(RETURN TO THE MAHONING AND TRUMBULL COUNTIES INDEX) 299 - GROUP OF YOUNGSTOWN SCHOOL 300 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY confirmation at about thirteen years, when they are admitted to the eighth grade of the public schools. The average enrollment is now about fifty pupils, and since its founding approximately 300 pupils from Immanuel School have been confirmed in the Immanuel Church. In the early years this school was in charge of the pastor of the parish, but since 1898 the congregation has employed a regular teacher. The instructors who have served here include, Theodore Kosche, 18981906 ; H. C. Beck, 1906-08 ; A. C. Blomenberg, 1908-15 ; E. Glawe, 1916- 18 ; E. P. Gremel, present teacher. HEBREW SCHOOLS The Youngstown Hebrew Institute was founded in 1907 and a congregational school established in connection with the Emanuel Congregation, 117 East Rayen Avenue. The study rooms were fitted up in a frame building attached to the church, and in the rear of that building. Here the school was conducted until 1919, when its attendance had increased to such a degree that more ample accommodations were necessary and arrangements were made to hold classes in the Wood Street public school building after the regular school hours. The attendance is now 150 and the teaching staff includes M. Altshuler, principal; E. Bazel, A. Abrumovitz and E. S. Hochman. A second Hebrew congregational school is conducted at the Elm Street public school building for the youth of the Children of Israel Congregation. The class here, numbering approximately fifty pupils, is taught by M. Eidelman. In these schools instructions are given in the first six grades, the pupils being taught to speak and write the Hebrew language, religious training being given in connection with the secular education. YALE SCHOOL The Yale School, recognized as one of the standard private schools of the country, is the outgrowth of a small neighborhood kindergarten of the early '90s. By 1897 the school had grown to such proportions that a school building was erected in Yale Avenue, but, in spite of additions to the building in 1899 and again in 1902, the school had grown to such proportions by another ten years that still more ample accommodations were necessary. At this time, too, the growth of the city had been such that school was in a closely built residence neighborhood and playgrounds were lacking, an inconvenience that was keenly felt as the movement for greater outdoor training had begun to make great headway, Through the generosity of the Yale Land Company the grounds of the Mahoning Golf Club were made available to the sch0ol. The club building was enlarged, remodelled and equipped for school purposes and tennis courts, playgrounds and school gardens fitted up. Here the school has remained since, the location at Ohio Avenue and Redondo Road being especially admirable because of its proximity to. Crandall Park. In 1919 an addition was made possible by the purchase of the residence adjoining YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 301 the tennis courts, this being fitted up for junior high school purposes. The main building contains four class rooms, three recitation rooms, a kindergarten workshop, art room, lunch room and gymnasium. The school is divided into three departments, the kindergarten and grade school, the elementary department, which includes grades two to six inclusive, and the junior high school which includes the grades beginning with the seventh and continuing through the high school year. The school staff includes, Alice D. Holmes, principal; H. L. Holshoy, M. Annis Goodell and Elizabeth H. Frey, junior high school; Ora M. Blon, Erma M. Miller, Myrna McGeehon, elementary school ; Ruth Leffler and Lyndall H. Erdman, kindergarten; Ruth Bennington, Helen Stryker, Alfred Benson and Josephine Lamy, special teachers. BUSINESS COLLEGES The first business, or commercial college in Youngstown, was established in 1872 by Professor Miller, who later disposed of his school to Courtney, Hall and Beardsley, the latter selling the school in 1880. Successive institutions were opened and flourished or passed out of existence. Today there are three of these schools, the Youngstown-Browne Business College, 16 West Federal Street ; Hall Business University, 124 East Federal Street, and Isabel McGrath Business School, Knights of Columbus Building. The value of these schools is apparent every day in the business life of Youngstown. Here are trained the efficient helpers in business houses who later hold the responsible positions in these institutions. They are one of the assets of the city. CHAPTER XVII YOUNGSTOWN IN THE RELIGIOUS WORLD STORY OF THE EARLY AND THE LATER-DAY ACTIVITIES OF THE VARIOUS DENOMINATIONS- HISTORY OF THE FOUNDING OF INDIVIDUAL CHURCHES. Religious exercises in Youngstown date back almost to the beginning of the settlement, nearly a century and a quarter ago. The growth of organized church bodies was not rapid in the early days, hardly in keeping in fact with the growth of the village. By 1840 there were but three churches with resident pastors. Ten years later, however, there was a noticeable increase, and today there are approximately 100 organized congregations in Youngstown, aside from many missions and Sunday schools. Practically all creeds are represented. Recently an advanced step has been taken by the Protestant Church organizations in the creation of The Federated Churches, a centralized organization that acts as a clearing house for interests common to all the churches and to the community and formulates plans for evangelism, religious education and social betterment. Rev. Joseph E. Priestley has capably filled the position of executive secretary of this body since it was formed. Youngstown churches, either directly or through allied societies, are carrying on a vast amount of charitable and social welfare work, much more than the non-churchgoing public generally realizes. This is true of every creed and denomination and it is also true that work of this character is being extended daily, to the immense profit of the city. PRESBYTERIAN As the earliest settlers of the Western Reserve were largely from Connecticut and Pennsylvania it is but natural that the Presbyterian religion predominated among them and that this should have been the pioneer religious body of Youngstown. Services under the leadership of an ordained missionary from Pennsylvania may have been held at Youngstown as early as 1798, but the first record of such services is in 1799 when Rev. William Wick preached to an assemblage of settlers here. Born on Long Island, New York, June 29, 1768, Reverend Wick removed to. Washington County, Pennsylvania, in 1790, and on April 21, 1794, was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth McFarland. Perhaps a year later he began fo study for the ministry, and on August 28, 1799, was licensed to preach the gospel, by - 302 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 303 the Presbytery of Ohio. His visit to Youngstown was probably a month or two later. The Presbytery of Ohio had been formed in 1798, but Reverend Wick's first call was to the pastorate of the congregations at Hopewell and Neshannock, Pennsylvania. It was in 1801 before his assignment was changed to Hopewell and Youngstown, but that he officiated in Youngstown in 1800 is evident from the fact that he performed here on November 3, 1800, the first marriage ceremony in Youngstown, officiating at the wedding of Stephen Baldwin and Rebecca Rush. Before Youngstown had been put in his charge the Presbyterian Society had been formally organized in Youngstown. This organization took place in May, 1800, and it is possible Reverend Wick was actually the pastor from the beginning. Rev. Joseph Badger, pioneer missionary from Connecticut, reached here in December, 1800, and speaks of arriving "at the cabin of Rev. Wick," who was "settled in charge of three small settlements, Hopewell, Neshannock and Youngstown a few weeks before I reached the Reserve." While there is some confusion regarding exact dates of early activities of this church body, the fact remains that the First Presbyterian Church of Youngstown was the first church founded on the Western Reserve. William Stewart and Caleb Baldwin were the original elders of the church. When the first church edifice was erected is also a matter of doubt but apparently it was built about 1802. This meeting house stood in the southeast corner of the present Rayen school lot, or directly across Wick Avenue from the present church. This building, according to the recollection of a pioneer member of the church, was constructed of hewn logs and was perhaps 30 by 40 feet in dimensions. The door was in the south end, opening onto the road that is now Wood Street. The edifice was comfortably furnished for its day. The congregation was made up of residents of surrounding townships as well as settlers in Youngstown. Reverend Wick's pastorate ended with his death on March 29, 1815, at the early age of forty-seven years. Never a robust man, the hardships of pioneer days had sapped his strength, for he had retained his charge at Hopewell and ministered to it even though it meant a long journey through the wilderness. On October 2, 1801, Youngstown was attached to the Presbytery of Erie and in 1808 became part of the Presbytery of Hartford. On June 25, 1817, Rev. John Core succeeded to the Youngstown pastorate, having charge also of the Brookfield and Vienna congregations. Reverend Core established the first Sunday school at the Youngstown church and remained until April 10, 1823. Rev. Enoch Bouton supplied the church from 1824 to 1826 and Rev. Nathan Harned from 1826 to 1829, the latter being succeeded by Rev. Ward Stafford who was installed on April 5, 1830. After twenty-five years of occupancy the old church became unsuitable and a movement was instituted fOr a new edifice. A lot was purchased at what is now Wood and Champion streets and the erection of brick building begun, but the congregation became mistrustful of the 304 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY strength of this structure and it was abandoned. There was a sharp division of opinion then as to a new location, but a site was finally purchased in Federal Street between Champion and Walnut streets, and a frame building put up that was opened early in 1832. Reverend Stafford remained until 1837, and in 1839 Rev. Charles A. Boardman accepted a call to the church. The beginning of his pastorate marked the acceptance of the "new school" doctrine by the church and he remamed as shepherd of the flock for fifteen years, or until 1854. Rev. Frederick H. Brown supplied the church from 1855 to 1859, and he was succeeded by Rev. Levi B. Wilson, who was installed on November 5, 1859. Under his pastorate the membership increased rapidly and the movement for a new church was instituted, with the result that construction of the present edifice was begun in 1866, the church being completed in 1868. Youngstown had been transferred to the Trumbull Presbytery in 1839, and in 1870 the Mahoning Presbytery was created. Coincident with this change began the pastorate of Rev. Daniel B. Evans, D. D., who remained for more than thirty years. It was a period of great growth in the congregation. In 1889 the Helen Chapel was erected by Mr. and Mrs. Myron C. Wick in memory of their daughter Helen, the dedication taking place on May 4, 1890. In July, 1899, Rev. William Herbert Hudnut, D. D., became co-pastor of the church and in May, 1900, the Old First Church celebrated its centennial with a week's exercises beginning on Sunday the 27th, and lasting throughout the week. On March 31, 1901, Doctor Evans retired from the pastorate and was succeeded by Doctor Hudnut, who is still pastor. The First Church has expanded its work greatly under Doctor Hudnut's ministry, one of its valuable auxiliaries being a foreign department instituted in 1917, with Miss Katherine McNally as director. The Wayside Mission is another noted church activity. OTHER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES The earliest branch of the First Presbyterian Church was the Second Church, founded in 1874. This congregation flourished in the West Rayen Avenue neighborhood until 1886. Westminster Presbyterian Church was formed in 1893 from the First Church, 152 members allying themselves with the new congregation. The members worshiped in rented quarters for some time, but on November 13, 1898, the cornerstone of their present church at Market and Front streets was laid and in 1900 the church was occupied. The dedication took place on October 28, 1900. Rev. William Garrison. White was the first pastor of this congregation, serving from February, 1894, until his death on March 4, 1904. He was succeeded by Rev. Thomas J. Stevenson, who in turn gave way to Rev. G. Minor Whitenack. Rev. Henry White is the present pastor, having succeeded Reverend Whitenack in 1914. The Memorial Presbyterian Church was organized in 1903 by ninety-five members of the First Church who wished to remain under the pastorate of Dr. Daniel H. Evans. A site was purchased at Wick and YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 303 Madison avenues, the cornerstone of the new church was laid on November 9, 1903, and the church was formally organized a week later. Services were conducted in the building for the first time on August 7, 1905. Doctor Evans was succeeded as pastor by Rev. F. R. Dent, who remained until 1914, when Rev. Charles F. N. Voegelin was called. He was duly installed on December 8, 1914, and is still in charge. In 1883 a mission chapel was built and Sunday school organized in Mahoning Avenue, and in 1905 this location was given over to the Magyar Evangelical Ref ormed Church, allied with the Presbyterian Church in America. This congregation had been organized three years previously. A stone edifice was built to replace the chapel, and dedicated on October 15, 1905, with Rev. Geza Kacziany as the first pastor. This church is flourishing, with Rev. Ladislaus Gerenday as pastor, he having succeeded Rev. J. M. Hanko in 1919. The Evergreen Presbyterian Church is the outgrowth of a union mission Sunday school held in a building in Iron Street, now Wayne Avenue. This was subsequently transferred to the Presbyterian Church and, on April 27, 1903, preliminary steps were taken toward organizing a church. The church was formally organized on August 8, 1904, and on May 5, 1905, Rev. Francis A. Kearns was installed as pastor. Temporary meeting places sufficed for the church until the erection of the present church building at Market Street and Earl Avenue in 1909. Rev. W. C. Press has, een pastor of the congregation for more than ten years, except for a period of a year and a half in 1917-18, when he was a United States Army chaplain attached to Base Hospital No. 31, in France. The Foster Memorial Presbyterian Church was organized as a Sunday school following the Billy Sunday meetings here early in 1910, and remained a Sunday school and mission until the summer of 1916, when it was organized as a church. Rev. J. M. Thompson was called to the pastorate in the fall of 1916 and has successfully ministered to this charge until June, 1920. Services are held in the former Evergreen church building, which was moved to the site at Glenwood and Indianola avenues. The Slovak Presbyterian Church was organized as a Sunday school in connection with the First church and for several years met in the Helen Chapel. In 1919 it became an organized congregation with the construction of a church in Lansingville, Rev. Joseph Nadenicek being pastor. The church building was opened for worship in. December, 1919, and dedicated in June, 1920. The Welsh Presbyterian Church was organized in 1857 as the Calvinistic Methodist Church, and in 1882 erected a church at Walnut Street and Rayen Avenue. In 1919 this congregation was dissolved, the members allying themselves with other local Presbyterian churches. METHODIST EPISCOPAL Methodism in this field dates back to 1802 when Dr. Shadrach Bostwick, who was a practicing physician as well as an itinerant minister, located at Deerfield under appointment of the Baltimore conference, the Vol. I-20 306 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY field assigned to him being under the care of Thornton Fleming, presiding elder of the Pittsburgh district. His first visit to Youngstown, and other villages of what is now Mahoning County, was made in 18o3, when he preached to a small assemblage, the services being held in Judge Rayen's barn, as there were no other available quarters. The same year, 1803, Doctor Bostwick formed the first Methodist Episcopal Society of Youngstown. It numbered but six persons, Moses Crawford and wife, John Hogue and wife, Isaac Powers and Jeremiah Breaden. Before this date a congregation had been founded at West Hubbard, and Crawford and his family attended meetings there, making the journey on foot. "Father" Crawford, in fact, was the leader of this class. Shortly after the founding of the society the use of the log schoolhouse on the public square was secured, and services were held here and at the homes of Mr. Crawford and Mr. Hogue, the quarterly meetings being held in the ballroom of Holland's tavern. Doctor Bostwick settled in Youngstown in 1804 and practiced medicine and preached here until 1807 when he removed to Canfield, where he died in 1837. In 1805 the Erie and Deerfield circuits were combined, embracing a territory 400 miles around, with James Hunter as presiding elder and David Best and J. A. Shacklefield as preachers. The first church was apparently built about 1810, the congregation paying $20 for a site in what is now Phelps Street. This building was a small frame structure that was used until 1828 when a brick church replaced it, this being built on the site of the present Trinity Church. This edifice was used until 1841 when a frame building was put up and occupied, although not finished until several years later. In 1826 a Sunday school was established with William H. Fitch as superintendent and A. W. Upham and Samuel Black as teachers and in 1842 Youngstown was made a station, with the ministers officiating at nearby settlements. The frame building, the third of the Methodist churches here, sufficed until 1861 when it was replaced by a structure that was the most imposing church building in the village. Although apparently ample in size the congregation soon outgrew it, and within twenty years a movement was begun for a new church. This resulted in the erection of the present stately building at Front and Phelps streets. Ground was broken for the new church in May, 1883, and the cornerstone was laid that year by Bishop Andrews. In 1885 the edifice was dedicated by Bishop Bowman, and for almost forty years now has stood as one of the leading houses of worship, in the city, although remodeled in 1918 when a parish house and social service building was added to meet the needs of this industrial city. Up to the time of the erection of the present church the organization adhered to the original name of the First Methodist Episcopal Church but in lieu of this the title Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church was adopted for this pioneer congregation. Trinity church has ever been known for its many activities, especially those engaging the interest of young people. In every respect it is one YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 307 of the great churches, of this denomination in Ohio, even members of this creed being astonished at its size and its work on the occasion of the Northeast Ohio Conference held here in 1919. In the more than 100 years of its existence Trinity has been under the ministrations of several score of circuit riders and resident pastors, Dr. W. E. Hammaker being the present head of the congregation. The board of trustees of the church numbers E. L. Brown, T. B. Van Alstine, S. B. Clegg, George E. McNab, Fred R. Moody, George E. Dudley and Charles N. Crandall. The Belmont Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church was organized as the Second Methodist Episcopal Church in 1877, and on January 20, 1878, the church building at Rayen and North avenues was ready for occupancy, with Rev. G. F. Oliver in charge. In 1890 a modern brick church was completed in Belmont Avenue and the organization became the Belmont Avenue Church. Recently this structure has been sold and plans made for a new church. Services, are now being held in the tabernacle in Belmont Avenue between Oxford and Fairmount. Rev. J. M. Ackman is pastor of the church. Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1888 by South Side members of this denomination and on September 17, 1888, the cornerstone of Wesley Chapel was laid by Dr. A. N. Craft, pastor of Trinity. The church edifice was rebuilt in 1899 and rededicated on March 18, 1900. Epworth church, located at Hillman Street and Lakewood Avenue, is under the pastorate of Rev. W. O. Hawkins. Grace Methodist Episcopal Church was organized on March 6, 19,01, and the first church edifice dedicated on June 21, 1933, this building being located at Forest Avenue and Shehy Street. In 1910 the structure was enlarged to its present capacity and rededicated on January t, 1911. Rev. J. W. Van Kirk was the first pastor of the congregation, succeeding ministers being Rev. W. S. Jenkins, Rev. G. M. Henderson, Rev. W. H. Jeffers, Rev. J. W. Flesher, Rev. E. T. Mohn, Rev. W. A. Rutledge and Rev. J. H. Palmer, the present pastor. The Wilson Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church ministered for many years to members of this denomination in the eastern part of the city but in 1919 this congregation was consolidated with the Coitsville Center Methodist Episcopal Church to form the Marion Heights Methodist Episcopal Church. This latter congregation is now building a house of worship within Coitsville Township. In memory of her husband, Richard Brown, one of the pillars of Methodism in Youngstown for many years, Mrs. Henrietta Brown decided to erect a memorial Sunday school, and selected for this purpose a board of trustees whose membership included W. A. Kingsley, Mrs.. Cyrus E. Felton, W. C. McKain, W. M. Wallace, George Tod, W. V. Faunce, Miss Arabella Crandall, Charles R. Clegg and Thomas McDonald. In June, 1904, a location at Woodbine Avenue and Elm Street was selected and a chapel, that later became a church, was erected thereon, the committee in charge of the building numbering Messrs. Tod, Wallace, Faunce and Clegg and Mrs. Cyrus E. Felton of the board of trustees. 308 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY The structure, dedicated on February 17, 1907, is one of the most pleasing church buildings in the city and a worthy monument to the man whose name it bears. From a chapel this edifice became the Brown Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, the church organization being formed on September 3, 1917. Rev. H. R. Whiting is the present pastor of this flourishing North Side congregation. For many years Sunday schools had been in existence on the West Side and in 1912 the Mahoning Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church was organized, Rev. Walter B. Ruggles coming as the first pastor in the fall of that year. In 1913 a lot was purchased in outer Mahoning Avenue and a church completed and dedicated on July 6, 1913. Rev. George A. Gibson is the present pastor of this church. Remaining Methodist Episcopal churches in Youngstown include the Cornersburg Church, the familiar "church with a welcome," in charge of Rev. C. A. Reed and the Italian Mission, 435 Emma Street, in charge of Rev. Vincent Zaffiro. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL Protestant Episcopal Church in Mahoning County had its beginning, not in Youngstown, but in Boardman, where the first services held according to the prayer book of this creed took place in 1807, with Joseph Platt as lay reader. Plans for a regularly constituted church organization were set on foot and on June 20, 1809, a meeting was held at Boardman at which a petition was drafted and presented to the bishop of New York State asking the incorporation of an Episcopal society. This petition read as follows "We, the subscribers, inhabitants of the towns of Boardman, Canfield and Poland, in the county of Trumbull and state of Ohio, being desirous to promote the worship of God after the order of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States of America, having for some time past met and attended divine service according to the established form of that church and finding ourselves under great inconveniences for the want of prayer books and sermons, to remedy which and to endeavor to procure the assistance of a worthy teacher, judge it best to form ourselves into a regular Episcopal society, investing the same with the proper officers, thereby putting ourselves in the proper situation to petition the Rt. Revd. Bishop of the state of New York, praying him to incorporate us and grant us such relief as in his wisdom he may deem meet and consistent. "We appoint Saturday, the 12th day of August next, to meet at the town of Boardman for the above purpose." The petition was signed by Turhand Kirtland, Ensign Church, Charles Chittenden, Josiah Wetmore, Samuel Blocker, Joseph Platt, Ethel Starr, Francis Dowler, John Liddle, John Dowler, Jared Kirtland, Eleazor Fairchild, Ziba Loveland, Arad Way, Eleaz0r Gilson, Eleazor YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 309 C. Fairchild, Russell F. Starr, Eli Platt, John Loveland, Lewis Hoyt, Joseph Liddle. At the meeting on August 12, 1809, Turhand Kirtland was appointed moderator; Ethel Starr, clerk ; Joseph Platt. warden; Turhand Kirtland, Ethel. Starr and Lewis Hoyt, vestrymen. On September 4th organization was formally effected and these appointments were confirmed. At a meeting held on August 27, 1810, a motion was passed "that a committee be appointed to draw a subscription for the obtaining and supporting a respectable clergyman from the states of Connecticut or New York to come to this place and visit us, and tarry as long as the society and himself can agree." It was further voted "that we will associate with any persons in the town of Youngstown who will associate with us and share with us all the benefits of the said society." This is the first mention of Youngstown participation, the movement heretofore having been one supported by Canfield, Poland and Boardman residents. Actual founding of a parish was delayed, however, until several years later. Services were continued at Boardman and Canfield with lay readers, and in September, 1814, Rev. Jackson Kemper, afterwards bishop of Wisconsin, visited. Poland, Boardman and Canfield and probably Youngstown, the first Protestant Episcopal clergyman to reach this neighborhood. On this occasion twenty-nine persons were baptized. In September, 1816, Rev. Jacob Morgan Douglas, who, like Reverend Kemper, was in the employ of the "Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church for the Advancement of Christianity in Pennsylvania," administered to the flock here. On March 23, 1817, Rev. Roger Searle, a Connecticut missionary, visited Boardman. He called a meeting of the vestry, a new formula of organization was adopted and St. James parish came into being. The diocese of Ohio was organized at Columbus on January 5, 1818, Rev. Philander Chase, a missionary from New York, being president of the organizing convention. At Worthington, Ohio, on June 21, 1818, Reverend. Chase was elected bishop of the new diocese, being consecrated at Philadelphia on February 11, 1819, by Rt. Rev. William White. He made his first episcopal visit here in October, 1819, stopping at Canfield on the 6th of that month. He again visited Canfield and Boardman in 1823 and preached at Youngstown in 1825. Rev. Marcus Tullius Cicero Wing was the first permanent pastor of St. James parish, serving from 1829 to 1831. Irregular services were held at Youngstown until 1836 when Rev. Joshua L. Harrison of St. James established regular services here, churches at this time having been built at Boardman and Canfield. The pioneer church at Boardman was consecrated by Bishop Chase on August 23, 1829. The Youngstown parish had its origin in the Sunday school work begun by Mrs. Jesse Thornton. This was in the early '50s. The number of members of the Episcopal denomination had increased appreciably here within a short time and ministration became more frequent under Rev. A. T. McMurphy, who became pastor at Boardman in 1857. Rev. C. S. Abbott of Warren also held services here. It was considered advisable therefore to organize a parish in Youngstown and a meeting 310 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY for this purpose was held on July 7, 1859; with M. T. Jewell as chairman. Reverend McMurphy and Reverend Abbott were present to give counsel and a motion was adopted declaring that "It was desirable and practicable to organize a parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Youngstown," the name "St. John's" being adopted on motion of Mr. Jewell. The meeting was held in a small session-room building on the Presbyterian Church grounds, both this congregation and the Methodist Church having assisted the Episcopalians frequently by providing them meeting accommodations. The parish was formally organized on December 9, 1859, Bishop Bedell having visited here on November 29th previously and passed on the petition for the creation of a parish. On Easter Monday, 1861, the vestry of the church named W. J. Hitchcock, F. 0. Arms, John W. Ellis and M. T. Jewell a building committee. They selected a site at the-southwest corner 0f Wood and Champion streets for a church site and on May 27, 1861, the cornerstone of the church was laid by Assistant Bishop Gregory T. Bedell, assisted by Rev. A. T. McMurphy. The building was completed in 1862 and consecrated on October 21, 1863, by Bishop Bedell. Rev. Wyllys Hall had in the meantime become rector of the parish, assuming this position on December 15, 1861. After almost thirty years' service this church building became inadequate and in 1891 the parish purchased a lot from Doctor Woodbridge in Wick Avenue as a site for a new church. The building project lagged owing to the industrial panic that came soon afterwards; but the partial destruction of the old church building by fire in December, 1893, hastened action and on January 6, 1896, a building committee composed of James Mackey, J. L. Botsford, W. J. Hitchcock and Henry Tod was named. Tod and Mackey were succeeded in May, 1896, by E. L. Ford -and J. M. Butler. Work on this present St. J0hn's Church, one of the most picturesque church buildings in the city, was begun in October, 1896, and the building was dedicated on May 22, 1898, with Bishop W. A. Leonard officiating. Since that time St. John's Church has become known for its famed chimes, a memorial to Mrs. E. L. Ford, installed in 1914 and that pealed forth for the first time on August 2d of that year. Reverend Hall, the first rector of St. John's, was called to. Pittsburg in 1865 and was succeeded by Rev. Samuel Maxwell, who remained from 1866 to 1883. Rev. Frederick Burt- Avery was pastor from 1883 to 1889, Rev. Robert B. Claiborne, 1889 to 1892, and Rev. A. L. Fraser from 1892 to 1917, when he resigned to become chaplain in the Thirty-Seventh (Ohio) Division, United States Army. Rev. Leonard W. S. Stryker, the present 'rector, has been in charge of St John's since February, 1918. St. James' Chapel, Albert and State streets, was the first branch of St. John's and was maintained for many years. In 1908 Episcopal activities were extended to the South Side and St. Andrew's Mission at Oak Hill and Chalmers avenues, was built. Later this became a regularly constituted parish with Rev. Alfred Izon as rector. Reverend Izon was succeeded in 1919 by Rev. Vincent Kline. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 311 St. Augustine's parish, colored, owes its origin to Mrs. Leonora Berry who, in 1907, proposed the organization of a colored Episcopal church. The first mission meeting was held at Mrs. Berry's home and on February 20, 1908, the parish was organized. For five years the mission was attended by Rev. Robert Bagnall and Rev. P. W. Paxton of Cleveland, Rev. A. L. Fraser giving aid and assistance. During this time the present church property was purchased and the building fitted up for services, and in June, 1912, Rev. John T. Ogburn became the first resident pastor. Reverend Ogburn is still rector, and under his administration the church property has been improved and the congregation has grown appreciably. St. Rocco's Parish, Calvin Street, is a congregation for Italian speaking and was founded in 1918. The members worship in the church formerly occupied by St. Rocco's Independent parish. Rev. O. Salcini is pastor. ROMAN CATHOLIC The first Catholic parish in the present diocese of Cleveland was organized in 1820 at Dungannon, Columbiana County, and attended by missionary priests from the Dominican convent at Somerset, Perry County, Ohio. In 1826 Rev. Thomas H. Martin, one of these missionaries, came on to Youngstown after a stop at Dungannon, and held the first Catholic services here. This mass was probably read in the cabin of Daniel, Sheehy, the first Catholic resident of Youngstown, and one of its founders. From this time until 1840 visits were made at intervals by missionaries from Dungannon, Somerset and Steubenville, and from 1840 to 1847 Youngstown was a regular mission of the Dungannon church, attended by Rev. James Conlan. On these occasions mass was read at the homes of William Woods and Neal Campbell, sons-in-law of Sheehy, and at the home of James Moore in Brier Hill. For another ten years or more Youngstown was a mission, attached at different times, to Cleveland, Akron, Randolph, Summitville and Dungannon and attended by Rev. Fathers Howard, Moran, Ringele, McGann, O'Connor, Stroker, glum and Prendergast. The first Youngstown parish was formally organized about 1847 by Rev. F. McGann, while a guest at the home of William Woods, and the construction of a church building was soon taken up. In 1851 work was begun on a small frame structure on the site of the old St. Columba' s Church at Wood and Hazel streets, and in 1853 it was completed. Until 1858 Youngstown was a mission, but in July of that year Rev. William O'Connor was appointed resident pastor. He was succeeded in 1861 by Rev. Eugene O'Callaghan, under whose direction the construction of the old St. Columba's Church was begun in 1863. The church was opened for worship in 1864. Father O'Callaghan remained for ten years, although Rev. E. J. Murphy, was temporarily, in charge for a few months in 1870. In August, 1871, Rev. W. J. Gibbons was named pastor, and he was suc- 312 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY ceeded in August, 1872, by Rev. P. H. Browne, who remained until 187 In July, 1877, Rev. Edward Mears was named to succeed Father Browne. Father Mears has remained since and is the oldest active pastor in Youngstown today in point of service. On March 7, 1919, he celebrated the golden jubilee of his ordination, the public celebration being held two months later, or on May 4, 1919. At the same time the new St. Columba's Church was consecrated. Work on this present St. Columba's building was begun in 1893, after the old church had given thirty years' service. Panic times stopped progress, and it was July 1, 1900, before the cornerstone of the new building was laid. In June, 1903, the church was dedicated. In ministering to St. Columba's parish Father Mears is assisted by Revs. Richard P. Gibbons, Joseph P. Hurley and George F. Martin. St. Ann's Parish was founded in Brier Hill in September, 1869, with Rev. E. J. Murphy as pastor. A temporary habitation was used for two years. In 1871 Rev. Patrick McCaffrey built a small church at Federal and Calvin streets, and in 1893 construction of the present St. Ann's Church at Federal and Jefferson streets was begun. It was 1909 before the church was completed, although it had been used for some years before. Rev. J. T. Barry has been pastor .since 1887, his predecessors being Rev. Francis McGovern and Rev. F. J. Henry. St. Joseph's Parish was organized in March, 1870, with Rev. Peter Becker as pastor. A small brick church was built in Rayen Avenue in that year, and in 1882 the present church was opened for worship, being dedicated on July 20, 1884. Rev. John Klute has been pastor of St. Joseph's since 1883. The Immaculate Conception Parish was organized in July, 1882, with Rev. W. J. Manning as pastor. The original church building was completed in December of that year, standing on the site of the present Immaculate Conception School. The congregation soon outgrew this building and on June 17, 1888, the cornerstone of the present church was laid, the church being opened for services on Christmas day, 189o. Father Manning remained as pastor until his death in 1899, Rev. M. P. Kinkead from 1899 until his death in 1910. Rev. J. R. Kenny, LL. D,, has been pastor since December, 1910. The Sacred Heart Parish was organized in October, 1888, with Rev. W. J. Leeming as pastor and a frame church in Wilson Avenue was opened on Christmas day of that year. Father Leeming was succeeded on his death in 1906 by Rev. John I. Moran, under whose supervision the present church building was erected and dedicated in 1909. St. Patrick's Parish was formed in June, 1911, under the leadership of its present pastor, Rev. Charles A. Martin, LL. D. The parish church was dedicated in November of that year. Although one of the youngest parishes in the city it is also one of the largest and funds are now being raised to erect a $300,000 house of worship on the site of the present church. St. Edward's Parish was organized in August, 1916, and the present school building and temporary church was built the following year. the church being opened in November, 1917. A modern church will be YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 313 built later on an adjoining site. Rev. M. F. Griffin has been pastor of St. Edward's since its founding. Sts. Cyril and Methodious' Parish was organized in 1896 and the present church was built and dedicated in 1900, with Rev. A. Kolar as pastor. Rev. Francis Kozelek is now the parish priest. This parish is made up of Slovak-speaking residents. St. Anthony's Parish, Italian, was organized in 1898, and in May of that year Rev. Anthony Petillo was named pastor. In June the parish purchased the old St. Ann's Church, which it uses for services, Rev. E. J. Spitzig being the present pastor. St. Stanislaus' Parish, Polish, was organized in 1904 and the present church in South Avenue built the same year. Rev. John Kasinszki is the present pastor. St. Stephen's Parish, Hungarian, was organized in 1907. St. Stephen's Church in Wilson Avenue was built and dedicated in 1910 and rebuilt in 1918. Rev. Alex Varlaky is pastor. St. Casimir's Church, Polish, Jefferson Street, was built in 1908 with the organization of the parish. Rev. C. Szymkiewicz is the parish priest. Our Lady of Mount Carmel Parish, Italian, was organized in 1911 and the parish church in Summit Avenue built that year. Rev. Victor Franco is the pastor. Sts. Peter and Paul's Parish, Croatian, was organized in 1912 under Rev. M. G. Domladovac. The present church, in Covington Street, was built that year. Rev. J. A. Stipanovic is in charge of the parish. St. Mathias' Parish, Slovak, was organized in 1914. St. Mathias' Church, Homewood Avenue, was built the same year. Rev. J. M. Gerenda has been pastor since the founding of the parish. Holy Name of Jesus Parish, Slovak, was formed in 1916, the parish church in Lakeview Avenue being built at the same time. Rev. Francis Dubosh is pastor of the Holy Name Church. St. Francis' Parish, Lithuanian, was formed in 1917, The parish church is located at 917 Shehy Street and is in charge of Rev. Felix Alinskas. St. Maron's Parish, Syro-Maronite, was organized about 1903, the church in Wilson Avenue being built in 1912. Rev. N. S. Beggiani is pastor.. GREEK CATHOLIC Greek Uniat (Greek united with Rome), commonly known as "Greek Catholic," churches are four in number. Their, membership is made up largely of Uhro-Rusins, or Ruthenians. The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish, Ruthenian, is the oldest of these, the parish church at Salt Springs Road and Gilbert Street having been dedicated on July 4, 1900. Rev. Valentine Balogh is pastor. Holy Trinity Parish, Ruthenian-speaking, was organized and the church built in 1909. Rev. Basil Stetzyuk is pastor of this church, located in West Rayen Avenue. 314 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY St. Mary's Parish, Roumanian-speaking, was organized in 191o, the church in Prospect Street being built the same year. Rev. Aurel Voda is pastor. St. Nicholas' Parish, Wilson Avenue, Ruthenian-speaking, was organized in 1910 and the church built at the same time. Rev. Alex Papp is pastor. BAPTIST The Baptist Church in Youngstown, as Youngst0wn was constituted at that time, dates back to 1859, when a Sunday sch00l with thirty-seven members was organized in a hall over Theobald's store. B. F. Parks was chosen superintendent of this school. The First Baptist congregation was formally organized on June 6, 186o, at a meeting held in the Methodist Protestant Church, twenty-eight members enrolling. The new congregation was fortunate in securing as its first pastor Rev. W. M. Ingersoll, a most remarkable man. An enthusiastic worker and a splendid citizen as well as pastor, it is not surprising that the church made unusual strides under his ministry. Under his direction—and in fact assisted by the labor of his own arms—the first church of the congregation was built in Hazel Street in 1861. Within a few years this became inadequate for the needs of the congregation and a site was purchased at Market and Boardman streets, where a new church was built, being dedicated in 1869. In 1872 Reverend Ingersoll resigned as pastor and was succeeded by Rev. B. F. Ashley, who remained two years, giving way to Rev. C. F. Nicholson, who, in turn, was succeeded by Rev. D. B. Simms in 1879. Rev. John A. Snodgrass became pastor in June, 1881. On January 6, 1887, the First Baptist Church building was destroyed by fire following the explosion of natural gas in the building which stood across the street on the northeast corner of the present courthouse lot. The work of rebuilding was immediately begun and the church was used for worship in December, 1887, although not dedicated, or rededicated, until July 1, 1888. Reverend Snodgrass remained as pastor until February 1, 1889, and was succeeded on September I, 1889, by Rev. Clement Hall. -Rev. Henry Parrish was pastor from 1899 to January 1, 1904, and Rev. C. H. Pendleton from February 10, 1904, until 1916, when he was succeeded by Rev. Barry B. Hall, the present pastor. Calvary Baptist Church is new in name, but by descent the oldest of Youngstown Baptist churches. It had its origin in the ministrations of Rev. David Probert who came to Brier Hill, then a suburb of Youngstown, in 1845. On December 10, 1846, the Welsh. Baptist Society was formed by Reverend Probert and Rev. William Owens of Pittsburgh, and a church was built on West Federal Street in Brier Hill in 1847. In 1866 activities were transferred to Youngstown with the removal of many of the members of the congregation here and in that year a church building was put up in Walnut Street, being dedicated in January, 1867. It became then the Walnut Street Baptist Church. With the 315 - GROUP OF YOUNGSTOWN CHURCHES 316 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY exception of an interval between 1872 and 1877 Reverend Probert remained as pastor from 1846 to 1895, when he was succeeded by Rev, R. C. Morgan. In 1883 the church building was remodeled and thirteen years later a new and modern structure was put up, being dedicated on November 10, 1896. Rev. J. H. Lloyd became pastor of the Walnut Street Church in December, 1898. Twenty years later changed residence conditions made a new location desirable, and in 1919 the church building was sold and a new congregation formed of members of the Walnut Street Church and South Side members of the First Baptist Church. This new congregation, Calvary Baptist Church, is meeting temporarily in the tabernacle at Oak Hill Avenue and Regent Street, with Reverend Lloyd as pastor, but is planning a anew and commodious church structure. The Wilson Avenue Baptist Church was formerly the Lawrence Street Baptist Church. It was organized in 1898, being the pioneer religious body of this denomination in the eastern part of the city. The present modern brick church at Wilson Avenue and Jackson Street was built and dedicated in 1909. Rev. F. A. Close is pastor. The Himrod Avenue Baptist congregation was organized on June 8, 1902, with forty-five members, and worshiped in the small frame building at Himrod Avenue and Prospect Street, formerly used as a school. A handsome brick church was built at Himrod and Garland avenues seven years later, and dedicated on March 20, 1910. On February 8, 1914, this church burned down, but a new one was built the same year and dedicated on December 20, 1914. On September 19, 1916, this structure was also destroyed by fire. Undaunted by this double misfortune the congregation began to rebuild immediately and the present church was completed and dedicated on June 10, 1917. Rev. W. H. Beymon was the first pastor of this church. Rev. J. M. Miller was pastor ten years. The present pastor, Rev. George L. Ford, succeeded Rev. D. E. Fuller on November 15, 1916. The Swedish Baptist Church was organized at Brier Hill in 1890 Students attended the congregation there, meetings being held in rented quarters. The present church in East Woodland Avenue was built and dedicated in February, 1904, with Rev. John P. Westerberg as the first pastor. Rev. S. J. Peterson is now in charge. The congregation proposes soon to build a new church on a site in Warren Avenue owned be the church. Other Baptist religious organizations include the Hungarian Mission, 1252 Manning Avenue, Rev. Michael Szilagyi, supermtendent ; Mount Olive Mission, Himrod Avenue ; Italian Mission, 233 East Wood Street; North Side Sunday School, meets at Parmalee School ; West Side Sunday School, held in Washington School Building. COLORED BAPTIST The Third Baptist Church is the oldest colored Baptist congregation in Youngstown, dating back to December, 1874, when members of this denomination formally organized a congregation. A frame church build- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 317 ing was erected in Mahoning Avenue shortly afterwards and for many years the members worshiped at this place. Rev. Robert Holmes was the first pastor. In 1912 the Third Baptist congregation erected a fine brick church in Oak Hill Avenue as their home. This is a flourishing church, Rev. W. 0. Harper, D. D., being the present pastor. The Tabernacle Baptist Church members worshiped for several years in a meeting place in East Federal Street, but in 1907 removed to Griffith Street, near Federal. This was the home of the congregation for almost ten years, or until 1916, when the present location in West Arlington Street was selected. Rev. W. P. Phillips is pastor of the Tabernacle Church. The Good Hope Baptist Church was organized about 1910 and in 1911 the church building in Hillman Street was put up. Rev. R. L. Thomas is pastor of this congregation. Other churches of this denomination include the Morning Star congregation, Rev. J. E. Perry, pastor; Jerusalem Baptist, Lawrence Street, Rev. J. Reese Sanders; Valley Street Baptist, Reverend Flowers ; Himrod Avenue Baptist, Rev. Lane Daw. EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN The influx of newcomers into the Mahoning Valley in the '40s and the '5os added to the number of the Evangelical Lutheran Church members who were here before that time. Lutheran congregations had been formed in the early days of the century in rural townships, of Trumbull County, notably in Boardman and Canfield before 1810 and in Jackson about 1835, and Youngstown members of this denomination attended services at the churches in these townships. Rev. F. C. Becker, for many years pastor at Jackson and Lordstown, came to Youngstown and attended Lutherans in the late '40s and in the '50s. In 1857 Rev. G. Kranz of North Lima proposed the organization of a congregation made up of Lutherans and Reformed Church members and in 1858 a body of this sort was formed here. Within a short time this became a Reformed Church, but on August 1, 1859, the Martin Luther congregation was organized with twenty-two members. Rev. L. Krebs came with the organization of the congregation. Temporary meeting places sufficed for a time and later a small church was put up. Early in 1862 the cornerstone of the present church was laid and on November 2, 1862, the church was dedicated. In the same year Reverend Krebs gave up his other charges to devote his sole attention to Youngstown. On January I, 1869, Rev. G. F. H. Meiser was called to the pastorate of the Martin Luther Church and remained until 1885, being succeeded by Rev. E. A. Boehme, on April 15th of that year. In 1891 the church building was entirely remodeled and modernized. Reverend Boehme's pastorate exceeded in length even that of his predecessor as he remained in charge of Martin Luther congregation until 1911 when he was succeeded by Rev. F. G. Richter, who in turn 318 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY was succeeded in 1917 by Rev. F. J. Schellhase, the present pastor. Under Reverend Schellhase's capable leadership the church has prospered greatly. St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized at Brier Hill on May 2, 1881. On July 10th of the same year the cornerstone of the church building was laid by Rev. G. F. H. Meiser and in December, 1881, the church was dedicated. Reverend Meiser attended this church for a short time until Rev. H. H. Schmidt was installed as the first resident pastor. Rev. J. F. C. Soller is the present past0r. Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1882 by Rev. H. Weseloh of Cleveland and the first church was built in 1883. Rev. J. H. Ehle became pastor with the construction of the church and remained a year, being succeeded by Rev. C. F. W. Huge, who remained until 1890. In 1888 the original church was destroyed by fire and a new building was erected and dedicated in 1889. Rev. E. Kirchner was pastor from 1890 to 1892, Rev. George Eyler from 1892 to 1908 and Rev. H. W. Walker has been in charge since the latter year. The Immanuel Church is located at Highland Avenue and Lafayette Street, Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church had its origin in September, 1877, in a congregation formed by Rev. Samuel Baechler. Early meetings were held in Reading Room Hall in East Federal Street with Rev. E. J. Meissner as pastor. On December 11, 1881, the first church, at Wood Street and Belmont Avenue, was dedicated and in 1902 the present church in West Rayen Avenue was erected, being dedicated on September 6, 1903. Reverend Meissner remained as pastor. until 1887. Rev. Homer W. Tope was in charge from 1888 to 1896 and Rev. A. D. Potts succeeded him, remaining until 1897 when Rev. Jesse Leroy Miller, the present pastor, came. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized as a mission on January 3, 1896, with Rev. W. M. Kibler as the first pastor, his work actually beginning here in August, 1895. Services were held first at the Y. M. C. A. and later in the city council chambers, but later arrangements were made for the use of the township hall, where the congregation worshiped at the time the mission was formally organized. In 1901 the mission became a church congregation and in 1902 a church property in Wilson Avenue was purchased and remodeled, being dedicated on March 24, 1903. The present church in Forest Avenue was built and occupied in 1912. Rev. C. A. Riehl is the present pastor. St. Luke's Lutheran congregation was formed on June 4, 1899. Original services were held in the Evergreen Chapel, the first pastor being Rev. S. H. Yerian who organized the congregation. The present church building in Market Street was built in 1901 and dedicated on August 1st of that year. It is soon to be replaced by a new building at Oak Hill and Evergreen avenues. Pastors who have served St. Luke's since Reverend Yerian include Rev. H. E. Simon, Rev. G. W. Englar, Rev. C. A. Boory and Rev. W. J. Kratz, the present pastor who came on June I, 1911. The Woodland Avenue Evangelical Lutheran congregation was or- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 319 ganized in 1911 and the present church building of most pleasing appearance, was built the same year.. Rev. Edgar P. Ebert is pastor. The Honterus Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1912 and for some time worshiped in Saxon Hall at Franklin Avenue and Flint Hill Street. In 1914 the former Jewish Synagogue at Rayen Avenue and Holmes Street was purchased by the congregation. Rev. George Schuster is pastor. The Swedish Evangelical Luther Bethel Church was organized in 1888 and in 1912 dedicated its present church in Ridge Avenue. Rev. Emil Westlund is pastor of this congregation. The Bethlehem Lutheran Church, South Avenue and Midlothian Boulevard, was originally a Boardman Township congregation, founded in the first decade of the nineteenth century by members of the Simon family and other residents of the northeastern part of Boardman. This congregation, a Lutheran-Reformed union body, built a log church in 181o. This was replaced by a frame building in 1845. Reverend Stough was the first pastor. Later the present church was erected just across the line in Youngstown Township and with the extension of the city limits in 1913 became a city congregation. Previously it had become entirely Lutheran in creed. Rev. J. H. Trout is the present pastor. The Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1998. The present church building in Mahoning Avenue was erected the same year. Rev. Andrew Hvizdak is the pastor. St. James' Lutheran Mission, Washington Avenue and Snyder Street, is the newest of Lutheran congregations. It is without a resident pastor. A project that the Lutherans of Youngstown now have under consideration is the establishment of a hospital. While a new proposal here it is not experimental as the Lutherans have been successful in h0spital work in many other places. CHRISTIAN Congregations of the Christian, or Disciples of. Christ, Church were organized in Trumbull County prior to 1830 and on July 18, 1841, the Disciples Society was formed in Youngstown with twenty-seven charter members. In 1842 Alexander Campbell visited Youngstown and made several addresses, and in 1843 the society purchased the old "Academy" building in Central Square as a church. This building stood on the Diamond Block site, the purchase being made largely through the efforts of Dr. Thomas H. Bane and John Kirk. Other early day members were James Calvin, Nicholas Jacobs, Peter Wirt, W. H. Kyle and Joseph Barber. Rev. J. W. Lamphear was the first pastor of the church, and in the year it was dedicated to worship, 1843, the annual meeting of the Disciples of Christ in Ohio was held in this pioneer church building. Actually only limited services could be held therein as several thousand persons attended the gathering and its sessions were held largely in a grove. In 1872 the Central Square site was sold and the present church location of the First Christian Church, in West Wood Street, was pur- 320 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY chased. A new church was put up the same year, occupied in 1873 and fully completed and dedicated in 1874. Early in the '90s a memorable evangelistic meeting was held in the church under the direction of Rev. Roland A. Nichols, and with the additional members gained by the congregation the edifice became too small. In 1895 the building was entirely remodeled and enlarged to its present capacity. Ministering to the church after Reverend Lamphear were a number of ministers and elders, including in later years Rev. R. E. Davis, Rev. C. C. Smith, Rev. M. L. Streator, Rev. J. N. Monroe, Rev. George Anderson, pastor for thirteen years, Rev. W. R. Lloyd, Rev. J. L. Garvin, Rev. John Ray Ewers and Rev. L. G. Batman, its present pastor, who came in 1908. The Central Christian Church was organized in Davis. Hall on the first Sunday in January, 1895, Rev. E. V. Zellars, president of Hiram College, presiding. The original membership was 105. The charter of the church is dated November 28, 1894. Within a few months the need of a church building became apparent and the building committee, consisting of John H. Fitch, L. H. Thayer and W. P. Williamson purchased the Browne homestead in Market Street. Rev. A. Lincoln Davis was the first pastor. The residence on this property was dedicated for worship after being remodeled and sufficed until 1905 when work was begun on the present church building. The building was completed and used for worship the first time on Sunday, January 28, 1906, the splendid pipe organ was installed a few weeks later and on February 18, 1906, the church was dedicated. Rev. Walter S. Goode became pastor of the Central Church in April, 1900, and remained for ten years, when he was succeeded by Rev. William Dunn Ryan, the present pastor. Under Reverend Ryan's pastorate, in 1912, the church building was remodeled to meet the demands of a rapidly growing congregation and its growth has continued during the more than ten years in which he has been in charge. In January, 192o, the Central Church celebrated its silver anniversary. The Hillman Street Christian Church was organized in 1900 and the same year erected a .church building at Hillman Street and Marion Avenue (then Silver Street). The building was completed and dedicated the same year with Rev. Elanson Wilcox as pastor. In 1906 the church building was entirely rebuilt, the dedication taking place in 1907. Succeeding Reverend Wilcox in charge of the congregation were Revs. L. J. McConnell, F. D. Draper, R. A. Nicholls, Alfred Johnson, F. M. Moore, D. A. Williams and W. S. Goode. Rev. F. C. Ford has been pastor since March, 1917. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN Activities of this denomination in the Youngstown neighborhood began early in the nineteenth century with the organization of churches in nearby townships. Congregations were formed in Poland in 1804 and Liberty in 1805 and Youngstown members of the Associate Presbyterian YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 321 and Associate Reformed. Presbyterian churches attended at these places. Discussion of the organization of a congregation here soon arose and with the union of the two denominations in 1858 this movement was strengthened with the result that the First United Presbyterian congregation was organized on October 10, 1859, with Rev. James W. Logue, D. D., then pastor at Northfield, in charge of the organization meeting. The charter members, seventeen in number, were James. Smith, Harriett Smith, William Smith, Sr., Polly Smith, Nancy Smith, Jane Smith, James Orr, Sarah Orr, J. R. Kennedy, William H. Kennedy, Mrs. William H. Kennedy, J. C. Kennedy, Sarah Kennedy, Goodwill Kennedy, Esther Kennedy, Margaret Kennedy and Mrs. Martha. McClelland. Rev. W. M. Melvin, a traveling minister, attended the congregation for some time but on September 3, 1861,. Rev.. George K. Ormond was installed in the pastorate, attending the Warren Church as well at first. The congregation worshiped first in Arms Hall and later in the Methodist Protestant Church, the Disciple Church in Central Square, the Martin Luther Church and again in Arms Hall. In 1867, the first church building, a comfortably-sized brick structure, was erected at Wood and Walnut streets and dedicated in May, 1868. This building was remodeled in 1877 and again in 1881. Reverend. Ormond remained until February 1, 1870, and on February 7, 1871, was succeeded by Rev. J. M. Wallace, D. D.; who remained until December 13, 1881. %For ;two years the church was without a pastor, but on January- 1, 1884, Rev.. S. R. Frazier was placed in charge. Doctor Frazier remained. for twenty-two years and under his pastorate the present church buildmg, on the site of the old one, was erected.. This building was put up in 1893 and dedicated on January. 28, 1894, the name of the church being changed at this time to the Tabernacle United Presbyterian. About eight years later the Third United Presbyterian Church was organized, owing to- a division in the Tabernacle Church, but. within four years this breach was healed. Rev. W. H. Vincent, D. D., was pastor of this congregation. Doctor Frazier resigned on June 13, 1906, and on September 8, 1907, Rev. Gilbert 0. Miller was installed as pastor. Reverend Miller remained until the fall of 1912 when Rev. John Heslip became minister of the church, the fifth to hold this place in the more than sixty years of the existence of the congregation. Norman Igo is superintendent of the Sunday school and Tabernacle Church is stronger today than ever in its history although the expansion of the city has caused the organization of five other churches. of this creed. The Second United Presbyterian congregation was organized on May 6, 1887, the membership coming almost entirely from the Tabernacle Church. For a dozen years the members worshiped in the schoolhouse chapel at Himrod Avenue and Prospect Street, but in 1899 erected a brick church in Himrod just above Prospect. This structure was used for almost twenty years. In 1918 construction of the, present church at Nimrod Avenue and Rebecca. Street was begun and on February 2, 1919, the building was dedicated. Rev. J. M. Jamieson was the first Vol. I-21 322 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY pastor of the congregation. The present pastor, Rev. John Lytle, has been in charge since November 12, 1916. The South Side United Presbyterian Church was organized as a Sunday school on the first Sabbath in January, 1908, the meeting taking place in a storeroom in Market Street, near Delason Avenue, thirty-six members enrolling. At the next meeting, a week later, Reverend Houston of Struthers was in attendance and he assisted greatly in the organization of the church c0ngregation that came into existence early in April, 1908. Rev. D. C. Fulton came as the first pastor of the church in July, 1908. In 1908 a residence building at Market Street and Delason Avenue was purchased and remodeled for church purposes and this sufficed until 1916, when it was moved away and a splendid brick church built on the site. This church was dedicated on March 4, 1917. Rev. J. A. McDonald is the present pastor of the South Side Church. The Lansingville United Presbyterian Church is the outgrowth of a Union Sabbath School founded in 1891. It was organized as a church on July 28, 1911, with fifty members, mostly from the Tabernacle Church. A small frame building was first used for worship, but in 1912 this was enlarged and a new building added, the dedication of this structure taking place on October 20, 1912. A Bible school was organized on the first Sabbath in March, 1913, with seventy members and the first session of the church was elected on January 3, 1913. Rev. F. C. Davidson was the first pastor of the Lansingville church, taking charge on August 1, 1911. His successors were Rev. M. G. Jerrow and Rev. H. C. McAuley. Rev. Oscar Person, the present pastor, was installed on January 24, 1918. The Brownlee Woods United Presbyterian Church held its first service on December 24, 1916, Rev. H. C. McCauley becoming pastor at that time. A Sabbath school was formed January 7, 1917, and the church formally organized on February II, 1917, with a charter membership of sixty. A small frame chapel was erected during this winter and in September, 1918, the cornerstone of the present church was laid, the church being dedicated on May I 1, 1919. The North Side United Presbyterian Church was formed in 1917 and a chapel erected in Halleck Street. The church has no resident pastor at present. JEWISH Jewish migration to the Mahoning Valley began in the '30s and with gradual increases in population religious services were held in private homes and the faith preserved. On May 12, 1867, faithful members, numbering David Theobald, Henry Theobald, Morris Ullman, Abraham Wallburn, Ferdinand Ritter, William Jonas, Charles Ritter, Simon Loewenstein, A. Ritter, A. Schaffner, A. Printz, Edward Ritter, S. J. Lambert, Emanuel Guthman, Emanuel Hartzell, A. Goldstein and A. Schwab held the first meeting to organize a Jewish congregation. On. May 19th, one week later, the Rodef Sholem organization was perfected YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 323 with David Theobald as president ; Edward Ritter, vice president ; Abraham Wallburn, treasurer, and Emanuel Guthman, secretary. Early services were held in the Porter Block in West Federal Street and shortly afterwards church quarters were fitted up in the Gerstle Block at Federal and Hazel streets. Dr. Henry Bloch came as pastor in February, 1885, and in the same year the congregation felt that it was in position to erect a home of its own and a site was purchased at Lincoln Avenue and Holmes Street. Construction of a temple was begun immediately and on June 4, 1886, this structure was formally dedicated. This building sufficed for more than twenty-five years but in 1912-13 a movement was launched for a new house of worship and at a congregational dinner held at the Progress Club rooms in January of the latter year the project took definite shape when $25,000 was voluntarily subscribed for a new building. A location at Elm Street and Woodbine Avenue was selected and work begun the same year, with the result that the imposing Rodef Sholem Temple of today was dedicated in 1914. The dedicatory services were attended by distinguished rabbis from throughout the country. For twenty-five years Dr. J. B. Grossman presided over the Rodef Sholem congregation, coming here in 1888 and resigning in 1913, but remaining in Youngstown where he is yet one of our honored and beloved citizens. He was succeeded on September 28, 1913, by Dr. I. E. Philo, who has become since his residence here more than the pastor of a congregation, being a student and a speaker that people of all creeds flock to hear. The business organization of the church founded more than fifty years ago remains, the presidents of the church organizations who have served numbering, after David Theobald, Abraham Schwab, Samuel Weil, Moses Weinberg, Emanuel Guthman, Emanuel Mittler, Adolph Louer, Emanuel Hartzell, Isaac Strouss, Max E. Brunswick, B. H. Printz and Herman C. Ritter. The Jewish congregations of Youngstown carry on charitable and social work as well as religious work, being distinguished for the care of their own people, a most admirable trait. The Children of Israel congregation was formed in 1892 by orthodox Jews and in 1893 the present synagogue in Summit Avenue was built and dedicated. Previous to erecting their own home the people of this congregation worshiped in the Porter Block. This church too is flourishing under the pastorate of Rev. I. M. Davidson. The Emanuel congregation was organized in 1906 with Nathan Ozersky as president ; M. Altshuler, vice president; H. Myerson, secretary ; I. Edelman, treasurer, and Louis Ozersky as trustee, and for a time worshiped at 349 East Federal Street. In 1908 the present location in East Rayen Avenue was purchased and after the temporary church there had been used for a short time the present synagogue was erected. Rev. Samuel Bloch is pastor of this congregation. The Shara Tora congregation was formed in 1912 and later the organization purchased the former Second United Presbyterian Church in 324 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Himrod Avenue for a house of worship. It is a growing church, with Rev. Max Brown as rabbi. The Asnhe Emeth congregation is the youngest of Jewish religious organizations, having been formed in 1919 but is a vigorous infant. At a gathering held soon after the founding of the congregation, addressed by Rabbi S. Goldman of Cleveland, $60,909 was subscribed for a new temple of worship. The congregation has already purchased a site in Elm Street where a splendid temple will be built. CONGREGATIONAL The Welsh Congregational Church, oldest of the two churches of this denomination in Youngstown, had its 0rigin in meetings of Congregationalists of Welsh birth who first gathered in a schoolhouse on the Peter Wirt farm in Brier Hill, these meetings beginning about 1840. The church was formally organized in 1845 under the supervision of Rev. David Davies of Brady's Run, 'Pennsylvania, with Reese Herbert. Thomas Morgan, Joshua Davies, David Evans, John Edwards, William Owens and William Matthews among the charter members. Rev. Thomas Evans was the first resident pastor of the congregation. Rev. Thomas W. Davis became pastor in 1861, and in the same year the scene of the church activities was transferred from Brier Hill to Youngstown with the construction of a frame church in Elm Street, near Wood. This church building, completely remodeled in 1887, is still in use. Rev. Thomas W. Davis was succeeded as pastor in January, 1867, by Rev. David Daves. Succeeding 'pastors included Rev. Lot Lake, Rev. John Morgan Thomas, Rev. John Lewis Davies, under whose supervision the Plymouth Church was formed; Rev. Lot Lake (second pastorate), Rev. J. P. Williams, Rev. J. B. Davies, who remained for more than ten years; Rev. R. L. Roberts and Rev. H. R. Hughes, the present pastor, who came in 1918. The Plymouth Congregational Church was organized on November 28, 1882, in response to a demand of younger members of this creed for an English-speaking congregation, the charter members numbering sixty-three, of whom forty-seven were identified until that time with the Elm Street, or Welsh, Congregational Church. Rev. John L. Davies was installed as pastor and for the first two years church services were held in the courthouse, but on December 28, 1884, a permanent home of the congregation was dedicated. On December 23, 1892, this structure was destroyed by fire. The construction of a brick church was begun immediately, the cornerstone of the new edifice was laid on June 11, 1893, and the church occupied for the first time on December 31, 1893. On Sunday, December 18, 1899, this structure was dedicated free of debt, this occasion being a memorable one in the history of the congregation. Numerous clergymen assisted in the ceremonies, the dedicatory sermon being preached by Rev. Charles Thwing, president of Western Reserve University. Reverend Davies remained as pastor of Plymouth Church until 1891. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 325 Succeeding pastors were Rev. B. N. Chamberlain, Rev. D. D. McSkimming, Rev. Perry Wayland Sinks, Rev. D. T. Thomas, Rev. C. M. Burkholders and Rev. George W. Brown. Rev. A. A. Lancaster came as pastor in 1916 ands has been in charge since except for a period of more than a year when he was on leave of absence as a United States Army chaplain in France during the World war. REFORMED The history of the Reformed Church in Youngstown goes back to 1856 or 1857 when Rev. G. Kranz, then living at North Lima, began: to preach to German-speaking residents here. This resulted in the organization of a congregation to which Rev. C. H. Fehr was called to minister in 1858. A small church building was put up in Mahoning Avenue. In 1865 a number of members of this congregation separated and organized the First Reformed Church, an organization that erected a church structure of its own. This congregation was served by Rev. W. Renter, Rev. J. M. Grether, Rev. J. Biery and Rev. J. B. Zumpp. In 1879 the original congregation united with the First Church and in 1880 Rev. J. Herold became pastor. The present church building, located in West Wood Street, was erected in 1886, and a year later Rev. W. F. Zander became pastor of the congregation. Reverend Zander remained until 1891 when Rev. Fredrick Mayer was installed as pastor. Reverend Mayer has remained since that time and is now nearing the close of the thirtieth year of his pastorate. The church building that has been used for more than a third of a century has long since become too small for this congregation, now one of the largest Protestant church organizations in the city, and a site for a new building has been purchased at Wick and Lincoln avenues, where a modern church edifice will be put up. St. Paul's Reformed Church was 0rganized as a Sunday school on July 15, 1894, and as a church on September 16th, of the same year. In 1895 a church site was purchased in West Boardman Street and the construction of a church begun: The cornerstone of this building was laid in May, 1896, and the church dedicated on November 29, 1896, this edifice having been erected and opened for worship under Rev. Aaron Noll, who came as pastor of the church on April 21, 1895. Changing residential conditions made a new church location desire-able and in April, 1917, a site was purchased at Oak Hill Avenue and Glenaven. The old church property was sold in September, 1919, and a temporary church erected on the new location, pending the erection of a building for which plans have been drawn. Reverend Noll resigned on April 1, 1897, and was succeeded on July 1, 1898, by Rev. J. M. Kendig, who remained until April 1, 1905. Rev. J. M. Kendig was pastor from April 30, 1905, to September, 1916, and was succeeded on October 1, 1916, by Rev. Richard R. Yocum, the present pastor, under whose ministry the silver anniversary of the church was celebrated in September, 1919. 326 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY The Third Reformed Church, Brownlee Woods, was organized in September, I917, by Rev. E. D. Wettach, formerly pastor of St. Paul's. A bungalow chapel was built at that time and was opened for services in February, 1918. Reverend Wettach is still pastor of this church, located in .a growing part of the city. ORTHODOX The Hellenic Greek Orthodox congregation was organized about 1910 for Greek-speaking residents 0f Youngstown as St. John's Church. Natives of Greece first emigrated here more than forty years ago and many of them have become prominent in the business life of the city. With the increase in numbers in the last decade the need of a congregation of the creed with which they are identified was emphasized and St. John's was formed. Temporary meeting quarters have sufficed heretofore, a location in West Federal Street being used for the last few years, but a splendid Greek community church of oriental design is now being built gat Woodland Avenue and Williams Street by the congregation. The edifice will represent an expenditure of $70,000. Rev. Stefanos Sauriotis is pastor. The Greek Orthodox Roumanian Church is, as its name indicates, a congregation of Roumanian-speaking residents identified with the Orthodox Church. This congregation was founded in 1910 and has a church building, erected soon afterwards, in Wilson Avenue. Rev. John Podea is pastor. St. Nicholas' Greek Orthodox congregation was formed in 1918 and made up of former members of St. John's who live in the eastern part of the city. The congregation purchased in 1919 the former Walnut Street Baptist Church building in North Walnut Street and are using it as a house of worship. The members are Greek-speaking. Reverend Kaloudis is pastor. The Nativity of Christ Russian Orthodox Church was organized in 1916, its members being Russian-speaking. The congregation has erected a church in Arlington Street.. Rev. Paul Lotozky is pastor. PRIMITIVE METHODIST The First Primitive Methodist Church was .organized in 1893 by Rev. W. Russell,, still known affectionately to members of this creed as "Grandpa" Russell. Reverend Russell remained as the first pastor and under his direction a 'church building was put in West Federal Street. The present church at Madison Avenue and Covington Street was built in 1907 and the congregation has grown appreciably since that time. Rev. C. H. Higginson has been pastor since 1916. The Second Primitive Methodist Church was organized on May 6, 1916, and a church building erected in Kendall Avenue at that time. Rev. Thomas Cook came as pastor in 1917 and in May, 1918, was succeeded by Rev. W. R. Currie, the present pastor. <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE></TITLE> <META name="description" content=""> <META name="keywords" content=""> <META name="generator" content="CuteHTML"> </HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#800080"> </BODY> </HTML> YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 327 AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL The Oak Hill Avenue A. M. E. Church is the pioneer religious organization of colored people in Youngstown. It began with a series of meetings in 187o, held first at the home of Oscar Boggess and later at the home of John Holmes. The church was formally organized on March 14, 1871, and met in a building in Front Street and later in the Jewell Block and in the Excelsior Hall and Town Hall. Rev. J. Hugh Holliday was the first pastor. Mrs. Susan Holmes, Mrs. Julia Johnson and Watson A. Williams are the only surviving charter members of this church. In the '80s a brick church in Oak Hill Avenue became the home of the congregation and in 1999 this was replaced by a modern church structure. Rev. J. T. Farley is pastor of this church. St. Mary's A. M. E. Zion Church was organized in 1878 and later erected a frame church in Mahoning Avenue. In 1900 the congregation was reorganized, with Reverend Hicks as pastor. In 1919 the frame church building was remodeled into a brick structure. Rev. B. M. Butler is pastor. The Centenary A. M. E. Church was organized in 918 by Rev. C. E. Ball, at that time pastor of St. Mary's. In 1919 the congregation purchased the brick building that had been the home of the Belmont Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. Reverend Ball is pastor of the church. The Albert Street Colored Methodist Episcopal is a new and flourishing congregation. Rev. J. M. Hodges is pastor. OTHER YOUNGSTOWN CHURCHES The First Methodist Protestant Church is one of the oldest religious organizations in Youngstown, having been organized in 1834 when the only other church congregations in the village were those of the Presbyterian and the Methodist Episcopals. In 1841 the congregation erected the church in East Front Street that later became known as the "Brown Church," Rev. William Reeves being pastor at that time with Philip Kimmel, Abraham Powers, Jonah Stout and Wilson Thorn as leaders in the church. Later the membership dwindled but under the pastorate of Rev. W. E. Brindley, who came in September, 1881, the church took on new life. Succeeding pastors were Rev. J. F. Dyer, Rev. J. M. Bennett, Rev. J. F. Dyer (second time), Rev. W. H. Gladden, Rev. D. C. White, Rev. J. H. Shimp, Rev. J. H. Lamberton, Rev. E. J. Headley and Rev. S. K. Spahr, the present pastor, who came in 1917. In 1910 the congregation erected the present modern house of worship in West Delason Avenue. The First Unitarian Church had its origin in gatherings held here more than thirty years ago when mission preaching was done by professors and students from the Meadville Theological. School. These meetings, held in hired halls, resulted in the organization in October, 1892, of the First Unitarian Parish of Youngstown. Various missionary preachers attended the congregation until 1904, 328 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY when, under the leadership of Rev. Leon A. Harvey, the church was reorganized. In 1907, during the ministry of Rev. W. L. Beers, a lot was purchased by the parish at Elm Street and Bissell Avenue and in 1908 the present portable church was erected thereon. The growth of the church has been rapid since that time Rev. Horace Westwood served as pastor from 1909 to December, 1912, and Rev. H. H. Burch during 1913. Rev. F. M. Bennett, the present pastor, began his service in October, 1914. Not only has the character of the membership of this church given it great prestige and strength, but it has also been fortunate in the high standing of its pastors, especially the present one. Reverend Bennett has been something more than a mere pastor. He is a broad gauge citizen and a man of attainments and active in sociological and humanitarian work. As vice chairman of the children's service bureau he has rendered especially valuable service. The First Church of Christ, Scientist, was incorporated on February 13, 1900, by M. Stella Johnston, J. R. Johnston, Lotus Croll, Allen Walker, Cora A. Walker, Mary E. Rand, Susie A. Bowdre, Louisa F. Edelman, George W. Banson, Jr., Edward W. Edelman, Lucy M. Shoff, Ada I. McArthur, G. W: Bowdre, W. C. Robinson and C. H. Simpkins. Early meeting where held in the Gibson Hall, but rapid growth of the flock made the construction of a church desirable, and in 1908 the present commodious structure at Spring and Bryson streets was completed and occupied. The growth of this organization has been steady since. The Grace United Evangelical Church was organized in 1879 as the Evangelical Association, and in the same year built a small frame church in Jefferson Street in Brier Hill. In 1893 it became the United Evangelical Church and at that time the church building was remodeled and enlarged. Rev. M. D. Brandyberry, the present pastor, came in 1918, although he had served previously as pastor ten years ago. The Swedish Mission Church, Market Street and Woodland Avenue, was organized in 1886 and a church was built shortly afterwards. The church was rebuilt in 1913. Rev. P. A. Nelson is pastor. The Free Methodist Church was organized in 1891, with ten members, by Rev. S. K. Wheatlake. The congregation met first in Miller's Hall in Market Street but in 1899 erected its present church building in Myrtle Avenue. This structure was dedicated on February 4, 1900, by District Elder J. E. Williams. Rev. E. F. Aiken is the present pastor. The Church of the Covenanters congregation first worshiped in a church in Mahoning Avenue but in 1919 erected the present edifice at High and Edwards streets. This is a flourishing congregation. The First Spiritualist Church was organized twenty years ago and is now located at 323 West LaClede Avenue, with Rev. Ida Howard in charge. The Second Church meets in the Carpenters' Hall, West Federal Street, with Mrs. R. Sutcliffe as director. The Seventh-Day Adventists meet in Bushnell Hall. Rev. W. J Venen is minister. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 329 The Church of the Brethren is located at Woodworth and Market streets. Rev. John T. Byler is pastor. The. Full Gospel Church is located in a temporary tabernacle at 2833 Hillman Street. Rev. G. E. Smith is pastor. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is located in East Earl Avenue. Elder T. U. Thomas is pastor. THE SALVATION ARMY It was on December 23, 1883, that three members of an organization, then comparatively new in America, appeared in Youngstown with their familiar base drum and began the formation of a corps of the Salvation Army. Prominent business men interested themselves in the work of the Salvationists and on February 9, 1884, the local branch was formally organized. In its early days the struggle was hard. Its methods of going out into the highways and byways for the fallen and the unfortunate were not understood, nor were they appreciated. Yet the Salvationists persevered with the assistance of those who fully realized the good they were doing. Their work expanded. To preaching the gospel they added works of charity, care of the sick, assistance for the unemployed, relief of poor mothers and many other activities. The Salvation Army barracks was a refuge to the poor during "hard times" and to the weak and fallen in other days. Its familiar Christmas collections when Salvation maids stood guard over the tripods and suspended. Christmas kettles and tinkled their bells for alms, not for themselves but for the poor, are still easily recalled. Organized charity and the adoption of Salvation Army methods by other agencies have relieved the army of much of its former work, but it has taken on new duties in their plate and is still one of the useful agencies of Youngstown. The splendid work of the Salvation Army along the battle front during the World war would be of itself sufficient justification for its existence. It has gone about doing good, often without much encouragement and even now without the help it deserves in the shape of a home of its own. The local branch of the army now meets in the old Town Hall but will soon launch its many-times-postponed campaign for an armory of its own, an enterprise toward which Youngstown should give liberally when the time comes. Staff Capt. F. P. Osmond is now in charge in Youngstown, with Ensign Henry Hesse manager of the industrial home and Lieut. Evelyn Carlson in charge of the Swedish branch, 244 Wayne Avenue. MISSIONS Community Welfare No. 1, Wick Avenue and Erie Crossing, Rev. Wesley Brown, superintendent. Community Welfare No. 2, Commerce and Holmes streets, Rev. Wesley Brown, superintendent. Mennonite, 314 Worthington Street, C. K. Hostetler, superintendent. 330 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY City Rescue, 21 Spring Common, J. J. Van Ness, superintendent. Pentecostal, 124 East Federal, Rev. J. T. Boddy. Booker T. Washington Settlement, West Federal and Ardale, Rev. George Johnson, pastor. Christian and Missi0nary Alliance, Oak Hill Avenue and Glenaven. Reverend Clemens in charge. Church of God and Saints of Christ, Rev. J. J. Brooks, pastor. Revelation 14 Mission, Clinton Street. L. Schmidt in charge. Associated Bible Students, East Federal Street. West End Mission, West Federal Street. Stevens Bromley, superintendent. Emma Street Mission, R. L. Knight, superintendent. Federation of Roumanian Jews. Meets at 225 East Federal Street. International Bible Students Class, 114 East Federal Street. Triumph Church, 514 Griffith Street, Rev. S. T. McKee, pastor. CHAPTER XVIII YOUNGSTOWN IN THE PROFESSIONS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY YEARS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY—THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN EARLY DAYS AND SINCE THE ORGANIZATION OF MAHONING COUNTY—NEWSPAPERS PAST AND PRESENT—THE NEWER PROFESSIONS Four years after its founding, or in 1801, Youngstown was but a struggling settlement of one street. Within the township were 200 to 300 residents, young and old. It was perhaps not a promising field for a medical man who had been brought up in the more thickly settled East, but it was to Youngstown that Dr. Charles Dutton decided to emigrate in the above year. He was a youth of but twenty-four years, having been born at Wallingford, Connecticut, in 1777. His medical studies were pursued there under the direction of Dr. Jared Potter and his journey t0 the Western Reserve was made in company with a band of Connecticut emigrants under the leadership of Turhand Kirtland. As the field in Youngstown appeared satisfactory to him he purchased land in West Federal Street, just east of Spring Common, in 1802; and erected thereon a log house for a residence and office. He was Youngstown's pioneer physician, and for ten years its only medical practitioner. That sturdy Youngstowners of that day did not require the services of even one physician for a great part of the time is apparent from the fact that Doctor Dutton was a man of varied pursuits. He was postmaster of Youngstown from 1803 to 1818 and also held several township offices. His attention was also directed toward farming, as he became the owner of considerable land adjoining the township, and for some years was interested in the operation of the grist mill where the Baldwin mill now stands, first as part owner and then as sole owner. In farming and stockraising, according to an authentic biographer, he devoted his attention "particularly to raising mules," and in later years practiced his profession only occasionally. He was eccentric, gruff, yet kindly, not overly gentle in practice and yet regarded as a most capable physician and surgeon. Doctor Dutton died in 1842, leaving one daughter, Jane Wick, the wife of Dr. Lemuel Wick. Doctor Shadrach, itinerant minister as well as physician, resided in Youngstown from 1804 to 1807, when he returned to Canfield. He was a clergyman, however, rather than a doctor. Dr. Henry Manning, Youngstown's second doctor, was a native of - 331 - 332 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Lebanon, Connecticut, born on January 15, 1787. He settled in Youngstown in 1811 and a year later became regimental surgeon under Col William Rayen of the First Regiment, Third Brigade, Fourth Division, Ohio Militia. His service in the War of 1812 continued until the Trumbull County troops returned in 1813, chiefly at the camps in Northwestern Ohio. In 1815 he opened a drug, store in partnership with Col. Caleb B. Wick. He was active in public affairs and in the business life of the village and the Mahoning Valley, serving as a representative in the State Legislature in 1819-20 and again in, 1843-44, as a state senator in 1825-26 and as associate justice of the Court of Common Pleas from 1836 to 1843. He was elected president of the Mahoning County Bank in 1854 and also was named president of the First National Bank when it was organized in 1863. Doctor Manning died on January 11, 1869. In his profession he was an excellent physician and a, most skillful surgeon. Dr. Charles C. Cook, like his predecessors, was a native of Connecticut. Born at Wallingford in that state on June 22. 1799, he graduated from the medical department of Yale University in. 1822 and located in Youngstown in 1824. He practiced. in Youngstown for almost forty years, dying on November 3, 1862. Dr. Timothy Woodbridge was the first native born medical man in Youngstown. Born here in March, 18.10, a son of John E. Woodbridge, he studied under. Doctor Manning and later, attended Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, from which institution he was graduated in 1833.. Married to. Miss Isabella McCurdy on April 3, 1844, he accompanied David Tod to Brazil when the latter was minister to that country in 1847. In 1861 he became a surgeon in the United States Army and was located at Johnson's Island, where he remained until the close of the war in 1865. In 1879 he became a surgeon in the regular army and was stationed at Fort Peck, Montana. Doctor Woodbridge died in 1893, a medical man of more than local fame. Dr. Theodatus Garlick practiced in Youngstown from 1834 to 18531 when he removed to Cleveland, where he died in 1884. Contemporary with him were the physicians above named, and Dr. Thomas H. Bane, In addition to Dr. Timothy Woodbridge, four men who were Youngs: town medical practitioners, at that time or later, served in the Civil war, Dr. John MacCurdy, who began practice here in 1858, enlisted in 1861. and was made assistant surgeon of the Twenty-Third Ohio Volunteer' Infantry, serving later as district medical inspector in West Virginia; surgeon of the Eleventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, assistant medical director of the Fourteenth Army Corps and medical inspector on the staff of General Thomas. He was captured at Chickamauga and spent, six months in Libby prison. Captured again before Atlanta in 1864, he was imprisoned for six weeks. Returning to Youngstown at the close of the war, he practiced here until his death. Dr. Charles N. Fowler enlisted from Poland and was appointed surgeon of the One Hundred and Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving later as medical inspector of the Fourteenth Army Corps. He remove to Youngstown soon after the war and practiced here for many years. 333 - DR. HENRY MANNING FROM A PORTRAIT IN OIL 334 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Dr. William J. Whelan was a medical student in Detroit when he enlisted with the First Michigan Cavalry in 1861. Captured at Winchester, Virginia, he was paroled in January, 1863, and pursued his medical studies further at St. Louis Medical College in the winters of 1863-64, and 1864-65. Returning to the army in the spring of 1865, he completed his medical course after the war had ended, and in 1867 located in Youngstown, where he was a practiti0ner until his death three years ago. Dr. John E. Woodbridge received his early schooling in Youngstown but was a resident of Kentucky when the war broke out. He enlisted in the Twenty-Seventh Kentucky Volunteer Infantry in 1861 and later served in the One Hundred and Sixty-Ninth Ohio' National Guards, Mustered out in September, 1864, he, completed his medical studies and began practice in 1866. D0ctor Woodbridge served as a regular army doctor for three years and located in Y0ungstown in 1871. In the early '70s, when Youngstown had a population of 10,000 and an equally limited number of doctors, an organization of medical men was suggested, and this movement bore fruit in the creation of a body that is now the oldest organization 0f professional men in the city or county. The first formal gathering was held at the office of Doctors Cunningham & Brooks on November 13, 1872, Dr. John E. Woodbridge acting as chairman and Dr. W. J. Whelan as secretary. A committee consisting of Drs. G. W. Brooks, John MacCurdy, Timothy Woodbridge, Jr., and W. J. Whelan was named to draft a constitution and by-laws, and at a second meeting held on November 27, 1872, the report of the committee was adopted and the Mahoning Valley Medical Society was formally organized. The election of permanent officers was held at a meeting at the office of Dr. C. N. Fowler on December 4, 1872, when Dr. John E. Woodbridge was named president ; Dr. G. W. Brooks, vice president; Dr. W. J. Whelan, secretary, and Dr. John MacCurdy, treasurer. Doctors Fowler, W. L. Buechner and George L. Starr were named censors, and drew up and reported the first fee bill to govern the practice of medicine in Mahoning County. In 1878 a permanent meeting room for the society was rented over the M. & K. Drug Store. This was later given up and there was no fixed meeting place until the completion of the Reuben McMillan Library Building in 1911, when the trustees of the library generously offered a basement room to the society as a permanent headquarters. This room has been furnished by the society, and up to date medical periodicals are subscribed for and preserved after being read, to be bound later and retained. In addition, the private medical libraries of several deceased members have been presented to the society until there are at present several thousand volumes on the shelves. The society meets m0nthly on the third Tuesday. The officers for 1920 are, Dr. W. E. Ranz, president ; Dr. George S. Nutt, vice president; Dr. H. E. Patrick, secretary; Dr. W. P. Connor, treasurer ; Drs. J. K. Hamilton, M. P. Jones and R. B. Dobbins, censors. Membership in the society is open to any reputable graduate of a recognized medical school who professes no adherence to any exclusive YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 335 dogma or school. The membership is restricted to Mahoning County practitioners and the present enrollment is 125. The society has as its object and aims the furtherance of medical progress, exchange of ideas and the maintenance of ethical relations between members of the profession. Mahoning County medical men who were identified with the Medical Society prior to 1880 include Drs. William S. Matthews, John E. Woodbridge, William J. Whelan, John MacCurdy, H. G. Cornell, George L. Starr, John S. Cunningham, Daniel Campbell of Canfield, H. H. Hawn, J. J. Louis, M. D. McCandless, R. W. Weller, C. N. Fowler, Frank F. Smith, Asa C. Wilson, W. L. Buechner, M. S. Clark, F. V. Floor, A. J. Lanterman, M. E. Williams, R. P. Hays, G. W. Brooks, T. Woodbridge, Jr., R. D. Gibson, A. M. Clark and George S. Peck. Other physicians and surgeons in Youngstown about 1880, or who had practiced here prior to that date, were Drs. James F. Wilson, Joseph Wilson, Isaiah Brothers, M. L. Davis, C. H. Slosson, William H. McGranaghan, B. F. Hawn, 0. D. Paine and R. H. Barnes. Since that day many have come and gone, the number of practitioners in Mahoning County, including all branches of the profession, being 150 today. YOUNGSTOWN HOSPITAL The Youngstown Hospital Association was incorporated on September 8, 1881, with John Stambaugh, F. H. Matthews, Robert McCurdy, George Rydge, Sr., David Theobald, James J. Hamman, F. S. Whitslar and Richard Brown as incorporators. The first organization meeting was held on October 3, 1881, at the Reading Room Hall, East Federal Street, with David Theobald presiding as chairman. A board of trustees consisting of Mrs. Arabella Ford, Mrs. Richard Brown, Mrs. David Theobald, Mrs. J. S. Besore, Mrs. F. S. Whitslar, Mrs. J. Botsford, Mrs. Mary Bentley, John Stambaugh, C. H. Andrews, A. B. Cornell, J. H. Matthews, George Rudge, Sr., James J. Hamman, Disney Rogers and Frank B. Williams was named, the trustees organizing by electing John Stambaugh, president ; Mrs. Arabella Ford, vice president ; Frank B. Williams, secretary, and A. B. Cornell, treasurer. Land in Oak Hill Avenue had been donated by John Stambaugh. On November 15, 1881, the building committee was instructed to purchase a lot adjoining this and the construction of the hospital building was begun soon afterwards. A subscription list was opened and $10,000 raised, the cornerstone of the building was laid in the summer of 1882 and on March 8, 1883, the hospital was formally opened, although the first patient had been received on the previous January 1st. The first staff of physicians, consisting 0f Drs. C. N. Fowler, W. L. Buechner, Timothy Woodbridge, W. J. Whelan, John MacCurdy, J. S. Cunningham and W. S. Matthews was named in November, 1882. In 1887 the hospital experienced reversals and is was feared for a time that it would have to close, but public-spirited citizens came to the financial aid of the institution. A chrysanthemum show, given by the women of the city in the skating rink in East Federal Street. netted 336 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY $4,000 of itself. A year later the endowment fund for the hospital created by a $300 gift from David Theobald, a sum that the trustees creased to $1,000 and that has, of course, grown greatly since. ln the training school for nurses was established and a board of lady ma agers for the hospital created. About to more adequate accommodations became necessary an the present hospital site, almost across the street from the old institution, was purchased. On December is, 1900, Myron C. Wick made a proposal to the trustees for the erection of an administration building, two wards and a power house and also agreed to erect a children's ward on behalf of his wife and daughters. At the same time Sarah Arms Bonnell, Annie Arms Bonnell, Katherine Arms, Caroline W. Arms, Laurabelle Arms Robinson and Olive F. A. Arms agreed to erect a woman's ward and Myron I. Arms, Mary Arms Wick, Warner Arms, Emeline Arms Peck, Jennie Arms Hoffer and Harriett Arms Booth offered a misses' YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 337 home. These generous proposals assured the success of the new institution, and the nucleus of the present hospital was opened in the summer of 1902. In 1914 the Tod Memorial wing was added to the hospital plant through the medium of bequests by George Tod and Miss Sallie Tod and gifts by John Tod and Mrs. Grace Tod Arrell, and in the same years the Hitchcock operating building was erected by Frank Hitchcock, William J. Hitchcock, Mrs. M. I. Arms and Mrs. George D. Wick in memory of their parents, William J. Hitchcock and Mrs. Mary Johnston Peebles Hitchcock. In 1915 the splendid nurses' home at Francis and Werner streets, just across from the hospital, was erected by John Stambaugh, Henry H. Stambaugh and Mrs. Fred D. Wilkerson in memory of their parents, John Stambaugh and Mrs. Caroline Stambaugh. The present buildings and equipment represent an investment of more than $500,000 devoted to the care of the sick and the injured of Youngstown. The fifteen buildings have been erected at intervals but designed in a way that makes a harmonious whole. In February, 1916, a campaign to raise an endowment fund of $200,000 for the Youngstown Hospital was launched and made such a pronounced appeal to the people of Youngstown that $236,000 was raised within the city while added contributions came from outside. The Youngstown Hospital is now a 250 bed institution, '-with operating expenses last year of $274,104.17. John Stambaugh, first president of the Youngstown Hospital Association, served from 1881 to 1888. Succeeding presidents were Richard Brown, 1888-90; G. M. McKelvey, 1890-98; R. Montgomery, 1898-1907. George L. Fordyce was elected president in I907 and still holds that position. Other officers in 1920 are, M. I. Arms, vice president, and C. W. Reihl, secretary-treasurer. Miss Sara Sims, superintendent, was succeeded in 1910 by Fred S. Bunn, who died in November, 1918, heroically sacrificing his life during the influenza epidemic. Mr. Bunn was succeeded by Ralph W. Yengling, the present superintendent. Officers of the board of lady managers are, Mrs. David Tod, president; Mrs. C. H. Booth, first vice president ; Mrs. A. Young, second vice president; Mrs. M. U. Guggenheim, secretary ; Mrs. Mason Evans, treasurer. ST. ELIZABETH'S HOSPITAL. The movement in favor of the erection of a hospital to be in charge of Catholic sisters was instituted 'early' in 19o9, and on the evening Of July 1, 1909, the first meeting to launch the hospital project was held in St. Columba's Auditorium, with Rev. M, P. Kinkead presiding. A permanent organization to further the movement was launched with Rev. Edward Mears as president ; Austin P. Gillen, secretary, and 'Hugh IV. Grant as treasurer. A committee consisting of Charles B. Cushwa, Austin P. Gillen, John F. Cantwell and Hugh W. Grant was named to present the proposal to Bishop John P. Farrelly of the Cleveland diocese, and the approval of the bishop and the endorsement of the Mahoning Vol. 1-22 338 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Valley Medical Association were freely given. A committee of twenty-two men, Martin Dunn, William Phelan, A. J. Loftus, James P. Colleran, Austin P. Gillen, H. W. Grant, P. M. Kennedy, John F. Cantwell, James J. McNally, John P. Gerrity, William C. Reilly, John F. Ward, Frank Horton, Charles B. Cushwa, Michael Sause, Edward Lattau, Peter Deibel, Edward J. Deibel, Michael Obendorfer, F. Linberger, Joseph Vogelberger and John Kirby, was named to raise the initial funds for the institution. Aside from private subscriptions the first step toward raising funds was the "Aviation Day" gathering on October 12, 1910. This aerial flight, with the old Willis Park ball grounds as the starting place, gave most Youngstowners their first sight of an airplane, then a most novel instrument. The meeting netted $3,018.46. Early in 1911 the Paul Fitch property in Belmont Avenue, a tract with 133 feet frontage and a depth of 300 feet and containing three frame buildings, was purchased, and in May, 1911, the Sisters of the Humility of Mary were assigned to take charge of the hospital. The largest of the buildings on the hospital site was remodeled for hospital purposes proper and the remaining buildings for a sisters' home and a laundry, and quarters for help. In 1912 the house and lot adjoining the hospital property was purchased and fitted up as a nurses' home, their former quarters being converted to hospital purposes. Still later in the same year an additional 225 feet frontage was purchased in Belmont Avenue and the building located thereon was moved and annexed to the hospital, giving accommodations for twenty-five more patients. In April, 1912, a great impetus was given St. Elizabeth's Hospital by the public campaign waged in its behalf for funds, J. G. Butler, Jr., serving as chairman of the campaign committee on the occasion, Grant S. Whitslar as secretary and H. W. Grant, treasurer. The goal set was $100,000, but, with the generosity it usually displays, Youngstown subscribed approximately $130,000 in a week, hundreds of workers taking part in this movement. In 1913 work on the present St. Elizabeth's Hospital was begun, and the building was formally opened on January 31, 1915. It is a thoroughly modern structure of Italian renaissance design, with gray brick exterior, sun courts being also provided at north and south ends. Its equipment is of the latest and most approved design. The hospital supports a nurses' training school that provides for a three-year course for young women with proper educational qualificati0ns who have attained their eighteenth year. At present twenty-three Sisters of the Humility of Mary have charge of the disciplinary and directive work of the institution in all departments. St. Elizabeth's Hospital is a 200-bed institution. Although holding no official position Rev. M. F. Griffin is a tower of strength in the management of the institution and has become a recognized hospital authority throughout the country. Mother Genevieve is superintendent of the hospital, with Mother Geraldine, superior of the Sisters of the Humility of Mary order here, assistant superintendent. The advisory board of the hospital, an unofficial organization, numbers J. G. Butler, Jr., James A. Campbell, Robert Bentley, H. W. Grant, James P. Colleran and P. M. Kennedy. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 339 OTHER INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SICK For years Youngstown has been without a contagion hospital for the isolation of victims of contagious diseases, and this deficiency is about to be remedied by the construction of a municipal contagion hospital that may later be expanded into a greater institution. A fourteen-acre site for this hospital has been purchased with a frontage on Homestead and Indianola avenues, and city council has issued $250,000 in bonds to cover the construction of the building, in addition to a previous bond issue of $25,000 to pay for the site. This building is now under construction. In addition Youngstown supports a visiting nurse association that is one of the most splendid institutions of the city, an organization with twelve staff nurses who made 28,199 visitations last year; an anti-tuberculosis league to care for victims of consumption; a community social hygienic clinic; baby welfare committee; Crittenton Home for unmarried mothers; a board of health of five members with a full-time health officer to be named in 1920, and several organizations devoted to preserving health rather than to treating the sick. Dr. Harry E. Welch has been health officer of Youngstown for a number of years and has given service far beyond the compensation paid him. DENTISTRY Dentistry, once part of the work of a medical practitioner, later became "dental surgery" of forty years or more ago and evolved into modem dentistry, a profession so distinct in itself that it is associated with medical practice only in the sense that science has in the past few years brought to a realization of the world the many ills that have their origin in bad teeth. Dentistry is today something more than merely making the teeth comfortable and useful. It is a profession that offers the greatest possibilities and that has made remarkable strides in a single generation. Early days dentists in Youngstown, beginning with the period soon after the Civil war, were Dr. B. F. Gibbons, Dr. N. B. Acheson, Dr. F. S. Whitslar, Dr. C. A. Baird and Dr. S. J. Baird. As early as the '80s the dentists organized an association here, but it was not until 1909 that the Youngstown Dental Society was formally organized "to promote the public welfare by the advancement of the dental profession by education, science, and mutual good fellowship, by advocating proper legislation and by co-operation with the medical profession in matters of mutual interest and advantage to the public," a code that the dental society has endeavored to carry out. The first officers of the Youngstown Dental Society were, Dr. T. H. Whiteside, president, and Dr. C. H. Clark, secretary. The present officers are, Dr. F. W. Ward, president; Dr. W. H. McCreary, president-elect; Dr. F. G. Greer, secretary; Dr. H. H. Stafford, treasurer. The society has a membership of 50, the number of dentists in the city being 65. 340 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY THE MAHONING COUNTY BAR Properly speaking, of course, the history of the legal profession in Mahoning County begins only With the organization of the county in 1846. Previous to that members of the bar located here were Trumbull County practitioners. Actually the story of the law here goes back to 1800. From this latter date until 1846 Warren was the gathering point for lawyers. During much of this period it outranked Youngstown in numerous ways, .but it was an especially desirable field for legal men, being the county seat of one of the large counties of the state. The number of lawyers whose home offices were in Youngstown prior to 1846 was limited, and even some of those usually known as Youngstown lawyers were actually Warren residents part of the time. George Tod, afterward Judge Tod, Calvin Pease and Samuel Huntington were the pioneer lawyers of what is now Mahoning County, and of these three Judge Tod ranks as Youngstown's first lawyer because the two remaining members of the profession spoken of in connection with him were but brief residents of Youngstown. Coming here in 1800, Judge Tod was appointed the first prosecuting attorney of Trumbull County when that sub-division was organized in 1800. For almost forty years thereafter he was a prominent public figure in Youngstown, in Trumbull County and throughout Ohio. Calvin Pease was the first postmaster of Youngstown, but removed to. Warren in 1803, and his activities are largely associated with that city. Samuel Huntington was presiding judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions in 1862 and Trumbull County member of the Chillicothe convention that framed the first constitution of Ohio in the same year. Huntington later located in Cleveland and served as governor of Ohio from 1809 to 1811. Homer Hine, admitted to the bar at Litchfield, Connecticut, came to the Western Reserve in 1801 and located at Canfield. In 18̊6 he removed to Youngstown, served in the War of 1812 and was four times a member of the Legislature. He was a pioneer foe of intoxicating drink and for many years president of the Youngstown Temperance Society. Perlee Brush, the first schoolmaster in Youngstown, was a lawyer by profession and practiced after teaching for several years here. Elisha Whittlesey, of Litchfield County, Connecticut, located at Canfield in 1806, was a prosecutor of Trumbull County, soldier in the War of 1812, member of the State Legislature and of the House of Representatives of Congress and comptroller of the currency. Judge Eben Newton, associate of Whittlesey, was born in Connecticut in 1795, admitted to the bar at Warren in 1823 and served as judge, state senator and member of Congress. Henry J. Canfield, graduate of Yale and son 0f Judson Canfield, one of the proprietors of the Town of Canfield, located at Canfield in 1806 and practiced law there, being a farmer also. David Tod was the first native born Youngstown lawyer, having been admitted to the bar in 1827. Governor Tod, however, early turned YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 341 from the law to a career as a business man and is better known for his business activities. Robert W. Taylor was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1812, came to Youngstown with his parents in 1815 and was admitted to the bar in 1834. He served as prosecuting attorney of Trumbull County, mayor of Youngstown, state senator, state auditor, comptroller of the currency and as cashier of the Mahoning County bank on its organization. Edward Rockwell practiced law in Youngstown prior to the creation of Mahoning County. John M. Edwards, lawyer, newspaperman, political leader and valued historian, was admitted to the bar in 1838, removed to Canfield on the organization of Mahoning County and to Youngstown in 1864. Judge Benjamin F. Hoffman, was also a practicing lawyer before the organization of Mahoning County and a law associate of Judge George Tod and Governor David Tod, but was a Youngstown resident only between 187o and 1886. Judge Hoffman was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, on January 25, 1812, and lived to the age of 97 years, dying at Pasadena, California, in August, 1909. Ridgeley J. Powers, born in Youngstown on April 17, 1822, was admitted to the bar in 1844 and began the practice of law here. William Ferguson, a native of Trumbull County, was admitted to the bar in the same year and opened an office in Youngstown. He was the first prosecuting attorney of Mahoning County. William W. Whittlesey, son of Elisha Whittlesey, was born at Canfield, began the practice of law there in 1840 and was the first clerk of courts of Mahoning County. Col. Selden Haines, began practicing at Poland in 1828, leaving the law later for the ministry. William Knight was also an early day Poland lawyer. With the organization of Mahoning County the legal profession began to flourish at Canfield and Youngstown, more especially at the former town of course, since it was made the county seat. Court convened at the office of Elisha Whittlesey at Canfield on March 16, 1846, and the first regular session of a Mahoning County court was held in the Methodist Episcopal Church there on May 11 of the same year. Judge Eben Newton was the presiding judge on both occasions. Within the next fifteen years, or up to about the date of the outbreak of the Civil war, more than two score of lawyers began the practice of their profession in the new county. Prominent among Youngstown attorneys of those days were William G. Moore, early mayor of Youngstown ; David M. Wilson, Democratic leader and Mahoning County member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1874; General Thomas W. Sanderson, Homer H. Hine, Milton Sutliff, Judge Francis E. Hutchins, John H. King, William C. Bunts, Henry G. Leslie and Brainard S. Higley, the last named being once mayor of the village; Canfield lawyers in these years included James E. Blocksom, E. J. Estep, Edward G. Canfield, Judge Francis G. Servis, Judge Garrettson I. Young; Isaac E. Coffee, Judge Theron M. Rice, Samuel W. Gilson, member of the Legislature from Mahoning County ; Judge John W. Church, Charles Ruggles, Francis C. Nesbit, William B. Dawson, later editor of the Vindicator at Youngstown, and Judge Giles Van Hyning. Judge William Porter practiced at Milton and Youngstown, Alexander H. Moore at 342 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Milton, Canfield and Youngstown, John H. Lewis at Greenford and Canfield. John W. Cracraft practiced at Lowellville before enlisting in the Civil war and Judge Charles E. Glidden was a Poland lawyer before removing to Warren. David E. Burden practiced in Smith Township. It was during this period that the law school known as the Ohio State and Union Law College flourished at Poland. This school, founded in 1856, was discontinued, or rather removed to Cleveland after a brief existence. Of its founders, Judge Chester Hayden, who had been a practicing lawyer in New York State, and Marcus A. King, were admitted to practice at Canfield in 1857 and left here with the removal of the college four years. later. The third member of the firm, Mortimer D. Leggett of Warren, raised an Ohio regiment in the Civil War, retired at the close of the war with the rank of major-general and later practiced law at Cleveland. He had been a prominent resident of Warren before engaging in the Poland law school venture. With the industrial growth that came to Youngstown following the Civil War the number of members of the legal profession here increased rapidly, and this growth was emphasized with the removal of county seat in August, 1876. The first session of court in the Youngstown courthouse opened on September 10, 1876, and closed on the December 19th following, Judge Philip B. Conant of Ravenna being the presiding judge and Charles R. Truesdale prosecuting attorney of Mahoning County. At that time, and for many years thereafter, Mahoning County was united with adjoining counties in a common pleas judicial district, Judges Charles E. Glidden, George F. Arrel, Joseph R. Johnston, James B. Kennedy and Disney Rogers serving as common judges during this period. Perhaps one of the best known members 0f the judiciary in N0rtheastern Ohio in the day of the common pleas circuit was Judge Ge0rge F. Robinson, of Ravenna, Portage County. Although not a Mahoning County lawyer, Judge Robinson held court in Youngstown for the greater part of the year, and for many years. and in everything but name was a Youngstown man and one generally admired and esteemed. With the installation of the county judge system he sat by assignment, continuing t0 hold court until his death in 1917. In 1999 a second common pleas judgeship was created for Mahoning County and William P. Barnum was elected to this seat. On his resignation in 1917 Judge Barnum was succeeded by Judge Ralph A. Beard. The domestic relations branch of the common pleas court was created in 1917 and Judge George J. Carew named to fill this place. The present common pleas judges of Mahoning County bench are Judge William S. Anderson and Judge Dahl B. Cooper, the latter of the domestic relations branch, who will serve until 1925 and Judge David G. Jenkins, whose term expires in 1923. The Mahoning County bar had also furnished to the Supreme Court of the United States Associate Justice John H. Clarke, incumbent, to the House of Representatives of Congress Laurin D. Woodworth, Robert W. Tayler and James Kennedy, one governor of Ohio, David Tod, and one lieutenant-governor, Asa W. Jones. Today the Mahoning County bar numbers 230 men eligible to prac- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 343 tice law. Many of these have forsaken the law for the business openings so plentiful in Youngstown, some as counsel, some as executives and some as managers of their own business enterprises, but the greater number are true to the profession of the law. While Youngstown is the legal center of the county and the home city of the great majority of the lawyers, the profession is also represented in every incorporated municipality of the county. The Mahoning County Bar Association, as a formal incorporated body is a comparatively youthful organization. A loosely formed association existed here fully forty years ago, but the first step toward the organization of a modern bar association was taken in 1928 when the members of the bar banded together in an association with Judge J. R. Johnston as president and Guy T. Ohl as secretary. On the death of Judge Johnston in 1917 Ensign N. Brown succeeded to the presidency and a year later the association was formally incorporated. The charter for the Mahoning County Bar Association was granted on November 6, 1918, with L. A. Manchester, Charles Koonce, Jr., Judge Ralph A. Beard, Guy T. Ohl and Judge W. P. Barnum as incorporators. On March 21, 1919, the association formally organized with the election of Ensign N. Brown as president ; U. C. DeFord, vice president; John B. Morgan, secretary, and A. E. Burkey, treasurer. The organization has at present 110 active members. The Mahoning County Law Library Association is an older organization. The first meeting to consider the formation of such a body was held on December 17, 1904, with Judge Disney Rogers as chairman, and a committee consisting 0f General T. W. Sanderson, Charles Koonce, Jr., S. L. Clark, W. A. Maline and W. Noble Anderson was named to consider plans of organization. On December 24, 1904, the committee presented a draft of proposed constitution and by-laws that was adopted, and an election of officers was held, General Sanderson being named president; R. B. Murray, vice president ; W. C. Carman, secretary ; M. C. McNab, treasurer and M. A. Norris, Judge Disney Rogers, James P. Wilson, S. L. Clark and C. D. Hine, trustees. For a little more than a year the association existed as an informal body, but on February 7, 1906, it was granted a charter as an incorporated body. The original board of trustees was named under the charter, while M. A. Norris was elected president; James P. Wilson, vice president ; W. C. Carman, secretary and librarian, and M. C. McNab, treasurer. On March 2, 1907, Theod0re A. Johnson was named librarian, library rooms having been fitted up in the Dollar Bank building, where quarters were maintained until 1910, when splendid library rooms were fitted up in the new courthouse. Peter B. Mulholland served as assistant librarian until 1910, when he was succeeded by Joseph Donnelly, who became librarian on the resignation of Mr. Johnson in 1919. The library has grown rapidly more valuable, numbering now approximately 6400 volumes. The membership of the law library association is 75. The library is maintained and given opportunity for extension by dues, notary fees, 344 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY a certain portion of fines and an allowance from the county commis sioners. It is of valuable assistance to members of the Mahoning Count] bar. The present officers of the association are, Charles Koonce, Jr., president; Frank L. Oesch, vice president; John B. Morgan, secretary; Guy T. Ohl, treasurer. The probate court of Mahoning County was organized on March 8, 1852, William Hartsel, the first probate judge, serving from 1852 to 1855. Succeeding judges of the probate court have been, Garrettson I. Young, 1855-61; Giles Van Hyning, 1861-67; Joseph R. Johnston, 1867- 73 ; M. V. B. King, 1873-76; L. D. Thoman, 1876-82; L. W. King, 188288; E. M. Wilson, 1888-94; George E. Rose, 1894-1900; J. Calvin Ewing, 1900-06; David F. Griffith, 1906-13; John W. Davis, 1913-21. Prosecuting attorneys of Mahoning County include, William Ferguson, 1846-49; James B. Blockson, 1849-51; Edward G. Canfield, 185153 ; Ridgeley J. Powers, 1853-57; Thomas W. Sanderson, 1857-59; Ridgeley J. Powers, 1859-61; William C. Bunts, 186[-63 ; James II. Blocksom, 1863 (died in office) ; Francis G. Servis, 1863-68; Henry G. Leslie, 1868 (died in office) ; Asa W. Jones, 1868-70; W. G. Moore, 1870-72 ; Asa W. Jones, 1872-74; Isaac A. Justice, 1874-76; Charles R. Truesdale, 1876-78; Monroe W. Johnson, 1878-82; Charles R. Truesdale, 1882-85; Disney Rogers, 1885-91; James B. Kennedy, 189197 ; S. D. L. Jackson, 1897-1900; William T. Gibson, 1900-03; William R. Graham, 1903-09; Ralph A. Beard, 1909-13; Andrew M. Henderson, 1913-17; J. P. Huxley, 1917-20; Harold H. Hull, 1920. ARCHITECTS The architects' profession in Youngstown is one that has kept pace with the growth of the city in every respect, dating back for perhaps forty years when men skilled in the designing of public buildings and homes began to practice here. Since that time it has become one of the outstanding professions, especially in the last twenty years, during which Youngstown has become a modern city. No greater testimonial can be paid to the Youngstown architects than to say that they have been found competent for the city's most important building work in that line, and building has been on a generous scale here in the twentieth century. At present there are twenty architects and architectural firms in Youngstown. The architects have no formal organization, although the organization of a studio of the American Institute of Architects has been proposed several times and eventually will take place. NEWSPAPERS We have already reviewed, in chapter ten of this volume, the history of "The Olive Branch and New County Advocate," the first newspaper published in Youngstown. This publication ran its course between August 23, 1843, and March 7, 1845. It was a regulation weekly journal YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 345 of that day, although not a vigorous exponent of the cause it assumed to champion. For a year after the demise of the Olive Branch, Youngstown was without a newspaper, but on May 12, 1846, The Ohio Republican was launched by John M. Webb and Asahel Medbury. It announced itself as a "political and literary news paper," and as "independent, but not neutral." In reality it was rather staunchly Democratic in politics, its founders being members of that party and warm admirers of Andrew Jackson, the patron saint of Democracy. It supported Lewis Cass for president in 1848 and Franklin Pierce in 1852. In 1852 the Mahoning Sentinel was started at Canfield with Ira \orris as editor, and about 1853 tile Republican was removed to the county seat and consolidated with that journal under the name of the Mahoning Republican Sentinel. In 1855 John M. Webb became sole owner. In 1858 he sold out to William B. Dawson, but in 1860 repurchased the paper and removed it to Youngstown, where he published it under the name of the Mahoning Sentinel., It was an unpropitious time for an old line Democratic newspaper, and in October, 1861, it suspended publication. Revived in July, 1862, it was given temporary life by the Democratic victory in Ohio that year, but late in 1864 it passed out of existence permanently. YOUNGSTOWN TELEGRAM The Youngstown Telegram of today had its beginning in the Free Democrat, issued on December 31, 1852, by Edward D. Howard and M. Cullaton. Like its predecessor, its name is confusing today, since it represented the sentiments of the Republican party established a few years later. It was frankly anti-slavery, and free of allegiance alike to Democratic and Whig parties. In 1853 it supported Samuel Lewis, candidate of the Abolitionist party for governor of Ohio. Early in 1855 the Free Democrat suspended publication, the True American appearing out of the wreckage, with D., S. Elliott and J. M. Nash as editors, Elliott having been owner of the Free Democrat in 1854. The True American supported Salmon P. Chase, Republican nominee for governor of Ohio in 1855, and became definitely allied with this newly organized political party. On December 1, 1855, the True American was sold to Col. James Dumars of Warren, who changed the name to the Mahoning Register. It supported the Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860, and during the Civil War was welcomed both in camp and at home. Colonel Dumars had something of the modern news sense, offering current news of home happenings as well as foreign news and long editorial opinions. On April 1, 1865, the Mahoning Register was purchased by V. E. Smalley & Co., Mr. Smalley and John M. Edwards becoming editors. R. E. Hull and J. F. Hudson later became associated with Mr. Smalley, and in 1870 the firm became Hull & Hudson. Hull mired in 1871, and in December; 1873, Hudson sold out to C. A. Vaughan, A. R. Seagrave and W. H. Gault. In May, 1874, Walter L. 346 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Campbell purchased Mr. Gault's interest, and in December, 1874, the Register was made a daily paper. The Youngstown Tribune, a daily and weekly, began publication on February 18, 1874, with James M. Nash, J. R. Johnston, James K. Bailey and L. F. Shoaf as its owners. In February, 1875, it was consolidated with the Register under the name of the Register and Tribune, continuing as a daily paper. Seagrave was later appointed postmaster of Youngstown, and Campbell continued as editor. In the fall of 1880 the name of the publication was changed to the Evening Register. The Evening News, a daily paper, came into existence on July 16, 1877, backed by R. E. Hull, W. S. Stigleman, E. K. Hull, Thomas Kerr and C. E. Kennedy. In January, 1878, a stock company was formed and John M. Webb became editor of the News. In 1880 it was made a regular Republican organ, 0. P. Shaffer succeeding Webb as editor and the. Democratic stockholders retiring. There was not room enough in Youngstown, h0wever, for two Republican dailies, or for two daily papers at all, and on January 21, 1882, the Register and the News companies combined, under the name of the Youngstown Publishing Company, to publish the Youngstown News-Register. A board of directors was chosen, with Robert McCurdy, Thomas H. Wells and H. 0. Bonne11 representing the Register and Gen. T. W. Sanderson, Mason Evans and 0. P. Shaffer, the News. Frank B. Williams was elected seventh director, or "umpire," a position later filled by W. W. McKeown. This was a stormy era in Youngstown newspaper life. The rivalry between the Register and the News had been intensely bitter and "personal journalism" reigned. It was not alone a newspaper war hut a struggle for Republican political control and even a quarrel for business supremacy. C. H. Andrews was heavily interested in the News and between him and Robert McCurdy existed an intense business feud. McCurdy was a staunch supporter of Walter L. Campbell, while 0. P. Shaffer was associated with Andrews. In the reorganization following the Register and News consolidation Andrews gained control of the directorate and Shaffer replaced Campbell as editor of the new paper. Campbell, a scholarly man, a lawyer, public speaker and an able writer, although wholly blind from youth, passed out of journalism. Elected mayor of Y0ungstown in 1884, he devoted himself thereafter to law and business. In April, 1882, Thomp Burton, who had been connected with the News, started the Sunday Morning. As its name would indicate, it was a weekly paper, issued on Sunday morning. In September of that year he sold out to H. L. Preston and Henry Gow, who gave way to a company formed in December, 1883. With this reorganization Thomas W. Johnston became editor of the Sunday Morning, while Judge L. W. King became a contributor of political articles. Early in 1885 another shakeup occurred in the News-Register management and 0. P. Shaffer was replaced as editor by Frank Presbrey. This move brought a renewal of the old war, that had actually been only slumbering since the consolidation of the two old rival newspapers. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 347 The Industrial Printing Co. was organized by C. H. Andrews, 0. P. Shaffer, Mason Evans, Gen. T. W. Sanderson and Jonathan Head, and on April 6, 1885, the Youngstown Daily News, an independent Republican paper, made its appearance with 0. P. Shaffer as editor. Shaffer was an able writer and an aggressive news getter and the new daily began immediately to make serious inroads on its rival. This newspaper war may have been entertaining but it could not be financially profitable. Before long a movement was on foot t0 bring order out of strife, with the result that the Youngstown Printing Co. was organized on November 17, 1885, with G. M. McKelvey, Judge L. W. King, H. M. Garlick, William Cornelius and Hal K. Taylor as incorporators. The new company negotiated the purchase 0f the News-Register, Daily News and Sunday Morning, and arranged for the publication of an evening and Sunday Republican newspaper that was to come out of the consolidation. G. M. McKelvey was named president of the Youngstown Printing Co. and Hal K. Taylor, secretary. The Sunday Morning published its final issue on November 29, 1885, the News was discontinued on November 30, the News-Register ceased publication under that name on the same day, and on Tuesday, December 1, 1885, the Youngstown Evening Telegram came into existence with Judge L. W. King as editorial manager, Thomas W. Johnston, managing editor, H. L. Preston, city editor, George McGuigan, reporter, and William Cornelius, business manager. The Sunday edition of the Telegram was discontinued about 1891 and the daily became the Youngstown Telegram, the "evening" being dropped. In the following twenty years the Telegram underwent changes of ownership, but for thirty-five years has kept its present name after its previous long period of vicissitudes. James J. McNally became manager on December 2, 1892, and on July 6, 1894, was succeeded by J. Howard Edwards. Mr. Edwards was elected clerk of courts of Mahoning County in 1899, and on his accession to this office in 1900 was succeeded as manager by George C. Phillips. Ralph R. Sharman succeeded Mr. Phillips in 1903 and remained until March, 1906, when the Telegram was purchased by R. T. Dobson of Akron. Mr. Dobson retained control but three months, disposing of the newspaper plant to S. G. McClure, of Columbus, in June, 1906. Under Mr. McClure's management the Telegram has made remarkable strides and has gained immense prestige in Youngstown and in surrounding territory. It is aggressive, vigorous and fearless in its policies and a great influence in a great community. YOUNGSTOWN' VINDICATOR Like its contemporary, the Youngstown Vindicator underwent many trials, changes of ownership and reverses in the first twenty years of its existence. In fact it was more than once threatened with complete extinguishment, but managed to survive these early day struggles and during the more than half century of its life has continued publication 348 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY without absorption of any other newspaper, merger with any paper, or change of name. Being the organ of the minority Democratic party it escaped the battles for political control that distinguished the life of its chief rival in the hectic political days of the '70s and '80s and its history is therefore less lengthy because less stormy. For almost five years after the demise of the Sentinel there was no Democratic newspaper in Youngstown, the vacancy in the field being filled in June, 1869, when J. H. Odell launched the Vindicator as a weekly paper. Mark Shakey was interested with Odell for a few months in 1870, and in September, 1873, Odell retired and was succeeded by 0. P. .Wharton. Wharton remained but seven months, the paper being repurchased in April, 1874, by Odell and W. A. Edwards, Odell becoming editor. In February,. 1875, the Vindicator was sold to S. L. Everett who remained in charge less than six months, disposing of the plant in July, 1875, to Col. William L. Brown, a lawyer, newspaperman and prominent Democratic political figure. 0. P. Shaffer and 0. P. Wharton were active chiefs of the editorial staff of the Vindicator during Colonel Brown's ownership. In April, 1880, Colonel Brown disposed of the Vindicator to Charles L. Vallandigham and John H. Clarke, the latter then a young lawyer. Vallandigham remained here but a year, selling his interest in 1881 to Judge L. D. Thoman. In 1882 Thoman and Clarke sold out to Dr. Thomas Patton, who published the Vindicator until his death in 1884, when the ownership passed to his son, W. H. Patton. Early in 1887 the younger Patton disposed of the Vindicator to J. A. Caldwell, who, in conjunction with Charles Underwood, launched a daily paper a few weeks after they had attained possession of the newspaper plant. It was an ambitious project, but financially a failure. The two-daily plan had been tried intermittently in Youngstown for fifteen years and there was not patronage enough to justify it In November, 1887, fire gutted the newspaper office, which was located in the building in North Phelps Street now used by the Erie Railroad as a baggage room, and Caldwell gave up. By order of the court Attorney A. J. Woolf offered the plant at public sale and the lone bidder was William F. Maag. Maag, in fact, had attended the sale only as a spectator and had no intention of buying the newspaper, nor indeed had he any money with which to buy it. With the paper on his hands, however, he gained a limited financial backing and took into partnership with him John M. Webb, veteran newspaperman. It was a fortunate move, since Webb was a writer of more than ordinary ability and pleasing style. In 1888 Mr. Maag organized a stock company to assume ownership of the Vindicator. Sale of the stock proceeded slowly, and it was a year later, or on September 3, 1889, that the Vindicator Printing Co. was formally organized with John M. Webb as president, Judge E. M. Wilson, vice president, John H. Clarke, secretary, and William F. Maag, treasurer and general manager. In the meantime a daily edition of the Vindicator had been projected, and, it made its appearance on September 23, 1889, with John M. Webb YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 349 as managing editor, William B. Dawson as associate editor, and William F. Maag as business manager. Webb died on February 2, 1893, his burial services being held from the present Vindicator building, then nearing completion, and Dawson died in 1903, while Mr. Maag remains as active manager of the Vindicator after more than thirty years of service. On Sunday, June 12, 1896, the Vindicator began the publication of a Sunday edition and has continued this issue for almost twenty-five years. Both as a daily and Sunday newspaper it has more than kept pace with the growth of the city and maintained its high standing as the leading independent Democratic paper of Northeastern Ohio. OTHER NEWSPAPERS Youngstown's daily papers are limited to the Telegram and the Vindicator, but it supports nine weekly papers, published in English Or foreign languages. The Youngstown Labor Record, published by the Record Publishing Company, is, as its name indicates, the organ of organized labor in Mahoning County. It succeeded the Labor Advocate, a weekly that was started in 1903 and suspended in 1907. Harry Dechend is editor. The Youngstown Journal, labor and current topics, was launched in 1907 by Byron Williams and still continues under Mr. Williams' ownership and management. The Citizen, a weekly paper devoted to current local events, was started in 1914 by D. Web Brown and purchased by David Tod early in 1919, the Citizen-News Company being incorporated soon after with a capital of $50,0c0 to issue a morning daily. Since the death of Mr. Tod, a few weeks after he gained control of the paper, it has been published by Mr. Brown, who has acquired its ownership and continued it as a weekly. Chester A. Dickhaut is the editor. The Amerikai Magyar Hirlap, weekly, is the organ of the Hungarian-speaking population; the Youngstownske Slovenske Noviny of the Slovak-speaking; Ill Cittadino Italo-Americano and La Nuova Italia of the Italian-speaking; Romanul of the Roumanian-speaking; Kampana of the Greek-speaking. NEWSPAPERS OF THE PAST Youngstown has also seen the birth and death of many newspapers in addition to those that passed out of existence through the medium of merger or absorption. The earliest of these, of course, were the Olive Branch, Republican, and Sentinel, whose history has already been given. In 1865 the Mahoning Courier was started by Patrick T. O'Connor and Richard O'Connor as an independent weekly. Later it became a Republican organ and still later Prohibitionist. It was in the Courier office in 1870 that the use of steam power in the operation of a printing press was first called into use in Youngstown. In 1872 the O'Connor brothers sold out to A. D. Fassett, who made the paper a labor organ,