accomplish both the making of good Christians and good citizens that the Lutheran Church maintains, wherever possible, parish schools. These institutions are supported by the contributions of members of the respective congregations. In them are taught not only all the secular branches included in the public school curriculum, but systematic instruction is also given in Biblical subjects. The teachers in these schools are, without exception, graduates of a normal school and seminary and well qualified and equipped for service as instructors of the children entrusted to their charge. There are three of these parish schools in Youngstown. Martin Luther School, the oldest and largest of Lutheran Schools in Mahoning County, is maintained by the Martin Luther Church, located 298 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY at Wood and Champion streets. Steps were originally taken to found this school soon after the organization of the church congregation in 1859, but the effort was not successful until 1870, when Rev. G. F. K. Meiser, the pastor, taught a school during the summer. His work was so successful that in 1876 Prof. A. W. Lindeman, the first regular teacher, was called. The first school building, a small frame structure well remembered by many of the older residents of Youngstown, was erected in 1877. Professor Lindeman was called to another field in 1881, and for the next two years the pastor and an assistant conducted the school. These were trying days for the institution and those responsible for its work, but they overcame obstacles and brighter days followed. In 1883 William Burger was engaged as teacher, remaining two years or until succeeded by Robert 0. Kieling in 1885. Under the stern but efficient leadership of Professor Kieling, who was afterwards a justice of the peace of Youngstown Township, the school prospered and grew in size until there were 102 children under his care. Within a few years this necessitated not only the acquiring of more school room and facilities, but also the calling of another teacher. The former need was met by the construction, in 1892, of an addition to the church edifice, which also provided added school rooms, and the latter by engaging Otto Klotz, a graduate of the Woodville, Ohio, Normal School as second teacher. Teachers following Mr. Klotz were Miss Caroline Walther, Miss Clara Soennichsen and Leo Blumenschein. In 1900 Mr. Kieling's resignation was reluctantly accepted by the congregation and A. G. Linseman was called in his place. Mr. Linseman died in 1903 and was succeeded by Prof. C. F. Theiss, who, with Prof. W. Nischwitz, make up the present teaching staff. Rev. F. J. Schellhase is supervisor of the school. The school today is housed in a modern brick building, built in 1912, during the pastorate of Rev. E. G. Richter. The number of pupils is 126 and only a lack of accommodations prevents a greater enrollment. The efficiency of the school often finds acknowledgment from the public school authorities by favorable comment and the promotion of the scholars. St. Paul's School was formed in 1881 with the organization of St. Paul's Lutheran congregation and the school building was constructed at the same time as the church. It was opened for classes in September, 1881, and within a year the attendance had increased until the schoolhouse was enlarged and a second teacher called. In 1893 a modern and spacious schoolhouse was built and the efficiency of the school increased until the institution was able to give not only a thorough religious training but to keep pace with the public schools in secular education. The first seven grades are taught at St. Paul's, the pupils ranging from six to thirteen years of age. They are sent to the public schools for their eighth grade education. The present attendance is ninety pupils, the instructors being William F. Bieritz and F. J. Nickel. Immanuel Lutheran School, Highland Avenue and Lafayette Street, was organized in 1882 along with the Immanuel Lutheran congregation, and has been maintained by the parish since. Here, too, the pupils include those enrolled in the first seven grades, or until the time of their