(RETURN TO THE MAHONING AND TRUMBULL COUNTIES INDEX) 550 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY furnace, a small charcoal stack, on the banks of Yellow Creek, having arranged for the rights to dig ore and make charcoal from the surrounding timber. It was a tiny affair, crudely operated and capable of but a small output, yet the start of the steel industry here nevertheless. The product, of course, was for local consumption only, but this was a distinct boon as iron and iron ware was at that time brought from the East. In 1806 Robert Montgomery and John Struthers began the erection of a second furnace on Yellow Creek below the Heaton stack, an enterprise in which Robert Alexander, James Mackey and David Clendennen also became interested. In 1807 these new furnace owners bought the. Heaton stack and all Heaton's ore and wood rights. This second furnace was operated until 1812—or at some time during the War of 1812—when it was permanently abandoned and the manufacture of iron was shifted to the Mill Creek and Mahoning River valleys, although attempts to make iron in the Yellow Creek Valley were not permanently abandoned until the '30s. Today Poland Township still has limestone deposits in its southeastern corner but no coal or iron ore that is used- for iron making purposes. POLAND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Education and religion were given early consideration in Poland Township and Village just as they were in other parts of the Reserve. In planning the future town along Yellow Creek, Judge Kirtland" setaside a piece of land as a gift to the village "to be kept for a school Church and other public purposes." The first school, however, is said to have been built where Struthers now stands, perhaps as early as 1801, but soon afterwards another school was opened in the Village-of Poland; the buildings for the latter being of ample size and used for meeting purposes as well as for a school. It stood on the site later occupied by the village Presbyterian Church. Perlee Brush, who taught the first school in Youngstown, is credited with being the first school teacher in Poland Township as well. In his recollections 0f early days Jared P. Kirtland says he (Kirtland) took charge, in June, 1810, "of the district school in Poland Village, consisting of sixty scholars, which I taught till late in September,' in a log house on the public square." At that time Joseph Noyes, a former schoolmate of Kirtland, taught the school at Youngstown and the two young teachers weekly exchanged visits and ideas on instruction. This thirst for learning extended even beyond the school rooms. Thomas Struthers, born in Poland Township in 1803, has left records of a debating society in Poland Township that antedated even his recollection. This society was organized early in the fall of 1803 by John Struthers, Thomas Struthers, Alexander Struthers, Robert McCombs, Samuel Wilkinson, William Campbell, William McCombs, James' Adair, William Adair and John Blackburn. The organization was a formal body with constitution and rules and also regulations governing the debate's that had to be observed- strictly. Topics that were wide in range were discussed at the' weekly meetings. At one session the deep ques- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 551 tion, "Ought the Mahoning to be a public highway or not?" was discussed thoroughly and on a vote was "carried in the affirmative unanimously." This organization, perhaps under changing auspices, was kept alive for many years and furnished not alone education, but diversion, to Poland and Coitsville Township residents. Poland Township early adopted the union school system and one-room buildings were scattered throughout the township. After the incorporation of Poland Village the school board of the municipality purchased a five-acre tract with a frame dwelling house thereon, this being converted into a school. Two, and sometimes three, teachers were employed. In 1882-83 a four-room brick school building was erected in the village. In 1884 the schools were graded and in 1888 a high school course was added. M. A. Kimmel had charge of the schools as superintendent, beginning his tenure in 1880 and remaining for almost thirty-five years. By 1914 the Poland Township schools, outside Struthers and Lowellville, included the village school, the Heasley school, on the Youngstown road; Central school; Fink school, on the Poland-New Middletown road ; Kansas Corners school, southeastern corner of the township ; Quarry school, on the hill near the limestone quarries ; Lyon's plat school, near Struthers, erected about 1999. A school in the northeastern part of the township had been abandoned, the pupils being taken to Lowellville. In 1915 the township board of education contracted with the Poland Village school board to educate the children from the Heasley, Center and Fink schools, these schools being discontinued. In 1916 a bond issue of $35,000 was voted for an eight-room building in the Lyon's plat and a four-room building in the Quarry district. This completed the centralization of Poland Township schools. THE POLAND SEMINARY Educationally, however, Poland has always been best known for its famed seminary. This institution had its inception in 1830 when a Reverend Bradley opened a selectr school in a room over what became in recent years the Poland Hardware Company's store. This school was designed to teach the classical branches, and to give better training than was possible in the log schoolhouses that were well scattered over the entire Western Reserve in those days. In 1835 Reverend Bradley disposed of his school to John Lynch, a young man who had been one of his pupils. Lynch conducted the school for ten years,—having in the meantime erected a building to house the academy. The institution was not a financial success, however, and Lynch discontinued it in 1845. For three years higher education lagged in Poland, but in 1848 B. F. Lee, an Allegheny College student, arranged for the opening of an academy on the west side of. Yellow Creek. The school actually opened in 1849, and about the same time a second academy was opened on the east side of the village' under the auspices of the Presbyterians. This latter school continued in existence for about six years, under the super- 552 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY vision of Rev. Jacob Coon, Rev. Algernon S. McMaster and P George S. Rice. Fire destroyed the school building, hcwever, and academy was discontinued. Meanwhile Mr. Lee had completed the erection of a building an opened his academy with M. R. Atkins as principal; Miss E. M. Blakele as preceptress; Miss Elmina Smith, assistant ; and Miss Mary Cool teacher of music. This opening marked the actual founding of th Poland Union Seminary that became a noted institution of learning later years. About 1855 the Methodist Episcopal Church of Poland, assisted b other citizens, erected a three-story brick structure as a home for the Lee Academy. An endowment had been anticipated from the Pittsburg and Erie conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church but as this di not materialize the school was supported by contributions and tuition fees. In 1862 the churches of the village united and raised funds fo the improvement of the building and at this time the school was char. tered as the Poland Union Seminary, and opened with Dr. A. S. Mc. Master as principal. In 1871 the seminary passed into the control of the Mahoning Presbytery with the raising of a $15,000 endowment, $i0,000 of this being raised by popular subscription and $5,000 given by George P. Miller. The school structure put up in 1855 housed the academy until 1897. In that year part of the historical building collapsed, and as a measure of safety the remainder of the structure was torn down and a modern two-story school building erected. On May 11, 1909, the Mahoning Presbytery relinquished its control and the Poland Union Seminary passed out of existence. Its record is a highly honorable one, for Poland Village was once considered a highly desirable residence place for its educational facilities alone, aside from its other advantages. It was to give their sons the advantage of a higher education that the parents of William McKinley, afterward congressman, governor and president, removed from Niles to Poland. With the ending of the seminary the building that had housed this institution became the home of the high school. The village building that had been used for both high school and grade school purposes was converted to grade school purposes only. It is the familiar Poland Union School. The old sentiment attached to the private school was not allowed to die, however, for the second grade high school in the old seminary building is the Seminary High School, and is governed jointly in much the same manner as Rayen School at Youngstown, On May 9, 1916, the seminary board of trustees formally leased the seminary building to the village board of education. The trustees reserve certain rights and turn over the earnings from the endowment fund to the village board. The present board of trustees numbers, Rev. Arthur E. Porter, president ; T. J. Mayers, treasurer ; L. B. Frederick, secretary; J. R. Stewart, S. G. McClurg, James Hughes, Rev. J. R. Campbell, J. R. Smith, Rev. 0. B. Jones, George S. Bishop, W. H. Johnston, C. A. Detchon, W. H. Stewart and L. W. Stewart. The present enrollment of the township and village schools is 552, the two local districts being in the fourth supervisory district of the YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 553 county under Superintendent R. E. Elser. The teachers include John Siekkinen and Leah Moyer in the high school and E. E. Fell, Penelope Houston, Garnet Smith, Pauline Good, Mary Campbell, Emeline Knesal, Louise Albert, W. A. Strain, Willis Wingert, Helen Hampson, Kendall Ayers, M. Elesta Baker, Anna McSweeney and Mary Ewing in the grade schools. POLAND LAW SCHOOL Another notable educational institution of early-day Poland Village was the law college, opened in 1855 in the academy building that had just been given up for the new structure. The founders of this school were Judge Chester Hayden and M. A. King, New York State lawyers, and Gen. Mortimer D. Leggett of Warren. This institution flourished for several years, numbering among its pupils men who later became prominent in public life in Mahoning County and throughout Ohio. The school was subsequently removed to Cleveland. POLAND CHURCHES The Presbyterian congregation was the first formal religious organ nation in Poland, having been formed on May 3, 1802, by Rev. William Wick, the newly installed pastor at Youngstown, and Rev. Joseph Badger, the pioneer missionary sent out from Connecticut. Among the founders of this church are found the names of William McCombs, Josiah Walker, William Campbell, Thomas Love, John Gordon, William Buck, Thomas Gordon, James Adair, Jesse R0se, John Jordan, William Dunlap, John Hineman, John Blackburn, John Truesdale, Robert Smith, John Arrel, John McCombs, Isaac McCombs, John McClelland, Thomas McCullough, Stephen Sexton, Joseph Porter and David Justice. A log house was erected for church purposes in 1804, being located on the land in Poland Village donated by Turhand Kirtland. This structure was replaced by a white frame church erected nearby in 1828 and the frame church gave way to a brick edifice in 1855. Rev. Nicholas Pettinger was the first pastor, having charge of the Poland and Westfield congregations. Rev. Alexander Cook supplied Poland from 1810 to 1812, and in 1815 Rev. James Wright, the first resident pastor, came. Reverend Wright remained until 1832. His pastorate was succeeded in length by that of Rev. Algernon S. McMaster who remained in charge of the Poland Presbyterian Church from 1854 to 1878, or twenty-four years. The Poland Presbyterian Church is now a flourishing congregation with Rev. F. W. Traser as pastor and has a splendid church edifice. The first Methodist society in Poland Village was founded in 1832 with eight members, including Mr. and Mrs. William Logan, Mrs. Elizabeth Barclay, Herman Blackman and Sally Blackman, although previous services had been held at Cook's Corners and other places. Rev. Charles Elliott conducted services at the time of the founding of the society and 554 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY in 1834 the first church building was put up under the direction of Reverend Preston. Until 1850 the Poland Methodist Church was attended by circuit riders, but in that year Poland was made a station attended by Rev. William F. Day. The present church was built about fifteen years ago and the congregation is now in charge of Rev. O. B, Jones. The United Presbyterian Church, originally the Seceders' New Associate Church, was organized in 1804. Later this congregation transferred its activities from Poland Center to Struthers. EARLY DAY SUPREMACY Poland Village at one time claimed sufficient prominence that Youngstown was once referred to as "a small settlement near Poland." Its location was ideal from the viewpoint of that day as it was situated in a delightful farming region, prettily located' on Yellow :Creek and seat of a splendid mill site. These advantages were such that by 1810 the township had attained a population of 837, while Youngstown Township boasted of 773 inhabitants and Cleveland but 547. Warren with its Population of 875, was the only Trumbull County Township that exceeded it in number of residents. Poland's population may be estimated from the liberality with which it responded to the call for soldiers in the War of 1812. As early as 1802 the militia had been regularly enrolled with John Struthers as captain and Robert McCombs as lieutenant. Later two companies of militia were formed in the township. A partial list of those who served ,from Poland Township in the second war against England includes the names of Alexander McKeever, killed in service; Capt. Isaac Walker, John Strain, Alexander Buchanan, Elijah Stevenson and Alexander Struthers, all of whom died in the service ; James Strain; Major John Russell, William Brown, John Arrel, Isaac Buchanan, Walter Buchanan, Eli McConnell, Francis Henry, William Reed, James Jack, John Sexton, William Lowry; Johnston Lowry, Hugh Truesdale, Alexander Truesdale, John Cowden, Alexander Cowden and William Love. Love was the last Poland Township- survivor of the War of 1812, dying on October 31, 1884, aged ninety-one. In the Civil war, and again in the World war, Poland Township lived up to the reputation for patriotism thus gained more than 100 years ago. Located off the Mahoning River, however, Poland Village was destined to lose its early supremacy. By 1820 Youngstown Township had attained a population of 1,o25, while Poland Township had but 990 inhabitants. The opening of the Pennsylvania & Ohio canal in 1839-40 directed industrial progress to the Mahoning River Valley, and with this improvement, and the later construction of the railroads, Struthers and Lowellville claimed industrial precedence over Poland Village within the township, while Youngstown flourished in an even greater degree. The village now has no industries. The old mill, long abandoned, was torn down in the summer of 192o. Nearby to the north is Hamilton Lake of the Mahoning Valley Water Company and to the southeast Burgess Lake of the same company, two bodies of water that furnish YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 555 industrial and domestic water supplies to Struthers and East Youngstown. Poland is yet an active village, however, a municipality toward which Youngstown and Struthers are spreading, and in close connection with the former through the interurban electric line built in 1913. The population in 1920 was 561. The stores include the hardware store of McCullough and Johnson, the Asa Blackman and the McCrone and Wells grocery stores, a drug store conducted by Dr. C. R. Justice, a tinshop with Clark Nesbit as proprietor, and a confectionery store. Miss Louise Byers is postmistress. POLITICAL HISTORY Poland Township was included in the civil township of Youngstown when that subdivision was erected in 1802, John Struthers of Poland being one of the first trustees of Youngstown Township. Later Poland Township was separately incorporated. The present township officers are, George S. Bishop, R. H. Darrow and William McCombs, trustees; W. J. Maurice, clerk; H. T. Cowden, treasurer ; Frank B. Riss, J. L. Sharp and Roger Horn, constables; Mike, Dryos, assessor; M. A. Kimmel, justice of the peace. Poland Village became an incorporated municipality on August 7, 1866, the temporary officers elected that year being 'Andrew Campbell, mayor, and Seth H. Truesdale, recorder. The first regular village election was held in April, 1867, when the following ticket was named: John A. Leslie, mayor; B. ,B. Stilson, recorder; C. B. Stoddard, W. J. Ogden, Adam Case,-, John Barclay and Henry Burnett, councilmen; Michael Graham, marshal. The village officials for 1920-21 are; T. F. Collins, mayor; J. M. Cleland, clerk; K. K. Kimmel, treasurer; Roy Wakefield; marshal; H. R. Braham, H. S. Braham, W. A. Clark, A. B. Cover, H. G. Gibson and C. C. Stewart, councilmen. CANFIELD Like the Township of Poland, the Township of Canfield once vied with Youngstown for supremacy among the southernmost subdivisions of Trumbull County. Its claim was not only equally strong but of longer duration, for it persisted even after Mahoning County was formed. It is scarcely more than a half century ago, in fact, since it ranked with Youngstown in importance. Canfield's ambition may be difficult to understand today when a comparison is drawn between the great City of Youngstown and the country village, but in pioneer times that ambition was founded on solid basis. Next to Youngstown, it was the scene of the first permanent settlement in what is now Mahoning County. Its original purchasers and first settlers were men of prominence and high standing back in their home state of Connecticut. They were the kind of men who were respected and whose counsel was considered valuable ; it is but natural 556 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY therefore that their influence was great. And, finally, when the County of Mahoning was formed Canfield Township was the central township of the county and Canfield Village was in the exact center of the county, This strengthened considerably Canfield's claim to county seat honors, for with that passion for order and exactness common to Connecticut people, the Connecticut Land Company has decreed that the settlement of each township should be made at its center, and the desire to locate each county seat in the Connecticut Western Reserve at the center of the county was a natural consequence. In the Connecticut Land Company distribution of January, 1798, the Township of Canfield fell to six stockholders of the company in the following proportions : Judson Canfield, 6,171 acres ; James Johnston, 3,002 acres; David Waterman, 2,740 acres ; Elijah Wadsworth, 2,069 acres ; Nathaniel Church, 1,400 acres ; Samuel Canfield, 437 acres. In making the apportionment, however, this township (then known merely as township one, range three) was considered as inferior in value to a standard township of the Reserve, and an extra lot in township one, range ten, was added to bring it up to standard value. This lot contained 1,723 1/2 acres, and as Canfield Township itself numbers 16,324 acres the drawing was an exceptionally fortunate one. Not only was the acreage large but Canfield Township did not prove to be an inferior agricultural district as was expected. Instead it is one of the richest farming sections of Northeastern Ohio. The new owners of this Western Reserve township made immediate preparations to open their lands for settlement. In April, 1798, a surveying party under the direction of Nathaniel Church, one of the owners, as agent, left Sharon, Connecticut, to locate the lands for sale and, entry. They traveled with but light equipment, the superintendent riding on horseback and carrying his effects in saddlebags, while the remainder of the party went on foot. In this party, besides Church, were Nathaniel Moore, Eli Tousley, Nathaniel Gridley, Barker King, Reuben Tupper, and David Skinner of Salisbury, Connecticut ; Carson Bacon, Samuel Gilson and Joshua Hollister of Sharon, Connecticut; Charles Campbell and Joseph Pangburn of Cornwall, Connecticut. Judson Canfield, largest owner of land in the township and after whom it was named, came at the same time. It is possible he accompanied this party that had been hired to survey and locate his lands. Church's party reached township one of range three on May 24, 1798, having made the trip by way of Pittsburgh and Beavertown (or Fort McIntosh) and up the south bank of the Mahoning River. Apparently they did not pass through John Young's village on the north bank of the river, a tiny settlement numbering at that time but ten families. The first camp was made in the northeastern part of township one, range three, but a day or two after the arrival of the party the center of the township was located and from this point the survey was begun. A rude cabin of poles and bark erected at the first stopping place burned down almost immediately and a second cabin was erected YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 557 at the center for the use of the party. The first survey made was of the road east and west from the center and a crop of wheat, corn, potatoes, oats and beans was planted. In June, 1798, the first permanent settlers of Canfield arrived in the persons of Champion Minor, wife and two children, residents of Salisbury, Connecticut. They made the journey by ox-team, and in compliment to the woman pioneer a donation of land was made to her. A few weeks later the youngest of the Minor children, a daughter, died, and on July 21st the burial was made east of the center of the township. The members of the surveying party stayed through the summer, provisions for their maintenance being brought from Pittsburgh, and most of them located and purchased lots, but with the exception of Gilson and Pangburn they did not remain. The population of Canfield Township in the winter of 1798-99 consisted therefore of Champion Minor, wife and child, Samuel Gilson and Joseph Pangburn, five persons in all. In 1799 Nathaniel Church was succeeded as agent of the proprietors of township one of range three by Gen. Elijah Wadsworth of Litchfield, Connecticut, a man who was destined to have a great influence not alone in Canfield Township but in Trumbull County and on the entire Western Reserve. He was then fifty-two years of age, a Revolutionary war veteran and a man of great powers of leadership. He did not remain at Canfield permanently, however, on his first visit, but spent two or three summers surveying the townships now known as Boardman in Mahoning County, Conneaut in Ashtabula County, Palmyra in Portage County and Johnston in Trumbull County, being the owner of lands in all these townships and in Wadsworth Township, Medina County, a subdivision that was named in his honor. In the fall of 1802 General Wadsworth removed to Canfield with his family and remained there until his death in 1817. In 1804 he was made major-general in Command of the Fourth Division of the Ohio Militia, the territory under his command embracing Trumbull, Jefferson and Columbiana counties. He served gallantly as commander of this division in the War of 1812, this service at an advanced' age probably hastening his death. Judson Canfield, who gave his name to the township, was a Yale graduate, and a resident of Sharon, Connecticut, when he invested in Western Reserve lands. He was thirty-nine years of age at the time of his first visit to the West in 1798. His stay here was but a short one on that occasion. He served as a member of the Connecticut Legislature and as an associate judge of Litchfield County from 1802 until his removal to Ohio in 1810. His death took place on February 0, 1840. Township one of range three was known at first as Campfield Township, but on April 10, 1800, was officially designated Canfield Township, The settlement of the township was comparatively rapid. The five original settlers of 1798 were joined in 1799 by Phineas Reed, Eleazar Gilson and Joshua Hollister, and in 1800 by Nathaniel Moore and family, Moore being one of the original surveying party of 1798. In 1801 the settlers numbered James Doud and family, Ichabod Atwood, Calvin Tobias, Abijah Peck and Jonah Scofield. In 1802 immigration 558 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY was more plentiful, among those reaching Canfield being Elijah Wadsworth, Simeon Sprague, Tryal Tanner, Matthew Steele, Aaron Collar and William Chidester, all of whom were accompanied by their families, David Butler, David Hatfield, Charles Chittenden, Henry Chittenden, Benjamin Bradley, Ariel. Bradley, Warren Bissel and Daniel Minor, Abisha Chapman, Jonathan Sprague, Dr. David Pardee, Benjamin Yale, William Chapman, Bradford Waldo, Wilder Page and Cook Fitch came in 1803 ; Zeba Loveland and Archibald Johnson in 1804; Herman Canfield and wife, Ebenezer Bostwick and family, Henry Yager, Jacob Ritter, Jacob Wetzel, Henry Ohl, Conrad Neff, Peter Lynn, John Lynn, George Lynn, Daniel Fink, Adam Blankman and Philip Boris in 1805; HOUSE AT CANFIELD ERECTED ENTIRELY OF BLACK WALNUT—A BUILDING WITH AN INTERESTING HISTORY James Reed and John Harding and wife in 1805; Elisha Whittlesey and wife and Adam Turner and family in 1806: Comfort S. Mygatt in 1807, and Benjamin Manchester and family in 1809. Other settlers who came also in the above years were Azariah Wetmore, John Everett, James Bradley, Ira Sprague, Reuben Tupper, one of the original surveying party, and Jacob Oswald. The immigration of 1802 had made Canfield an important township, and in that year it received its first increase in population by birth, the pioneer native white child of the township being Royal Canfield Chidester. At this time the village was also dignified with its first frame house, this being erected in 1802 by Gen. Elijah Wadsworth. A year previous, however, Canfield had witnessed its earliest marriage ceremony YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 559 when Joseph Pangburn, one of the permanent settlers of 1798, had 'been wedded to Lydia Fitch. The marriage ceremony, on April 1t, 1801, was solemnized by Judge Caleb Baldwin of Youngstown. More than a year prior to that date Isaac Wolcott, John Young's surveyor-in-chief, had been married to Mercy Gilson of Canfield but as there was' neither clergyman nor magistrate on the Western Reserve at that time the couple were married in Pennsylvania, probably at Beavertown. In 1801, too, Canfield was made a postoffice station when the post road from Pittsburgh, established through the influence of General Wadsworth, was routed to pass through the village. Work on the first sawmill in the township was begun in 1801 by Jonah Scofield. Ichabod Atwood took over the property the same year, completed the mill and began operations in 1802. The first tavern was opened at a date that cannot be determined, but it is known that Gook Fitch, or Zalmon Fitch, who came to Canfield in 1803, was an early tavern keeper. The first store was opened in 1804 by Zalmon Fitch and about 1807 this became the firm of Mygatt, Canfield and Fitch, who conducted a pretentious store. Later Comfort S. Mygatt, the senior partner, became sole proprietor. Dr. David Pardee located at Canfield in 1803 and was the first physician in the township, but his stay was short, Dr. Shadrach Bostwick was an early physician and Dr. Chauncey R, Fowler, son of Jonathan Fowler, first settler in Poland Township, located in Canfield in 1826 and became one of the men prominent in Mahoning County medical life. CANFIELD SCHOOLS The first school in Canfield Township was taught in the winter of 1800-01 by Caleb Palmer, the schoolhouse being about a mile and a quarter east of the center. Miss Gestia Bostwick and Miss Olive Landon were early teachers, while in 1806 Canfield was honored with a teacher who later became an outstanding figure in Trumbull County and the Western Reserve. This was Elisha Whittlesey of New Milford, Connecticut, son-in-law of Mygatt Cover and a practicing lawyer in Connecticut. He was admitted to the bar in Ohio soon after locating at Canfield in 1806, was prosecuting attorney Of Trumbull County, captain of militia, aide-de-camp to General Wadsworth in the War of 1812, representative in the State Legislature, member of Congress from 1822 to 1838, auditor of the treasury for the postoffice department from 1841 to 1843 and comptroller of the treasury through the Taylor, Fill-more and Pierce administrations and again under President Lincoln. He died on January 7, 1863, while holding this office. From 1822 to 1841 he was in law partnership at Canfield with Judge Eben Newton and the firm of Whittlesey and Newton was one of the noted law partnerships of Northeastern Ohio in that day. The township school system was inferior until July 27, 1867, when the union school district plan was adopted for the village and the schools placed on a graded basis. A board of education consisting of J. W. Canfield, J. Sonnedecker, W. G. Marsh, I, A. Justice, G. R. Crane and 560 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY P. Edwards was chosen. W. G. Marsh was chosen president of this board, J. W. Canfield, treasurer and I. A. Justice, secretary. September 9, 1867, S. B. Reiger was chosen high school principal with Miss Sarah E. Edwards as assistant while Miss Amanda Wilson was given charge of the second grade and Miss Pauline Test of the primary department. Temporarily the abandoned academy building was used for school purposes but in 1871 a newly erected two-story brick building was opened. The Mahoning Academy, referred to above, was organized in 1855 to meet the demand for better educational facilities, and the academy building was erected in 1856, the school being incorporated in 1857. David Hine, A. M., a graduate of Williams College was principal of the institution. He was a native of Canfield Township and was a popular and efficient teacher. In 1860 the academy had an enrollment of 240, but soon afterward the Civil war so depleted the ranks that the school was abandoned. The academy building, in High Street, still stands and is the residence of Windsor Calhoun. The school building erected in 1871, generally known as the Union school, is a brick structure, still in use. The cost, including building, grounds, furnishings and interest approximated $30,000. Under the impetus given education at this time additional school buildings were gradually erected in Canfield Township until there were ten of these outlying districts, aside from the village Union school. These were popularly known as Lynn Street, Raccoon Street, Tippecanoe, Mud, Hell Street, Loveland, Dublin, Williams, North and Turner Street schools. In 1911 and 1912 all these, with the exception of the Turner Street school, were centralized in Canfield Village until by 1920 the school facilities are sadly overtaxed. The first grade is forced to use the old county jail building for a school room while the second grade is in the County Normal School building, the remaining six grades being taken care of in the Union School. Prior to 1916 Canfield Township and Canfield Village had separate boards of education and the township paid the village on a per capita basis for educating the children of the township, who were transported to the village. In that year the two boards petitioned the county hoard of education to unite the township to the village for school purposes, and this was done, the Canfield Village school district being created. The present enrollment in the Canfield schools is 375, the teaching staff in the grade schools including Frank Nelson, Effie Lynn, Grace Burkey, Mrs. F. D. Myers, Goldie Conry, Mrs. J. M. Minteer and Grace Jones, the last named being the instructor at the Turner Street School, Canfield Township schools are under the supervision of District Superintendent Fred D. Myers. NORTH EASTERN OHIO NORMAL COLLEGE Few communities in the country have laid so much stress on education as Canfield, and it is not strange therefore that there should have been a demand for higher education, even with the improvement of the township and village schools in the decade after the Civil war. This YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 561 led to the incorporation in 1881 of the North Eastern Ohio Normal College, with a board of trustees consisting of Judge Giles Van Hyning, Judge J. R. Johnston, Rev. William Dickson, Dr. A. W. Calvin, H. A. Manchester, David Clugston, George F. Lynn, Hiram N. Lynn and Russell F. Starr. Judge Eben Newton generously donated for school purposes the old courthouse building and grounds—the property having reverted to him with the removal of the county seat to Youngstown in 1876—and in 1882 the institution was opened. Primarily the school, or college, was intended to fit young people for life work as teachers and in business but the standard of instruction given was so high that the institution became noted as a preparatory school and famed for the accomplishments of its pupils. It finally boasted commercial, pedagogic and classical departments. It would be impossible here to enumer ate its scholars who have become prominent as educators and as professional and business men and women, but every municipality in Mahoning and Trumbull counties owes much to this school, and Youngstown is especially indebted. To care for the attendance a wing was added to the old courthouse building when the school was opened. After 1908 the state did not permit further normal credit to be given, but by special arrangement a faculty was maintained in the high school building between 1910 and 1913 that offered first year college work, for which credit was given. Since 1915 the school has been conducted as the Mahoning County Normal School and offers a one-year normal course. With the discontinuance of the North Eastern Ohio Normal College in 1908 the Canfield High School was organized, and from 1910 to 1913 this offered, in addition to the high school course, the one-year college course above mentioned. From 1913 to 1916 a joint high school was maintained under the supervision of a special board of education and since 1916 the high school and grade schools have been under the direction of this board. The high school is now a first grade school, a second charter having been granted in 1911. The school is conducted, of course, in the historic old courthouse, but in November, 1919, the people of Canfield Township approved a bond issue of $90,000 for the construction of a new high school building and a site was selected in Wadsworth Street for this structure. This location is directly across the street from the Union School. W. F. Hesson is principal of the high school and Helen Vail and Margaret Erskine, instructors. Canfield has thus run the gamut from the one-room school through the village school, union school, academy, normal school, normal college and finally high school and county normal college. It has a proud record educationally. CANFIELD CHURCHES The earliest religious organization in Canfield Township was that of the Congregational Church, formed on April 27, 1804, under the direction of Rev. Joseph Badger, the pioneer missionary from Con- Vol. I—36 562 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY necticut, and Rev. Thomas Robbins. The original members of the congregation were John and Sarah Everett, Nathaniel and Hepsibah Chapman, Jonathan Sprague, Lydia Doud, Mary Gilson, Mary Brainard and Lavina Collar. Services were held in private dwellings and schoolhouses for some years, but in 1820 a church building was erected on the east side of the public square in the village, this being a sort of community building toward whose erection members of all religious denominations joined. Subscriptions were remarkably liberal, considering the value of a dollar in those days, although it might be added that payment was not required in cash. One subscription, in fact, was for $75 from Aaron Collar, later a member of the State Legislature, who agreed to pay "one-third in produce, one-third in boards and one-third in whisky." The latter donation may appear surprising today, but one hundred years ago whisky was almost legal tender—far more common than money in truth. In the early days there was no resident pastor at Canfield, but among the earliest visiting clergymen were Rev. Horace Smith, Reverend Curtis, and Rev. William 0. Stratton, a pioneer clergyman. The Presbyterian Church actually dates from the organization of the Congregational Church, as this congregation came into being under the "plan of union" in 1804, and remained in union with the Congregational denomination until 1835 when Rev. William 0. Stratton and the members of the church who were of the Presbyterian persuasion withdrew and organized themselves into a regular Presbyterian congregation. The congregation, numbering fifty persons in all, met at the home of C. Frithy for a year, but with increasing membership a church building was finally erected. In June, 1838, Rev. W. 0. Stratton severed his connection with the Canfield church, his resignation being accepted with great regret as his pastorate had been successful and beneficial. Rev. William McCombs was installed as pastor in April, 1839. Later resident pastors were Rev. James Price, J. G, Reaser, William G. March, J. P. Irwin, William Dickson, who remained for more than twenty-five years, and Rev. George V. Reichel. The present church building was erected in 1902 at a cost of $15,000, and a parsonage built at a cost of $3,500. Rev. W. P. Hollister is the present pastor, the congregation being in flourishing condition with a membership of 258, St. Stephen's Episcopal congregation was organized in Canfield in 1834, although previous to that time Canfield had been united with Boardman and Poland in one Episcopal congregation. A church building was erected soon after and dedicated on September 27, 1836, by Bishop Charles P. Mcllvaine of the diocese of Ohio. The land- was donated by Judson Canfield while the building committee numbered Curtis Beardsley, Alson Kent and Stanley C. Lockwood. The congregation was attended from Boardman, but Episcopal activities were finally concentrated in Youngstown and Boardman. Methodist Episcopal services were held in Canfield as early as 1803, probably by Rev. Shadrach Bostwick, but the first Methodist society was organized in 1820, consisting of Reverend Bostwick, wife and sister, Comfort Starr and wife, Ansel Beeman and wife and Ezra Hunt. In YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 563 1822 Canfield was placed in the Youngstown circuit and in 1826 a church building was erected, services having been held previously at a schoolhouse. The church was attended in the early day by circuit riders, but faithful always in maintaining it was Reverend Bostwick, who died at Canfield in 1837 after a residence there of thirty years. As a physician as well as a Methodist minister he administered alike to spiritual and physical needs. In 1861 the old church was dismantled and a new one erected and in 1869 a dwelling house was purchased for a parsonage, After being attached to various circuits, both within Mahoning County and without, the Canfield congregation now has its own resident pastor, Rev. C. L. Cope being the present head of the congregation. On January 12, 1822, a Baptist church was formed at the home of David Hays in Canfield and for some years services were held in a log house at the center. About 1828, through the preachings of Walter Scott, most of the members of this congregation became converted to the Disciples church, now known as the Christian church. A church building was erected in the northwestern part of the township and about 1847 a neat church building was erected at the center. J. W. Lamphear organized this church, with J. M. Caldwell and Andrew Flick as elders and Walter Clark and John Flick as deacons. In the original organization of 1822 David Hays, Thomas Miller, Samuel Hayden, William Hayden and John Lane of Youngstown and Elijah Canfield of Palmyra were instrumental. In 1867 the township congregation united with that in the village. This congregation is still flourishing, with Rev. Herbert T. Blue as pastor. In 1805 there was a heavy German immigration to Canfield Township and this resulted in the organization of a Reformed church about 1810, with Rev. Henry Stough as the first pastor. A log church was built in 1810, this being replaced by a modern church when it was destroyed by fire in 1845. That year a still more modern structure was built about three-quarters of a mile north of Canfield Village. This congregation now has a membership of fifty and was in charge of Rev. J. M. Kendig as resident pastor until his death in November, 1919. POLITICAL HISTORY Two years after its founding, in 1800, Canfield Township was included in the civil township of Youngstown for governmental purposes and when a township form of government was formally organized in 1802 James Doud of Canfield was made one of the township trustees and Phineas Reed one of the two constables. Later Canfield was formally organized but no records appear of the early officeholders. About 184o when the need of new county buildings at Warren became apparent Youngstown renewed its Claims for the honor of being the county seat of Trumbull County. Other claimants appeared, each with its own plan for gaining this honor or for being the seat of justice of a new county. Canfield offered a proposal that a new county be created out of the ten lower townships of Trumbull County and the five northern 564 - OLD COURTHOUSE AT CANFIELD FIRST TEMPLE OF JUSTICE IN MAHONING COUNTY YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 565 townships of Columbiana. This plan was finally accepted in a legislative act of 1846 and Canfield was made the county seat of this new County of Mahoning. Canfield had pledged itself to raise $5,000 toward public buildings and to donate suitable grounds for these, and in keeping with this pledge $10,000 was raised by private subscriptions and a courthouse erected on a lot donated by Judge Eben Newton, the building being completed in 1848. In 1846, however, James Wallace of Springfield, James Brownlee of Poland and Lemuel Brigham of Ellsworth had been designated as acting associate judges and they convened on March 16, 1846, in the office of Elisha Whittlesey, the oath being administered by Eben Newton, presiding judge of the district. Henry J. Canfield was chosen clerk of courts, May 11, 1846 the first common pleas court convened in the Methodist Episcopal Church, at the call of James Powers, the first sheriff of Mahoning County. In 1849 Canfield Village was formally incorporated with Warren Hine, John Clark, H. B. Brainard and John Wetmore as incorporators. At the election held in April, 1849, L. L. Bostwick was elected mayor; H, B. Brainard, recorder ; Charles Frithy, John Clark, William B. Farrell, M. Swank, and Thomas Hansome, trustees. Canfield thus prospered, except with the Civil war setback, until 1872 when the movement for making Youngstown the county seat was revived. The election of 1873 was fought on this issue and Youngstown triumphed. In 1874 the Legislature ordered the removal and in 1876 Canfield lost the honor of being the county capital. Since that day Canfield has remained a country village, almost New England like in its quiet and beauty. Prettily situated on high ground, it is reached by railroad and now by improved roads from Youngstown. Thus far no electric line has reached the village, and the possibility of one is diminishing with the use of the automobile. Within the township, however, is the Mahoning County Infirmary, the Mahoning County Agricultural Experiment Station and the Mahoning County fair grounds. The Mahoning County fair at Canfield is an institution that grows more popular with age. It had its inception in the organization of the Mahoning County Agricultural Society at Canfield on February 22, 1847, just after the county came into existence. Judge Eben Newton was the first president of the society ; Jacob Cook, vice president ; Silas C. Clark, secretary ; William Little, treasurer ; Joseph Wright, David Hanna, Jacob Baird, Asa Baldwin and Joseph Cowden, managers. The first fair was held on October 5, 1847, and for almost seventy-five years these fairs have been held annually and with increasing attendance, especially since the abandonment of the fair at Youngstown. The present township officials of Canfield are, E. R. Lynn, J. I. Manchester and John Riley, trustees ; W. J. Dickson, clerk ; R. J. Neff, treasurer; L. M. Cox, constable; Eben Barringer, assessor; James B. Jones, justice of the peace. Canfield Village has a population of 806 and is the trading center for a comparatively large territory. Among the retail establishments are, the Citizens' Cooperative Store, dealing in general merchandise ; Manchester Company, hardware and farm implements ; F. A. Morris, 566 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY druggist ; W. L. Bryson, grocer; M. J. Neff, meat market; Canfield Shoe Store ; C. C. Neff, grocer; T. B. Carpenter, jewelry ; Aaron Wiesner, clothing; J. W. Johnson, carriages, harness and auto supplies; Palace lunch counter and confectionery; Credico's confectionery. The Harroff Hotel is Canfield's hostelry. Industries include the Altimo Culture Company, growers and dealers in cut flowers, who have here the largest reinforced concrete greenhouse in Ohio; Canfield Novelty Company, makers of wood novelties and employers of a staff of twenty-five ; J. Delfs Sons, dealers in builders' supplies, feed and hides ; C. H. Neff, planing mill and lumber yard and dealer in builders' supplies; Callahan & Neff, hide buyers; a village electric light plant, three garages and three blacksmith shops. Fraternal and other societies include, Canfield Lodge, No. 155, Independent Order of Odd Fellows ; Parkville Rebekah Lodge, ladies' auxiliary to, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows ; Argus Lodge, No. 545, Free and Accepted Masons; Dublin Grange, Floyd Hunt. master. The Odd Fellows lodge dates back to January 18, 1850. Charles C, Fowler has been postmaster of Canfield Village for the last eight years. The officers of Canfield Village for 1920-21 are, J. B. Jones, mayor; John Sauerwein, clerk; F. A. Morris, treasurer; F. P. Lynn, marshal; N. H. Barringer, C. H. Campbell, A. B. Detchon, E. C. Diehl, Homer Mentzer and Otto Sanzenbacher, councilmen. NEWSPAPERS The Mahoning Index was started at Canfield in 1846 with the creation of Mahoning County and sold in January, 1849, to John R. Church, a Democratic leader in the county, who conducted the plant until it was destroyed by fire in September, 1851. The Mahoning Sentinel, also a Democratic organ, was launched in 1852 with Ira Norris as editor, the paper being printed by H. M. Fowler, In 1854 John Woodruff became proprietor, but in 1855 he sold out to John M. Webb of Youngstown, the Index having previously been consolidated with the Ohio Republican, conducted at Youngstown by Webb and Medbury from 1846 to 1852. In 1858 Webb sold out to William B. Dawson, but in 1860 Webb repurchased the paper and removed it to Youngstown. In 1860 the Herald, a Republican paper, was started by John Weeks of Medina. In 1865 Weeks took Edward E. Fitch into partnership with him, and subsequently Fitch purchased Weeks' interest. In 1872 it was purchased by McDonald & Son and the name changed to the Mahoning County News. Later it was purchased by W. R. Brownlee who made it a Democratic paper, and in 1875 Brownlee sold out to W. S. Peterson, who removed the plant to Warren with the loss of the county seat. This setback made Canfield a rather unpropitious place for starting a newspaper, but on May 1, 1877, H. M. Fowler launched the Mahoning Dispatch, an independent weekly newspaper. In 1880 his son, Charles C. Fowler, became associated with him and today the Mahoning Dispatch is published by Charles C. Fowler and his son, Dana B. Fowler, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 567 The Dispatch is a thriving and progressive weekly and is justly proud of the fact that it is today the oldest newspaper in Mahoning County published without change of management, and the oldest paper in the county published continuously without change of name. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS The first financial institution in Canfield Village was the private banking firm of Van Hyning & Co., founded in 1871. It went out of business ten years later. The Farmers National Bank of Canfield was incorporated in 1887 and is a thriving financial house. The present officers are, Dr. D. Campbell, president ; H. J. Beardsley, vice president;; Mark H. Liddle, cashier; T. C. Rose, assistant cashier. The directors are Dr. D. Campbell, J. S. Harding, H. J. Beardsley, Bruce Matthews, M. H. Liddle, M. G. Huffman, E. R. Lynn, G. N. Boughton and C. M. Shively. The Farmers Savings and Loan Company of. Canfield was incorporated in 1919 and opened for business on January 1, 1920. The directors of this institution are, C. H. Campbell, M. H. Liddle, H. J. Beardsley, J. S. Harding, G. N. Boughton, R. J. Delfs, James Park, E. R. Lynn and B. S. Matthews. COITSVILLE Coitsville is the northeastern most township of Mahoning County. On its east is Pennsylvania, on the north Trumbull County, on the south Poland Township and on the west the City of Youngstown. Youngstown, in fact, overlaps into Coitsville Township just as it does into Boardman Township. Coitsville—then township two, range two, of the Connecticut Reserve—was allotted to Daniel L. Coit, Uriah Tracey, Zepheniah Swift, John Kinsman and Christopher Leffingwell by the draft of January, 1798, but Coit subsequently became the sole owner and gave his name to the township. Colt did not locate on his western lands himself, but in the spring of 1798, sent out a surveying party in charge of John P. Bissel to survey the ground for sale and settlement. In this party were Amos Loveland, Asa Mariner, David Cooper and others. Amos Loveland, a resident of Vermont and a Revolutionary war soldier; became the first actual settler in the township. On his visit here in' 1798 he purchased all the land in the township south of the Mahoning River, returned to Vermont in the fall and in December, 1798, started out with his household goods and family loaded in two sleighs for his new home. The trip was finished by wagon route' and on April 4, 1799, the family reached Coitsville Township and began housekeeping in a small cabin Loveland had erected on his first visit Here their daughter, Cynthia Loveland, the first native white child of Coitsville Township, was born in June, 1799. Gen. Simon Perkins of Warren was Coit's first land agent and numerous sales of land were made after Ig01. In 1800, however, John 568 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY P. Bissel, Coit's surveyor and a resident of Lebanon, Connecticut, located at the center of the township on land he had bought in 1798, With Bissel came his family of nine children, In the same year Asa Mariner and David Cooper and family, both members of Bissel's surveying party, located in Coitsville. The Coopers Came from Washington County, Pennsylvania, although the head of the family was a native of Maryland. In 1800 also came Alexander McGuffey and family from Washington County, Pennsylvania, Rev. William McGuffey, afterward the noted educator and author of McGuffey's Eclectic Readers, text books in wide use throughout the United States, accompanied them as an infant and received his early education in Coitsville Township, In 1801 Rev. William Wick, the first clergyman in Youngstown, purchased a farm and located in Coitsville Township, Andrew G, Fitch of Connecticut located in the western part of the township, and Roger Sheehy removed from Youngstown here. Immigration was more general in 1802, among those locating in Coitsville being Barnabas Harris of Pennsylvania, the first blacksmith, Sampson Moore, Daniel Augustine, Joseph Beggs and wife, and James Shields, the Beggs family and Shields being natives of Ireland. John Johnson and wife of Pennsylvania came in 1803 and Mrs, Margery McFarlin, a native of Ireland, located in Coitsville in 1804. with her family of six children. Other early settlers, most of whom came here in 1804, or at an earlier date were James Lynn, William Stewart, James Stewart, John Stewart and David Stewart, Thomas Earley, David Brownlee and other members of his family, Matthew Robb, William Bell, John Jackson, Ebenezer Corey. Other residents or landowners of Coitsville in 1804 were Cramer Casper, John Given, Matthew Gillen, William Houston, James Mears, William Martin, Samuel McBride, John McCall, John Potter, James Pauley, James Smith, John Thompson, George Thompson, William Weeks, David Wilson, .Robert Wilson, Daniel Wilson, James White, Francis White, James Welch. Following Connecticut custom the village of Coitsville was founded near the center of the township, although in this instance it was not exactly in the center. At an early date the first sawmill was built by Asa Mariner along Dry Run and the first tavern opened at the center by Andrew McFarlin. One of the earliest industries was a tannery at the center, while there were distilleries in Coitsville as there were in all Western Reserve townships at an early day. A highway was laid out through the township as early as 1802, but it was 1827 before the Youngstown-New Bedford road was made a postroad and a postoffice established at Coitsville Center. The first marriage took place in 1803 when Ebenezer Corey was wedded to Polly Thompson, Coitsville Township also has the doubtful distinction of being the scene of the first notable murder in Mahoning County, when Sarah Stewart was slain by her brother-in-law, William O, Moore. Moore was sentenced to the penitentiary for life. Paroled when he was believed to be dying, Moore lived for many years afterward. In 1811, when John P. Bissel, land agent, died his affairs were found YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 569 much involved and many settlers lost much of the money they had paid on land contracts. The wet seasons of 1810-11-12 and the war of 1812 added to their troubles by drawing men from the farms and these were dark years for Coitsville residents. Most of them courageously weathered the storm, however, and were well repaid. Coitsville Township was originally a part of Youngstown Township, but in 1806 it was ordered separately organized and at the election of April 6, 1807, the following township officials were chosen: Joseph Bissel, township clerk ; William Houston, Joseph Jackson and William Stewart, trustees ; John McCall and Timothy Swan, overseers of the poor; William Martin and Ebenezer Corey, supervisors of highways ; David Cooper and John Stewart, fence viewers; James Stewart and. Alexander McGuffey, appraisers of houses; Alexander McGuffey, lister of property; James Lynn, constable; John Johnson, township treasurer. John P. Bissel was a justice of the peace as early as 1805 and Daniel Montieth in 1806. William Houston and James Shields were also early justices, Early residents of Coitsville attended religious services at surrounding settlements until 1835 when the Methodists effected an organization, following revival services held by circuit riders as early as 1820. Services were later held in barns but in 1838 a church was erected on land donated by Isaac Powers of Youngstown. This church was destroyed in 1847 during the anti-slavery-pro-slavery agitation, undoubtedly by incendiaries, but in 1848 a new building was erected. To many it will be surprising to know that pro-slavery sentiment was strong enough in such townships as Coitsville, Poland and Canfield that abolitionist speakers were threatened and even mistreated. James McCartney, Abraham Jacobs and John Bissel were among the founders of the Methodist society. Coitsville Township now has two Methodist churches, the Marion. Heights Church and the Scienceville Church. The Marion Heights Church was formed in 1919 by a union of the Coitsville Center Church and the Wilson Avenue M. E. Church, Rev. H., A. Cassidy coming soon afterward as pastor. The congregation worshiped in the Coitsville high school building pending the erection of a church edifice on a site donated by William McCartney. The Scienceville M. E. Church was founded in 1910 and grew rapidly. A church building was put up in 1912 at a cost of $9,000 and the congregation was formally organized in 1919 with Rev. Virgil E. Turner as pastor. It has a membership of 226. The Presbyterian Society of Coitsville was organized in 1836 and a church building was erected in that year or the next, with Rev. William Nesbit as pastor. Active among the organizers of this society were William Reed, John Jackson, David Jackson, J. I. Hirst, George Harris, Samuel Jackson, Andrew McFarlin, Ebenezer Corey and James Kerney. The church was rebuilt in 1870 and now has a membership of ,fif ty-nine, with Rev. H. S. D. Shimp as pastor. Presbyterian services were held in Coitsville as early as 1820. The Free Methodist Church at Sharline was organized in 1918 and 570 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY has grown satisfactorily. Rev. C. G. Sayer is pastor and Mrs. Paul Lawson superintendent of the Sunday School. The First Baptist Church at Sharline was organized in 1919. Rev. J. H. Canada is pastor. The first school in Coitsville Township was located on the farm of Joseph Beggs and was taught by Jeremiah Breaden. This school, a log building, was put up in 1807 or 1808, and the course of study given included Bible instruction. In 1815 a more ample frame school was erected, and other schools were later located in the township. Early records having been destroyed, there is no way of determining the exact date at which Coitsville was formally organized under the union school system. Under this organization, however, the schools eventually included the Dalby, Cooper, Bell, Coitsville Center, Dry Run, Thorn Hill, Thorn Hill Avenue, Science Hill and Geography Hall buildings, all one-room structures. In the 80's, too, there was a two-room building in the Coitsville Center district where Professor Milligan conducted a select school known as the Buttermilk College. In 1912, following the incorporation of East Youngstown, a separate school sub-division, known as the East Youngstown Village school district, was created. This robbed the Coitsville school district of more than half of its tax duplicate and took away two of its best buildings, the Fairview, erected in 1911, and the Gordon building, then in the course of construction and completed in 1913. By 1910 the population of the township had increased until the way for better schools had been paved. A resolution was passed permitting all the seventh and eighth grade pupils to attend graded schools. In a short time the Dry Run School was closed up, in 1913 the Dalby School was abandoned and the centralization of the township was completed. At present Coitsville Township contains eight schools outside East Youngstown—Geography Hall, a one-room building erected in 1885; Science Hill School, where a four-room building on the site of the old school was built in 1906 and converted into an eight-room building in 1912; Coitsville Center School, a six-room building erected in 1911, with a four-room addition in 1915 ; Thorn Hill School, a two-room building erected in 1914; Thorn Hill Avenue, an eight-room building, erected in 1915; Buckeye, an eight-room building, completed in 1920; West Avenue, a portable building, erected in 1918; Early Road, a portable building, also erected in 1918. The high school was organized at Coitsville Center in 1895, and this marked the beginning of school supervision in Coitsville Township. The superintendents who have officiated since include, William Allen, 1895-1901; Thomas McGeehon, 1901-02; H. P. McCoy, (now state senator) 1902-08; C. F. Mathias, 1908-10; C. W. Ricksecker, 1910-14; W, M. Coursen, 1914-16; M. D. Morris, 1917-18; W. L. Richey, superintendent since September, 1918. It is a proud boast of Coitsville Township that Professor William McGuffey, mentioned before, was a product of its schools. Present instructors in township schools are, Reubie F. Miller, Jessie Yaxley, Agnes Thompson, Ruth Workman, George H. Rowles, Linnett Hughes, Blanche. Brodt, Rita Speyer, Elizabeth Curl, Sara Ligo, Lucille YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 571 Farrelly, Oscar Lawson, Mrs. C. H. Campbell, Alice Strapp, Ruth Curl, Olive Holycross, Grace Cooke, L. D. Campbell, Iras Turner, Florence Strachan, M. Grace Thourot, Mary Catherine Yost, Lillie Rohrbaugh, Mary Grace Dunlap, Gertrude Cooke, A. C. Doyle, Paul Booth, Isabelle Booth, Carrie Rice, Mary Rukenbrod, Edna Schotten, Marguerite Beck, Nellie Baker, Beatrice Booth and Florence Callahan. The enrollment in 1920 was 1,114. Coitsville Center is an attractive country village, but its industries, even the tannery, are gone. The township contains, good farming land, some of it hilly where traversed by Dry Run, that meanders through a beautiful valley until it reaches the Mahoning. The coal mining industry at Thorn Hill has been abandoned and that one-time mining settlement is now virtually a part of Youngstown. The old Science Hill settlement, or crossroads, is now a Youngstown suburb also, and recently has been made a postoffice under the name of Scienceville. Sharline, which, like Scienceville, is on the Youngstown & Sharon electric line, was also made a postoffice station in 1919. Coitsville Township was founded by sturdy New England-Pennsylvania stock and is noted for the great number of old families who still reside there. In the southwestern part of the township, however, a vast change has come over the scene in the last twenty years with the growth of the great mills of the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company and the village of East Youngstown. These have sprung up on land that was grain fields and river bottoms in 1900. The transformation has made Coitsville one of the wealthiest townships of the old Western Reserve. The present township officials of Coitsville Township are, Joseph Stone, Harry. H. Kimmel and D. G. Stewart, trustees; C. F. Shipton, clerk; R. W. Collins, treasurer; Eugene Sample and Harry M. Williams, constables ; Ray Brownlee, assessor ; James Quigley, justice of the peace. BOARDMAN Boardman Township was first settled in 1798 by Elijah Boardman, of New Milford, Connecticut, member of the Connecticut Land Company and largest holder of land in the township, and by four companions, among whom were Nathaniel Blakely and Eleazer Blakely. Other original owners of land in the township were Homer Boardman, David S, Boardman, Jonathan Giddings, Stanley Griswold, Elijah Wadsworth and Frederick Wolcott, all of the Connecticut Land Company. The summer of 1798 was spent in surveying the township, and in the fall five members of the party returned to Connecticut on foot, but the township had actually been settled at this time. In 1799 John McMahan located in the northwestern part of the township and was perhaps the only newcomer that year. Immigration began in earnest in 1800, however, and continued so rapidly that Boardman became one of the most populous and most important of Trumbull County townships by 1810. Among the early settlers were Peter Stilson, George Stilson, William Drake and Henry Brainard in 1800, Francis Dowler, 572 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Eli Baldwin and Adam Simon in 1801, George Zedaker in 1802, Josiah Walker in 1803. Other taxpayers in Boardman in 1803 were Units Brainard, Solomon Brainard, Caleb Baldwin, Isaac Cook, James Canada, Joseph Comyns, Noah Chamberlain, Ebenezer Davis, Lewis DeCamp, Edward Dice, William Dice, Oswald Detchon, Henry Dustman, Benjamin Fisher, Eleazer Fairchild, Archibald McCorkle, John Stephens, Allen Scroggs, Michael Simon, James Stall, Beach Summers, John Thornton, Jr., Haynes Fitch and sons came in 1804, Eliakim Stoddard and Richard Elliott in the same year, John and Charlotte Davidson and David Noble in 1805, Isaac. Blackman and James Moody in 1807, David Fitch and Ethel Starr in 1808, Andrew Hull, Herman Stilson, Jacob Deane, Frank Deane and Elizabeth Deane in -t809 and Major Samuel Clark in 181o. Abner Webb, Joseph Merchant, Samuel Swan and Warren Bissel were located in the township by 1806 and others who came before 1810 included David Woodruff, Jacob Simon and Isaac Hankins. Elijah Boardman followed the Connecticut Land Company custom of laying out a village at the center of the township, but Boardman Center has never become a place of commercial importance. A post-office was established there prior to 1810 with Eli Baldwin as postmaster but pioneer industries were scattered throughout the township, George Stilson built the first frame house in the township, in 1805 and opened a tavern there, this building being in the eastern part of the township. Here also the first store was opened by Charles Boardman and William Ingersoll. The first grist mill was located on Mill Creek a short distance above the falls. The first sawmill was built about 1808, southeast of the center, by Richard J. Elliott and Elijah Boardman. Later Eli Baldwin conducted a sawmill, grist mill and cloth mill on Mill Creek. It was the numerous mill sites on this creek that gave it its name. A tannery was built north of the center about 1805 by James Moody. Andrew Webb was the pioneer blacksmith of the township, James D. McMahon, (or McMahan) born October 31, 1799, was the first native white child of the township. By 1806 the population had increased until Boardman was separated from the civil Township of Youngstown and organized with a township government. At the first election held on April 7, 1806, Haynes Fitch acted as chairman of the election board with Henry Brainard and David Woodruff as clerks. Eli Baldwin was chosen township clerk, Henry Brainard, George Stilson and Adam Simon, township trustees ; Eleazer Fairchild and. Michael Simon, overseers of the poor; James Hull and Abner Webb. fence viewers ; Nathaniel Blakely, lister and appraiser; Jedediah Fitch, appraiser; Isaac Hankins, Nathaniel Blakely and David Fitch, supervisors of highways ; David Fitch, constable; James Moody, treasurer, Eli Baldwin was also the first justice of the peace, acting likewise as postmaster, captain of militia, member of the Legislature and man of prominence in many other respects. Members of the Boardman family achieved national prominence, Miss Mabel Boardman of Washington, District of Columbia, noted for her great work in connection with the Red Cross, being one of the leading representatives of the family today, Because of its large population Boardman was well represented in YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 573 the War of 1812, just as it was later in the Civil war. Abraham Simon, killed in the Peninsula battle in September, 1812, was a Boardman man and John McMahan, wounded at that time and later slain by Indians on his way home, was one of the pioneer settlers of the township. Until recently the "Boardman Woods," located in the southwestern part of the township, was one of Ohio's greatest timber tracts and a refuge for game, but the sawmill has removed much of this wild spot. Traversed by Mill Creek and Yellow Creek, the township is a rich one agriculturally. Boardman Center is now connected by a brick ,automobile road with Youngstown and has been made almost a suburb of the city, It is reached also by the. Youngstown & Suburban electric line with a station but a short distance from the center.. The suburb of Pleasant Grove, within Boardman Township, was annexed to Youngstown in 1917. In the southern part of the township part of the village of Woodworth, formerly Steamtown, lies in Boardman Township. The first schoolhouse in the township was a log building near Boardman Center, opened about 1803 with Nathaniel Blakely as the first teacher, A frame schoolhouse was erected in 1809 and a log schoolhouse was built east of the center by the Simon family before this frame building was erected. Boardman had unusually good educational facilities in the early days, the first schools being private, or tuition, schools, Prior to centralization Boardman had a number of one-room schools, including the Shady Hollow school in the southwest -corner of the township ; Gault School, west-central; Yankee Street, or Kiper's grammar school; the present Indianola school; Pleasant Grove, northeastern; Rice district, southeastern ; Center school and Chambers district, abandoned when the modern brick building was erected at Woodworth, then Steamtown, in 1883. A school at Cornersburg was removed to Youngstown Township in 1893, President McKinley, it is said, once taught in the Rice district school, Boardman Township was a pioneer in centralization, this being done in 1904 when the present frame building was erected. Coincident with this all the schools except the Shady Hollow and Woodworth buildings were abandoned and a third grade high school was established with W, B, Randolph as superintendent of the district. In 1909 the Shady Hollow school was abandoned, and in 1911 the Woodworth building was closed and the pupils brought to the centralized school, The same year the board of education purchased the present school site, moved the frame building thereon and constructed a four-room brick addition. The present high school building was erected in 1916, In 1914 the four-room Pleasant Grove school was built but this was included in the annexation of that suburb to Youngstown in 1917. Boardman Township, with its 1,434 pupils, has a heavy school enrollment, It is a "4740" district, with G. M. Barton as superintendent. The teachers include A. L. Henderson, Carrie L. Walker and Mary Agnes Stewart in the high school, and J. M. Minteer, Ruth Keen, Pearl 574 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Lonsinger, Freda Bohn, Esther Heintzleman, Ruth C. Duncan, Myrtle Johnston, Nellie Koch and Estella Heintzleman in the grade schools. Religiously, Boardman Township is especially dear to members of the Episcopal faith, for this was the cradle of that creed west of the Alleghany Mountains As early as 1807 Episcopal services were held here and on September 4, 1809, an Episcopal Society was formally organized. In 1817 St. James' Episcopal parish came into being. A more complete story of this pioneer Episcopal parish will be found in the history of Youngstown churches, in Chapter XVI of this volume. St. James' Church is located at Boardman Center, with Rev. W, H. Pond as rector since December 1, 1915. The first Methodist Episcopal services were held in a log schoolhouse on the Oswald Detchon farm. About 1835 a church was built at Boardman Center and later this was replaced by a more modern structure. The Boardman Center Church is attended by Rev. 0. B. Jones of Poland. The Presbyterian, or Congregational Church, was established in Boardman Township as early as 1813. For a number of years the Presbyterian Church was located at Boardman Center but the former church structure was later given over to other. purposes. At present a Presbyterian mission some distance from the center is attended from Poland Village. The United Brethren maintain a church at Woodworth on the Boardman-Beaver line. The church has no resident pastor at present. The Bethlehem Church, the first church organization in Boardman Township, dates back to the opening years of the nineteenth century, It was made up of members of the Lutheran and Reformed churches and in 1810 built a log church in the northeastern part 0f the township, In 1845 another church building was erected and still later a modern structure was put up just across the line in Youngstown Township. With the extension of the city limits in 1913 this became a Youngstown city church. The Disciples of Christ Church was organized in 1854 but later went out of existence, members of this denomination attending Youngstown churches. Boardman Center and Woodworth are small settlements, the former being really a Youngstown suburb today, and distinguished by its pretty homes. Two miles southeast of Boardman Center, on the Youngstown & Suburban line, is Southern Park, with its beautiful grove, picnic grounds and splendid race track that is used as a summer race meeting place. The present officers of Boardman Township are, C. T. Geiger, I. H. McClurg and O. H. Stafford, trustees ; George H. Davidson, clerk; H. Heintzleman, treasurer; C. L. Baldwin and Paul A. Simon, constables; Charles W. Martin, justice of the peace; W. W. Wirt, assessor. AUSTINTOWN Austintown Township, lying directly west of Youngstown and through which the main road west to the Milton reservoir and to Port- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 575 age County passes, was first settled in 1800 when John McCollum removed his family there from New. Jersey and took up his residence in a cabin he had erected on a previous visit in 1798. Originally Austintown and the adjoining township of Jackson had been owned by Oliver Phelps and Gideon Granger, original members of the Connecticut Land Company, the former being the heaviest shareholder in the company. Previous to this, however, parts of Austintown and Jackson townships were included in the General Parsons purchase of the Salt Spring tract in 1786, and this land was not included in the draft of January, 1798. John McCollum was born in New Jersey on December 25, 1770, and married Jane Ayers on June 10, 1798. Mrs. McCollum, was born in New Jersey on September 27, 1767, and married Robert Hansom, by whom she had five children. By her marriage to McCollum, after the 'death of Hansom, she had eight children. This pioneer family of Austin-town that came into the wilds of the Western Reserve is yet extensively represented and most prominent in affairs of the township and of Ma-honing County. Wendell Grove of Pennsylvania was a settler of 1801, Henry Ohl and Frederick Moherman located herein 1803, and among other early settlers were Jacob Parkhurst, John Carlton, Edward Jones, Caleb Jones, John Lane, David Dillon, John Duncan, George Gilbert, John Truesdale, Robert Fullerton, Robert Russell, James J. Russell, Anthony Weather-stay, Henry Weatherstay, Jacob Harding, Archibald Ewing, Joshua Cotton, captain in the War of 1812, and other members of this family James Henry, Thomas Reed, Henry Strack, Henry Crum, Jacob Harroff, Abraham Wolf cale, Henry Brunstetter, George Foulk, Frederick Shively and others. William Bayard, Benjamin Bayard, Nathaniel Britton, Matthew Guy, William Hayes, Samuel Ferguson, Robert Kirkpatrick, Samuel Moore, Alexander. McCallister, Thomas Morgan, John Musgrove, Thomas Packard, Daniel Packard, Gilbert Roberts, James Sisco, Benjamin. Sisco, William Sisco, William Templeton, Nathaniel Walker and William Withington were landholders as early as 1803. The township was named for Judge Austin of Warren, agent for the owners of the township. John McCollum, son of the first settlers, was the first white child born in the township. Agriculture was the leading industry, as it is today. The first grist mill was built *by William Irvin at Four Mile Run at an early day but it was well toward the middle of the nineteenth century before there were any sawmills in the township, Andrew J. Brick-man and Harvey McCollum being pioneers in this industry. Iron ore, coal and limestone were found in plentiful quantities in Austintown, and coal mining was for many years an industry that gave Austintown much prominence, but is of less consequence today. A small iron furnace was built along Meander Creek in the early days, and toward the latter part of the nineteenth century a mill for crushing limestone for fertilizer was erected, Tanneries and small distilleries also flourished. Austintown Center was founded in the first quarter of the nineteenth century and was the business center of the township until the village of West Austintown was founded on the Niles and Lisbon branch of the Erie Railroad when that line was constructed in 1869. The first store 576 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY was opened at the center about 1822 by Alexander Thompson, while Dr. Alfred Packard, Caldwell Porter, Judge William Rayen of Youngstown, John Cotton, Austin Corll, Isaac Hoover, William Crum and John Lanterman were early merchants. Alexander McKinney, Robert Fullerton and others were early tavern keepers. Dr. Alfred Packard was also an early practitioner and remained for many years. The postoffice at the center was founded about 1820. A part of the village of Mineral Ridge lies in Austintown Township, For many years this was an incorporated municipality but recently the village charter has been surrendered. Austintown Center now has a population of 250, with two stores, conducted by Mrs. Joseph Smith and August Kroeck. The postoffice was abandoned in 1916, Mrs. Jacob Reel being the last one in charge there. West Austintown also has a population of about 25o, with a general store conducted by Postmaster G. W. DeHoff and a grocery conducted by Charles Decker. Its industries include a clay and paint works conducted by the Davis Mining and Manufacturing Company, the output being shipped to Cleveland. West Austintown is on the Lisbon branch of the Erie Railroad. Other villages in the township are Smiths Corners and Ohlton. The first schools in the township were taught in log buildings prior to 1810. Under the union school system the schools included the Grove, Perkins Corners, Four Mile Run, Ohl School, Center School, Smiths Corners, Stony Ridge, West Austintown and Taylor's Corners. All of these were in use except the Ohl School when the 1914 school code was adopted, but centralization came into demand at this time and in November, 1914, a bond issue of $40,000 was voted for a centralized building, An eight-acre site at West Austintown was donated by John H. Fitch and the present centralized building was put up and equipped, subsequent bond issues increasing the expenditure to $50,000. A high school was organized in the fall of 1915 and in January, 1916, the centralized building was. occupied. In 1917 this was made a second grade high school. G. C. Boyd was the first principal and was succeeded by C. G. Potts who gave way to J: C. Eschliman, the present principal. The present enrollment of the school is 350, the instructors being J, C, Eschliman, Ada Dorris Cain, M. M. Roudebush, Walter Heller, Ada Printz, Bernice Buck, Emma Kilpatrick, Mrs. Allen Flickinger, Fay Ripley and Viola Ripley. Austintown is in the second county supervisory district under Superintendent F. D. Myers. The first church in Austintown Township was a log building erected by the Presbyterians on the Webb farm in the northern part of the township. Later Presbyterian activities were transferred to Ohlton, but the church here was eventually abandoned. The Evangelical Church was organized in 1841 and the first church erected in 1853. The present Evangelical Church, located at West Austintown, is attended by Reverend Rieff. The United Evangelicals and members of the Reformed Church also maintain churches at West Austintown but have no regular pastors at present. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 577 The Disciples, or Christian Church, had its origin in the Baptist congregation that was organized in 1828. A house of worship was erected at Four Mile Run in 1860 and activities of this church in the township are still centered there. A commodious parsonage belonging to the congregation was destroyed by fire in December, 1919. The church has no resident pastor now. The Covenanters began services in a building at Austintown Center in 1844. This structure was a union building, other denominations having assisted in building it. Subsequently the church was abandoned and the services held in the schoolhouse, but even these have ceased in recent years. The United Brethren Church was organized in 1859 and a church built in 1863. The present officials of Austintown Township are, William Brickley, W. J. Knight and Thomas Hardy, trustees ; Willis Wingert, clerk ; William Kroeck, treasurer; R. H. Shoffner, constable ; David Anderson, justice of the peace, J. M. Wayman, assessor. JACKSON Jackson Township fell to the ownership of Oliver Phelps and Gideon Granger of the Connecticut Land Company when the January, 1798, draft was made, and, like Austintown Township, part of the old Parsons Salt Spring claim was within its borders. It was not until five years later that the first settlement was made within the township, the pioneers in this instance being Samuel Calhoun (or Calhoon) and his son Andrew Calhoun. They were followed soon after by Samuel Calhoun's wife, Nancy Calhoun, and the remaining two sons and ten daughters of the family. In the same year William Orr, from Washington County, Pennsylvania, Andrew Gault and John Ewing, the latter a native of Ireland, located in Jackson. In 1804 they were joined by Samuel Riddle, a Pennsylvanian, in 1805 by John and Eleanor Morrison and Nicholas Van Emmon. Robert Kirkpatrick, who first located in Austintown Township, and the Osborne family, originally settlers in Youngstown and Canfield townships in the neighborhood later known as Cornersburg, were early settlers. The settlement of Jackson Township was extremely slow until about 1818 when homebuilders began to come with greater frequency. This delay was due to the swampy character of much of the land in Jackson, this ground being susceptible to flood and being considered poor farming land. The original owners of the land also delayed putting it on the market and the uncertainty of the validity of the Parsons claim was also a drawback. Improvements were also made slowly. The present improved highway running through Jackson Township from Youngstown was laid out at an early day, but was a poor road for many years. It was about the middle of the nineteenth century before any real road improvement began. vol, I-37 578 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Jackson Center was founded about 1828 with Robert Turnbull as the original settler and a dozen years later had but seven or eight houses, About 1834 Caldwell Porter of Austintown opened the first store there and perhaps a little later Dr. Isaac Powers located at the Center. He was succeeded by Dr. James F. Porter who remained for some years. Turnbull, the original settler, kept a stopping place for travelers, but Jacob Probst was probably proprietor of the first tavern which was supplanted in 1844 by a hotel erected by Benjamin Wannamaker. Prior to 1810 Samuel Riddle erected a gristmill along Meander Creek in the southeastern part of the township, and later built a sawmill just across the line in Ellsworth Township. A sawmill was built within the township about 1830. It was 1834 before a postoffice was established at the village of Jackson Center. Andrew Gault, son of the second settler in the township, was the first native white child of Jackson, his birth taking place on December 7, 1804. The first marriage was solemnized in 1805 when John Ewing and Margaret Orr were united in wedlock. The pioneer school of Jackson Township was opened at an early date in the southeastern part of the township in a log house. John Fullerton, for many years teacher in Jackson Township, was probably the first master. As Jackson Township had a large German population that language was taught in the schools in conjunction with English until 1840 when it was discontinued. Describing Jackson Township schools as they were between 1842 and 1850, John Gault, one of the oldest living residents of the township, says: "The school buildings in those days were made of logs. The desks consisted of broad boards laid on pins which were driven into the log wall. The seats were benches of a uniform height, which allowed the feet of the smaller children to dangle in the air. Altogether the school arrangement was poor, but the greatest hardship of all was the poor instruction given by the teachers. It often occurred that a class in arithmetic would be memorizing rules and definitions for interest while they did 'sums' in multiplication. Thus rules and definitions were memorized that meant nothing to the student. Of the nine districts in the township at this time district number two was considered the leading, or model, school, due to the interest which the Mohermans, the Johnsons and the others in the district expressed by a wise selection of teachers. This intelligent effort for improvement resulted in giving the county such men as Judge W. S. Anderson, Judge J. R. Johnston and others." In 1856 the school at the center, now part of the town hall, was made into a select school, where such studies as algebra, philosophy, physical geography, etc., were taught. In 1860 this developed into an academy with 0. P. Brockway as the first teacher. The academy continued for an indefinite period and in 1899 was converted into the Jackson Township High School. It was at this time that the centralization plan first appeared in Ohio, and Jackson decided upon centralization, being a pioneer in this respect. This led to the discontinuing of several of the sub-districts, still leaving the districts at the four corners of the township as they originally were. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 579 In 1914 the board of education completed a fine new six-room fireproof building at a cost of $23,000, this building being the present home of the Jackson centralized school, housing all the children of the township. The high school continued as third grade until 1916 when it was advanced to the second grade. In 1918 the school population of Jackson had increased and two additional teachers were hired. These instructors are now teaching in the old two-room building that is part of the town hall, but the township will soon complete its eight-room layout. The present teaching staff consists of David Duff, Lela Orr, J. N. Gallaher, Elizabeth Wilson, Edith Andrews, Wilhelmina Lucas, Ruth Weikart and Edna Thomas. The district superintendent is Fred D. Myers. The first church building in Jackson, .a log structure in the western part of the township, was built about 1818 and used by the Presbyterians of Jackson and Austintown. Prior to this the Covenanters had held religious services in Jackson and in that, year a congregation was formed in the southeastern part of the township with Rev. Robert Gibson as the first pastor. A frame church, afterwards dismantled, was built in 1830. About 1833 a division occurred in the church, the pastor going with the dissenters into a new congregation. About 1848 a new church building was erected. The Presbyterian Church was formally organized in 1871 and a church building was put up at North Jackson and dedicated on December 28, 1871. Rev. J. F. Kirkbride is the present pastor, the membership being seventy-seven., Methodism in Jackson dates from 1823, the actual organization of the church taking place a year later when eight members met at the home of John Erwin. Early preaching was done by circuit riders. Rev. Guy Hoover is now pastor of the church which has a membership of sixty-seven. Lutherans and Reformed residents of Jackson met originally at their homes for services but in 1835 organized and, by their joint efforts, erected a church building that stood for many years. Its first pastor was Rev. F. C. Becker who labored there for several decades. A new church was put up at North Jackson in 1903-04 at a cost of $5,000. The Reformed Church, with a membership of eighty-four, was supplied by Rev. J. M. Kendig until his death in November, 1919. The United Lutheran congregation has not had a resident pastor for the last year but is supplied by Reverend Smith of Niles. The Disciple, or Christian congregation, was organized in 1852 by Rev, C. Smith, with a membership of fifty-two, although earlier activities dated back to 1829. A modern church structure was erected at North. Jackson and the congregation now has a membership of 100 with Rev. J. A. Brown as pastor. Jackson Township was originally included in the civil township of Youngstown. On its separate organization Andrew Gault was the first justice of the peace. The present township officials are, H. H. Harkelrode, George Ewing and Wesley Williams, trustees ; J. Ford Gault, clerk ; John Fullerton, treasurer ; R. E. Handwork, constable ; E. A.. Buck, assessor ; John Gault, justice of the peace. 580 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Jackson Township is fertile farming territory, traversed by Meander Creek, and is on the main east and west road to Youngstown. North Jackson, or Jackson Center, is the railroad station for much surrounding territory, being on the Pennsylvania line from Niles to Alliance. The village has a population of about 400. The storekeepers include, Friend Jones, hardware ; Nathan Shipley, general merchandise ; E. M. Russell, general merchandise ; Guy McMillen, confectionery and grocery; Shroeder and Kimmel, implement dealers. Alva Jones is the village postmaster. There are two blacksmith shops and two garages, The industries include the H. H. Lynn sawmill and the flour mill of the Mahoning Improvement Company, a farmers' organization. There is a Knight of Pythias Lodge, a lodge of the Pythian Sisters, and Jackson Grange with F. A. Eckis as master. A hotel is one of the improvements in sight for North Jackson. MILTON Milton Township is the northwesterly subdivision of the county, bordering on the north on Trumbull County and on the west on Portage County. It was drawn originally by Ralph Pomeroy, Nathaniel C, Ingraham, Ozias Marvin, Stephen Lockwood, Taylor Sherman, Phineas Miller, Joseph Borrell, William. Edwards, Ezekiel Williams, Jr., Pierpont Edwards, Samuel P. Lord, Ebenezer King, David King, Fidelia King, Elijah Wadsworth, Frederick Wolcott, Uriel Holmes, Ephraim Root and Ichabod Ward. Pomeroy was the owner of about two-thirds of the township, while most of the shareholders possessed but nominal holdings. The original settlements in Milton County were made in 1803 when Nathaniel Stanley settled on the east side of the river just above Pricetown, Aaron Porter, later a famous hunter, located on the west side of the river, and John Van Netten and family located in the west part of the township. In probably the same year Samuel Bowles located in the eastern part of Milton. Other early residents were Samuel Linton, Isaac Winans, James Winans, Jacob Winans and Daniel Stewart, who came about 1804, Reuben S. Clarke, John DeLong, Joseph Depew, James Craig, John Craig, Thomas L. Fenton, George Snyder, John McKenzie, Samuel Daniels, John Pennel, Peter DeCourcey, Alexander French, Thomas Reed, William Parshall, John Johnston, Judge Robert Price and Calvin Shepard. In the first thirty years or more after its settlement Milton Township flourished. Fertile and well drained lands made it a desirable place in which to live; it is a country of much natural beauty in the winding Mahoning River Valley, and it is located but a short distance from the village of Deerfield, Portage County, which was one of the most thriving settlements on the Western Reserve in the early days, Price's Mills, later Pricetown, became one of the busy hamlets of Western Trumbull County after the first settlement was made there. Jesse Holliday appears to have been the pioneer of Pricetown, having erected a grist mill, sawmill and carding mill there as early as 1804. The grist YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 581 mill was an unusually pretentious one and was visited by grain growers from miles around. Judge Robert Price became the owner of these mills about 1817 and gave his name to the settlement. Later they were owned by Dr. Jonathan I. Tod, who also built a foundry at Pricetown. Later industries were a linseed oil plant, flax mill and woolen factory. Thomas L. Fenton was the first tavern keeper, Booth & Elliott probably the first merchants, Dr. Tracy Bronson and' Dr. George Ewing the first practicing physicians, and Fenton, the tavernkeeper, was also the first blacksmith. A postoflice was established there about 1808. There were also early tanneries and distilleries scattered throughout the township. Pricetown had reached its best days by 1840. Today there is little left of that part of the old village that lay in Milton Township. Even more tragic was the fate of Fredericksburg, once a flourishing village on the Mahoning River above Pricetown. Once a stage-stop 0n the Cleveland-Pittsburgh route and a place of taverns, stores and mills, Fredericksburg is now buried beneath the waters of Lake Milton. Today there is not a postoffice or even sizeable village in Milton Township. Schools were established in Milton Township before 1810, Daniel Depew being probably the first teacher. James Johnston taught from 1811 to 1813 in a log house near the Jackson Township line, this building being used until 1818 when a structure of hewn logs was erected. When the school code of 1914 was adopted Milton Township had seven schools, the Shrader's Corners, in the southeastern part; Orr's Corners, in the eastern part ; Tiger School in the northeastern part ; Center School; River Bank, on the east side of the river and south of the center; Fredericksburg School and Patterson School, on the west side of the river and north of the Center. This code eliminated all but the Shrader's Corners, Tigers, River Bank and Patterson schools. The Pricetown special district was formed some years ago and maintained a two-room school as long as attendance warranted it. The children from the schools that had been closed were transported, of course, to one of these four schools. Later the Patterson School was closed, leaving only the three one-room schools with an attendance of seventy-five. The teachers are Francis Johnston, Mrs. Ray Kime and Jennie Gardner. Milton Township is in No. 2 county supervisory district, under Superintendent Fred D. Myers. The township has not yet been convinced that it can afford one centralized school, a movement toward this having been defeated by popular vote in 1916. The earliest church in the township was the Presbyterian, founded about 1807. A church structure was erected soon afterwards at Price-town, with Rev. James Boyd as first pastor and later activities were transferred to Orr's Corners, but eventually abandoned. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1812, services being held at homes and in schoolhouses by circuit riders. Subsequently a church was erected at Baldwin's Corners, but Methodists in Milton are now identified with the Milton-Newton church at Pricetown, the building being on the Newtown Township side of the line. The Disciples Church was organized in Milton about 1830 and flourished for a generation but finally dissolved. Newton Township has no organized church of any denomination today, 582 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY the one religious body being a Union Sunday School that meets in the eastern part of the township.. Governmentally, Milton Township was originally united with New town Township, but about 1815 Milton Township was separately organized. The present township officers are: Lewis Hawkins, C. J. Shrader and William Stitle, trustees; Harry E. Kale, clerk ; Glen R. Creed, treasurer; E. J. Middletown, constable;' Floyd E. Weisner, assessor. While Milton Township is the most sparsely populated of all Mahoning County townships it is destined to become a most important subdivision with the development of the Milton Lake property. Originally the site of this reservoir was a wild, deep and remarkably picturesque gorge in the Mahoning River Valley. With its purchase by the City of Youngstown and the erection of a giant concrete dam, Milton Lake was created as an industrial water supply for Youngstown. The lake covers 1,700 acres and impounds 10,000,000,000 gallons of water. The use of this place as a pleasure resort is now restricted since the water is used for domestic as well as industrial purposes, but with the acquisition of a separate domestic supply for Youngstown, Milton Lake will become a mecca for fishermen and other lovers of the outdoors. Milton Township has one of the most active granges in the county and owns a grange hall of its own. L. W. Flick is the present master, ELLSWORTH Ellsworth Township lies just west of Canfield Township, near the center of Mahoning County and is one of the southernmost townships of the Western Reserve, being township one of range four. Meander Creek flows through the township and on into Austintown. The first actual settlers of Ellsworth were James Reed of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, Joseph Coit and Joseph Arner, all of whom came to Ellsworth and located lands in 1803, building cabins at that time. Coit and Amer were also Pennsylvanians, and all three returned to that state after the first season in Ohio. In the spring of 1804 Reed, and Amer brought their families on to Ellsworth and Coit, who was then unmarried, came at the same time. In 1804 Thomas Jones and family came from Maryland and settled in Ellsworth Township and in 1806 William Ripley, Harvey Ripley and Elisha Palmer were among the settlers. Philip Borts came from Pennsylvania in the- same year. Settlers in 1806 were Daniel Fitch and wife, Richard Fitch, William Fitch, Charles Fitch, John Leonard and Nicholas Leonard, and in 1807, John Houston. Thomas Jones, Jr., born in 1806, was the first native white child in the township, and the first wedding took place in 1807 when Lydia Buell and Hezekiah Chidester of Canfield were united in marriage at the home of Richard Fitch. The bride was a sister to Mrs. Fitch. Fitch at this time conducted a tavern, the first in the township and opened a year previously. The first grist mill was built by Gen. Simon Perkins of Warren and Eli Baldwin 0f Boardman and about the same time these mill owners also put up a sawmill. The first store was built about 1822 YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 583 in a log house at Ellsworth Center. Dr. Chauncey C. Cook, who later removed to Youngstown, was the first resident physician in the township, living here from 1824 until about 1827. Thomas Fitch was the pioneer blacksmith, locating the Center with his shop about 1814. A small log schoolhouse east of the Center was the pioneer educational building of Ellsworth Township, the first classes here being taught by Miss Clara Lanson of Canfield. For some time this was the only school building in the township, and at no time were there as many as in the average Mahoning County township. After the union school system was adopted there were five schools, Germany School, in the southeastern part; Geeburg, in the northeastern part ; the Center School ; Ellsworth Station School and Prospect Hill, in the southern part of the township. The Rosemont School was maintained by both Jackson and Ellsworth townships but was managed by the Jackson Board of Education. This school was abandoned with the completion of centralization in Jackson Township. About 1905 the school attendance had increased until the old Weaver school in Berlin Township was purchased and removed to a point near Ellsworth Center. The first four grades were taught in this building while the four grammar grades were taught in the original Center building. In 1916 the Prospect Hill and Ellsworth Station schools were abandoned and the children transported to the Center, but in 1919 an increasing enrollment made the reopening of the Prospect School a necessity. Ellsworth Township has never attempted to maintain a high school. The present enrollment in the schools is 120, the teaching corps consisting of Wilma Gallagher, Ruth Yoxtheimer, Ralph Dressel, Flossie Boyer and Hazel Manchester. Fred D. Myers is the superintendent of the Ellsworth district. Rev. John Bruce, who ministered to the Presbyterians, was the first minister in Ellsworth Township, locating here in 1809 and remaining for five years. A log building north of the Center was the first Presbyterian meeting house, but services were held at various places until 1818 when a Union Presbyterian-Congregational Church was organized and ar rangements were made for holding services in the town hall. A church building was erected in 1833. The present Presbyterian congregation has a membership of sixty-three, Rev. G. W. Brown being pastor. The Methodists of Ellsworth Township organized about 1824 with Rev. Nicholas Gee as pastor. About 1835 a church was built but this congregation went out of existence in 1856. Seventeen years previously, in 1839, another congregation had been organized at the Center and this body erected a frame church in 1840. A neat brick structure supplanted this forty years later, the dedication taking place on February 17, 1881. Rev, Guy Hoover is the present pastor, the congregation having a membership of sixty. The Methodist Episcopal Church at Rosemont was founded in 1899 and organized the same year: The church building, put up in 1909, is controlled by the hall association. Rev. Guy Hoover ministers to this church as well as to the Jackson and Ellsworth Center churches. Ellsworth Township was organized from Canfield and Newton 584 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Townships in 1810, and at that time included what is now known as Berlin Township: At the first election on April 2, 1810, Joseph Coit was elected township clerk; Andrew Fitch, Daniel Fitch, Hugh Smith, trustees; William Ripley, James Parshall, overseers of the poor ; John Leonard, Robert McKean, fence viewers ; Daniel Fitch, lister; Daniel Fitch, William Fitch, appraisers; Jesse Buell, constable ; Peter Watts, George Painter, James McGill, supervisors ; Harvey Ripley, treasurer, The present township officials are, Harry Brown, Eli Spencer and J, M. Yeager, trustees ; Forest Hammond, clerk ; C. L. Manchester, treasurer; J. C. Gordon and Emory Winans, constables; W. W. Miller, assessor; Scott Winans, justice of the peace. There are three villages in the township, Ellsworth Center, Ellsworth Station and Rosemont, the last named being on the Ellsworth-Jackson line. Herman Creed is postmaster at Rosemont and proprietor of the general store there. The village has a population, of seventy-five, one sawmill, one cider mill and two coal mines. Like Ellsworth Station, it is on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Ellsworth Township has a thriving grange, with Hugh Bowman as master. BERLIN Berlin, one of the westerly townships of Mahoning County, was probably the last township in the county to undergo permanent settlement. This was due not to any unattractiveness on the part of Berlin Township but to the delay of the original owners in placing the lands of the township on sale. This township was drawn in the draft of 1798 by Samuel Mathers, Jr., Richard W. Hart, William Hart and George Blake, the first named being the heaviest landowner. The land is generally fertile and well watered. The upper Mahoning River traverses part of the township and the river valley here is one of remarkable beauty, Berlin Township being in fact one of the most picturesque spots in Mahoning County. Before the site for Milton Lake had been selected the city of Youngstown had purchased a basin in Berlin Township of almost equal dimensions and this is still the property of the metropolis of Mahoning County, A second lake at this Berlin site is a possibility of the future. While other parts of Mahoning County had become fairly well settled in the first decade that elapsed after the opening of the Western Reserve, it was not until 18o9 that a settlement was made in Berlir Township. The first settler was a Virginian, Garrett Packard, who cam( to Austintown in 1803, located at Deerfield in 1805 and in 1809 settled on a farm on Mill Creek in the southwestern part of Berlin Township Packard was accompanied by his family, and on March 27, 18c9, a son Thomas Packard, was born, being the first white child born in the town ship. Jacob Weldy located in Berlin Township soon afterwards and abou the same time George Baum became a resident there. In 1815 he married Betsy Packard, this being the first wedding among residents o Berlin. Other early settlers were Abraham Hawn, Joseph H. Coult, the YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 585 first settler at Berlin Center, Matthias Glass, Reuben Gee, Joseph Davis, David Parshall, Jonathan King, John Cline, George Ripple, Salmon Hall, Henry Houck, David Hartzell, Tobias Hartzell, William Kirkpatrick, Emanuel Hull and John Kimmel, all of whom came prior to 183o. Real settlement began about 1824 and in the next ten years Berlin Township gained many residents. The early settlers of Berlin Township numbered many of German blood and it was one of these, Matthias Glass, who gave it its name. Previous to that it was known as "Hart and Mather's" after its original owners. Glass was the original miller of the township, having erected a grist mill and sawmill on Turkey Broth Creek in 1820. Later a second grist mill was built on the same site by Isaac Wilson. The first store was started at the Center by Joseph Edwards about 1833, while Peter Musser kept the first tavern, this being in the northern part of the township. Dr. James W. Hughes, practicing physician at the Center from 1834 to 1869, was the first resident doctor. In 1828 a postoffice was opened at Amity, where Musser's tavern was located, and in 1833 Berlin Center was made a postoffice station. Berlin Center is the one village in the township. Schilling's Mills, site of the first mill in the township, attained the dignity of a village name under the title of Belvidere. The first school was built near Berlin Center in the early '20s and in 1828 the township was divided into four school districts. Schools were also established early in the northern and 'southern parts of the township. In later years there were seven schools,, Shelltown, in the northeastern part of the township ; Weaver, east-central ; Hornet's Nest, southeastern; Center School; Dutch School, near the Lutheran Church; Oak Hill, near Schilling's mill; Fumbletown, west-central ; Christytown, southwestern. Centralization was attempted at an early date, the four schools in the corners of the township being allowed to remain while Weaver, Dutch School and Fumbletown Building were removed to the Center, one of these being used for the first four grades, another for the grammar grades and the third for the high school, organized about 1905. When the school code of 'gig. ff. became effective Berlin had a splendid high school under Principal Evan C. Dressel. On February 2, 1910, the township voted, after a warm campaign, to vote $22,000 in bonds for a new school building, completing centralization. The building, completed and occupied on October 4, 1916, is a most modern structure with seven class rooms and an auditorium-gymnasium. The high school was raised to the second grade in 1919. Berlin Township now has a school enrollment of 163, with E. E. Horton and Ruth Malmsberry as high school teachers and Ira J. Myers, Nora Altwater and Minnie Myers as grade school teachers, Miss Malmsberry also teaching the eighth grade. R. L. Druhot .is the present superintendent. German residents of Berlin Township held religious services at an early date, probably at the home of Abraham Hawn, and in 1828 the Lutherans and Reformed Church adherents united and built a small church two miles north of the center. A frame church was put up in 1836 and replaced by a better church in 1872. Rev. Henry Hewett was 586 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY the first pastor. Gradually this church became Lutheran owing to the preponderance of members of this denomination and is now an active Lutheran organization. The Methodist Episcopal congregation was organized in 1830 and in 1839 erected its first church at Berlin Center. This congregation is still active but without a resident pastor. Other early congregations were the Mount Carmel Evangelical Church, the Zion Church and the Christian Church. Berlin Township was originally part of Milton Township and in 1810 was organized as part of Ellsworth Township. In 1828 it was separately organized, and at the first election, on April 7, 1828, Nathan Minard, Thompson Craig and Samuel Kauffman were chosen trustees; Salmon Hall, treasurer; Joseph H. Coult, clerk ; John Stuart, constable; William Kirkpatrick and Christian Kauffman, overseers of the poor; Joseph Davis and Joseph Leonard, fence viewers; Edward Frankle, Benjamin Misner and Abraham Craft, supervisors. The proposed Milton reservoir land, owned by the City of Youngstown, is in the northwestern part of the township and includes the site of the one-time village of Schilling's Mills. The present Berlin Township officials are, John Hartzell, Emory Stallsmith and H. J. Woolf, trustees ; Carl Florence, clerk; M. H. Gunder, treasurer ; M. A. Hawn, constable ; I. J. Smith, justice of the peace; B. E. Durr, assessor. Berlin Grange is well organized with C. A. Cover as master. There is also a flourishing Knights of Pythias lodge at Berlin Center. BEAVER Major Jacob Gilbert, a Maryland man and later a soldier in the War of 1812, was the pioneer settler of Beaver Township, locating here about 1802. About the same time Adam Wieland, who married a daughter of Gilbert, came to the township and in perhaps the same year John Shane-felt located on a farm near the one owned by Gilbert. In 1803 Christopher Mentzer and Christian Clinker settled near where North Lima now stands and a year later Frederick Dutterer and Michael Dutterer located near them. In 1804 also John Coblentz from Frederick, Maryland, came to Beaver Township. Among the other pioneers were Adam Little, Peter Stevens, John Harman, Henry Neidigh and Frederick Sponseller. By 1830 the township had several hundred inhabitants, settlement having been rapid from the beginning. The first mill in the township was erected by Mathias Glass about 1805, but it was soon replaced by one built by Jacob Crouse. Jacob Detweiler built probably the first sawmill and later steam mills and tanneries were built at North Lima. Coal mining was once a prominent industry in Beaver Township, as it was in Springfield and several other Mahoning County townships, but while mining is still being done at country banks the importance of this industry has been greatly reduced. The Village of North Lima was founded about 1826 by James Simpson and became a local trading point for Beaver Township. Trading YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 587 was done there in a small way soon after the village was located but the first store of any size was opened by the Neill brothers, probably after 183o. A village hall was built in 1876, or rather rebuilt from what had formerly been an Evangelical Church. The first hotel was opened about 1830 by John Glass, while North Lima became a postoffice station in 1828 with Maj. Jacob Gilbert as postmaster. Dr. Nathan Hawn was the first permanent physician. North Lima has perhaps lost in commercial importance in late years but is still an important stop on the main automobile highway running from Youngstown to Pittsburgh by way of Beaver and Springfield townships. The village has a population of about 500, with four stores. These include general merchandise stores conducted by L. M. Toot, H. W. Painter and Mentzer and Entrikin, and a confectionery, drug Aare and barber shop conducted by R. R. Wood. Troyer Bros. are proprietors of the village feed mill, while there are oil wells and a dozen gas wells in the vicinity of the village; also four garages and one blacksmith shop. within the town. Miss Hattie Sells is postmistress. The North Lima societies include Manitou Lodge No. 383, Knights of Pythias, and Beaver Grange, with Frank Crouse as master.. Incorporation of the village has been proposed from time to time but has never been carried out. East Lewistown is located two miles west of North Lima and was founded in 1830 by Peter. Goder, John Nold, Henry Thoman and George Houck. It was several years before the village had any appreciable growth, the first store being opened in 1839 by Henry Thoman. A tavern was opened in 1843 and a postoffice established in 1851 with Philip Fetzer as the first postmaster. Dr. Ethan A. Hoke was the first resident doctor. Woodworth, formerly known as Steamtown, is located on the Beaver-Boardman line and is largely a residence place. It was near here that the notorious "Morgantown Gang," operated between 1882-85. The story of this organization is unique in the history of Mahoning County, which has long been credited with being a most law-abiding community. Arson, thefts, terrorism and almost daily attempts at assassination characterized the reign of the "Morgantown Gang" until its leaders were run down and sentenced to the penitentiary. Beaver Township was given its name when organized as a township in 1811. The first election was held on April 1st 0f that year, the townships officials chosen being: trustees, John Crumbacher, Christian Clinker and Frederick Sponseller ; clerk, George Hoke; treasurer, John Harman; lister, Adam Little; house appraiser, John Coblentz ; constable, Maj. Jacob Gilbert; overseers of the poor, Balzar Mowen and David Gerringer; fence viewers, Jacob Neidigh and Christopher Mentzer; road supervisors, Christian Crebs and Jacob Crouse; justices of the peace, Peter Eib and Adam Little. The first church in Beaver Township was a log meeting house erected in 1808 by the Lutheran and Reformed congregations. The Mount Olivet Reformed Church at North Lima was organized in 1810, and the church built in 1862 was rebuilt in 1912 at a cost of 588 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY $21,000. The church has a $5,000 parsonage and a flourishing membership of 317., with Rev. L. J. Rohrbaugh as pastor. The Evangelical Lutheran Church mentioned above was formally organized in 1810 and a newer church erected in 1870 with a parsonage subsequently added. Rev. John Henry Graf is pastor, the congregation having a membership of 125. The Evangelical Association at North Lima was organized in 1840 as the Calvary Church, and the present church built in 1876. There is a parsonage attached. Rev. L. E. Hill is pastor. The church has sixty-six members. The Oberholtzer Mennonite congregation was organized about 1825, A church built the same year was replaced in 1871. The church has 115 members, with Rev. A. J. Steiner as bishop and minister. The Paradise Evangelical Lutheran Church, three miles northwest of North Lima, was founded in 1825 and organized in 1850, This church is attached to the North Lima Church and is attended by Reverend Graf. A Methodist Episcopal congregation was organized at North Lima in 1840 but there is no resident pastor at present. Beaver Township has three school districts, North Lima Rural, Beaver No. 1 Rural and Beaver No. 2 Rural. By 1914 the one-room schools in existence in the No. 1 and No. 2 districts included Webster Hall on the east side of Pine Lake, Pine Hill School on the west side of the lake, Eureka School at Eureka Station, Germantown School in the Mennonite settlement in the southwestern part of the township, Boyer School on the west side of the township and the Beard School in the northwestern part of the township. The present enrollment in these two School districts is 155, with Grace Hamilton, Martha Gilmore, .Katherine McKinley, Lucille Longanecker and Naomi. Miller as teachers in No, district and Matilda Hopper and John I. Byler as teachers in No. 2, R. E. Elser is superintendent of this district. The earliest school in North Lima was organized about 1810 by the Reformed and Lutheran churches. The first school was at the west end of the village, the second at the east end, while the present school, a four-room building erected in 1885, is located near the center of the village, In 1893 a third grade high school was established, the first class being graduated in 1895. The school was advanced to the second grade in 1910 and made a first grade high school in 1911. Superintendents included H. W. Phillips, Roy Thomas, B. T. Rinehart, E. R. North and F. H. McVay, the present superintendent. The four-room building was increased in size to eight rooms in 1914 at a cost of $33,000. The building is modern in every respect and houses 275 scholars. Centralization began in 1910 when the Erb School was brought in, The Morgantown School was brought in in 1911, and in 1914 the East Lewistown School, then in district No. 2, was joined to the North Lima District. In addition to Superintendent McVay the teaching staff includes Mary Rinkenberger and Mary Adams in the high school and G. T, DeWitt, Corene Musser, Alta Albright, Miss Garver and Edna Dutter, grade school teachers. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 589 The present officials of Beaver Township are: Samuel Elser, Jefferson Dutrow and Ray Coler, trustees; Rollin Crouse, clerk ; J. T. Shellenberger, treasurer; Edward Peters, constable ; Joseph Williams, assessor; W. E. Mentzer, justice of the peace. Beaver Township is rich farming territory, being watered by Mill Creek, Yellow Creek and the headwaters of Beaver Creek. Formerly there was much swamp land in the township but this has largely been drained, One of the large swamps, a mile and a half below North Lima, was converted in 1913 into a 400-acre lake, owned by the Mahoning Valley Water Company. Pine Lake is a favorite fishing spot for Youngstown anglers. GREEN Green Township, like the adjoining townships in Southern Mahoning County, was settled largely by people from Pennsylvania and from the border states of the south. The first settler was probably Elisha Teeters, who came in 1801 and located where the Village of New Albany now stands. Baltzer Roller came in 1862, John Roller in 1803, Michael Roller in 1804, and Samuel Davis, Henry Pyle and wife, Henry Beard and family, Peter Weikert, Elias Adgate, William Callahan, James Callahan, John Zimmerman and Michael Durr also in 1804. David Bowman came in 1806. Others who came about the same time were James Webb, Philip Bauman, John D. Cook, Jacob Cook, Philip Cook, George Countryman, Jacob Countryman, John Hafeley and Philip Houts. Lewis. Baker came in 1808, James Wilson in 1810, and after this date settlement was rapid. Green Township was organized on June 3, 1806, and became a part of Mahoning County in 1846. Green village, or Greenford, was laid out by Lewis Baker, Jacob Wilhelm and Jacob Cook. Abraham Stauffer opened a store here soon after the village was founded, and a postoffice was established about 1831. William I. Hahn is the present postmaster and is also proprietor of a general store. Similar stores are operated by L, Fred Dwily and G. L. Bush. The industries include a grist mill, operated by the Rose Milling Company; sawmill and planing mill, run by D. M. Charlton ; Kop Klay Ko., manufacturers of clay products, The village has a population of 200 and six lodges, Lodge No. 1085, Patrons of Husbandry; Greenford Grange, A. B. Couborn, master ; Knights of Pythias Lodge No. 514; Foresters No. 196; Maccabees No. 533; Pythian Sisters No. 474. New Albany lies west, of Greenford and was founded by Wilson Teeter and Edwin Webb, who put up there the first steam mill in the county, The postoffice was established about 1850, with Henry Thullen in charge. Calla is north of Greenford. Washingtonville lies, partly within this township, on the Mahoning-Columbiana line and was a settlement in the early days of the township, Peter and John Miller were blacksmiths here in the early '20s, but it was 1832 before the village was actually laid out. In 1833 the railroad tavern was opened by Michael Frederick, and this building also 590 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY housed the first postoffice, established in 1836. The coal mining industry has been maintained at Washingtonville. It is located on the Lisbon branch of the Erie Railroad. The first schoolhouse in Green Township was a log building put up on land donated by Elisha Teeters, the school being taught by Edward Bonsall. Before 1810 a school was opened on the Lisbon road and about 1815 another was opened at Green Village, while a school was conducted on the site of Washingtonville as early as 1818. By 1844 there were twelve schools in the township. Green was one of the first Mahoning County townships to act under the Union School Act. On April 18, 1853, the school directors, Jesse Flickinger, Levi Toot, Comfort C. Bowman, Samuel Cox, James M. Hole, Richard Templin, Jr., Simon Roller, Thomas Callahan and James L. Cooke, divided the township into nine sub-districts. These districts were, No. 1, Calla, school erected 1882 ; No. 2, Ridge, school erected 1881; No. 3, Swamp College, school erected 1884; No. 4, New Albany, school erected 1908; No. 5, Gettysburg, school erected 1885; No. 6, Greenford, school erected 1888; No. 7, Locust Grove, school erected 1883 ; No. 8, Oakdale, school erected 1886 ; No. 9, school erected 1893. The tenth, or Millville, sub-district was added later and a school built there in 1901. The Greenford school and six of the one-room buildings, all brick structures, are still in use, No. 5 school having been closed in 1913, No. 9 in 1914 and No. 2 in 1917. No. 3 was closed in 1913 but reopened in 1916. The high school, or graded school, of the township was opened in 1880. It became a second grade school in 1917 and received a first grade charter in 1918. Prior to the passage of the school code of 1914 there was no district superintendent, but since that time the district has been organized under section 4738 of the code with County Superintendent Jerome Hull in direct charge as supervisor. The teaching staff includes: Prudy Freese, Mrs. Lynn Davis, Mary Archer, Tressie Reed, Iva Badger, W. H. Hoover, Lenore Fell, Marcelene Wolfe, Arthur Seran, Olive Sheneman, Esther Bush and Ola Strong. The enrollment is 281. Prof. L. U. Hulin, one of the best known educators in Mahoning County and now a member of the Youngstown City Board of Education, is a product of the Green Township schools. Religious services were held by the Evangelical Lutherans shortly after the settlement of the township, early as 1810 and perhaps prior to that date. There are now two churches of this denomination in Green. The Washingtonville Church is in charge of Rev. H. A. Richardson and has a modern church building erected in 1896 at a cost of $4,250 and a parsonage built for $2,500. This church has a membership of 120. The Greenford Evangelical Lutheran congregation has a brick church built at a cost of $5,000, a parsonage and a membership of 132. Rev. W. H. Naffziger was pastor of this church from 1916 to 1920 and resigned but recently, having removed to Alliance. The First Methodist Episcopal Church at Washingtonville was organized in the '60s and in 1912 built a substantial church at a cost of YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 591 $4,250. A parsonage is attached. Rev. Lawrence Reed is pastor of the congregation, which has a membership of eighty. The Christian Church congregation at Greenford was organized in 1839 and the present church was built in 1916 at a cost of $5,000. The church has a membership of Ho and is attended by Rev. Herbert T. Blue. Other churches in the township include an, Evangelical Church at Calla and a Baptist Church, one and one-half miles east of Greenford, neither of which has a resident pastor, also a union church on section four in the northern part of the township. Township officials of Green Township include: Jacob B. Calvin, G. R. Crutchley and Joseph Kindig, trustees; L. E. Coy, clerk ; S. J. Bush, treasurer; W. C. Clay, constable; I. W. Coy and J. A. Matzenbaugh, justices of the peace; G. S. Bush, assessor. Village officials of Washingtonville are : E. C. Bartolette, mayor; Albert Culler, clerk ; H. L. McIntosh, treasurer ; Wilbur Depane, marshal; F. H. Stauffer, Arthur Johnson, Charles Taylor, Frank Warner, W. E. Roller and S. P. Moore, councilmen. Washingtonville has a Knights of Pythias lodge and a lodge of the Pythian Sisters. GOSHEN Goshen Township was settled originally in 1804 by Anthony Morris and wife, and about the same time Brazilla French, a relative, settled in another part of the township. Thomas French settled on the site of Damascus in 1805, and Elijah French and David Venable in the same year. In 1806 Isaac Votaw, Thomas Votaw, Stacy Shreeve, Joseph Kindele, Stacy Stratton, James Brooks and Isaac Ellison located in Goshen. Aaron Stratton and Henry Hinchman came in 1808, William Cottell, James Cottell and Joshua Morris in 181o. After 1810 there was much immigration from Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Virginia. Robert Armstrong was another settler who came prior to that year. The first mill in the township was built by members of the Stratton family. Goshen Township was formally incorporated on September 11, 1810, but no record exists of the first officers of the township except that Thomas Watson was named constable. Political office, in fact, was not eagerly sought, for there is record showing that in 1813 thirty persons were summoned to fill the position of constable, twenty-eight of whom refused to serve and were fined. The village of Damascus was platted by Horton Howard in 1808 and was made a postoffice in 1828. It is now a thriving place of 500 population, with two stores, one conducted by J. J. Pettit, the other by Harris 0. Stanley, the village postmaster. There is one garage and one blacksmith shop and a sawmill operated by E. L. Heestrand, a contractor. There is a lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows here, and Goshen Township is also the home of Goshen Grange, with Thomas Doutt as master. ,Damascus is located on the Mahoning-Columbiana line. 592 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY The other villages in the township include Goshen Center, Boswell and Patmos, the latter place having been settled by Benjamin Regle, John Templin, William Ware and Levi A. Leyman, Templin opening the first store in 1850. Garfield, on the Pennsylvania lines west, was founded in 1875. W. D. Armstrong is the village storekeeper and there is also a feed and fertilizer establishment owned by the Salona Company. It is the railroad station for considerable surrounding territory. The early population of Goshen Township was made up largely of Friends from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. This religion predominated and the early schools were also conducted by this denomination. The first school was opened in 1812 in a log house, with Samuel Votaw as teacher. Shortly afterward a school was opened at Stratton's mills, and taught by Stratton. In 1825 a subscription school was started at Hickory. The interest taken by the Friends in education is evident from the fact that at a comparatively early day there were nine schools in the township under care of the visiting committee appointed by the monthly meeting of the church. Several of these were family schools. The present schools include the Damascus High School and the Meadow Brook, Damascus, Patmos, Boswell, Greenwood, Goshen Center and Millville grade schools in the Goshen rural district, and the Garfield special school. In 1857 Jacob Hole and Prof. Israel P. Hole opened a school in a two-room brick building at Damascus, selling their property three or four years later to the Friends for school purposes. This became the Damascus Academy, an institution that was regularly incorporated by the Friends in 1885. The academy became an excellent and high grade institution under this management, Walter Williams, now a Friends' missionary in China, and Professor Goddard, now in Columbus, being among the principals of the school. In 1910 the academy became the Goshen Township High School with Prof. L. U. Hulin as principal. Supervision was instituted in the township in 1914 and the schools are now in the first supervisory district under Superintendent R. L. Druhot. The Garfield Special School was founded in 5875 as a high school and made a special school district in 1893. Superintendent L. E. York of Massillon was a teacher there at one time. The Friends established the first church in the township and worshiped in the original meeting house until it was burned down in 5842. This loss was soon replaced. The present meeting house of the Friends at Damascus is one of the important gathering places ot Goshen. Rev., Isaac Stratton is the present pastor. There is a branch of the Friends Church at Garfield. A Methodist Episcopal society was organized in 1820 by John Templin, Joseph King, Newton French, Joseph Keeler, William Cassaday, William Stratton, N. K. Gunder and others. This is a flourishing congregation today with Rev. Stanley Smith as pastor, the church building being located at Damascus. The present township officials of Goshen are : 0. V. Delzell, W. P. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 593 Clemson and R. L. Burton, trustees ; W. A. Kirtland, clerk; J. H. Rupert, treasurer; R. B. Watters, constable; W. B. Watters, justice of the peace; W. F. Whiteleather, assessor. SMITH Smith Township lies in the extreme southwestern part of Mahoning County, bordering on Stark, Portage and Columbiana counties as well as on the townships of Berlin and Goshen in Mahoning County. The Mahoning River crosses the township in the southwestern corner and it is traversed by the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Salem-Canton electric line. The first permanent settler in Smith Township was William Smith, who came here in 1804, although a year previously James Carter of Pennsylvania had built a cabin and located in the township. Carter it appears had purchased land in what is now Berlin Township and by mistake settled too far south. The land on which he located was that actually purchased by Smith, who, on his arrival, recompensed Carter for the work he had done and the latter moved on to his own land. James C. Stanley of Hanover County, Virginia, came to Smith Township in 1805. In 1811 Edmund Stanley came from Virginia and he was joined early in 1812 by Thomas Stanley, his father. The latter was accompanied by his six children. It was several years later before settlement of Smith Township became general, many of the settlers coming then from the neighboring townships of Goshen and Green. Smith Township was organized in 1821 on petition of William Smith, its founder, and James C. Stanley was the first township clerk. The Village of Westville, Smith Township, was named and laid out in 1831 by Aaron Coppack and the plat recorded in 1835. North Benton was laid out in March, 1834, under the supervision of William Smith, Dr. John Dellenbaugh and James Smith, although there had been a small village on this site for some years previously. The village was named after Thomas Benton, the great Missouri senator, who was at that time a popular idol of the democrats. The Benton Exchange. the first hotel, was opened in 1832, two years before the village was formally platted. The village now has a population of 300 and is a postoffice station, with 0. R. Iden, proprietor of a general merchandise store, as postmaster. A. E. Strong and A. J. Hartzell also conduct general stores there. There is a grist mill conducted by Moore and Matthews. Beloit, an incorporated village, was originally Smithfield station, and owes its origin to the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad in 1849. The present name was given the village in 1863. It has a population of 589 and is a thriving place with a postoffice, with Cora M. Burns as postmistress, and five stores, J. D. McKinzie, general merchandise; Heacock and Weizneckers, groceries and meats; T. J. Cobbs, groceries and general merchandise ; Beloit Hardware Company Store, conducted by Rice and Jones ; Brannons Hardware Store. Frank Brannons, proprietor. The industries include the Beloit Flour Mill, A. J. Stanley, Vol. I-38 594 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY proprietor ; Stanley Lumber Company, Ira Stanley, proprietor; Acetylene Gas Machine Company, I. 0. Courtney, owner. C. N. Dixon is a dealer in fertilizer, coal, machinery, flag stone, etc. The lodges are Beloit Camp, No. 11395, Modern Woodmen of America, and Beloit Tent, No. 143, Knights of the Maccabees. Smith Township is the seat of Smith Grange with Emylon Taylor as master. East Alliance lies in Smith Township and has shared in the general growth of Alliance. Snodes is located in the northeastern part of the township and Westville in the southeastern. Sebring, one of the infant municipalities of Mahoning County but the largest outside the Mahoning Valley proper was platted in 1899. A more complete sketch of this municipality is given in another chapter of this volume. The first school in Smith Township was located on the site of North Benton and was opened about 1810. The present schools in Smith are, Quaker Hill, North Benton, Fish Creek, Westville, Uniontown, Bandy's, Brocktown, Beech Ridge Model and Peru schools in the Smith rural district and the Beloit High School and Beloit Grade School in the Beloit special district. These are in the first supervisory district under Superintendent R. L. Druhot. The Sebring schools are in a separate supervisory district organized under section 4740 ot the school code of 1914. The earliest church in Smith Township was that of the Friends, established in 1829, the church building erected at that time being also used as a school. The Presbyterian Church at North Benton was organized in Deerfield and the members worshiped first at North Benton in a church built in 1851. Later the congregation purchased a union church building erected in 1859 and the congregation now worships in another and more modern building. The Friends denomination, well represented in this township, has a church at Beloit. Church activities in Smith Township are also centered in Sebring where there are churches representing the Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Roman Catholic, Christian, Protestant Episcopal, Baptist and Evangelical Lutheran denominations. Smith Township officials are : C. A. Israel, Samuel S. McCamon and Albert J. Eden, trustees ; T. D. Keenan, clerk ; John M. Horton, treasurer ; H. R. Ewing and W. P. Martin, justices of the peace ; Frank Timmer, constable ; Walter D. Miller, assessor. The Beloit municipal officials include, Walter Stanley, mayor ; H. R. Israel, clerk ; T. W. Jones, treasurer; J. McLaughlin, marshal; L. J. Earley, Harry Smith, William Hicks, A. I. Heacock, A. J. Stanley and William Hemingway, councilmen. SPRINGFIELD Springfield Township is the most easterly of the southern tier of Mahoning County townships, bordering on the east on Pennsylvania and on the south on Columbiana County. Like its neighboring townships of Beaver, Goshen, Green and Smith, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 595 Springfield Township was never part of the Connecticut Western Reserve. Originally all this stretch of territory was included in Columbiana County when that unit was formed. The distinction between this part of Mahoning County and the remaining parts is easy to note. The Connecticut and New England influence was less vital here in the early days and the Pennsylvania element stronger. The townships in this lower tier are also of different size. Instead of the township five miles square that is common on the Western Reserve, Beaver, Springfield and Smith townships are six miles square, while Goshen and Green townships are slightly smaller owing to the projection of Perry Township, Columbiana County, into these townships. All five of these lower townships were part of Columbiana County until Mahoning County was formed in 1846. Apparently the first settlers in Springfield Township were Peter Musser and Israel Warner who came from York County, Pennsylvania, in 1801 and located just north of the present Village of Petersburg. Musser built a sawmill and grist mill and farmed on a large scale. Adam Hohn located in the township in 180i, Daniel Miller, from Adams County, Pennsylvania, C. Seidner and C. Menztzer from Maryland, John Summers of York County, Pennsylvania, and George Stump and his three sons in 1802. Henry Myers came in 1803, John Shoemaker in 18o4, and from this year until 180 immigration was fairly rapid. Pennsylvanians, many of them "Pennsylvania Dutch," were pioneers in Springfield. Petersburg was founded by Peter Musser about 1805 and after his death it was named in his honor. Musser was the original storekeeper as well as the first miller and sawyer, the original grist mills being supplanted in 1874 by a modern steam sawmill. Under the name of Musser's Mills a postoffice was established at Petersburg in 1811 with Jacob Musser as postmaster and in 1815 James Wallace opened a store there, although a pioneer tavern had been kept earlier by Peter Musser at his farm house. A foundry, carriage shop and other small industries were later established at Petersburg. The first physician was Dr. Luther Spellman. The big mill of the Petersburg Milling Company is the principal industry of this village today. The merchants include: Knesal Bros., hardware, slating and tinning; J. G. Swisher, general merchandise ; Richard Winters, groceries, auto accessories and gasoline, and the Schiller Drug Company's store. Carl Schiller is postmaster and C. C. Hasbrouck proprietor of the village hotel. Petersburg is also the home of Starlight Lodge, No. 224, Knights of Pythias. The population is approximately 300. New Springfield was laid out in the early '20s by Abraham Christ and a small store was opened there by Joseph Davis. Later a postoffice was established and small hotels opened while a number of small industrial plants were built. Dr. Louis Zeigler was the first physician. The present industries of New Springfield include the Reesch-Printz Basket Factory, Star Basket Factory, W. H. Shoup Ladder Works, and Clark Reesch Cider Mill. H. 0. Brown is the proprietor of a large gen- 596 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY eral merchandise store and J. D. Seeger a meat dealer. The Moyer Inn is the village hotel. There are three garages, conducted by the May Sales Company, Geiger Motor Company and New Springfield Garage. H. 0. Brown is the postmaster. The population of the village is 250. New Middletown was laid out by Samuel Moore about the same time that New Springfield was founded, and about 1830 a store was opened by Joshua Dixon. David Shearer was probably the first postmaster and Dr. Elisha Murray the first physiciaThe first tavern was opened in connection with the founding of the village in 1830, Samuel Moore being the proprietor. New Middletown also had its complement of small industries, among these being a distillery. It is worthy of note that this distillery, conducted of late by Wire, Welsh & Company, was the last distillery in Mahoning County, remaining in operation until the distillation of liquors was prohibited in the United States in September, 1917, New Middletown had a population of 168 in 1920. The former distilling company operates two sawmills and several farms and John Schaade is the proprietor of a grist mill, but the nearby oil wells constitute the principal industry. The merchants include, Campbell and Eich, general merchandise ; W. B. Spitler, groceries ; D. E. Summers, drugs and Kinkela-Chernyar Company, meats. There is one garage, conducted by Smith and Raub and an auto paint shop owned by Harry Schaade. J. N. Campbell is the present postmaster. The oil wells of Springfield Township are an extension of the Bessemer oil fields, oil being found in Berea sand about seven hundred feet from the surface. There are about 150 wells, flowing one-half barrel to one barrel a day, the oil being pumped. It is the best grade of Pennsylvania crude oil. The West Penn Oil Company extracts the gasoline and ships the residue to other refineries, although a refinery for this field is now being built in Poland Avenue, Youngstown. The field was opened in 1910, and new wells are being added as the western limits of the oil territory have not yet been defined. There is about $500,000 invested in this field by the Prosperous Oil Company, Kennedy Oil Company, Schwing and Knupp, Bruce Campbell, Mahoning Oil Company and Lawrence Oil Company. The early schools in Springfield Township were much better than those found in most of the townships of this county, being of brick construction, although one-room buildings. and designed as social centers as well as schools. When the school code became effective in 1914 there were ten schools in the township, the Haas School, northeastern corner; Esterly, west central; a large two-room building at New Springfield; College Hill School, southern ; Center School ; Harper's Ferry School, northern ; Jerusalem School, northeastern corner ; New Middletown School ; Stony Point School and Petersburg School. The first Center School was a log building, replaced by a frame structure that st00d until 1870, when a brick building, discarded in 1898 and now used as a sugar camp, was built. The frame building now in use was built in 1898. The present New Middletown School, built in 1890, replaced a frame building a little north of the one now in use. The Haas School is a YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 597 brick building, erected in 1877, replacing a log building on the same site. At times two teachers are employed in this one-room building. The present Petersburg School was built in 1876 and replaced a one-room building put up in 1854. The Springfield Township School Board attempted to put up a school in 1875, but when this building was burned down in the spring of 1876 the township board pleaded inability to finance another school and, by an act of the Legislature, the Petersburg school district was formed and the school erected by the village. Many noted men and women acted as instructors here, E. H. Moore, prominent Youngstown attorney, being one of these. In 1897 a third grade high school was established at Petersburg with J. J. Mackintosh as principal, and in 1914 this became a second grade school. In 1917 it received a charter as a first class high school. Proposals for the construction of a new high school building for the township have been defeated because of inability to agree on the location of the institution. The school instructors now include : Samuel T. Burns and E. Pearle Lennox, high school; Florence Felger, Frances Edler, Guy Raney, Hannah Basler, Joseph Snyder, 0. A. Ferner, E. W. Erney, Estella Burke and Ethel Wolbodt, grade schools. Springfield Township is in the fourth supervisory district under Superintendent R. E. Elser. Springfield Township is unusually prolific in churches. The earliest religious denominations were the Evangelical Lutheran and Reformed and these churches are still dominant in the township. At Petersburg are the Reformed Church, Rev. J. D. Hunsicker, pastor, and the Lutheran congregation of which Rev. M. L. Eich is pastor. The church buildings of these denominations are located some distance outside the village. Within the village are Methodist Episcopal and Presbyterian churches. The Methodist Episcopal Society was organized about 1830 and a church building erected in the same year. Reverend Illingworth is the present pastor. The Presbyterian Society was organized on June 29, 1872, by Rev. A. S. McMaster of Poland and Rev. Y. P. Johnson and a church was put up in 1873, Rev. S. R. Morton coming that year as the first pastor and remaining until 1881. Reverend Schillinger is pastor now. The Emmanuel Lutheran Church is located within the village of New Springfield, with Rev. Charles F. Faust as pastor. Reverend Faust also attends the Zion Lutheran Church at New Middletown. St. Peter's Lutheran Church is also located near New Springfield and is attended by Reverend Eich of Petersburg. Reverend Eich also attends the Shroy congregation. The Evangelical Association of New Springfield was organized in 1860 and the present church built in 1870. It is attended by Rev. L. E. Hill of North Lima. The Church of God congregation is located in New Springfield and the Dunkards' Church in the northern part of the township. Springfield Township was organized in 1803 and became part of Mahoning County in 1846. Politically Springfield Township has always been the Democratic stronghold in otherwise Republican Mahoning County. The .present township officers are : J. Franklin Schaffer, William Bentzel and Jonathan Beight, trustees ; S. T. Rummel, clerk ; 598 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Edward Miller, treasurer ; K. C. Flickinger and Albert C, Grise, justices of the peace; Albert Barber, John Barber and John L. Rauch, constables ; Frank Barger, assessor. The municipal officers of the incorporated village of New Middletown include, E. C. Welsh, mayor ; Morse Knesal, clerk; A. G. Welsh, treasurer; Frank Metts, marshal; John Ilgenfritz, E. L. Knesal, D. Livingstone, William Smith; Clark H. Wire and L. V. Wire, councilmen. Springfield Township also has a thriving organization in Lincoln Farmers' Grange with Lloyd McNutt as master. CHAPTER XXXI TOWNSHIPS OF TRUMBULL COUNTY STORY OF THE SETTLEMENT AND EARLY ACTIVITIES IN THE PIONEER COUNTY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO-GROWTH OF THE COUNTY DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY-AGRICULTURAL, RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL HISTORY-VILLAGE OF THE COUNTY. Trumbull County, as originally organized on July 10, 1800, was identical with the Connecticut Western Reserve, a small empire in itself. Within the first dozen years of its existence the comparatively rapid growth of Northeastern Ohio and Northern Ohio had resulted in the creation of new counties out of Trumbull County territory until it was reduced to a territory numbering thirty-five townships, the twenty-five that are still included in the county and the ten upper townships of what is now Mahoning County. The act of February 16, 1846, that took away these ten townships, was the last partition of Trumbull County territory. In spite of its territorial losses Trumbull County is still the fifth county of Ohio in area With Its 663 square miles it is exceeded in size only by its neighboring county of Ashtabula—the largest county in Ohio—and by Licking, Muskingum and Ross counties. Due to Trumbull County's size and to the fact that it lies on the high ground of Northeastern Ohio, the country is located within three great drainage basins. The two lower tiers of townships lie within the Mahoning River basin, while Mecca, Bazetta and Greene townships are in the valley of Mosquito Creek, the chief tributary of the Mahoning that traverses Trumbull County from the Ashtabula County line to Niles. Here Mosquito Creek empties into the Mahoning. Eastern and Northeastern Trumbull County are in the Shenango River basin, Brookfield, Hartford, Vernon and Kinsman townships being drained wholly by tributaries of this stream. Northwestern Trumbull County is in the basin of the Grand River; a stream that flows north into Lake Erie. Mesopotamia and Farmington townships are entirely within this area, Bristol and Bloomfield virtually so. Branches of the New York Central and Pennsylvania systems traverse the county from north to south, the Erie Railroad follows the Mahoning River Valley and crosses the southwestern part of the county and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs somewhat north of this, entering Geauga County from Farmington Township. Outside the Mahoning River Valley the county is largely agricultural and much progress has been made recently toward modern farming methods. Granges are organized in many of the townships, and in - 599 -