(RETURN TO THE MAHONING AND TRUMBULL COUNTIES INDEX) 400 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Improvement of the park property was begun in 1892, the park bill having been passed early in 1891, and in 1893-94 this work received considerable impetus. Work for betterment has gone on since, and not always without opposition, for there have been proposals for "improvements" that would mean actual ruin to the park. In fact Mr. Rogers was forced to defend the park to his death from encroachments of material-minded persons. Mill Creek Park now has an area of 485 acres and is one of the most beautiful natural parks in America. It is three miles long, winding through the great gorge, has 14 miles of drives, 7 miles of walks, 2 large artificial lakes, 3 bathing beaches, the picturesque Lanterman Falls and innumerable picnic spots. BRIDGE AND FALLS, MILL CREEK PARK The park is still managed by a special board of commissioners, although it is now wholly within the city, the present board members being C. S. Robinson, W. C. Stitt and Dr. H. D. Morgan. Mr. Rogers' great work was recognized by the movement that began before his death for a Rogers' memorial statue to be placed near the Falls Avenue entrance, a project that will soon be realized. LINCOLN PARK This park, the second in size, is located in the eastern part of the city and has an area of sixty acres, comprising the Dry Run gorge and hill top land. Within it rests the great boulder that the Indians called Ne-A-To-Ka, or Council Rock, around which a famous legend rests. This story is given in the chapter of this work that deals with the founding of Youngstown. This park has a bathing pool, 1 1/2 miles of drives, well-forested hillsides, baseball grounds, tennis courts and playgrounds. 401 - VIEWS OF LINCOLN PARK 402 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY CRANDALL PARK Crandall Park, once known as Andrews' Hollow, is located in the northern part of the city and has an area of fifty acres. This park, too, is located in a deep and picturesque gorge and is the newest of Youngstown parks. WICK PARK Wick Park, located on the North Side and well within the city, has thirty-four acres, the land having been donated to the city by members of the Wick family in 1890. Unlike other Youngstown parks it is located on level ground. The park has been beautified greatly in recent years, having flower beds that are especially attractive, a band stand, tennis courts and playgrounds. SOUTH SIDE PARK South Side Park, twenty-two acres in extent, is, as its name implies, located in the southern part of the city. It has a large bathing pool, miniature lake in size, a modern bath house, tennis court and Children's playgrounds. PINE HOLLOW PARK Located in the southeastern part of the city, Pine Hollow Park occupies a deep gorge that is heavily timbered. This is a new park and is not fully developed but has great possibilities. Pine Hollow Park is twenty-two acres in extent. The board of city park commissioners includes Harmon T. McCartney, Alfred Liebman and Paul McElevey. In addition to the parks Youngstown has a fine system of playgrounds. The sale of $200,000 in bonds has also been authorized by city council, the funds to be used in acquiring additional playgrounds and athletic fields for the benefit of children and adults of the city alike. CHAPTER XXI WARREN FOUNDING OF THIS HISTORIC WESTERN RESERVE SETTLEMENT 1N THE CLOSING YEARS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY-WINNING OF THE COUNTY SEAT AND BATTLE AND FIGHT TO RETAIN IT-WARREN IN CIVIL WAR DAYS-WARREN IN MODERN TIMES. Like all other Western Reserve townships, with a half dozen exceptions, township four, range four, of this great tract was included in the partition of January, 1798, when Western Reserve lands were apportioned among stockholders in the Connecticut Land Company. This township, that later became known as Warren, fell to the ownership of Ebenezer King, Jr., Reuben Bardwell, Andrew Bardwell, David King, Fidelia King, Joseph Pratt, Luther Loomis, John Leavitt, Jr., Timothy Phelps, Martin Sheldon, Asahel King, Simon Kendall, Erastus Granger, Oliver Sheldon, Sylvester G. Griswold and Matthew Thompson. It might be more proper to say that township four, range four, was one of four townships that fell to the ownership of these stockholders, their joint interests being divided later. Necessarily there could be no settlement until after this apportionment had been made, nor was there any attempt at settlement until late in the year 1798. There was a large tract of cleared ground in township four that had apparently been used by the Indians for corn growing, and John Young, who had located at Youngstown in 1797, planted grain there in the summer of 1798 and built a cabin in which to store his crop and in which he may have lived while tilling the land. Young's interest did not go beyond this, however, and he could not be called a settler. Joseph McMahon, a "squatter," also occupied a cabin on the present site of Warren in 1798 and had been here for a year or two before that, but had no title to the land, and subsequently left. It was in the fall of 1798 that Ephraim Quinby and Richard Storer came by horseback from Washington County, Pennsylvania, to view lands in township four with the intention of settling thereon. Their trip was made by way of P0land, Youngstown, the Salt Springs Road and thence through the woods to their prospective new home. Although it was a wilderness land the prospect was pleasing to them for Quinby selected 441 acres of land within the present City of Warren while Storer chose land on both sides of the river that was later known as the Fusselman Farm and that included sixty acres of Indian clearings. Cleared ground was a God-send in that day when the Western Reserve was generally - 403 - 404 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY covered with heavy timber and thick underbrush and the lands in addition included mill sites on the splendid river. Quinby and Storer returned to Washington County for the winter and contracted for the lands they had selected, the negotiations being conducted with Ebenezer King, Jr., who had drawn the land in the eastern part of township four. Early in the following spring they started for their new possessions. Their stories of the advantages of this new country and exhibits of soil specimens they had brought back to Pennsylvania inspired in others the desire to emigrate to the Reserve, for the party that reached the present site of Warren on April 17, 1799, numbered not only Quinby and Storer, but also William Fenton, wife and two children and Francis Carlton and four children. With the Quinby and Storer families, who were to come later on, there was the nucleus here for a fair-sized settlement. Youngstown, the largest settlement on the Reserve, had probably not more than a dozen or fifteen families at that time. The first habitation of the newcomers was the cabin of McMahon, the "squatter," who had left during the winter of 1798-99 and was living across the line in southwestern Howland Township. This cabin was described in later years as standing near the river in the vicinity of what is now the corner of Main and Market streets. From the fact that one of this party, William Fenton, lived in it for a number of years it became known as "Fenton's Cabin." It has been confused sometimes with the Quinby cabin, the first house erected in Warren after the arrival of the permanent settlers. Quinby began work on this immediately after his arrival, designing a house of three rooms, two rooms of which were finished in the summer of 1799. It is scarcely necessary to add that this was a log structure. All the settlers set to work at once planting corn on the cleared meadows. Within a short time after the arrival of the Quinby and Storer party, perhaps also in the month of April, another party from Washington County came to look over the ground. This party included Meshach Case, Henry Lane, his son, John Lane, and his step-son, Edward Jones. Lane selected 140 acres of land and, leaving the younger men to till the ground, returned to Pennsylvania. Case prospected a little further but returned in August and took up 198 acres of land, cleared an acre or two, put up a light cabin and returned to Pennsylvania for his family. During the summer Ebenezer King, Jr., and John Leavitt, owners of township four, made their first trip to their possessions. They did not remain, but William Crooks and wife, who came with them, stayed on Crooks cleared about eighteen acres of land and planted the first wheat sown. It is probable that during the visit of King and Leavitt the township was laid out in lots arid received the name of Warren, as a compliment to Moses Warren, one of the members of the original Connecticut Land Company surveying party of 1796. "Lots.' in that day were virtually equivalent in size to farms of today. In the fall of 1799 Benjamin Davidson of Huntington County, Pennsylvania, came to Warren and purchased land, and Mrs. Edward Jones joined her husband. They occupied the old John Young cabin that winter. Henry Lane had made a second trip, bringing back his son Ben- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 405 jamin, a lad of fourteen, and bringing also Pa0 apple trees that were set out. Lane and his sons went back to Washington County before winter and Quinby and Storer also returned, but before the close of the year the two latter were again in Warren, Quinby being accompanied by his wife and three children and Storer by his wife and four children. Jonathan Church and Josiah Church also reached Warren in 1799, while John H. Adgate, his wife, and family of nine or ten children, located in the southwest corner of Howland Township; nearby. Caleb Jones and wife also located there, and in addition there were several unmarried men who came to Warren with the 1799 settlers. In June, 1799, there arrived in Warren a man who was destined to become one of its foremost citizens in the few years of life that were allotted him. This was John S. Edwards, first lawyer on the Western Reserve and first resident of the Reserve elected to Congress. Edwards was but twenty-two years old at that time, and for the first five years of his residence in New Connecticut spent much of his time in Mesopotamia Township, his father, Pierpont Edwards, member of the Connecticut Land Company, being proprietor of that entire township. John S. Edwards devoted considerable of his time to, the practice of law in Warren even before coming there to reside in 1804, and in 1800 was commissioned the first recorder of Trumbull. County. Simon Perkins, long one of the most prominent men of Trumbull County, was an even earlier arrival on the Reserve, coming here in 1798. In 1804 he located permanently at Warren. The year 1800 was a momentous one at Warren. When it opened the village numbered hardly more than thirty inhabitants living in several log cabins; when it closed Warren was the seat of justice- of a territory as large as some eastern states and was the ranking settlement of the Western Reserve. The first new Warrenite of that year was a daughter born in February to Edward Jones and wife, undoubtedly the first native white child of Warren. This little girl grew to womanhood and became Mrs. William Dutchin. On February 22, 1800, Ebenezer King, Jr., deeded to Ephraim Quinby, Benjamin Davidson and Henry Lane, Sr., the lands they had contracted to purchase from him, Quinby's purchase of 441 acres being made for $1,625, or at the rate of about $3.68Y2 an acre. This was a somewhat higher rate than Western Reserve lands usually commanded at that day, perhaps from the fact that part of the land was already cleared when settled. On April 18, 1800, there arrived a large party of Washington County, Pennsylvania, settlers, some of whom had already visited Warren. Included in this group were, Henry Lane, Sr., wife and five children ; Meshach Case, wife and six children ; Henry Lane, Jr., and wife, Charles Daily, wife and children ; Isaac Dally, wife and children; John Dally, wife and one child. Late in April Benjamin Davidson returned, bringing his wife and eleven children to the new settlement. In May John Leavitt, his wife and seven children arrived, and Phineas Leffingwell and family came about the same time. Calvin Austin came later in 1800, 406 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY and in the same year Asahel Adams, Sr., of Canterbury, Connecticut, came to Trumbull County with his family. One of his descendants, the late Whittlesey Adams, ranks with Frederick Kinsman and Leonard Case among the men to whom Warren owes much for the preservation of the story of its early history. Crops were planted with the arrival of the spring settlers, additional ground was cleared and more cabins were built. In June, 1800, Henry Lane, Jr., and Charles Dally undertook the construction of the first grist mill at Warren. In throwing a dam across the river they had the assistance of other settlers, but the work ,was uncompleted in the fall and the winter and spring floods tore the structure away. The work was resumed in the spring of 1801, but it was 1802 before the mill was in readiness, and in the meantime Warren settlers were forced to depend upon hand mills and mortar blocks or to make the long trip through the woods to the mill at the falls of Mill Creek in Youngstown Township. Dally and Smith subsequently sold out to Royal Peace and the mill had successive owners. Eventually the mill and dam became the property of James L. Van Gorder who operated the works for many years. The mill was several times destroyed but remained in operation until 1881. The "lower" dam was built about 1804 by George Lovelace, who came to Warren in May, 1800. This dam stood just below the Market Street bridge. Ephraim Quinby was interested with Lovelace in the mill, which stood on the west side 0f the river. A woollen mill, operated in connection with this grist mill, was owned by Levi Hadley. James L. Van Gorder also came into the possession of this lower grist mill, and when the canal was put through in 1839-40 built a new dam still farther down the river. Van Gorder als0 operated two sawmills and was active in other business projects. This sec0nd "lower" dam and mill remained in service for more than seventy years, or until the great flood of March, 1913, when the dam was carried away and the mill wrecked. Miller and Neal were the operators of the grist mill at that time. Most notable, however, among Warren events in 1800 was the creation of Trumbull County. Up to this time the Western Reserve was sort of a "No Man's Land," both ownership and jurisdiction being claimed by the State 0f Connecticut and by the Federal Government through the medium of the Northwest Territory. It was a most troublesome situation, since the many newcomers did not know to whom they owed allegiance, there was no law except the home-made law of the settlers themselves and land transfers could not be recorded, or could be recorded only at a risk. On May 30, 1800, an agreement was reached between Connecticut and the Federal Government by which ownership of the Reserve was conceded to Connecticut while legal jurisdiction was granted the N0rthwest Territory on behalf of the government at Washington. On July T0, 1890, the County of Trumbull, named after Jonathan Trumbull, s0ldier, statesman and governor of Connecticut, was organized by proclamation of Governor St. Clair of the Northwest Territory, Warren being designated as the county seat. It was a distinct triumph for Warren, as the prize of the county seat was one eagerly sought by Youngstown and other settle- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 407 ments, being all the more valued because Trumbull County, as organized, comprised the entire Western Reserve. Within a few weeks, perhaps even before this good news had reached Warren, the village passed through one of the darkest periods in its existence—the one occasion when war with the Indians threatened. The Red Men hereabouts were spiritless and peaceably inclined. They had seen their lands taken up and settled with scarcely a protest, but an unfortunate quarrel—and apparently a needless one—threatened for once to turn them into the vengeful warriors that they are often credited with having been. The killings that aroused the Indians had their inception in a series of annoyances to which the family of Joseph McMahon had been subjected by the Red Men. According to the Indians, however, the quarrel went back even farther than this and was due to unfair treatment on the part of the whites. McMahon had removed in the spring of 1800 from Howland Township to a cabin near the "Salt Springs," in Weathersfield Township, located on lands owned by Richard Storer. In July, 1800, a party of Indians encamped at an old camping grounds at the Salt Springs ravine and in a drinking frolic that followed were joined by McMahon and other white men. When the Indians' whisky was exhausted, the red men afterwards said, the whites sent to Warren for an additional supply, and this they refused to share with the Indians. This ill-treatment was naturally resented by the Indians. A few days after this happening several Indians appeared at McMahon's cabin during his absence and threatened his family, even going to the extreme of declaring they would kill Mrs. McMahon and her children. McMahon was working at Storer's at this time, and, in her fright, the mother took her youngest child in her arms and, leading the others, fled to the Storer cabin. Thursday McMahon returned with his family and held a conference with the Indians at which they agreed to molest his family no further. The promise was not kept. The Indians repeated their indignities and finally struck one of the children on the head with a tomahawk. Saturday Mrs. McMahon started for Storer's once more and on her way met her husband to whom she told the story of the repeated threats. The McMahon family remained at Storer's Saturday night, and on Sunday, July 20, McMahon appealed to other settlers for help. It was decided to lay the matter before Ephraim Quinby, whose counsel was held in high esteem. Quinby advised a meeting with the Indians, and a party consisting of Quinby, McMahon, Storer, Henry Lane, Jr., John Lane, Asa Lane, William Carlton, William Fenton, Charles Dally, John Bentley, Jonathan Church, Benjamin Lane and others, including two small boys, Thomas Fenton and Peter Carlton, started for the Indians' camping ground. Everyone in the party was armed except the boys, but this was a customary procedure at that day and did not necessarily mean that trouble was feared. Leaving Warren, the party passed along the winding trail to the Salt Springs and reached the ravine below the Indian camp. Here 408 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Captain Quinby called a halt and counseled the other members to main behind while he met the Indians.. Quinby found the Indians resting. Captain George, one of the red men, spoke English and, addressing him, Quinby asked the cause of the difficulty with McMahon. "Oh, Joe damn fool, ' Captain George is quoted as saying. "The Indians don't want to hurt him or his family. They (the white men) drank up all the Indians' whisky and then wouldn't let the Indians have any of theirs. They were a little mad but don't care any more about it. They (the McMahons) can come back and live as long as they like. The Indians won't hurt them." Captain Quinby felt satisfied with this promise and display of good feeling and turned to rejoin his companions. In the meantime, however, his followers had moved up the ravine and were ascending the plain where the Indian camp was located. There are contradictory versions of what happened at this time. According to Leonard Case, a thoroughly creditable authority, Quinby met his comrades and had stopped to explain the result of his conference, when McMahon passed on toward the Indian camp. The remaining members of the party strolled leisurely toward the Indians, not anticipating an outbreak. McMahon, however, on his arrival advanced on Captain George who was lolling at the foot of a tree and accosted him with, "Are you for peace? Yesterday you had your men, now I have mine." Captain George sprang to his feet, grasped a tomahawk that was sticking in a tree and was swinging it on McMahon when the latter fired. Captain George fell and McMahon turned to his 'comrades with the command "Shoot, Shoot." The Indians had dodged behind trees and both sides fired, but their guns missed. Then Storer, seeing Spotted John aiming at him, trained his rifle on the Indian and shot. Storer's shot passed through Spotted John's hip, broke an Indian boy's arm, passed under the cord of the neck of the Indian's little girl and grazed his squaw who was attempting to shield her children and had gotten in line of the ball. According to the version given by McMahon's descendants Quinby had left his comrades in the ravine with instructions to Lane to follow with the party if he (Quinby) did not return in a half hour. When Quinby failed to return in the allotted time Lane followed directions. McMahon and Storer were in the lead when the white men reached the camp and Captain George seized his tomahawk and advanced on McMahon, saying, "If you kill me, I will lie here. If I kill you, you shall lie there, ' meaning that the affair would be ended with the death of one or the other and that the friends of neither would attempt to seek redress. Whereupon McMahon fired in self-defense. Thereafter the two versions of the clash agree. The Indians fled in haste without further attempts to fire while the white men hastened to Warren. Spotted John's widow is said to have taken her wounded children in her arms and hurried to the home of Col. James Hillman at Youngstown. Back in Warren the white men censured McMahon for his act and paced him under arrest, hurrying him to Fort MacIntosh (Beaver town) YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 409 for safekeeping. The arrest of Storer was also discussed, but hearing of this Storer disappeared and the following day Mrs. Storer with her children started for their former home in Washington County. Storer returned several months later, when feeling over the affair had subsided, and it might be said that at no time was there any such resentment against him as was expressed against McMahon. The report of the tragedy traveled rapidly down the Mahoning Valley and before many hours John Young and Col. James Hillman, the veteran Indian trader, reached Warren from Youngstown. It was believed best to placate the Indians and Hillman was selected to find them and bring them back, as he possessed great influence among the Red Men and was thoroughly trusted by them. Hillman started Monday evening, and on Wednesday overtook the Indians. His pleas and arguments were only partly successful, the Indians agreeing to return only after they had journeyed to Sandusky and held a council with their chiefs, promising to send a delegation within fourteen days bearing their answer. This news, brought back by Hillman, was disquieting, and the settlers from Warren and the surrounding territory entrenched themselves in Captain Quinby's cabin, opening port holes through the logs and keeping guard day and night. This vigil was maintained for a week, but on Wednesday, July 30th, ten Indians returned and met with the white men at Youngstown. The Indians at first demanded that McMahon be turned over to them to be tried by tribal laws, but when this demand was refused agreed to a trial by white man's court. Meanwhile the announcement of the creation of Trumbull County had been made and at the •first term of court, on August 25, 1800, McMahon and Storer were indicted for murder. McMahon was brought back from Fort MacIntosh under guard and placed on trial at Warren on Thursday, September 18th, with George Tod as prosecutor and Steel Sample of Pittsburg, John S. Edwards and Benjamin Tappan as counsel for McMahon. The prisoner was acquitted, largely on the evidence of one witness who swore that McMahon had retreated a step before firing. The Indians kept their pledge to accept the verdict and the affair was closed. The story of the assembling of the first court of Trumbull County has been fully told in Chapter V of this volume, dealing with the origin and settlement of the Western Reserve. The civil township of Warren laid out on this occasion embraced all the present townships of Warren, Lordstown, Weathersfield, Howland, Braceville, Bazetta, Champion and Southington, in Trumbull County ; Berlin and Milton in Mahoning County; Nelson, Windham, Paris, Palmyra and Deerfield in Portage County. Jonathan Church was named constable for this great district. A committee consisting of Turhand Kirtland, John Kinsman, Calvin Austin and Amos Spafford was named to lay out boundaries for a county jail, and reported that "The boundaries of the liberties of the prison in this county shall begin at a soft maple tree marked, standing about ten rods northeast of the prison-house ; thence running north forty-four degrees west twenty rods to an elm tree, marked; thence south four degrees east twenty-six rods to 410 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY a large white oak tree, marked ; thence east twenty rods to a stake standing on the west side of the road; thence south by said road twelve rods to a soft maple tree; thence east to a white oak sapling standing on the east side of the road; thence north on the east side of the road sixty-six rods to a stake; thence west to a white oak sapling standing on the west side of the road near the northeast corner of James Fenton's house; from thence to the place of beginning." The boundaries covered much of the ground between Main Street and Park Avenue, as now constituted, extending from just below Market Street to William Street and embracing land about the jail house. The third room in the cabin built by Ephraim Quinby was the actual "jail house." Daniel Sheehy of Youngstown, arrested for threatening the life of John Young, was the only prisoner ever confined therein and he was permitted the full liberty of the jail yard above described and was accepted as a visitor rather than a prisoner. The year 1800 was a stirring one otherwise. On July 4th Independence Day was fittingly celebrated with a great assemblage at Captain Quinby's. Music was furnished by. a fife and drum with Elam Blair and Eli Blair as the musicians, the fife being fashioned from an elder while a home-made drum was constructed, from a tree trunk on which a fawn's hide was stretched, a pair of plow lines being requisitioned for drum cords. A parade was organized with John Leavitt as militia captain, salutes were fired and there was feasting, drinking, songs and speech-making. Visitors came from Youngstown and from even the shores of Lake Erie. These Independence Day celebrations became annual affairs in Warren from that day forward. Writing to his old home in Connecticut in July, 1803, John S. Edwards said of the celebration of that year: "I was at Warren on the 4th of July where I attended a ball. You may judge of my surprise at meeting a very considerable company, all of whom were dressed with neatness and in fashion, some of them elegantly. The ladies generally dressed well.. Some of them would have been admired for their ease and grace in a New Haven ball room. It was held on the same spot where four years since there was scarcely the trace of a human hand or anywhere within fifteen miles of it. We improved well the occasion ; began at two in the afternoon of Monday, and left the room a little before sunrise in Tuesday morning. We dance but seldom, which is our apol0gy." It is hardly necessary to add that dances did not need to be frequent when continued for more than twelve hours without cessation. In June, 1800, Rev. Henry Speers, a visiting Baptist minister, held the first religious ceremonies at Warren. No attempt was made at this time to organize a religious society, almost three years elapsing before this was brought about. On December 10, 1800, Captain Quinby caused a survey to be made of his property lying on the east side of the river and laid out the town, Caleb Palmer being the surveyor. Quinby, in keeping with New England custom, provided for a public square for the town, donating the land for this purpose. The streets were merely numbered, Main Street YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 411 being indicated as No. 1, High Street as No. 2, Market Street as No. 3, South Street as No. 4 and Park Avenue as No. 5. The year 1801 opened auspiciously, although Warren was yet but a frontier village, much of the ground being heavily timbered and swampy. New settlers came in with fair rapidity, among those who arrived in this and preceding years, or who purchased lands at Warren, being James Scott, Samuel Daniels, William Hall, Enoch Leavitt, Thomas Prior, Eleazor Sheldon. On October 30th of the year 1801 the first mail was delivered at Warren by government mail route, the route from Pittsburgh to Warren having been established that year on application of Gen. Elijah Wadsworth of Canfield. Simon Perkins was the first postmaster. Originally the mail was merely brought to the village and distributed without resort to the formality of a postoffice. In that year, too, the first merchant appeared in the person of James E. Caldwell, who retailed from a canoe, and Dr. John W. Seeley, located in Howland Township, but began the practice of medicine in Warren. Later in the year George Lovelace opened a small store and a little later Robert Erwin blossomed forth as a merchant. At its session in February, 1802, the Court of Quarter Sessions of Trumbull County ordered that the civil townships created in 1800 effect township organizations, and in compliance with this instruction the civil township of Warren (embracing all the territory described before) was formally organized on April 6, *1802, when a "town' election was held at the home of Capt. Ephraim Quinby, with John Leavitt as chairman and Quinby as clerk. The settlement, in the meanwhile, continued to grow in a satisfactory manner, among those coming to Warren to locate being George Parsons, Sr., Samuel Chesney, Jacob Harsh, members of the Fusselman family, Zebina Weatherby and John Eckman, in 1803, and Richard Iddings, of Berks County, Pennsylvania, Francis Freeman and James L. Van Gorder, miller, hotel keeper and prominent citizen, in 1805. Freeman had visited Warren two years before and had decided then on settlement there. In 1803, is found the record of the first school in Warren, this being a log building on the river bank west of the park. It is probable this school was in existence at least a year earlier. In this year too the first religious body in the village was organized. Although the Presbyterian Church was the pioneer body in most Western Reserve townships, in Warren the Baptists were the first in the field. Rev. Henry Speers, as mentioned before, preached here on June 8, 1800, and a year or two later Rev. Thomas Jones, also a Baptist minister, came from his charge on the Shenango River and began holding services. On September 3, 1803, the present First Baptist Church was organized,, under the name of the "Concord Baptist Church." It was almost twenty years later before this congregation had a meeting house of its own, but services were continued without intermission, led at -times by lay members, although Reverend Jones continued to minister at intervals until 1810. In 1803 also the first hotel, or regulation "tavern," was opened. At the first session of the Trumbull County court, in August, 1800, Ephraim Quinby had been recommended to Governor St. Clair as a "fit person to keep a publick 412 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY house of entertainment in the town of Warren," and Captain Quinby was granted a tavern license. In 1801 James Scott also was granted a license to keep a public house, but neither Quinby nor Scott attempted a regular hotel business. In 1803 John Leavitt received a license and opened a pioneer hotel, this being located at his place of residence, now the site of the Second National Bank Building at Main and Market streets. For many years this was the principal stopping place in the village and was considered a rather pretentious institution, attracting much attention from the fact that it was the first building to boast a brick chimney. Leavitt later sold to Jesse Holliday and the hotel had many subsequent owners. Meanwhile Warren had been four years the county seat of the great County of Trumbull, but it had not held this honor by grace of any of ONE OF THE FAMOUS OLD HOTELS AT WARREN its rival towns. In Youngstown especially the loss of the seat of government rankled. There was a feeling that Youngstown had not been given a fair hearing before the award was made. It is not likely that continued negotiations would have had any other result, however, since Warren had an influence that Youngstown could not command, Youngstown Township having been purchased outright by non-members of the Connecticut Land Company while the draft that included Warren had fallen to some of the leading members of that great partnership. Judge Calvin Pease was a most influential man on the Reserve in 1800 and, although then a resident of Youngstown, was interested in Warren lands. He was also a brother-in-law to Gideon Granger, postmaster-general of the United States under a succeeding administration, influential in national politics and a reputed holder of lands that would profit by the location of the county seat at Warren. Warren men, too, had anticipated the creation of the new county and had moved to get the county seat YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 413 probably before Youngstown people were thoroughly alive to the situation. The first county court had appointed not only a committee on a temporary jail location but had named David Abbott, Samuel Woodruff, Uriel Holmes, Jr., and Simon Perkins a committee to draft a plan for a permanent county building. This committee made its report to the court on May 27, 1801, having drafted most exacting specification for the kind of building wanted—one of hewn timbers, to consist of two rooms on the ground floor and a court room on the second floor. In 1802 construction of this building was begun, and the work was almost completed when the structure was destroyed by fire on February 28, 1804. A Youngstown prisoner was suspected of starting the conflagration. With the burning of the county building the county seat war broke out afresh. A clamor for removal of the seat of justice from Warren was begun and several "towns ' put in claims, Youngstown being the most persistent. The Youngstown proposal is said to have been for the creation of three counties out of Trumbull territory, Youngstown to be the county seat of the south county. Thereafter, for five years or more, every election was waged on this issue and the quarrel became intensely bitter. In 1805 Youngstown's claim was strengthened by the creation of Geauga County. Later Ashtabula County was ordered organized, but Warren won a temporary advantage by having some of the southerly townships of Ashtabula County returned to Trumbull, making Warren a more central point than Youngstown. In 1809 the quarrel reached its height. In the session of 1808-09 Trumbull County was represented in the Lower House of the State Legislature by Richard J. Elliott and Robert Hughes, Youngstown partisans. At the election in October, 1809, they were again advanced for election, while Warren concentrated its strength on Thomas G. Jones of Brookfield. Elliott and Hughes were re-elected and county commissioners were named who were favorable to Youngstown, but Warren contested Hughes' seat on Jones' behalf, asserting that aliens had voted at the election, and without their votes Jones would have won. A traveling court, consisting of Leonard Case of Warren and William Chidester of Canfield, was named to take testimony in this contest. This court sat in various townships, amid stormy scenes on the part of Youngstown sympathizers. The contest was carried to the Legislature but the seat was awarded to Hughes. In spite of this advantage Youngstown lost its fight. Unrepresented officially, Warren sent unofficial representatives, or "lobbyists," to Columbus and outwitted the Youngstown partisans. It was sixty-five years later before Youngstown gained the county seat honor, and while it kept the war smoldering all these years the failure of 1809-10 ended the contest at that time. There were several reasons for this. By 1810 the people of Trumbull County, like all Americans, were beginning to foresee a second war with Great Britain, a more grave issue than the location of a county seat, and there was a movement for union, rather than disunion, of forces. Many 414 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Youngstown sympathizers had also become weary of the continued strife. Although a Youngstown man, Judge George Tod, was one of these. Aaron Collar of Canfield was another. In the election of 1810 Warren threw its strength to Tod for the Senate and to Collar and Thomas G. Jones for membership in the Lower House and they were elected. The county seat war, however, had succeeded in preventing the construction of county buildings at Warren during the years that it raged, and in fact for several additional years. Court had first been held in the original meeting place between two corn cribs, next in a log house built about 8o5 by James Scott at Mahoning Avenue and High Street, and later in a building erected by William Cotgreave. The Cotgreave building was a three-story structure. The nucleus of this building was a log house built by Henry Harsh about I802. Cotgreave purchased it in 1807 and expanded this into a three-story structure, the lower story being of logs while the upper floors were of frame, with a gable roof. The first floor was used as a jail while court was held on an upper floor. While used as a county building this structure also did service as a religious gathering place on Sundays, as a school during the week, as a ballroom and a public meeting place. From its ownership the building received the name of "Castle William." Although far from beautiful it was a most notable structure in Warren of the early days. Its dances began early in the afternoon and lasted until sunrise the following morning. "At the west end of the ballroom," says an authority on Warren of more than 100 years ago, "was a door leading up an attic, whither the gentlemen sometimes resorted, between the giddy mazes of the contra-dances, to take a glass of whisky, served by Isaac Ladd." "Castle William" also served as a hotel at a later date, coming into the possession of Benjamin Towne. Probably from the fact that it had used for school and church purposes there was a bell on the roof, and when James L. Van Gorder purchased the building in 1828 he converted it into a regular tavern, under the name of the "Pavilion Hotel," but left the bell remain. The "Pavilion Hotel," or old "Castle William," was destroyed in the great fire of June 1, 1846. By 1810 Warren led all Western Reserve villages in size and importance. The population of the village cannot well be estimated, since it was not enumerated separately, bud Warren Township had 875 inhabitants to 837 for Poland and 773 for Youngstown. Cleveland was seventh with but 547. Warren's population numbered men and women from scattered parts of the country. Among those who came were David Bell, about 1807, William Cotgreave, in 1806 or 1807, James Quigley, in 1809 and Adamson Bentley and Justus Smith in 1810, to mention but a few of the new settlers in the first decade of the nineteenth century. Assured definitely of the county seat, Warren also began to take precedence in other respects. In the winter of 1811-12 the Western Reserve Bank, the first financial institution of this character on the Western Reserve, was incorporated with $100,000 capital by Simon Perkins, Turhand Kirtland, Robert D. Parkman, George Tod, John Ford, C. S. Mygatt, Calvin Austin, William Rayen and John Kinsman. The banking YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 415 company was granted a charter and began business in a house that was at one time used as a store room by Robert Erwin. On June 9, 1812, on the very eve of war, the "Trump of Fame," the first newspaper published on the Western Reserve, was launched at Warren by Thomas D. Webb. Today, after almost 110 years, this pioneer of the press in Northern Ohio is the Warren Chronicle, a flourishing daily in a busy twentieth century city. It was just when Warren was rounding into a period of prosperity that the War of 1812 burst on the country. That it was inevitable had "CASTLE WILLIAM," ONE OF THE MOST CELEBRATED BUILDINGS OF THE OLDEN TIME IN WARREN This structure was used as a courthouse, for religious services, for school purposes, as a stage station, a store and a ballroom. Its chief fame was acquired as a tavern. In later days this building was known as "Pavilion Hotel." It was destroyed in the great fire of June 1, 1846. been foreseen for some time, nor was Ohio unprepared. At the legislative session of 1803-04 laws had been passed providing for an effective state militia and in the division of the state into four districts, Trumbull, Columbiana and Jefferson counties had been placed in the fourth division under Maj. Gen. Elijah Wadsworth of Canfield. The fourth division was further subdivided into two brigades, the first brigade to include Trumbull County. The first general order creating this organization was ssued by General Wadsworth on April 6, 1804. The first brigade was made up of two regiments. Subsequently the fourth division was sub-divided into four brigades instead of two, Brig.-Gen. Simon Perkins be- 416 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY ing placed in charge of the third brigade, including Trumbull and Ashtabula counties. In 1812 General Perkins' brigade numbered three regiments, commanded by Lieut.-Cols. William Rayen of Youngstown, John S. Edwards of Warren and Richard Hayes of Hartford. Actually these commanding officers were regimental colonels, although this title did not exist at that time. George Tod was brigade major and inspector of the Third Brigade. On April 27, 1812, almost two months before the declaration of war Governor Return J. Meigs of Ohio had issued an order calling for one company from each brigade to meet the demands of the war department at Washington that one full regiment be furnished by Ohio for service in the United States regular army, and on the following day this order was transmitted to his lieutenant colonels by General Perkins. This, in itself, was significant of the approach of war, and on June 12, 1812, General Perkins announced that the quota of the Third Brigade had been filled. News of, the declaration of war came to Warren through the medium of the Trump of Fame. A letter from Washington to a Warren man and published in the newspaper announced that : "I embrace the first opportunity to inform you that war has been declared, and the injunction of secrecy taken off. This measure passed in the house of representatives by a majority of 30 and in the Senate 19 to 13. This is an unqualified, unconditional war, by land and sea, against the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland." In August, 1812, Northern Ohio was stunned by news of the surrender of General Hull at Detroit, a move that exposed the entire Ohio frontier to danger of invasion by the British and their Indian allies. The news reached General Wadsworth at Canfield on August 22d, and the general's messengers were almost immediately at work summoning men to arms. This movement was expedited by the rumor that British and Indian invaders were approaching Cleveland by boat. This fear was soon dispelled, but the feeling that there might actually be such an invasion remained. By the latter part of August, General Wadsworth had assembled all four brigades in his division at Cleveland and by September 1812, had sent forth a body of troops under General Perkins to Huron, where a blockhouse, known as Camp Avery, had been erected. General Perkins was given command here of the 400 men. The number of effectives was reduced by disease, due to the swampy nature of the ground on which the camp was located, but on September 29th a detachment met and defeated a body of Indians in the Battle of the Peninsula. The news of this engagement reached General Wadsworth a few days later in a message from General Perkins, reading: "I arrived at camp last evening and found that the engagement on the peninsula proved less unfortunate than we at first apprehended. Our loss is six killed and ten wounded. The wounded are very slight and none I think mortal. "The names of the killed are James S. Bills, Simon Blackman, Daniel Mingus, Abraham Simon, Ramsdale, Mason. Wounded are Samuel Mann, Moses Eldridge, Jacob French, Samuel B. Tanner, John Carlton, John McMahon, Elias Sperry, James Jack, a Mr. Lee, an inhabitant of YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 417 this neighborhood, etc. Mr. Ramsdale also of this vicinity. Knowing the anxiety of the inhabitants at the eastward, I detain the messenger no longer than to write the above. "Simon Perkins. "P. S.—Our men fought well and the Indians suffered very considerably. "Camp at Avery, Huron County, October 3, 1812." The original enlistment of Trumbull County troops expired in February, 1813, but many of them remained in the service until the close of the war. In the fall of 1812 the Trumbull County men were placed under the command of Gen. William Henry Harrison and some of them participated with him in the Battle of the Thames in the following year. In the Trump of Fame, under date of November 11, 1812, we find that: "Brigadier-General Perkins has returned from a journey to the headquarters of General Harrison. He was accompanied on his return by General Harrison. General Perkins is to take command of 1,590 men and proceed to join the army under General Harrison." Brig.-Gen. Simon Perkins was not merely a military leader, however. but one of the great men of the Western Reserve. Born at Norwich, Connecticut, on September 1, 1771, the son of Captain Perkins in the Revolutionary war, he located at Oswego, New York, in 1795, and in 1798 came to the Western Reserve as a representative of members of the Connecticut Land Company who had just been awarded their lands. He remained here for the summer, and, although he returned to Connecticut in the fall, he spent the greater part of succeeding years in Ohio and in 1804 married and located permanently at Warren. In 1807, he established expresses to Detroit on behalf of the government, was one of the founders of the Western Reserve Bank, military leader, member of the board of Canal Fund Commissioners of Ohio from 1826 to 1838, and leader in public movements in Warren and Trumbull County for almost half a century. He died at Warren on November 19, 1844, leaving an honored name as a citizen and business man. Unfortunately there appears to exist no complete list of Trumbull County enlistments in the War of 1812. That recruiting was carried on, however, after the danger of invasion of the. Northwest was past is apparent from the call issued through the columns of the Trump of Fame on August 17, 1813, reading: "ATTENTION "Trooper and Fellow Citizens, the governor has made a request of as many companies of volunteers as the state of Ohio would furnish to volunteer their services for the term of 35 or .40 days—The officers of the Warren Troop of Horse have thought proper to call upon the members of the troop, for to meet at the house of John Reed, in Warren on Saturday the 21st inst, in complete uniform, for the purpose of volunteering their services ; and as a number of citizens have expressed a desire to join with us if the like should take place, we request every Vol. I-27 418 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY patriotic citizen, who sh0uld be willing for to render their assistance expelling from our frontiers the savage enemy and their allies, for meet with us on that day, so that we may know whether we may have sufficient number for to make a report to his excellency. "JAMES QUIGLEY. "Warren, Aug. 10, 1813." Just one month later, on September 10, 1813, Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry won the great Battle of Lake Erie that safeguarded the Ohio frontier from invasion. This and General Harrison's victory at the Thames broke the power of the British and the Indians in the Northwest. Even before the close of the war Warren returned to the arts of peace. The chief necessity at this time was county buildings. A series of circumstances—fire, the county seat .quarrel and the war—had made construction of these buildings impossible for a dozen years or more, but with the strife at home ended and success for American arms in the war foreseen, contracts were let for a courthouse and jail building. The courthouse, erected by James Scott in 1815-16, was a square-looking frame building that had to suffice for more than thirty-five years, or until long after it had passed its stage of usefulness. The jail was a log structure that was replaced by a brick jail, built by Seth Thompson in 1823-24. The courthouse stood on the location of the present county building, or on the public square that had been provided when the town survey was made by Captain Quinby in 1800. The jail was immediately back of it. With a peculiar shortsightedness, the trees that had covered this spot had been chopped down after the settlement of the village, and what should have been a beauty spot was a place of stumps, mud holes and rough knolls. About 1820 public spirited residents under the leadership of Simon Perkins, Jr., set about to correct this blunder by grading the land and setting out trees, making the square eventually the park that it was intended to be. A map of Warren as it appeared about this time, or in 1816, drawn many years later from old records by Louis M. Iddings, gives an idea of Warren at this period and shows the location of fifty-two buildings. The old courthouse was then nearing completion and, the foundation was being laid for the Western Reserve Bank Building, on the site of the home of its successor of today, the Union Savings' and Trust Company. The map shows only the public square and the five streets provided in Captain Quinby's survey of 1800. Mahoning Avenue is shown as a country road, being considered apparently an extension of Main Street. Warren experienced a gradual growth in population in the next fifteen years. In 1817-18 and for a few years thereafter there was a wave of emigration from New England to the Western Reserve, induced by unfavorable crops seasons in the east, and, in common with other settlements, Warren profited by this. In the decade between 1830 and 1840, however, the growth was rapid, this increase being due primarily to the construction of the canal although there were other contributing causes. The Pennsylvania and Ohio, or "Cross Cut," canal, so called because YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 419 it served as a cross-state connection between the Beaver River and the Lake Erie-Ohio River Canal, was first discussed as early as 1817. The first actual steps toward making the canal a reality, however, were taken on May I, 1822, when a meeting was held at the home of Captain Bosworth in Warren, when General Simon Perkins presided as chairman, with Thomas D. Webb as secretary. A committee was named at this time "to explore the sources of the Grand and Mahoning rivers, thence MAP OF WARREN IN 1816 to Lake Erie and the Ohio River and report to the chairman of the meeting the practicability and probable expense of connecting the lake and river by means of a canal." It was two years later, on August 13, 1824, that federal engineers arrived at Warren preparatory to making a survey of possible canal routes. The engineers made surveys in the Mahoning, Cuyahoga and Grand River valleys and reported to Congress, and at a meeting at the courthouse in Warren, on December 21, 1824, Gen. Simon Perkins, Francis Freeman and Simon Perkins were ap- 420 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY pointed a committee to draft a memorial and present the same to the Ohio Legislature setting forth the practicability of a connecting canal from the Beaver River at its junction with the Ohio to Lake Erie. February 7, 1825 the Legislature passed the canal bill, constituting a commission of seven men empowered to employ engineers and to begin the construction of the canal. The usual protests, of course, were raised against this improvement. A public remonstrance meeting was held at Warren on March 7, 1825, when the canal bill was condemned, resolutions being adopted declaring that this legislation was premature, "as no opportunity has been given citizens to reflect upon the expense that the work would increase taxes four fold." A committee was named to give the objections publicity "in the Western Reserve Chronicle and in at least one paper published in the city of New York." The latter step was designed to make New York contractors dubious of the enterprise. The work dragged, however, not because of the protests made against it but because of adverse business conditions. The route decided upon by this time provided for a waterway connecting with the Lake Erie-Ohio River canal at Akron, and with the business revival of 1838 work was begun and pushed rapidly to completion. By the following spring the work was completed to the Trumbull County capital and on May 23, 1839, as the Western Reserve Chronicle puts it, "our citizens were greeted‘ with the arrival of a boat from Beaver,' the boat being the packet Ontario, Captain Bronson. It was a gala day for Warren, this occasion when it became a port. The packet was crowded with visitors from Ohio and Pennsylvania and carried four bands. On arrival the Warren band added its music and a procession formed and marched to Townes' Hotel where an appropriate address of welcome was made by Mayor John Crowell, the  response being given by B. B. Chamberlain of Brighton, Pennsylvania. The remainder of the day was given over to hilarity, terminating with a banquet at 4 P. M., with Gen. J. W. Seeley as toastmaster, when toasts were liberally drunk and oratory flowed. The canal was competed to Akron in the fall of 1839 and by 1840 was in thorough working order. Its life was comparatively brief, for fifteen years later the railroad had come, but with the opening of the coal mines and the growth of the iron industry it accomplished a noble work in the span of life allotted to it. Warren, however, had anticipated the business growth that was cer¬tain to follow the opening of the canal. Early in 1834 a petition was presented to the legislature asking that the municipality be incorporated, and on March 3, 1834, a village charter was granted, the municipality being a comparatively tiny one with an area of approximately one-half a square mile. The first election was held on April 5, 1834, when George Parsons was elected mayor. Made a full-fledged "town," Warren began to take on municipal airs. The first street grades were established. At the above election George Mygatt was named marshal, and Warren thus had a police department independent of the township constables. Two years later steps were taken to organize a fire department, a meeting for this purpose being called by the village council. on December 31, 1836. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 421 At this gathering a volunteer company of more than thirty men was formed. By 1840 Warren had attained a population of 1,066, had become a business center and was looking ahead to satisfactory growth. With other improvements being made, the need of new county buildings became apparent. The old courthouse had stood for approximately twenty-five years and was becoming dilapidated in appearance from without and unserviceable within. It was not a structure that Warren of 1840 was proud of, although the court building and county jail alike had served their purpose well enough. Crime was not common—lawlessness coming only with the construction of the canal—yet the jail had housed men arraigned for all offenses from misdemeanors to murder, and these lawbreakers had heard their sentences pronounced in the old courthouse. The only hanging ever conducted in Trumbull County was during the days of these ancient structures. FIRST TRUMBULL COUNTY COURTHOUSE The sacrifice of life on this occasion was demanded of Ira West Gardner, who had brutaly murdered his step-daughter, Maria Buell, in 1832. On August 26, 1833, Gardner was convicted of first degree murder, and sentenced to die on October 4, of that year. Hanging was the penalty for murder in that day, and, as the law provided that executions should take place at the county seat, a gallows was erected in South Street near Red Run, and Gardner paid the penalty. The movement for new county buildings was formally launched by public-spirited residents of Warren. It met with response enough at the county seat, but outside Warren it caused a fresh outbreak of the county seat war of more than thirty years before. Youngstown had never forgotten, nor had it forgiven, its defeat. Other towns were ambitious too to become county capitals and there was an immediate protest against erecting any new buildings at Warren. Various schemes were launched for county division, some of which provided for leaving Warren still a county seat while others would have taken away this honor altogether. Hope of early authorization of new county buildings was abandoned and Warren found itself forced 422 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY to fight to retain the honor it held. County division again became a political issue, and Youngstown, determined to force division, succeeded in electing two Youngstown partisans to the lower house of the State Legislature in 1843. This was accomplished by taking advantage of the clamor of other towns for county seat honors and by setting aside partisanship and uniting on Dr. Henry Manning, a Whig, and Asahel Medbury, a Democrat, for membership in the Assembly. In spite of this advantage Youngstown lost the fight in the legislative session of 1843-44. This was due partly to the fact that it played a lone hand—disregarding especially a plan for the creation of three counties, with one county seat at Youngstown, a second at Newton Falls and a third at Greene or Gustavus in northern Trumbull County—and partly to the exercise on Warren's part of the same canny political wisdom that had saved the county seat many years before. Although without assemblymen, Warren sent unofficial "commissioners" to Columbus and Youngstown's hopes were shattered. Warren had by this time, however, begun to see that division was inevitable and when Canfield came forward with a proposal for erecting a new county out of the ten southerly townships of Trumbull County and the five northerly townships of Columbiana County the offer was accepted and on February 16, 1846, Mahoning County was created with the county seat at Canfield. Youngstown had been defeated again and Warren had won. By division it had lost its only serious rival for county seat honors and still remained the county seat of one, of the largest counties in Ohio. This war, however, had the effect of demoralizing the movement for new modern county buildings, and it was not until 1852 that the contract for a new courthouse was let. In 1854 the building was completed. It had cost $23,658 and was considered one of the finest public buildings in Ohio at that time. Meanwhile Warren's volunteer fire department had been given its first great test. This came on June I, 1846, when the village was visited by a memorable conflagration that began near Main and Market streets and spread eastward to Liberty Street (now Park Avenue), following south on Liberty Street until it reached an open space. Twenty-two buildings were consumed by the flames in the three blocks ravaged. This was a comparatively minor fire, however, compared with the one that visited Warren on April 30, 1860. This blaze started in the furniture factory of Truesdell and Townsend, south of the canal, about 1 :00 o'clock in the afternoon of the above date. While the firemen responded quickly there was no hope of saving this factory as the contents as well as the building were highly combustible, but the large warehouse that stood near and the carriage factory of H. C. Belden were saved. A strong south wind was blowing and this carried sparks north of the canal. Here the fire was checked after two buildings had been consumed, but in a few moments the fire broke out in a new quarter. From this time on it was a constant battle. The firemen fought not merely fire but the treacherous wind and for a time it seemed as though War- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 423 ren was doomed to complete destruction. Virtually the whole village turned out to head off the destruction, even the women assisting by carrying water, covering the roofs of threatened buildings with water-soaked carpets and providing food for the men. At 5 in the afternoon the fire apparently was under control, but at 8 o'clock a freshened wind renewed the alarm when sparks were sent hurtling in all directions. Fortunately the fire was controlled until the wind subsided, and a rain that came through the night removed the danger, although the firemen remained on watch for another twenty-four h0urs. There were fully seventy-five financial sufferers from this disaster, most of these being business men, and the loss was estimated at $300,000. This period too saw the beginning of the Trumbull County fairs and the era of railroads. An agricultural exhibit had been held at Youngstown as early as 1818 or 1819, but it was 1846 before the Trumbull County Agricultural Society was organized to hold annual exhibits. John F. Beaver was chosen president of this organization for the first year and the initial fair was held in the courthouse park at Warren on October 23, 1846. The highest premium paid on this occasion for good stock was $4, but the fair was a notable event just the same and the Trumbull County fairs have remained among the successful in Northern Ohio since that day. The proposal for a railroad to connect the Ohio River with Lake Erie had been discussed as early as 1827 and in the '30s two railroad projects were advanced, work being actually begun on the Ashtabula, Warren and East Liverpool line. This plan was abandoned, however, with the building of the canal and another ten years elapsed before talk of railroad construction was resumed in earnest. This first successful railroad was largely a Warren project. On February 22, 1848, a charter was granted to the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad, and at the first meeting Jacob Perkins, Frederick Kinsman and Charles Smith of Warren, David Tod of Youngstown, Reuben Hitchcock of Painesville and Dudley Baldwin of Cleveland were named directors. Contracts were awarded for the grading and masonry for the fifty-three miles, from Cleveland to Warren, on March 3, 1853, and on May 18, 1853, similar contracts were let for the additional fourteen miles, from Warren through Youngstown to Crab Creek. Work was begun on March 16, 1853 at Kingsbury Run, near the western end of the route, but the world was delayed through inefficiency on the part of the contractors and through stringency in the money market, so that it was 1855 before the road was opened from Cleveland through Warren to Girard. About a year later, on November 24, 1856, the road was opened to Youngstown. This line is now more familiarly known as the Erie, although actually only under lease by that company. The decade that began in 1860-61 is such a notable one that it can scarcely be treated locally. The Civil war involved not merely a nation; the fate of free government throughout the world might be said to have depended upon its outcome. Yet even in this great drama Trumbull County deserves especial mention. Ohio was one of the most staunch of Union states. It not only sup- 424 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY ported the fight against secession from the moment of its inception b was one of the outstanding states throughout the entire four years the conflict. It ranked among the highest in enlistments, it gave to the country David Tod, one of the great "war governors," and David Tod was a Mahoning Valley man, born and bred. Yet Ohio, and every other state that bordered on slave territory, had its percentage of southern sympathizers, and of others who, while not secessionist in sympathy, opposed the use of arms in holding the seceding states in line. The Western Reserve was notable for its small percentage of these, and Trumbull County was among the most loyal of Western Reserve subdivisions. It was frankly abolitionist long before the war and staunchly Union in 1861. Meetings for defense followed in Warren and all other places in Trumbull County almost immediately upon receipt of the news that Fort Sumter had been fired upon. These gatherings were not merely for recruiting purposes but to promote means for the relief of the families of those called into the service. A committee for this work was named at Warren, numbering, among others, Henry B. Perkins, chairman ; Frederick T. Kinsman, secretary ; Matthew B. Tayler, treasurer; Edward Spear, Charles Smith and Louis J. Iddings. By April 20, 1861, Company A of Trumbull County had enrolled. more than 100 volunteers for war service. A month later Company A, the "Trumbull Riflemen,” was ordered into service as Company C, Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Capt. N. A. Barrett and Lieut. H. G. Stratton and entrained for Camp Taylor at Cleveland, the first Trumbull County company ordered into service. Thereafter Trumbull County men enrolled continually for four years. The county became notable, too, not merely for the numbers of men that it gave but for the rank they attained. Four of its soldiers, Emerson Opdyke, A. R. Chaffee, Jacob Dolson Cox and Robert W. Ratliff attained the rank of general. Gen. M. D. Leggett was also a Warren resident until 1857. The first regiment to be organized from this neighborhood was the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, that became the "Bloody Seventh" of history. It assembled at Camp Taylor, Cleveland, on April 30, 1861, one of its companies, Company H, being from Warren. E. B. Tyler of Ravenna, was colonel, William R. Creighton of Cleveland, lieutenant colonel, and John S. Casement, major. This regiment got into action in West Virginia in June, 1861, and was mustered out on July 8, 1864. The Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry followed closely on the Seventh, being organized at Camp Taylor early in May, 1861. Companies B, C and G were from Trumbull and Mahoning counties. Samuel Beatty was named colonel, Elliott W. Hollingsworth, lieutenant colonel, and Lewis P. Buckley, major. At Parkersburg, West Virginia, the Nineteenth was organized with the Eighth and Tenth into a brigade under Gen. William S. Rosecrans. The services of the Nineteenth were mostly with the Western Army and it was mustered out at Camp Chase on November 25, 1865, after 472 years of life. The Twentieth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized in May, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 425 1861, with Col. Charles Whittlesey in command and saw its first severe service at Fort Donelson. It later became scattered, but subsequently seven of its companies were united in Tennessee. The Twentieth was mustered out on June 18, 1864. Trumbull County men were included in Company H. The Twenty-Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized on the first call from President Lincoln and left Camp Chase for the field on July 24, 1861. It saw service at Shiloh, Stone River and Chickamauga. Company F was recruited in Trumbull County and the county was also represented in Companies A and B. GENERAL EMERSON OPDYKE, COMMANDER OF "OPDYKE'S TIGERS" The Twenty-Ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was largely an Ashtabula County regiment but included a number of men from northern Trumbull County. It saw service both in Virginia and in the Western Army and was mustered out on July 22, 1865. The Thirty-Eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was a Western Ohio organization, but Trumbull County was represented in several of its companies. The Forty-First Ohio Volunteer Infantry had its origin in a company of volunteers recruited in Trumbull County by Seth A. Bushnell and Emerson Opdyke. The regiment was formally organized on September 1, 1861, with Col. William B. Hazen in command. Actual service began in the Cumberland Valley in November, 1861, and the regiment participated in the battle of Shiloh, Perrysville, Murfreesboro and Chick- 426 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY amauga, and was with Sherman on the Atlanta campaign. The Forty-First was mustered out on November 26, 1865, more than six months after the close of the war. Company A was from Trumbull County and Companies B, F and K were partly recruited here. The Forty-Second Ohio Volunteer Infantry was Gen. James A. Garfield's regiment when Garfield held the rank of colonel. There were several Trumbull County men in this regiment, also in the Fiftieth, Fifty-Second and Sixty-Fourth. The Eighty-Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized at Camp Chase on June 7, 1862, with Col. William Lawrence in command. Company C was enrolled in the townships of Trumbull and Mahoning counties. The Eighty-Sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was recruited in May, 1862, for three months. The regiment served in West Virginia under the three months' enlistment and was then reorganized as six months' regiment. Trumbull County was represented> in several companies of this regiment. The Eighty-Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry was another three months' regiment, recruited in May, 1862. Company I was recruited partly from Trumbull and Mahoning counties. The One Hundred and Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was one of the famed regiments of this neighborhood, being recruited wholly from the eastern part of the Reserve; Company C was from Weathersfield Township, Company B from different parts of Trumbull County and Company I from northern Trumbull County and southern Ashtabula. The regiment was organized complete, on August 21, 1862, and reached Covington, Kentucky, 0n August 22d. By October 8th it was in the fighting at Perrysville and fr0m that time on was in the bitter battles fought by the Western Army. C0l, Albert S. Hall, the original commander of the One Hundred and Fifth, died at Murfreesboro and in February, 1864, Lieut.-Col. George T. Perkins became colonel, remaining in command until the regiment was mustered out on June 3, 1865. The One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized largely by Col; Emerson Opdyke in N0vember and December, 1862, and on. January 3, 1863, started for the front under command of Colonel Opdyke. The regiment participated in the fighting that raged about Lookout Mountain and from the ferocity with which it fought at Chickamauga received its name of "Opdyke's Tigers." It was one of the first regiments to reach the summit of Mission Ridge. It was mustered out at Camp Chase on October 17, 1864. Companies A, B and C were from Trumbull and Mahoning counties. The One Hundred and Seventy-First Volunteer Infantry was "Trumbull's Own," seven of the ten companies being recruited from this county. It was mustered in for one hundred days' service on May 7, 1864, saw service in Kentucky, was on guard duty at Johnson's Island and was mustered out on August 20, 1864. Joel F. Asper was colonel of this regiment, Heman R. Harmon, lieutenant colonel and Manning A. Fowler, major. The Trumbull County companies were A, B, C, D, G, H and I. The One Hundred and Ninety-Sixth Ohi0 Volunteer Infantry, Col. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 427 Robert P. Kennedy commanding, was mustered in on March 25, 1865, and entered the service in West Virginia in the closing days of the war. It was mustered out at Baltimore on September II, 1865. Companies D and E and part of Company K were from Trumbull County. The Second Ohio Volunteer Cavalry was organized in 1861, recruiting beginning under Benjamin F. Wade of Jefferson and John Hutchins of Warren. It was mustered in on October 10, 1861, and reached Missouri in January, 1862, its first engagement was with Quantrell's guerillas, who were badly beaten. After more fighting in the southwest the regiment was reorganized at Camp Chase, fought Morgan's men in Kentucky, served under Rosecrans in the Army of the Cumberland and was with Sheridan at Winchester. The Second Ohio was one of the crack cavalry regiments of the Union Army. It was mustered out at Camp Chase on September 11, 1865, after four years of service in Which it marched 27,000 miles and participated in ninety-seven engagements. It was commanded successively by Cols. Charles Doubleday, August V. Kautz, A. B. Nettleton and Dudley Seward, Robert W. Ratliff being lieutenant-colonel until June 25, 1863. Companies C, D and E were f rom Trumbull and Mahoning counties, Company D being largely a Farmington Township organization, and there were Trumbull County men in Companies B, F, G, H, I and M. The Sixth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry was also recruited by Wade and Hutchins and was organized at Camp Hutchins, Warren, in October, 1861. Nearly one-third of its members were Trumbull County men. The regiment reached West Virginia in May, 1862, fought at Antietam and Gettysburg, was reorganized early in 1863, participated in the Wilderness battle and the closing engagements of the war and was mustered out in August, 1865. Trumbull County men were recruited in Companies A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and K, and more especially in Companies D, G, I and K. The Twelfth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry was organized in October, 1863, and Col. Robert W. Ratliff was placed in command. The regiment's early engagements were with Morgan's men in Kentucky and for the remainder of that year and in 1865 participated in the fighting in Kentucky and Tennessee. It was mustered out on November 22, 1865, The Second Ohio Independent Battery was organized in July, 1861, for three years and served until July, 1865. Trumbull County was well represented in this detachment. The Ninth Ohio Independent Battery was organized at Camp Wood in October, 1861. There were two or three enlistments from Trumbull County in this battery. The Fourteenth Ohio Independent Battery was recruited in the summer of 1861, largely from Trumbull, Lake, Ashtabula and Geauga counties. It was mustered in on September 10, 1861, for three years and saw its first fighting at Pittsburg Landing. The Fifteenth Ohio Independent Battery was recruited in the fall of 1861 by Capt. J. B. Burrows and Lieut. Edward Spear of the Fourteenth. This battery was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, serving with Sherman on his march to the sea. 428 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY The Twenty-Fifth Ohio Independent Battery was a detachment from the Second Ohio Cavalry and was organized at Crane Creek, Missouri on February 17, 1863. Trumbull County was largely represented in this organization. The First Ohio Light Artillery was organized before the opening of the Civil war and was called into service on April 22, 1861, Col. James Barnett ,commanding. It was formally mustered in in September, 1861, for three years. Trumbull and Mahoning counties were represented in Companies B, C, E and F. The Second Ohio Heavy Artillery was organized in the summer of 1863. Trumbull County was represented in several companies, more especially in Company G. The closing of the Civil war found Warren a mature municipality, but not an especially pleasing one in appearance. The public square was beginning to assume a more attractive look, but the streets were scarcely better than country roads, subject to all the inconveniences that accompany unimproved highways. As early as 1837 village ordinances had been passed defining the grades of more prominent streets and there were later additions to this sort of legislation but there was little actual improvement in the condition of the streets and not a great deal of civic progress in any other direction. The closing of the war, however, saw the beginning of an era of progress throughout the entire United States. There was a mighty migration to the unsettled West, while in the East municipalities began to awaken from their lethargy. The peaceful, placid, unprogressive antebellum days were gone, and Warren was affected, like its sister communities, by the demand for modern improvements. In the spring of 1865 all previous grade ordinances were repealed by the village council and an ordinance was passed establishing a permanent base of levels, from which all future grades should be measured and recorded. On May 25, 1865, the first paving ordinance was passed, this measure providing for the construction of a "track" eight feet in width, in Market Street, the materials to be furnace slag or something equally satisfactory. Nothing was done under this act, and on December 4, 1865, an ordinance was offered proposing the improvement of Market Street, from Liberty Street (Park Avenue) west to the river and east to Elm Street ; and Main Street from Market Street south to South Street and north to the town limits, this extension now being Mahoning Avenue. About the same time an ordinance was offered providing for the sewering of certain streets. The sewering ordinance was passed on May 12, 1866, and the paving ordinance on May 30, 1866. These improvements, however, were not authorized without protest. Throughout the winter of 1865-66 there was intense opposition to the ordinances, then pending in council, and the municipal election in the spring of 1866 was fought out between the champions of progress and the unprogressive residents who believed that these modern improvements were extravagant and unnecessary. The improvement ordinances were passed only after the progressives had won the election. Even this defeat did not halt the conservatives. With work on the YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 429 authorized improvements actually started a mass meeting of protest was called. At this gathering, held in Webb's Hall on August 31, 1866, resolutions were adopted protesting against proceeding with the sewer work, the protest representing the sentiments of those "opposed to the present system of sewerage, recognized by the town council, with its unjust as unequal assessment of some $40,000 taxes in but one of three sewer districts." The resolutions of protest were received, the sewer committee of council considered them and made a report to council "recognizing the right of those opposed to object and recommending that the work go on." This report was adopted by council. It was in 1867, however, before work was begun on the first street pavements, in Main and Market streets, AN OLD-TIME VIEW IN WARREN and another year elapsed before the first sewers were constructed. From that time on improvements were made consistently. The wisdom of the progressive citizens who favored advancement was soon demonstrated. Up to this time the original corporate limits of the village had been maintained, but in 1868 council passed an ordinance authorizing a vote upon a proposal to extend the boundaries of the municipality to give it four times its original area, or two square miles. This extension proposal carried on popular vote, 288 to 9, but the area was reduced by the county commissioners. A year later, in 1869, Warren advanced from the status of village to the grade of city. From this period, or from about 1870 onward to the close of the century, the growth of Warren was gradual, being in fact slow when considered from a viewpoint of population and business importance. The period that began with the construction of the canal saw some manufacturing establishments started, including woolen, wood working and 430 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY carriage manufacturing, machine shops, grist mills and the Packard and Company iron works that eventually became a rolling mill with puddling furnaces, muck mill and finishing mills. With the failure of this firm in the panic of 1873 the mill was sold to William Richard and in 1879 became the property of Covington Westlake, still later becoming the Warren Rolling Mill. Warren, however, did not profit to the extent that Youngstown did in the rise of the era of iron making that began about Civil war times. It was less favored in fact, than Niles, although it maintained its supremacy over this neighboring municipality in point of size, and, it might be added, in a number of other respects. While progressing in no great measure in a manufacturing way, however, Warren was noted during this period for its culture, its municipal attractiveness and even more for its political prestige. The traditions of the early days in this respect were not only maintained but even surpassed in the closing days of the nineteenth century. Trumbull County was never politically neutral. Its men were men of pronounced views in the earliest days of statehood. Eventually the county became staunchly Whig, then staunchly abolitionist and finally staunchly Republican. It disliked slavery and had contempt for pro-slavery laws. As it had entered the war against disunion wholeheartedly and Any of its men had risen to places of prominence therein it is not surprising that Trumbull County was influential in the two score years succeeding that conflict. With its large neighboring county of Ashtabula and its smaller neighboring counties of Geauga and Lake it formed a rock-ribbed Republican district to which Republicans of Ohio looked for the majorities that would save them from defeat in the state. Its Democratic minority was as militant as it was small; perhaps more imbued with the fighting spirit because it was small. At any rate, its Democratic rallies were not surpassed by any in the state, and Democratic ardor was not diminished by failure to break down the overwhelming majorities of the opposition on election day. It was the Republican political gatherings of Trumbull County, however, that became famed in history. There were many of these, too many to enumerate, but all others were eclipsed by the, famous rally o September 28, 1880 the greatest political assemblage in the history of the Western Reserve. Gen. James A. Garfield was the Republican nominee for President in this year, and Warren was selected as the opening place of the campaign because it was the leading city in the district that General Canfield had represented for so many years in Congress. Even apart from its size there were several reasons why this great gathering should occupy such a prominent place in the political history of our country. The Republican party was entering upon the campaign split with dissension and shaken in confidence. Four years before had occurred the Hayes-Tilden contest that had given the Republicans victory by a bare majority of one electoral vote, and then only after a contest that raged for months after election day. The Republican convention of 188o was marked by a feeling of bitterness that has never been equaled, except YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 431 perhaps in 1912. Under the leadership of the magnetic Roscoe Conkling, party leader and senator from New York, a terrific effort had been made to name Gen. U. S. Grant for a third term and Garfield had been nominated by enemies to this movement whose slogan was, "Anything to Beat Grant." The Grant forces had left the convention beaten but sullen: On top of this General Garfield was under personal fire, not merely for certain acts in public life but because he had accepted the nomination. Ohio Republicans had gone to the national convention pledged to John Sherman, with General Garfield as leader of the delegation. There were rumblings of treachery from the Sherman cohorts after the nomination had been made, although, in all fairness it must be said that these appear to have been unwarranted. This situation made necessary not merely a movement that would bring the Grant forces into line but that would solidify Garfield sentiment in his home state. The Warren gathering of September 23, 1880, was designed to bring this about. General Grant presided as chairman of the meeting and Senator Conkling made the principal speech. The local committee, with John M. Stull as chairman, had made elaborate preparations, even to erecting a "wigwam" with a capacity of 12,000. Thousands flocked to 'Warren for the day, and less than half those present were able to gain admission to the meeting place. In addition to Grant and Conkling there were present Sidon Cameron, Senator John A. Logan, Gen. M. D. Bradley of Kentucky and other notables. The two chief visitors were entertained by Henry B. Perkins during their stay. The meeting had the desired result. The Republican ranks were never entirely closed during the subsequent campaign, but this demonstration of unity helped General Canfield to win the presidency. That it was a necessary move is apparent from the fact that his popular plurality was but a bare 7,000 over General Hancock, while a change of comparatively few votes in two or three pivotal states 'would have cost the presidency. General Garfield was succeeded in Congress by Judge E. B. Taylor of Warren, and in other respects Warren, and Trumbull County, ranked high politically in the last quarter of the century. It suffered the setbacks that came with the panic of 1893, although perhaps affected less than some of its neighboring municipalities because it depended less upon the iron and steel industry. In fact Warren was considered a- city of more than average prosperity in that day. It became, too, one of the beauty spots among Ohio municipalities. It has had more than its share of fires, and was visited by another on March 25, 1895, when the courthouse was destroyed by flames. Fortunately this fire occurred during the day when court was in session and the county offices were occupied so that most of the records were saved. The courthouse had seen forty years or more of service, and, while still a serviceable building, must eventually have been replaced, so that this misfortune merely hastened the construction of a new building. With characteristic energy this work was undertaken immediately and the result is one of the most pleasing-appearing public buildings in Ohio. Its setting is such that it attracts the eye of every visitor, being built on the 432 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY site of the two previous buildings at the north side of the public square, or City Park, a spot that the years have made really a park with wide lawns and magnificent trees. It was just before the close, of the nineteenth century that Warren and Trumbull County for the fourth time heard the call to war. In the early days when military training was the rule the annual "muster day" was one of the great days of the year in the Trumbull County seat, but no military company existed in the days following the Civil war. With the advent of the Spanish-American war, however, the old spirit of the Western Reserve asserted itself. A public meeting to recruit a military company was held in the City Hall on the evening of April no, 1898, with Senator John J. Sullivan as presiding officer. With the call for SECOND TRUMBULL COUNTY COURT HOUSE volunteers 198 young men responded and a company was organized w F. M. Ritezel as captain, Robert M. Paden, first lieutenant; Harry B. Ramley, second lieutenant. The same evening the services of the company were offered President McKinley by wire and drill work began, In June, 1898, the company was mustered into the Ohio Volunteer Service by Adjutant-General Kingsley and designated as American Volunteers, unattached. A later organization had been effected that retained Captain Ritezel in command with William C, Ward as first lieutenant; Frank H. Waldeck, second lieutenant ; F. S. Van Gorder, third lieutenant ; Harry Williams and John M. Craig, duty sergeants. As the war was comparatively brief and only National Guard organizations were called upon for service the efforts of the Warren organization to get to the front were unavailing. Nevertheless the company continued drill work and perfected itself for the possible call to duty. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 433 In June, 1899, the Warren command was attached to the Fifth Ohio National Guard as Company D. Captain Ritezel was promoted to the place of lieutenant-colonel on the staff of General Dick and was succeeded by F. S. Van Gorder. The company was ordered to New York in October, 1899, to act as an escort to Admiral Dewey who was returning from the Philippines. The story of Company D's part in the World war, when Captain Van Gorder rose to the rank of colonel, is told in another chapter. Warren upheld its military record, and that record is further perpetuated in the Ohio National Guard armory building that is one of the most notable of Warren public structures. CHAPTER XXII WARREN IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY-A STORY OF MARVELOUS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT WROUGHT BY PROGRESSIVE RESIDENTS- WARREN'S BUSINESS, EDUCATIONAL, RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL LIFE -HISTORY OF WARREN TOWNSHIP OUTSIDE CITY. With the beginning of the twentieth century Warren had completed 100 years of existence. It had started the century as the seat of justice of a small empire, and in the next two decades had become the commercial center of a great part of Northeastern Ohio. For many years thereafter it maintained a relatively high standing in a business way, but gradually Cleveland rose to undisputed supremacy in Northern Ohio and Youngstown and Akron drew ahead, while smaller cities sprang up on the old Western Reserve. At the end of 100 years Warren had a population of but 8,529, this being the figure shown when the census of two was taken. This loss in a commercial sense was, of course, partly offset by other considerations. Warren had shown no great zeal in its later years for material progress but it had become one of the most beautiful cities of Ohio. There was a New England-like air to the community. The unusually large public square had become the beautiful City Park and furnished a setting to the stately Trumbull County courthouse. The residence streets were lined with magnificent shade trees. There was more cleanliness than was common in Mahoning Valley municipalities. Warren had become a seat of culture and its people not only had deep appreciation of the better things of life but a dignified respect for things of the past. There was a marked conservatism in business and in other respects. The population was largely of American lineage and proud of its record in this respect. With the beginning of the new century, however, another generation was springing up ; one that wanted to restore Warren's commercial prestige and make it a city of industries and swift-flowing business. Among these residents there was a feeling that Warren had a surplus of conservatism and not enough twentieth century energy. Discussion of the movement for a greater Warren led to the incorporation, in December, 1905, of the Warren Board of Trade, an organization that started with a membership of about 125 and with William S. Voit as president and Fred W. Adams as secretary. In its first few years of existence the Board of Trade formed merely the groundwork for future activities. Its real mission as an agent to "sell" Warren began on December 2, 1909, when the board was reorgan- - 434 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 435 ized with 0. R. Grimmesey as president and George C. Braden as secretary. The need of a more active campaign to bring industries to Warren was made apparent in 1910 when the decennial census gave the city a population of but 11,081. This was an increase of 30 per cent in ten years--a substantial growth in itself, but not great enough to satisfy ambitious Warrenites. They set to work to make the next ten-year period a record breaker. The story of their success is one of the most marvelous in the history of American business. Backed by business concerns, financial institutions, manufacturing concerns and private citizens, the Board of Trade set to work in 1910 advertising Warren. For two or three years it contented itself largely with this ; although every agency possible was skillfully used to acquaint the world with the Trumbull County capital. But with the field properly sown the trade body went after new industries. In this work, as in its advertising campaign, the Board of Trade attempted nothing revolutionary. It adopted methods that had been used in other communities for years, but Warren made a glowing success of a plan that had failed in many other places. To attract capital that, was seeking a location the board bought a large tract of land that had railroad facilities, and offered free sites to, prospective investors. It proved an especially successful venture because plant locations were given without too many strings attached. There was also a blending of the old and the new Warren spirit in this movement. The ancient conservatism of the city was upheld by promising nothing except what could be delivered ; the inherent New England thrift of Warren .was shown by making the free-sites venture pay for itself. Warren accomplished this by the simple expedient of buying more land than was needed and selling off the surplus, after plant sites had been given away, for other purposes and at a profit great enough to pay for the donated land. This plan has been consistently followed as new manufacturing plats have been purchased and opened. There was opposition, of course, to this, movement to make Warren a bustling business city. One can readily understand, and sympathize with, those who protested, for bringing industries meant running the risk of destroying the city's beauty, but the progressives triumphed and within two years their campaign began to show results. Industries began to come. The largest of all Warren plants, the works of the Trumbull Steel Company, were built in 1913, and since that time one plant has followed another. There has never been a "boom," for there was a solid basis for growth. There has been no setback, for there was no mushroom growth to collapse. Natural advantages, good facilities and energy alone worked the transformation. Warren alone furnished perhaps half of the capital invested in new business and a great percentage of the total came from Mahoning Valley investors.. A review of the, progress of the last ten years in Warren reads like the story of the founding of a new city. In that short space of time thirty-three new industrial concerns have located in the city, with employes ranging from 10 to 5,000 in number. Warren was "sold" to most of these, but a few came without solicitation because they had heard of the re- 436 - VIEWS IN MODERN WARREN, ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL CITIES IN THE WESTERN RESERVE YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 437 markable things Warren is doing. Today the city has three score of manufacturing plants and another twenty or more other industrial concerns. The annual payroll approaches $20,000,000. Fifteen business blocks have been erected, the most notable being the eight-story Western Reserve Bank building and the six-story Second National Bank structure. One large modern hotel, the Warner, is under construction and another, the Warren, is projected. Forty buildings have been remodeled, or additions made thereto. Twenty public garages and more than 100 smaller store buildings have been put up,, Approximately 3,00o homes have been built, seven new churches have been erected, six grade school buildings put up and two remodeled. In the first three months of 1920 buildings valued at almost $200,000 were contracted for. It is not surprising that the census of 1920 gave Warren a population of 27,050, a gain of 10,969, or 144.1 per cent, in the preceding ten years, showing almost unequaled in the country. There was no annexation connected with this, although the city limits have been extended since 1910 to meet expansion. Conservative Warrenites predict 50,000 population in 1930 ; more optimistic ones see 75,000, and the optimists exceed the conservatives in number. They believe Warren's status as a manufacturing center is now fixed and that industry will naturally flow there. They expect an increased number of smaller diversified industries, for while steel is the backbone of business in Warren it is not a one-industry city. And in payroll, bank deposits and volume of business Warren is already a city of 50,000. Warren needs more homes, grade crossings elimination, extension of its water system, a more extensive retail business district and more of the outside capital that is seeking an investment place. Warrenites say they are going to get all of these. They are also going to work to have the main line of the proposed Lake Erie-Ohio River Canal pass through their city instead of being left with only a feeder canal.. Warren's financial institutions have had much to do with the growth of the city. They have been conducted conservatively and yet have cooperated liberally in financing new projects and by giving aid whenever anything for the betterment of the city has been proposed. There are five institutions of this sort, two national banks, one state bank, or savings and trust company and two building and loan companies, and in addition to this two foreign exchange banks. The Union Savings and Trust Company is, by lineage, .not only the oldest hank in Warren but the oldest on the Western Reserve. This earliest financial institution, formed long before a bank was suggested for Cleveland, Youngstown or Akron, was chartered in the winter of 1811-12 under the name of the Western Reserve Bank. The incorporators were Gen, Simon Perkins, Robert D. Parkman, Turhand Kirtland, George Tod, John Ford, C. S. Mygatt, Calvin Austin,, John Kinsman, Sr., and William Rayen, The stockholders, sixty-four in number, came from all over the eastern part of the Reserve and their holdings ranged from $20,000 in the case of John Kinsman, Sr., to $50 subscriptions by two or three 438 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY stockholders. The capital was fixed at $100,000, a great amount o money for that day. At the organization meeting, held at the home of John Reed, General Perkins, Kirtland, Ford, Rayen, Austin, Mygatt, Calvin Pease, Henry Wick, Leonard Case, David. Clendennin, William Bell, Sr., Richard Hayes and Francis Freeman were elected directors. John Kinsman, Sr., died before the bank was formally organized. General Perkins was elected president of the bank and Zalmon Fitch cashier, Mr. Fitch becoming" president on the retirement of General Perkins in 1836. The bank began business on November 24, 1813, in a house in Main Street that had been used by Robert Erwin as a store, and in 1816-17 erected a banking building that stood on the site of the present Union Savings and Trust Company Building.. In 1816 the bank was organized under a new state banking law, continuing under this law until December, 1843. In February, 1845, the Ohio Independent Banking Act was passe and on April 16, 1845, the shareholders reorganized under this act, retaining the name of Western Reserve Bank and fixing the capital at $50,000. George Parsons was named president of the reorganized stitution and George Tayler cashier. The National Banking Act was passed early in 1863, and on July 2 1863, the stockholders of the Western Reserve Bank voted to take out charter under this measure, the name being changed to the First Nation Bank. At this time Henry B. Perkins was elected president and Geor Tayler, cashier. Mr. Perkins remained in this capacity until h death in March, 1902. George Tayler died in 1864 and was succeede as cashier by Matthew B. Tayler, who died in 1880. John H. McComb was then named cashier, serving until his death in 1886, when William Stiles was elected cashier, remaining until 1902. The Citizens Savings Bank and the Warren Savings Bank Compa had been organized in the meantime. In July, 1902, the Citizens and the First National banks were merged under the name of the Union National Bank, and in July, 1904, the Warren Savings Bank Company was taken over by the Union National Bank, T. H. Gillmer being president at this time and Capt. William Wallace cashier. On November 14, 1911, the stockholders of the Union National Bank voted to apply for a charter as a state bank, and on November 21, 1911, the institution was chartered as the Union Savings and Trust Company. The Union Savings and Trust Company has a capital of $300,000 and is one of the substantial state banks of Ohio. Its present officers are, F. W. Stillwagon, president ; R. A. Cobb, vice president ; J. C. Cratsley, secretary and treasurer ; W. F. Bowen and J. N. Butler, assistants to the secretary and treasurer. The Second National Bank is the oldest of Warren's banks in the sense of continuing without reorganization or change of name. It was organized on May 16, 1880, with eighty shareholders and a capital of $100,000. D. J. Adams was elected president ; A. Wentz, vice president; K. M. Fitch, cashier. In addition to these, Gen.. R. W. Ratliff, C. A. Harrington, I. 0. Hart, L. F. Bartlett, E. Finney, I. N. Lynn and A. A. Drake were the first board members. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 439 The Second National Bank has rounded out forty years of existence and is now housed in its new six-story building at Main and Market streets. It has a capital of $200,000 and resources in excess of $3,000,000. The present officers are, S. C. Iddings, president ; Fred W. Adams, vice president; E. J. Boyd, cashier. The Western Reserve National Bank was organized in 1885 with, some of the most substantial business men of Warren as its founders. It has been an unusually successful institution from its inception and has resources of more than $7,000,000, a showing that is perhaps unexcelled by any bank in the city the size of Warren. The Western Reserve Bank Building, newly constructed, is the largest business block in Warren. The bank has a paid-in capital of $400,000. Its officers include, S. W. Park, chairman of the board ; Dan A. Geiger, president; Charles Fillius, vice president; S. R. Russell, cashier; E. F. Briscoe and P. D. Abbott, assistants to the cashier. The Trumbull savings, and Loan Company is one of the oldest institutions of this kind in the state, having been organized in 1889 and opened for business in 1890. The company has a capital of $250,000, and its assets of $35,000 in the first year of its existence have been increased to approximately $4,500,000 to-day. The company is located at High Street and Park Avenue, Warren, and has a branch institution at Girard. The officers are, John W. Master, chairman of the board; Robert T. Izant, president ; J. H. Ewalt, vice president ; James R. Izant, secretary ; G. W. Masters, treasurer; William H. Zeller, manager of Girard branch. The People's Saving Company was organized in September, 1915, and has had a flourishing existence of five years. The original officers were William L. Coale, president ; S. C. Reid, J. B. Estabrook and A. N. Flora, vice presidents ; L. B. Kennedy, secretary. The company is now located in the Stone Block at High Street and Park Avenue, but will remodel the Sherwood Block in Market Street and remove to this new location shortly. Mr. Coale is still president of the institution ; S. C. Reid, first vice president ; F. C. March, second vice president, and N. L. Pew, secretary. PUBLIC AFFAIRS As part of the Western Reserve, whose ownership and jurisdiction was in dispute, Warren was virtually without a government during the first year of its existence as a settlement. This situation was remedied in 1800 with the creation of Trumbull County and the organization of a county court. At its February session in 1802 this court ordered that the civil townships created in 1800 be duly organized. The civil township of Warren actually embraced fifteen townships, eight of these being now in Trumbull County, five in Portage County and two in Mahoning. In conformity with the court order an election was held at the house of Capt. Ephraim Quinby, on April 6, 1802, when Simon Perkins, Benjamin Davison and John H. Adgate were elected trustees; Zopher Carnes and Thomas Ross, appraisers of property ; George Lovelace, lister ; Zopher Carnes, 440 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY William Hall and John Leavitt, supervisors of highways ; Meshach Case and Thomas Prior, overseers of the poor ; Charles Dally, Benjamin Davison and James Wilson, -fence viewers ; Jonathan Church and William Crook, constables. Gradually the other townships that made up the civil township of Warren were separately organized but the village retained the township form of government for more than thirty years. In the winter of 1834, however, residents of the village applied for a municipal charter and on March 3, 1834, this petition was granted by the Legislature. Warren was a pioneer in this respect, as Cleveland was not yet incorporated and it was fifteen years later before Youngstown achieved this honor. The act creating the village provided for municipal limits— "Beginning at a point one hundred and sixty rods due west of the center of the public square, thence running north one hundred and sixty rods, thence east three hundred and twenty rods, thence south three hundred and twenty rods, thence west three hundred and twenty rods, thence north to the place of beginning." It was a diminutive municipality, three hundred and twenty rods square, or one-half a square mile in all These boundaries stood until 1868, when council passed an ordinance extending the boundaries to give the village an area of two square miles. Although this was ratified by a popular vote the county commissioners reduced the proposed limits to make a municipality 520 rods square. At the first village election, held at the courthouse on April 5, 1834, Liberty Raymond and Henry Lane presided and Lyman Potter acted as clerk. George Parsons was elected mayor; Edward Spear, recorder; George Mygatt, marshal; Samuel Chesney, treasurer ; Charles White, Charles Smith, John Roberts, A. W. Porter, Walter King, Richard King and Asahel Adams, trustees, or councilmen. In 1869 Warren was advanced to the grade of city and was divided into three wards. At the first city election I. N. Dawson was named mayor, E. W. Hoyt, clerk ; Charles R. Hunt, Alonzo Truesdell, C. C. McNutt, J. J. Gillmer, Henry J. Lane and Albert Watson, members of council. In 1899 the Warren city limits were extended for the first time since 1868, but the county commissioners again reduced the area petitioned for, the intent of the council and the voters being to extend the boundaries i,000 feet in each direction. In the last twenty years there have been repeated extensions until Warren covers a great part of the eastern part of the township and extends well over into Howland Township. The elective city officers for 1920-21 include, J. D. McBride, mayor ; George T. Hecklinger, auditor ; R. D. Leffingwell, solicitor; William Bowen, treasurer ; Donald McCurdy, president of council; William L. Coale, W. G. Hurlbert, Herbert Varley and George Max, ward councilmen; U. G. King, D. R. Gilbert and Joseph Hughes, councilmen-at-large. E. H. Braunberns is director of public service and W. A. Lynn director of public safety. The law enforcement department of the Warren city government dates back to the first term of court of Trumbull County in August, 1800, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 441 when Jonathan Church was named constable for the civil township then created. At the first election, two years later, Church was again named, and with him William Crooks, the two men being expected to patrol an area of approximately 375 square miles. With the election of George Mygatt as marshal in 1834 a new form of police supervision was installed. This lasted for many years, or until the office of chief of police was created. This position is now filled by B. J. Gillen, who has twenty men under him. The first step toward organizing a fire department was taken on December 1, 1836, when the village council called a meeting for this purpose. At this meeting a volunteer company was formed that included George Kiek, David Ernest, William Johnson, J. H. C. Johnson, James Madden, William Rand, Charles Willison, J. B. Canfield, O. H. Gatch, C. M. Gatch, Thomas Cook, William Williams, A. W. Parker, A. Fuller, Thomas Moore, A. E. Adams, C. Parkman, Lemuel Reeves, E. H. Allison, Alonson Camp, C. W. Sawyer, Milton Sutliff, J. Seferheld, William Green, John McBride, Albert Van Gorder and John McKee. George Parsons was named senior fire warden, James Van Gorder, Charles Stevens, Frederick Kinsman and Benjamin Robbins, assistant fire wardens. It was the duty of the fire wardens to order men found in the street at the time of fire to work, the penalty being $T0 fine for refusal to obey this order. There was also a $5 penalty attached when a volunteer failed to respond to an alarm and could not give a reasonable excuse for his dereliction. Fines were ordered for other offenses of omission and commission on the part of firemen and plain citizens, while there were premiums for meritorious service and once a year the village council had to furnish the firemen a grand dinner. Shortly afterwards an engine house was built on the south side of the park and the first piece of fire-fighting equipment, an engine that was warranted to throw Too gallons of water a minute, was installed therein. This engine, the "Saratoga," cost $225 and directed a stream that would reach the top of a three-story building. The disastrous fire of 1846 taught the need of better equipment and another engine was purchased for $600, a more commodious fire station also being built. There were additions in succeeding years, but after the fire of 1860 a new fire company was organized to take the place of the old one, which disbanded. J. W. Brooks was elected foreman of the new company ; C. B. Darling, assistant foreman; E. L. Downs, secretary ; H. G. Stratton, treasurer ; R. C. Darling, first engineer ; J. D. Miller, second engineer ; John Barnett, first hose director ; Thomas Gillmer, second hose director; James Gillmer and William Peffers, pipe men; William Miller and John Donovan, ax men. In 1868 there was still another reorganization, when the "I. N. Dawson Company" was formed and a Silsby engine purchased. In 1875-76 the old city hall, west of the square, was built and fire headquarters were established on the first floor. Additional equipment was added from time to time, a hook and ladder truck was added in 1887, a fire alarm system was added in 1894 and the present Central fire station was built in 1896. In 1898 the I. N. Dawson Company was disbanded and the present fire department organized. 442 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Warren now, has a modern motorized fire department, under Chief D. K. Moser, with a force of twenty-six men working two platoons. In addition to the Central station at Park and Franklin there is a No. 2 station at Park and Hall. Today Warren has about thirty-five miles of paved streets, and many miles of sewers and sidewalks, improvements of this kind having been made in an unusual manner in the last ten years, the tax duplicate being in the neighborhood of $50,000,000. Light and water are furnished by the Trumbull Service Company, although it is possible that these utilities will be taken over by the city. Warren also needs a new city hall, the old one having been abandoned after forty years of service. City offices are in now an annex to the Central fire station. WARREN SCHOOLS Shortly after the founding of the settlement of Warren a log school house was built on the river bank just west of the public square. This school was probably in existence in 1802, certainly in 1803, and George Parsons was apparently the first teacher here. Shortly afterwards a second log building was put up, John Leavitt, Jr., being the first teacher here, and within a comparatively short time a frame school structure was put up just north of the first schoolhouse. About 1816 a young lady's seminary was opened by, a Miss Boswick in the old "Castle. William," and in 1818 a movement was begun for an academy, or select school. The Warren School Association was formed for this purpose and a brick academy building was erected on a lot purchased from Capt. Ephraim Quinby, the location being now in High Street. James Quigley, Richard Iddings, Samuel Leavitt, Francis Freeman and George Parsons were the original board of trustees of this school. Primary and high school grades were provided for and the academy survived for some years, the building being used for school purposes even after this institution had been abandoned. In 1837-38 Daniel Jagger taught a select school in a large frame building at the corner of what is now Park Avenue and South Street and schools were conducted by a Miss Estabrook, James D. Callender and Junius Dana, who occupied the academy building and in 1844 Professor Bronson opened an Episcopal seminary for girls in a building in South Street. Other instructors of the '30s and '40s were, William G. Darley, Martha Callender, Martha Dickey, Fanny Dickey, Lucy Clark, S. D. Harris, Dr. J. R. Woods and Reverend Brown, a Baptist clergyman. In 1844-45 three frame district' schools were built, these being conducted, of course, by the system then in use that did not provide for a tax levy for school purposes. In 1849 the Ohio act providing for school districts was passed and after the objects of the law had been explained by John Hutchins a call was made for an election to decide whether Warren should adopt the union school system. This call was signed by Matthew Birchard, Leicester King, John B. Harmon, R. P. Ranney, Milton Graham and L. J. Iddings, and at the election, held on April 10, 1849, the vote was 134 for the creation of the school district and 22 against. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 443 On April 23d a school board consisting of R. P. Ranney, George Tayler, Matthew Birchard, B. P. Jameson, Joseph Perkins and John Hutchins was elected and at the organization meeting on April 3oth, Mr. Birchard was named president ; John Hutchins, secretary, and George Tayler, treasurer. Julian Harmon, Jacob Perkins and Rev. W. C. Clark were named school examiners. The board proceeded to organize the schools, a high school being organized with Miss Martha Dickey in charge while six primary and secondary rooms were arranged and opened during the summer with Fanny Dickey, Mary Brown, Amanda Brown, Elizabeth A. Tuttle, Mary Tillotson and Frances Janes as teachers. On September t0, 1849, the schools were formally opened with M. D. Leggett as superintendent and principal of the high school, Miss Lucretia Wolcott, assistant in the high school; Miss Lucretia Pomeroy, principal of the grammar school; Martha DANA'S MUSICAL INSTITUTE Dickey, M. A. Booth, Lucia Cotton, Frances Janes, Amanda Brown and Marietta Leggett, teachers in the primary and secondary schools. On May 9, 1854, it was voted to expend $6,000 for purchasing sites and building schools, a work that was carried out, and on June 8, 1855, the expenditure of $8,000 for a high school building was authorized. This building was erected in 1856. In 1857 a petition was presented asking a school building on the west side of Mahoning Avenue. This petition was granted and $3,500 voted for the building, this structure, a two-story frame one, being completed in 1864. In 1865 the intermediate grade of school was established. By this time the school buildings, except on the West Side, were in poor shape, and on January 18, 1867, the electors voted to expend $5,000 a year for a period of four years in purchasing sites and erecting buildings. More than two years elapsed and there was $7,279 in the building fund but not 444 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY even a school site had been purchased. There was a great deal of natural dissatisfaction over this neglect and at a spirited election on July 21, 1869, a new school board majority was named with instruction to proceed with the work. This marked a new era in Warren public school affairs. New schools were built with the tax moneys authorized, and in 1871 still another $10,000 was voted for schools. The school system was gradually improved until by 1910 Warren had eight buildings, giving ample accommodations for all pupils. In the last ten years Warren's schools have almost doubled in number six new ones being built, but accommodations now are scarcely sufficient and portable buildings are being used. The school enrollment has in creased from 2,400 in 1910 to 5,000, the number of teachers from 55 to 250 and expenditures for school purposes from $55,000 to $450,000. Th present schools included the Senior High School, Monroe Street; East Junior High School, West Junior High School ; Central Elementary Harmon Street ; Dickey Avenue, Elm Street, First Street, Laird Avenue, Market Street, McKinley School, North Elm Street, Roosevelt school, South Park Avenue, Tod Avenue and Frances Willard School. H. B. Turner is the present superintendent of schools, having succeeded C. E. Carey. Preceding superintendents, beginning with the organization of the school system in 1849, were, Mortimer D. Leggett, Jacob D. Cox, James Marvin, Hugh J. Caldwell, J. J. Childs, William H. Pitt, H. B. Furness, J. C. Barney, E. F. Moulton, J. L. Lasley and R. S. Thomas, the latter being succeeded by Superintendent Carey. The present board of education numbers, Jay Buchwalter, president ; W. G. Alexander, vice president ; Mrs. Grace V. Ford, V. C. Thompson, William Kyser and Ruth Dillon Kepner, clerk-treasurer. DANA'S MUSICAL INSTITUTE This institution is not merely a Warren one but is famed throughout all Northeastern Ohio and numbers pupils from all over this territory. Dana's Institute was founded in October, 1869, although for years before that Junius Dana had been a prominent educator in Warren; having removed here in 1838 from his birthplace in New Hampshire. The original school room was in the third floor of a building at Main and Market streets, but success was immediate and in July, 1870, the school was removed to a large four-room building at Park Avenue and High Street that had formerly been a hotel. Here the school prospered under the elder Dana and Professor William D. Dana, its active head for more than a generation. The work of the institution was enlarged until vocal music and every kind of instrumental music was taught. In 1912 a new institute building in Park Avenue was erected and under Lynn B. Dana all the traditions of this famous school have been inaintained. The Warren Military Band School, the only institution of its kind in the country, is also located here. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 445 CHURCHES Religious exercises in Warren began almost with the founding of the settlement. The first services were held by the Baptists and the Presbyterians and the church organizations were formed by members of these denominations, the Baptists preceding the Presbyterians in each instance by but a few months. Most of early days settlers of Warren possessed staunch religious convictions, so that a full dozen creeds were represented by the time the village had attained fifty years of growth. In the last twenty years this spread of religion has been even more marked until today Warren has twenty-eight religious organizations, twenty-three of these having church buildings of their own while the remaining five have regular meeting places. In the last ten years nine new church buildings have been erected and two old buildings have been remodeled. As Warren is increasing in population it is scarcely necessary to say that most of these congregations are active and flourishing. BAPTIST The first religious services in Warren were held on Sunday, June 8, 1800, when Rev. Henry Speers, a Baptist minister of Washington County, Pennsylvania, preached to an audience of fifty, or a great part of the population of Warren. Services were also held intermittently in 1801 and 1802 by Rev. Thomas G. Jones, who had charge of a Baptist congregation on the Shenango River that included Brookfield residents of the Baptist persuasion. On September 3, 1803, Rev. Charles B. Smith presided at a gathering where the first church congregation in Warren was formally organized, the name of the "Concord Baptist Church," being adopted at that time. In addition to the minister those who attended this meeting and became enrolled members of the church were, Isaac Daily, Effie Daily, Jane Daily, Samuel Fortner, Henry Fortner, M. C. Leavitt, Jr., Caleb Jones, Samuel Burnett, Nancy Burnett and Mary Jones. The Philadelphia confession of faith was adopted and the congregation drew its own covenant, a most rigid document that was enforced with a discipline now unknown in church affairs. On October 1st, M. C. Leavitt, Jr., was elected clerk and Isaac Dally deacon. Before the end of 1803 Samuel Quinby, Samuel Hayden, Sophia Hayden, William Jackman and Martha Jackman joined the church by letters from other congregations to which they had retained allegiance. In 1805, John Reeves and John Dally and wife were received into the church. For almost two years preaching was conducted by lay members, but in June, 1805, Rev. Thomas Jones became supply pastor, attending the church until 1810. In that year, or the following one, Rev. Adamson Bentley became the first resident pastor. At this time the church had twenty-six members, some of whom resided outside Warren. Services were held part of the time at Youngstown. In 1815 fifteen members 446 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY were granted letters that empowered them to form a Baptist congregation at Austintown. For almost twenty years Baptist services were held in private homes, in the courthouse and in groves in summer, but in 1822-23 a brick meeting house was built in High Street, opposite the courthouse, on land donated by Ephraim Quinby, with the stipulation that the property was to be used for Baptist church purposes only. In 1821 Alexander Campbell visited Warren, and subsequently Reverend Bentley visited him at Bethany, Virginia, the outcome being that in 1828 the pastor and a great part of the Concord Church membership went over to the religious teachings pronounced by Campbell. Only six members remained true to old Baptist doctrines and beliefs, and such inroads were made by the Campbellites on other Baptist congregations that the Mahoning Baptist Association went out of existence. The Con- FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH IN WARREN cord church building was retained by Reverend Bentley and his folio ers, despite the stipulation of the Quinby deed. The six faithful members were John Reeves and wife and Ephr Quinby, wife and two daughters. Meeting at Reeves' home or in courthouse they held services among themselves, although visited encouraged by Rev. A. Greatrake of Pittsburgh, until February, 18 when the church was reorganized with seven members, Elder Ja Morris presiding. In 1835 a charter was granted the incorporated "Concord Baptist Church of Warren," and in 1836 the church united w the Beaver Baptist Association. A Sunday school was organized in year and in 1837 Rev. R. Smith became pastor, giving way in 1838 Doctor Winters who remained for eleven years. During Doctor Winters' pastorate the congregation grew rapidly, an on December 4, 1845, a church building was dedicated, this edifice being YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 447 located in Pine Street, north of Market, on land donated deeded by John Reeves. Accessions to the church membership continued, inspired by revival services in 1859 and again in 1870, the latter replacing losses sustained during the Civil war. There was a period of reverses between 1876 and 1879 when many members withdrew owing to differences with the pastor, Rev. W. T. Whitmarsh. During the pastorate of Rev. J. S. Hutson, 1879-1885, these losses were repaired. Under the pastorate of Rev. J. S. Wrightnour a movement was begun for a new church building, a site was purchased in High Street at a cost of $7,500 and a building committee comprising E. A. Palmer, George E. Day, W. C. Winfield, M. J. Sloan, W. A. Heald, C. H. Williams and W. J. Kerr was named. Dr. William Codville became pastor in 1890, and under his pastorate ground was broken for the church August 31, 1891, and the edifice was completed in 1892 at a cost of $23,000 and dedicated with services held on September 15 and 16, 1894. On December 3, 1893, the Mecca Baptist Church united with the Concord Church and the Warren congregation became the First Baptist Church. Panic times found the church much in debt, but under Rev. Chester F. Ralston, who came in 1898, this burden was lifted and on January 9, 1900, a jubilee service was held with the church free of all obligations. Since that time considerable money has been spent for improvements, and the church building, although old, is serviceable and the congregation flourishing. Rev. A. A. Nellis is the present pastor. There are two other Baptist churches in Warren, the Shiloh Church, Walnut Street, Rev. A. Smith, pastor, and the Romana Church, Pine Street. PRESBYTERIAN Services under Presbyterian auspices were first held in Warren in the fall of 1800 by Rev. Joseph Badger, pioneer clergyman of the Western Reserve, who was sent out by the Connecticut Missionary Society. It was three years later before a congregation was organized, and while the Baptist Church was the first in the field the Presbyterian Church is the oldest in Warren, in point of unbroken existence. Formal organization took place on November 19, 1803, when the "Church of Christ in Warren" was formed under the guidance of Reverend Badger, assisted by Rev. William Wick of Youngstown and Reverend Tait. The church started with a membership of but six. Thomas Prior, Betsy Prior, Thomas Ross, Rosalind Ross, Polly Lane and Ann Davidson. Rev. Thomas Robbins served as supply minister from 1803 to 1805 and Rev. Jonathan Leslie from 1805 to 1808, being replaced in the latter year by Rev. James Boyd, the first regular pastor. Reverend Boyd, who also had the Newton church in his charge, remained until his death on March 8, 1813. Rev. James Duncan was supply minister from 1813 to 1815, and on February 4, 1820, Rev. Joseph W. Curtis was installed by the Grand River Presbytery, after having been supply minister for a year and a half. Reverend Curtis remained until 1831, and under his 448 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY ministry construction of a church building was begun in the fall of 1830 this edifice being dedicated on May T0, 1832. Rev. Josiah Towne was pastor from May 13, 1835, to October t, 1839, the congregational form of government of the church being superseded, under his pastorate, or on February 1, 1838, by the- Presbyterian form. Rev. Nathan B. Purinton was in charge from May, 1840, until April 12, 1848. During his term the Presbyterian society was incorporated as the "First Presbyterian Church of Warren," this action taking place on March 10, 1845. Rev. George W. Hulin had been supply pastor in 1831-32 and Rev. J. A. Woodruff, 1832-34. Rev. William C. Clark was pastor from November 15, 1848, and remained for fifteen years, or until 1863. The old church building was remodeled and improved under his pastorate, in 1849. Since that time the First Presbyterian Church has had eight pastors, Rev. H. R. Hosington, 1863-67; Rev. Benjamin Page, supply, 1867-68; Rev. N. P. Bailey, 1869-79; Rev. Alex Jackson, 1879-84;Rev. James D. Williamson, 1885-88; Rev. W. L. Swan, 1888-98; Rev. W. S. McFadden, 1899-1903; Rev. F. P. Reinhold, 1904 to date. The present First Church building, located in Mahoning Avenue and conspicuous because of its high spire, was built in 1875, the old church building being torn down to make way for the new. Dedicatory services took place on November 19, 1878, Dr. Daniel H. Evans of Youngstown preaching the sermon on this occasion. EPISCOPAL Perhaps the first Episcopal services in Warren were held in the old courthouse in 1813, by Reverend Searle. At that time, it is said, the only communicant of the Episcopal faith in Warren was Mrs. Lavina Rowe, although it is likely there were other attendants at this service. In that day of few distractions many attended services of denominations with which they were not actually affiliated. During the service of Bishop Philander Chase as head of the Episcopal diocese of Ohio, or between 1819 and 1831, services were held intermittently at Warren by Bishop Chase, Reverend Searele, Rev. M. C. T. Wing and Rev. J. H. Harrison, the last mentioned being from Boardman. In 1836 an Episcopal congregation was formally organized by Reverend Harrison, and in 1841 it was reorganized by Rev. C. C. Townsend, who acted as pastor for the next two years in connection with his charge at Newton Falls. On petition of Gen. John Crowell the church was incorporated in 1842 as Christ Church, the name it has since borne. Between 1843 and 1848 there was no settled pastor, but the church progressed. Services were held under lay auspices in Colonel Harris' paint shop, at the end of the old bridge, and in Darley's school room on the second door of the King Block. The first Easter Monday election was held in 1846, when S. D. Harris and U. B. White were named wardens and William H. Weeks, C. J. Van Gorder, George Parsons, Jr., Gen. John Crowell and William G. Barley, vestrymen. In 1846, also, a lot was YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 449 purchased at what is now Park Avenue and Franklin Street as a church, site, the cornerstone of the church building was laid on September I, 1847, services were held therein in the summer of 1848 and the church was dedicated by Bishop Mcllvaine on September 23, 1849. Rev. G. W. DuBois became pastor in 1848, remaining until 1853. Reverend DuBois was a son-in-law of Bishop Mcllvaine and the bishop visited Warren frequently during these five years. Rev. Joseph E. Ryan was a visiting pastor from 1853 to 1855 and resident pastor from 1855 to 1858, when he was succeeded by Rev. C. S. Abbott. Under Reverend Abbott attendance increased and it was decided to enlarge the church. A committee was named for this purpose, and on April 23, 1860, it reported that sufficient funds had been pledged for the work. A meeting was called for April 30th, when reports were to be made on the letting of contracts, but on the afternoon of April 30th Warren was visited by the most disastrous fire of its history. The severe losses sustained by members of the church and the need of rebuilding business houses caused delay, and before further action could be taken it was decided that a new church site would be advisable. In October, 1861, a location was purchased in High Street and on May 14, 1863, the cornerstone of the new church was laid by Bishop Bedell. In 1864 services were held in a temporary meeting place over Andrews and Weeks' store in Main Street, and on May 24, 1865 the new church was dedicated by Bishop McIlvaine. Reverend Abbott remained until July, 1867, when he was succeeded by Rev. Charles T. Steck, who remained a year. Rev., Henry L. Badger was pastor from 1869 to 1871, Rev. Thomas J. Taylor from October, 1871, to April, 1873, Rev. A. R. Kieffer from 1873 to August, 1883, and Rev. James A. Matthews from September, 1883, to April, 1885. Rev. L. P. McDonald came as pastor in 1904 and remained until 1920. METHODIST Throughout the Western Reserve Methodist organizations sprang into existence in the various townships almost with the beginning of settlement. Yet it was twenty years after the founding of Warren that the first Methodist Episcopal body was formed here. Delegated by the quarterly meeting at Youngstown, and on solicitation of Warren Methodists, Rev. James McMahan and Elder Swayze came to Warren on November 26, 1819, and on the evening of that day the elder preached to a gathering in the old schoolhouse on the river bank, west of the courthouse park. The following day Reverend McMahan formally organized a Methodist class with a membership of ten, John Bridle, Ann Bridle, Lewis Reeves, Hannah Reeves, Romanta Brockway, Sarah Cowan, John Barnes, Sarah Barnes, Nancy Hudson and Alex Stewart. The organization meeting was held at the house of Lewis Reeves, the village jailer. John Bridle was elected leader and served until 1821 when he was succeeded by Benjamin Stevens who remained leader until his death in 1883. The class later became a duly organized church and for many years Vol. I-29