Allegheny County, Pa.	Youngstown District
Blast furnaces Rolling mills and plants Production of pig iron Production of steel Rolled products	48 64 6,226,601 tons 8,970,353 tons 6,934,827 tons	50 45 6,476,051 tons 7,320,153 tons 4,080,285 tons

Approximately 1,000,000 tons of steel was made in plants located closer to Pittsburgh than to Youngstown, but credited to the Youngstown district in the above figures, because they are located in that district as it was erected by the Institute. Nevertheless, the increase in productive capacity in the Youngstown district during the past three years is much larger than that in the Pittsburgh district, and it is evident that this section is rapidly overtaking the lead held by Pittsburgh in both production and fabrication of iron and steel. THE YOUNGSTOWN SHEET & TUBE COMPANY The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company is the most important industrial corporation in the Mahoning Valley as well as in the State of Ohio, the number of its employes, the amount of its payrolls and the diversity and volume of its annual product exceeding those of any other Ohio manufacturing establishment. In these respects it is also one of the great industrial enterprises of the world. This company was 0rganized during 1900, J. A. Campbell having I been the original promoter and, since July 26, 1904, its executive head. The charter was granted on November 21, 1900, under the name of The Youngstown Iron, Sheet & Tube Company, and the original capital was fixed at $600,000. Its founders intended to build only a small plant for the manufacture of iron sheets and iron pipe. Before work on the plant was begun, however, the plans were expanded considerably and, on De- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 701 cember 21, 1900, the capital was increased to $1,000,000. Further increases have since been made as follows : September 0, 1901, to $2,000,000. December 21; 1901, to $4,000,000. January 10, 1907, to $0,000,000 July 30, 1913, to $20,000,000. July 2, 1920,1,000,000 shares of common stock, with no par value, were authorized in lieu of common stock previously issued. These increases were all in the form of common stock issued at par, except that of July 2, 1920. In addition to these, issues of preferred stock at par were authorized on September 30, 1911, and April 30, 1915, the amount in each case being $5,000,000. The estimated resources of the company at this time exceed $100,000,000. On a site containing approximately 300 acres and located at what is now the village of East Youngstown, between the Mahoning River and the lines of the Baltimore & Ohio and Pittsburg & Lake Erie railroads, the company erected during 1901 and 1902 a plant consisting of fifteen double puddling furnaces, a muck bar mill of two 20-inch trains, a skelp mill to roll material up to 22Y4 inches wide, three tube mills and six sheet mills. From almost the beginning of operations both steel and iron were fabricated, the products being sheets in standard sizes and pipe up to eight inches in diameter. Total production in 1903 was about 32,000 tons of black and galvanized sheets and 90,000 tons of pipe. In 1904 extensions were made that increased the production to about ,000 tons per day and permitted the manufacture of pipe up to twelve inches in diameter. Until 1906, with minor extensions and improvements, the manufacture of sheets and pipe was continued at about the above rate, iron being supplied by the company's own puddling furnaces and steel being secured in the open market. During 1905 and 1906 a Bessemer steel plant was erected, with such equipment as was necessary to produce material for use in the sheet and tube mills, as well as to provide semi-finished materials for the market. This steel plant consisted of four i0-foot cupolas, two 10 1/2-ton converters, four 4-hole soaking pit furnaces, a blooming mill, a continuous billet mill, a continuous sheet-bar mill, a 42-inch universal plate mill, and a continuous 10-inch skelp mill, with the necessary buildings and incidental equipment. The latter included a well equipped department for the manufacture of couplings, threading floors, etc. Since that time all of these have been greatly enlarged, the coupling or socket shop alone occupying more than four acres of floor space. The company was now making its own steel as well as iron, but depended on other sources for its pig iron. In 1908 two 500-ton blast furnaces were erected, the plans being prepared by Julian Kennedy, and including complete modern equipment for handling ores and fuel. A mixer was also built and a pig casting machine installed in this department. The two first blast furnaces, known as "A" and "B," were blown in during November, 1908, furnace "A" November 3d, and furnace "B" 702 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY November 23d. During 1908, in addition to the above extensions, ten double puddling furnaces, eight sheet mills and six tube mills were installed and numerous extensions and additions made to the power plants. In 1909 the plant of the Morgan Spring Company, at Struthers, a short distance east of the original plant, was purchased and remodeled, many additions and extensions being made to it. Among these were a Morgan continuous double-strand rod mill, extensive equipment for wire-drawing, galvanizing and annealing, together with nail making machinery, fence making machinery, hoop machinery, barbed wire machines, a cooperage department, new power house, and everything necessary for the operation of a complete and modern rod and wire mill. During 1909 additions were made to the equipment of the main plant in form of power and pumping plants, and the third blast furnace, known as Furnace "C," was completed on plans similar to the other two, this stack being blown in on August 16, 1910. In 1911 the principal extensions consisted of machine shops, pumping stations, a new sheet mill building, stockhouses, fuel storage facilities, warehouses and similar construction necessary to keep pace with the rapid growth of production. At this time, also much electric power equipment was installed, supplanting less efficient machinery. The plant of the Western Conduit & Manufacturing Company at Harvey, Illinois, was purchased during this year. In 1912 this plant was dismantled and the machinery removed to Youngstown, where it was added to the new plant erected during that year by the Western Conduit Company, organized as a subsidiary for the purpose of carrying on the manufacture of conduit. This plant has been expanded until it is now the largest of its kind in this country. It produces enamelled and electro-galvanized rigid conduit and "Realflex" armored cable, the latter a special form of steel armored flexible electrical conductor. The Western Conduit Company was dissolved in 1917, its plant being now 0perated as a department of the parent company's plant. During 1912 and 1913 an open-hearth steel plant was erected. This originally consisted of six 100-ton furnaces, with a stripper building, soaking-pit furnaces, gas producers, and the other equipment incidental to such a plant. Large additions were made at this time to the plant, these additions being in many different departments and necessary to provide for the rapid growth of the business. Among them were extensions to the coupling and threading shops at the tube mills, of which there were then ten in operation. During this period the company added extensively to its holdings in ore and other raw materials, and also erected a fourth blast furnace, which was blown in on September 3, 1913. Early in 1915, the most extensive construction program in the history of the company was begun. This included a by-product coke plant, a large general works administration building, a modern emergency hospital, an extensive housing plan, and machinery for manufacturing a number of new lines of product, as well as increasing production in a number of lines already being made. This program occupied two years. During 1915 two batteries containing 102 Koppers by-product ovens, YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 703 together with a complete benzol and by-product recovery plant, the latter designed to take care of gas from a much larger installation of ovens, was erected. An eighteen-inch bar mill was installed, and work begun on the new office and laboratory buildings. The emergency hospital, one of the best in the country, was completed during that year. Late in 1915 erection of merchant bar mills at the Rod and Wire plant was begun, and one of these was completed in the following year, this being a nine-inch mill. The other, a twelve-inch mill, was not put into service until 1917. These mills cover seven acres and are among the largest and most modern in the world. The third and fourth batteries of fifty-one coke ovens each were completed in 1916, together with a number of bridges, railroad extensions and much other work of a similar character. During this year WORKS, OFFICE AND LABORATORY OF THE YOUNGSTOWN SHEET AND TUBE COMPANY-TYPICAL OF MODERN WORKS ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS AT THE PLANTS IN THE MAHONING VALLEY. three 100-ton furnaces were added to the open-hearth steel plant, together with a mixer having a capacity of 1,300 tons—one of the largest in the world. During this year also considerable progress was made on the housing program, in which it has already expended more than $2,500,000. At this time 468 houses for rent or sale to workmen have been provided, and the plans contemplate the erection of a greater number in addition to these. These houses are in five groups, one each for American workmen, foreign-born workmen and colored workmen at the main plant, together with a group for miners at Nemacolin, and a special group for sale to foreign-born workmen at Highview. near the main works. All are of the most modern design and provided with every convenience necessary for a high standard of living. During the year 1917, three additional open-hearth furnaces were erected, bringing the number in service up to twelve. During this year development of large coal deposits purchased in Greene County, Penn- 704 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY sylvania was begun, this work involving the sinking of shafts, the erection of tipples and the construction of eight miles of railroad, as well as the erection of 125 houses for workmen. It has now proceeded to a point where the production of coal is about 1,000 tons per day, and this will ultimately reach 2,500,000 tons per year, sufficient to supply the coke ovens and plant. In May, 1916, the blast furnaces and other property of the Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company, at Hubbard, Ohio, were purchased. The furnaces were remodeled, supplied with modern equipment for handling ores and fuel and improved so as to greatly increase their production. This purchase brought the number of blast furnaces up to six, and provided a supply of pig iron sufficient for present operations. In order to meet the urgent demand for plates in the ship-building program of the Government during the World war, a plate mill equipped with tandem mills of eighty-four and ninety-six-inch capacity was begun early in 1917. This was pushed to completion with all possible speed and put into operation on June 17, 1918, producing about 70,000 tons of plates before the armistice was signed and since that time forming a most important addition to the productive capacity of the plant. On August 8, 1917, a fifth battery of fifty-one by product ovens was completed and fired, and on September 4th of the same year, the sixth group of ovens was put into service, making the entire installation 306, and giving a capacity for the production of by-product coke sufficient to supply all six of the blast furnaces, as well as for all other needs of the company in this line. The construction during 1918 also included a new locomotive repair shop equipped to care for twenty-eight steam locomotives and fourteen portable cranes used in the operation of the works, as well as a building designed for the purpose of thawing out frozen ore, coal and other materials. A locomotive coaling station, ash-handling plant and many other items were included, bringing the expenditures for new construction during 1918 up to about $ I 2,000,000. The principal improvements and extensions during 1919 included a new warehouse at the plate mill, a pig casting machine at the Hubbard Furnaces, and a system for supplying cooled and filtered drinking water throughout the plant. Much additional development work was done at the coal mines and railroad connections established between the Main Plant and the Rod and Wire department. In 1920 an additional lap-weld tube mill, with a capacity of 60,000 tons per year was put into service. Recent annual reports of The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company indicate that its resources exceed $100,000,000 and include sufficient ore and coal to supply its needs for many years to come. It is now practically self-contained, controlling its own raw materials and manufacturing the product of its blast furnaces into steel and the steel into finished materials for the market, as well as making its own iron for wrought iron products. Some idea of the volume and diversity of its products may be obtained from the following figures, which represent maximum annual capacities YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 705 FUEL AND BY-PRODUCTS

Coal By-product Coke Coal Tar Ammonium Sulphate Benzol Toluol Solvent Naphtha	2,100,000 tons 1,500,000 tons 18,000,000 gals. 48,000,000 lbs. 3,600,000 gals. 900,000 gals. 300,000 gals.
IRON AND STEEL
Pig Iron Double-refined Hand-puddled Iron Bessemer and 0. H. Steel Ingots	1,200,000 tons 50,000 tons 1,500,000 tons
SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS
Blooms, Slabs, Billets, Sheet Bars Skelp	1,250,000 tons 550,000 tons
FINISHED PRODUCTS
Butt-welded and Lap-welded Pipe Sheared Plates Merchant Bars Sheets (average sizes and gauges) Wire Rods Plain Wire Wire Nails Barbed Wire Wire Fencing Wire Hoops Electrical Conduit (steel) Flexible Steel Armored Cable	560,000 tons 200,000 tons 225,000 tons 100,000 tons 140,000 tons 120,000 tons 50,000 tons 20,000 tons 20,000 tons 3,000 tons 30,000 tons 40,000,000 feet

The policy of his company has a ways been to deal with its own employes in the adjustment of any questions which may arise affecting the relations of employer and employed. For this purpose it has established a representation plan, the first in the Mahoning Valley and among the first in this country, by which employes are given an opportunity to discuss with the management all questions of this nature. Under this plan the workmen elect a representative from each department whose business it is to confer with the management on all matters concerning conditions of employment. This plan has been in successful operation for something over a year, and promises to work well. In addition, an industrial relations department, designed to keep the executive officers in close touch with the employes and to promote conditions that will assure contentment among the latter has been in operation for several years. Much work is done along safety, welfare and Americanization Vol. I-45 706 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY lines, and every effort is made to provide the best conditions possible as well as to render assistance to employes in the way of medical and legal advice, relief in time of sickness and other similar things. Free night schools are maintained for those who wish to learn English. Parks and playgrounds are provided, and every encouragement given to wholesome athletics among the workers. Houses are rented or sold at cost, and with each deed the company furnishes free a paid up life insurance policy equal in amount to the value of the property. On its operation The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company is a distinctively Youngstown concern. Its executive, sales and kindred offices are located in the Stambaugh building, and those directly concerned with the operation of the works in a large and modern building at the plant. It maintains sales offices in thirteen American cities and, until the formation of the Consolidated Steel Corporation, of which it is one of the constituent members, had a number of offices in foreign countries. At this time it owns the following subsidiaries : The Continental Supply Company, of St. Louis, which operates forty stores in the Central West for the distribution of tubular and allied products ; The Youngstown Steel Products Company; the Buckeye Coal Company and the Buckeye Land Company, the two latter companies conducting its coal mining and housing operations. The name of the corporation was changed on May 1, 1905, by the elimination of the word "Iron," but it still continues the manufacture of wrought, or puddled, iron, using the greater portion of its output, however, in the production of couplings for steel pipe, and manufacturing iron pipe and iron sheets in only relatively small quantities. Under normal conditions the number of men employed by this company is between 14,000 and 15,000. Its annual payroll for 1918 was $22,157,000. Figures for that year are given as more nearly representative than those of 1919, because conditions in the latter were abnormal owing to the general strike in the steel industry and other causes. During 1918 its products shipped were valued at an amount in excess of $84,000,000. The original officers and directors of The Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company were: President and treasurer, Geo. D. Wick; vice president, J. A. Campbell; secretary, Robert Bentley; auditor, W. C. Reilly; directors, Myron C. Wick, Geo. D. Wick, William Wilkoff, Geo. L. Fordyce, J. A. Campbell, Henry M. Garlick, Henry H. Stambaugh, Robert Bentley and Cecil D. Hine. The present officers and directors are : President, J. A. Campbell; first vice president, H. G. Dalton; vice presidents, C. S. Robinson, Richard Garlick, W. E. Manning; secretary, W. E. Meub ; treasurer, Richard Garlick; assistant secretary and treasurer, W. J. Morris ; auditor, J. J. Brant ; directors, A. E. Adams, Robert Bentley, C. H. Booth, J. G. Butler, Jr., George D. Cameron, J. A. Campbell, Geo. E. Day, E. L. Ford, Richard Garlick and John L. Severance. In addition to those named, the board elected in 1920 included Cecil D. Hine, whose death occurred early in that year. W. C. Reilly is general superintendent. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 707 THE REPUBLIC IRON & STEEL COMPANY The first of the giant combinations organized in this country in the closing years of the Nineteenth Century to retain its identity and expand under its new name, without being again swallowed by some larger combination, was the Republic Iron & Steel Company, at this time one of the most important corporations of its kind in the United States. The Republic Iron & Steel Company was organized under the, laws of New Jersey in May, 1899, one of the leading spirits in the enterprise being the late John W. Gates, a financier who made many friends among local people during the negotiations and afterward, and who had much to do with the early policies of the company, although his name was never officially connected with rt The original officers were : President, Alexis W. Thompson ; vice president and treasurer ; John F. Taylor ; Vice presidents, Archibald W. Houston, John F. Taylor, George A. Baird; executive committee, Cot Geo. W. French, Harry Reubens, Alexis W. Thompson, Archibald W. Houston, George A. Baird; directors, Chas A. Wacker, L. C. Hanna, Peter L. Kimberly, Edwin M. Ohl, August Belmont, Grant B. Schley, George R. Sheldon, and John Crerar. The companies' taken over by the new combination were scattered all over the Middle West and South. As soon as the corporation got into good working order, one of its economies was the closing of a number of these works in order to avoid duplication in the production of certain lines. By far the most important properties, however, were those in Youngstown, consisting of the works of the Brown, Bonnell Iron Co., Andrews Bros. & Co., and the Mahoning Valley Iron Company. The Hannah furnace and the present shafting plant being the only portions of the once extensive "Valley Mill" not dismantled. In addition the company acquired the Sharon Iron Works, with the Hall furnace, and the Atlantic furnace at New Castle. The capital stock authorized at the time of incorporation was $50,000,000, and this was issued from time to time as the acquisition of new properties or the extension of others required. Some time later the capital was increased and now consists of $27,352,000 of common and $25,000,000 of preferred outstanding. The executive offices were at Jersey City, New Jersey, and the properties in this locality were managed as a group, known as the Youngstown district, Charles Hart being general manager and J. W. Deetrick district superintendent. It will be noticed that there were few Youngstown men on the board of directors, although a considerable portion of the stock was still held in this city. The principal executive offices, with those of John R. Topping, chairman of the board, are now located in New York, but the general offices of the corporation are, fortunately for Youngstown, located in this city, and this great corporation is a part of the life of the Mahoning Valley in a way that would not otherwise be possible. The first important improvement made in the Youngstown prop- 708 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY erty after its acquisition was the installation of a Bessemer steel plant This was completed in 1900, the equipment consisting of two 5-ton converters, four cupolas and a 32-inch blooming mill. This plant was entirely rebuilt in 1902, at which time two 10-ton converters, a 42-inch blooming mill, a 26-inch billet mill and an 18-inch billet mill were erected. Two additional cupolas were also built at this time. In 1905 a 28-inch sheet bar and rolling mill and a 250-ton mixer were added to the Bessemer equipment. In addition to these changes and extensions at the Bessemer plant, a number of new mills were installed in the Brown-Bonnell plant during this period. This plant originally contained only puddling furnaces and rolling mills. Iron working was abandoned, and the furnaces A BESSEMER STEEL CONVERTER IN ACTION were dismantled on the installation of the Bessemer steel plant. Between 1901 and 1903 three continuous mills were added to equipment. In 1909 and 190 two skelp mills were added to the Brown-Bonnell plant. Further extensions of the rolling capacity of this plant included three new hand mills erected during 1913, and a modern continuous 10-inch bar mill installed in 1916. These additions increased the rolling mill capacity of this department, originally 180,000 tons per year, to 660,000 tons, and also greatly diversified the product, permitting the production of a wide range of bars, shapes and angles. When the property was taken over there was but one blast furnace in the Haselton plant, this being the same stack operated by Andrews Bros. & Co. This furnace was rebuilt in some particulars and in 1905-6 two modern furnaces were erected, they going into blast in 1906. In 1911 a fourth stack was added, and in 1917 still another was completed and put into operation. This last furnace is one of the largest in the YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 709 valley, having a capacity of 600 tons per day. These stacks are all of the largest and most efficient type, being provided with all accessories, including electric power. During 1909 and 1910 a tube mill department was established, containing two butt-weld and two lap-weld mills, a socket shop, galvanizing equipment, threading floors and other necessary accessories. This department was enlarged in 1917 by the erection of two additional mills. Its capacity is now about 275,000 tons of lap-welded and butt-welded pipe per year. The general offices of the company, which had been located, in Chicago, were transferred to Pittsburg on November 15, 1905. On August 10, 1911, they were removed to Youngstown, a commodious brick building having been erected on Market Street, at the west end of the works, for their accommodation. This structure has been twice enlarged and is now one of the largest and best of its kind in the valley. Construction of an 'open-hearth steel plant was begun in 190 and completed during 1911, It consists of eight 80-ton furnaces, a 4-inch blooming mill, billet and sheet bar mills sufficient to take care of a considerable increase in the steel output. Two additional open-hearths were built in 1913, two in 1915, and two in 1918, bringing the annual open-hearth steel ingot capacity up to 600,000 tons per year. A 90-inch plate mill, together with a 16-14-inch continuous bar mill was erected during 1940-I and was placed in operation during the latter year, still further increasing the tonnage and diversity of rolled products. During 1913 a battery of sixty-eight Koppers by-product coke ovens was erected and this unit was put into service in April of 1914, its capacity being about 340,000 tons of coke per year. In 1915 a second battery of ovens of similar type was installed, together with a complete benzol and by-product recovery installation sufficient in capacity to take care of the gas from both batteries. The present annual capacity of the by-product coke plant is approximately 660,000 tons of coke, with a corresponding amount of benzol, ammonium sulphate, and other byproducts. During 1919, the sheet mill plant of the DeForest Sheet & Tinplate Company, between Niles and Warren, was purchased by the Republic Iron & Steel Company, which thus acquired facilities for a new line of reduction. This plant contains twenty-eight sheet mills and is modern in every respect. It is now being enlarged by the installation of twenty-four additional sheet mills. In addition to these operations, the company manufactures steel shafting at a plant specially equipped for that purpose on Crab Creek, where a large amount 'of cold-rolled shafting is produced annually. It also operates the' Hannah furnace in the same locality. The above information applies only to the plants owned and operated by the Republic Iron & Steel Company in the Mahoning Valley. In addition it Owns two blast furnaces in the Shenango Valley, the Hall, at Sharon, and the Atlantic; at New Castle, together with" three others, known as the Pioneer furnaces, at Birmingham, Alabama. Its total 710 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY number of furnaces is I1, and its theoretical capacity for the production of pig iron is 1,425,000 tons. It also owns and operates 1,656 beehive coke ovens, with a capacity of 452,000 tons of coke per year, which, added to its capacity for by-product coke, makes a total of 1,770,000 tons per year. The purchase of the Bessemer Coal & Coke Company, in 1917, with the output of coal mines already owned in Alabama, increased its production of coal to 1,207,896 tons in 1918. It owned 2,162 tenement houses in 1918, 821 of these being connected with its northern works and the remainder with the southern operations. It has large reserves of coal, ore and limestone, and owns a number of subsidiaries operating these properties. According to the report for 1918, the last available at this time, this company employed 11,895 men at its northern ore, coal, limestone and steel plants, and 2,773 at its southern operations—a total of 14,668. Of these about 8,50o were employed in the plants located in the Mahoning Valley. During the same period the payrolls of this company totalled $23,747,26o.97, an average per man of $1,619. Incidentally, it is interesting to note that the average earnings of its employes increased from $771 in 1915 to the amount named above in 1918. Present officers and directors of the corporation are: Executive committee, John A. Topping, Edward J. Berwind, Thos. J. Bray, Howard M. Hanna, Jr., William T. Graham, Earl W. Oglebay, Harry L. Rownd; chairman, John A. Topping; president, Thos. J. Bray; vice presidents, Harry L. Rownd, J. Wilbert Deetrick ; treasurer, Herman M. Hurd; secretary, Richard Jones, Jr.; directors, G. Watson French, Thos. J. Bray, Harry L. Rownd, John A. T0pping, Geo. W. Watts, Earl W. Oglebay, William T. Graham, Edward J. Berwind, Howard M. Hanna, Jr., Alexander Glass, J. Wilbert Deetrick. THE BRIER HILL STEEL COMPANY The Brier Hill Steel Company is one of the youngest of the important industries of the Mahoning Valley. At the same time its history extends far back into the iron era, and its beginnings are connected with events occurring long before there was a steel company in America, or at least before steel was made in this country except by the crucible process. The enterprise from which this company sprung, or rather that which it succeeded, was founded in 1838 by James R. Ford, Daniel Townsend, John Williams, Jr., George B. Martin, David Tod, Simon Perkins and Arad Kent, and was known as the Akron Manufacturing Company. The purpose of its organization as stated in the charter issued for a period of thirty years, was "manufacturing iron, steel, nails, stoves, pig iron, and castings of all kinds." The authorized capital was $250,000 —a very large sum in those days. The plant was located at Akron and was really only a foundry, with one blast furnace as its source of iron supply. In 1859, after the presence of black-band ore and the value of Brier Hill coal were, demonstrated, it was decided to move the enterprise bodily to the Mahoning Valley. The plant was, accordingly, dis- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 711 mantled and removed to Brier Hill, where the blast furnace was re-erected under the name of Grace No. 1, extensive improvements being made to the stack during its re-erection. At the same time the name of the corporation was changed to "Brier Hill Iron Company." In 1860 an additional furnace was erected at Brier Hill, known as Grace No. 2, and with these two furnaces the corporation continued the production of pig iron until 1867. The original charter was due to expire the following year, and with this in view the company was reorganized and re-chartered under the name of the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company, its new charter empowering it to engage in the mining of coal as well as in the manufacture of iron. Incorporators of the new company were David Tod, William Pollock, Nelson Crandall, John Stambaugh, Jr., and Henry Tod, all of whom were Youngstown men, and the capital was fixed at $432,000. Under This company the Tod coal mining interests were merged, so far as Brier Hill is concerned, with those of the furnace company, and extensive improvements were made to the mines and the furnace plant. On the death of David Tod in 1868 his place was filled by the election of John Stambaugh in 1869. In 1882 the corporation, which had in the meantime practically ceased its coal operations owing to the exhaustion of its mines, was reorganized again, this time under the same name. The incorporators of this company were John Stambaugh, William Pollock, Henry Tod, George Tod, J. G. Butler, Jr., Nelson Crandall and John Tod. John Stambaugh was elected president ; Nelson Crandall, rer ; H. C. Marshall, secretary, and Jos. G. Butler, Jr., general manager. The capital of this corporation was fixed at $500,000. In January, 1883, Wm. B. Schiller, now president of the National Tube Company, was elected secretary and John Stambaugh became treasurer; otherwise there were no changes in the official roster until 1889, when John Stambaugh died and George Tod was elected president. During this period many changes and innovations were made in blast furnace practice at this plant, which acquired a wide reputation for progressiveness. Here the first chemist attached to any industrial plant in the Mahoning Valley was employed, this pioneer being C. A. Meissner, now chairman of the coke committee of the American Iron & Steel Institute. Julian Kennedy, perhaps the most widely known industrial plant engineer in this country, was among the young college men who were employed there about that period. It was at this furnace that the first successful attempt was made to combine black-band and Lake Superior ores, and here also the first and only successful apparatus for washing pig iron, was installed and developed, this being done at the Tod furnace, which was the name given Grace Furnace No. when it was rebuilt. It was at this plant that the first speigel iron made in America was produced under the direction of E. L. Ford, a young chemist and expert brought to Youngstown to conduct this experiment, which was successful but unprofitable, owing to the fact that the ores had to be imported. Without material change in its organization this company continued to do business until it was again reorganized and its name changed to "Brier Hill Steel Company," in 1912. 712 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY The Brier Hill Steel Company's charter is dated January 28, 1912, and its capital was originally $15,000,000, of which $10,000,000 was common and $5,000,000 preferred. The capital was increased on January i6, 1916, to $15,000,006 of. common, This being again increased in 1920 by the conversion of the common stock into 1,250,000 shares of no par value, a process that practically increased the capital to S55,000,000. The first act of the new corporation was to purchase the physical property of the following corporations : The Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company ; The Youngstown Steel Company ; The Biwabik Mining Company ; the Brier Hill Coke Company ; The Thomas Steel Company and the Empire Steel Company, the two latter being sheet mill plants located at Niles. To these properties, all of which were going concerns, was added during the year 1913 a complete open-hearth steel plant, built at Youngstown. This plant included seven 75-ton basic open-hearth DRAWING STEEL FROM OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE furnaces, a 600-ton mixer, eight 4-hole soaking pit furnaces, a 40-inch 2-high reversing blooming mill, a 24-inch, 2-high, 6-stand continuous billet mill, a 24-inch, 2-high, 6-stand, merchant bar mill, gas producers, furnaces, and other equipment accordingly. This plant was admirably designed and holds a very high record for efficiency. The .first ingots from the furnaces of this plant were rolled on February 7, 1914. The Tod furnace, acquired from the Brier Hill Iron and Coal Company, was rebuilt in 1913 and other extensive improvements made during the following year, these including the erection of five additional open-hearth furnaces, the output of which was taken care of by the original mills, which had been designed for this extension. In December, 1916, the company acquired by purchase the plant of the Western Reserve Steel Company at Warren, a sheet mill erected a short time before. This, with the sheet mills acquired in the original combination, made the number operated by this company twenty-eight, the largest owned by any one concern in the valley. It also extended YOUNGSTOWN AND. THE MAHONING VALLEY - 713 the range as to size and weight of sheets produced considerably and placed the Brier Hill Company in the front rank among manufacturers of steel sheets in this country. In 1917 an additional blast furnace was erected at the Youngstown plant, making the number in operation three and increasing the output of pig iron to 531,000 tons per year During 1917, a complete by-product coke plant was erected in connection with the Youngstown plant, consisting of eighty-f our ovens. With this a benzol and by-product recovery plant was put in operation. An ore yard, with complete equipment for the handling and storage of i,000,000 tons was completed during the same year. Additional acreage had been secured during 1917, and late in that year the erection of a plate mill was begun, the work being completed and the first plates rolled for the use of the government in ship-building operations during 1918. This is one of the largest plate mills in the United States. Its equipment consists of one 84-inch, 2-high stand, and one 132-inch, 2-high stand, together with the necessary furnaces and machinery f or shearing and finishing plates as wide as 130 inches. The monthly capacity of this mill is 35,000 tons, and it is one of the largest and most modern of such installations. In connection with the Tod Furnace the Brier Hill Steel Company operates the washed metal plant described in connection with the Youngstown Steel Company. It is the only one of its kind in this country and its product goes to all parts of the world, being in demand for the production of exceptionally high-grade alloy steels of all kinds in which purity of the iron is an essential. The Brier Hill Steel Company controls its own ore and coal mines, as well as its supply of limestone. It is therefore practically self-con- tained and assured of its raw materrals for many years to come. These holdings consist of 75 per cent of the stock of the Biwabik Mining Company and 50 per cent of that of the Pennington Mining Company, both in the Lake Superior region. It owns a subsidiary, known as the Brier Hill Coke Company, which has an annual capacity of 450,000 tons of coal, more than sufficient to supply the oven plant at its works and provide fuel for all of its furnaces. In 1920 its annual maximum capacity for the production of various materials is as follows :

By-product coke Benzol Pig iron Steel ingots Bars, billets, etc Plates Sheets

370,000 tons 1,870,000 gals 531,000 tons 600,000 tons 510,000 tons 240,000 tons 170,000 tons

These capacities place this company among thelargest of the independents especially in the line of sheets. and while the number of its prod- 714 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY ucts is not yet as large as some others, few concerns of its age have shown such development. The first officers and directors of the Brier Hill Steel Company were; W. A. Thomas, president ; John Tod, first vice president ; R. C. Steese, vice president and general manager ; Joseph G. Butler, Jr., vice president; John Stambaugh, treasurer; J. E. Parker, secretary ; J. B. Kennedy, general counsel. Directors—H. H. Stambaugh, chairman ; W. A. Thomas, R. C. Steese, Joseph G. Butler, Jr., John Stambaugh, John Tod, David Tod, E. L, Ford, C. G. Thomas. The present officers and directors are : J. B. Kennedy, chairman of board ; J. H. Grose, president ; G. F. Alderdice, first vice president; John Tod, vice president ; Joseph G. Butler, Jr., vice president ; N. B. Folsom, treasurer ; J. E. Parker, secretary ; J. B. Kennedy, general counsel. Directors, J. B. Kennedy, chairman ; J. H. Grose, G. F. Alderdice, John Tod, J. G. Butler, Jr., John Stambaugh, W. A. Thomas, Fred Tod, R. C. Steese. Advisory committee, E. L. Ford, chairman; John Tod, John Stambaugh, W. A. Thomas. THE OHIO WORKS OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY In the year 1903 the present Carnegie Steel Company was formed by the merger of the Carnegie Steel Company, The National Steel Com pany and The American Steel Hoop Company, then owners of the Oh' Works, Upper and Lower Union Mills, Greenville Mills, Girard Mills Warren Mills and the Niles Furnace. Girard and Warren mills were later abandoned. No. 1 blast furnace at the Ohio Works started to operate on February 14, 1900; No. 2, June 6, 1900; No. 3, March 29, 1901. Construction on No. 4 blast furnace was started in March, 1903, and operations wer started on September 6, 1904. Construction on No. 5 and No. 6 wa started in January, 1907, and No. 6 started to operate February II, 1909 and No. 5, June 29, 1909. Construction on the 40-inch mill started in February, 1907, and the first steel rolled on July 12, 1909. Construction on three additional Open Hearth furnaces was started on November II, 1915, and were first operated on March 29, 1916, April 4, 1916, and April 12, 1916, respectively. The 15-inch continuous billet mill consisting of seven sets of rolls was completed and started to operate in March, 1901. At the time the Ohio Steel Company was acquired by the National Steel Company, Thomas McDonald was superintendent of the Ohio Works and continued to serve in that capacity until December 31, 1906, when he was made general superintendent 0f the Youngstown district which included the Ohio Works, Upper and L0wer Union Mills, Greenville Mills and Niles Furnace. When this change was made J. A. McDonald was made superintendent of the Ohio Works. He resigned December 31, 1911. On January 1, 1912, J. H. Grose was appointed as superintendent of the Ohio Works and continued to work in that capacity until December YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 715 31, 1915, when Thomas McDonald was given the position of consulting superintendent and J. H. Gross. made general superintendent of the Youngstown district of the Carnegie Steel Company. I. Lamont Hughes, who at that time was superintendent of the Bar Mills, Upper and Lower, and Greenville, was made assistant general superintendent of the Youngstown district of the Carnegie Steel Company in which position he remained until June 15th of the same year. L. N. McDonald was then appointed assistant general superintendent of the Youngstown district of the Carnegie Steel Company which position he still holds. J. H. Grose resigned his position effective December 31, 1919, and I. Lamont Hughes was appointed as his successor as general superintendent of the Youngstown district of the Carnegie Steel Company, taking effect January 1, 1920. L. N. McDonald continued as assistant general superintendent of the Youngstown district of the Carnegie Steel Company. A MAHONING VALLEY BLAST FURNACE PLANT The Cartwright-McCurdy Mill, now known as the Lower Union Carnegie Steel Company, and the Youngstown Mill, now known as the Upper Union Carnegie Steel Company, consolidated August 3, 1892, forming what was known as the Union Iron & Steel Company. These mills were taken over by the National Steel Company under date of February 27, 1899, who in turn conveyed the property to the American Steel Hoop Company under date of April 15, 1899. This property, including the Greenville Mill, became vested in the present Carnegie Steel Company by the merger of the Carnegie interests in the Pittsburg district, The National Steel Company and The American Steel Hoop Company, in the year 1903. At the time of the forming of the present Carnegie Steel Company, M. E. Coombs was general superintendent of the Youngstown District Bar Mills, which included Upper and Lower, Girard, Warren and Greenville mills ; Girard and Warren mills being since abandoned. On May I, 1904, F. B. Baugh was appointed assistant to Mr. Coombs. 716 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY Mr. Coombs retired on March 31, 1906, and F. B. Baugh was appointed his successor as general superintendent of the Bar Mills of the Youngstown District, effective April I, 1906, and I. Lamont Hughes appointed assistant general superintendent of Bar Mills. F. B. Baugh died on March 15, 1911, and I. Lamont Hughes was appointed as general superintendent of the Bar Mills of the Youngstown District, effective April I, 1911, in which position he remained until his appointment as assistant general superintendent of the Youngstown District of the Carnegie Steel Company on January r, 1916. A. W. Griffith was appointed assistant superintendent of the Bar Mills of the Youngstown district, effective April I, 1911, and when I. Lamont Hughes was appointed assistant general superintendent of the Youngstown District of the Carnegie Steel Company A. W. Griffith was appointed his successor as superintendent of the Bar Mills of the Youngstown District of the Carnegie Steel Company, and H. J. Baugh appointed assistant superintendent of the Bar Mills of the Youngstown district of the Carnegie Steel Company. On February 10, 1916, work was started on the construction of the present McDonald Mills, four mills being constructed as the first unit and' these started to operate as follows : No. 16, 8-inch bar mill, January 1, 1918. No. 15, 10-inch bar mill, May 15, 1918. No. 8, 8-inch hoop mill, September 2, 1918. No 9, 8-inch hoop mill, January I, 1919. In addition to the above mills at McDonald, No. 13, 18-inch band mill has been constructed and is now ready to operate. These mills are under the direct supervision of A. W. Griffith, superintendent of the Bar Mills, and his assistant, H. J. Baugh. On selecting the property on which the present McDonald Mills are located suitable available acreage was also procured in addition to that required for the mills, for a town site and later a town laid out with good streets which were paved, sewered and sidewalks laid, including all improvements. One section which seems to be particularly adapted for parking purposes was set aside for a park and is being arranged for that purpose. One hundred and forty-eight homes have been built, twenty now under construction together with a suitable school building of brick construction ; and a program for the building of 150 additional homes is now well under way. Before starting the construction of the McDonald Mills it being necessary to have a direct connection between those mills and the Ohio Works, a railroad was built extending from Division Street, Youngstown, to the McDonald Mill site. Work on this was started October 25, 1909, and the first train was run over this railroad October 8, 1911. This road is incorporated under the name of The Youngstown & Northern Railroad Company. It conveys steel, billets and blooms from the Ohio Works to the McDonald Mills, then hauling the finished bars from YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 717 McDonald Mills to the Ohio Works where they are transferred to outbound railroad. This company has constructed fifty houses in the Steelton district near the Ohio Works which have been sold to the employes of the Ohio Works and Upper and Lower Mills on the company's home owning plan. It is the intention to build homes for employes on the home owning plan on a very extensive scale, preparations having been made to meet the requirements of the employes. As is well known the United States Steel Corporation has been a leader in the safety and welfare activities, being pioneers in the work. And its Youngstown District has been among the leaders in this work. This is especially true with reference to safety work. Besides the ordinary safety department, safety organizations are appointed from time to time among the superintendents and foremen, as well as among the workmen, with the one object in view of protecting machinery wherever possible and to report on unsafe practices in the work, besides undertaking to educate the workman to look after his own safety. In the way of welfare work playgrounds for the children of the employes are maintained at each of the plants under the direct supervision of a directress who works under instructions of a director. These grounds are also utilized in the summer months in giving moving picture shows for the benefit of the employes and their families. The attendance at these evening performances is very encouraging and seems to afford a great deal of pleasure. Other activities in the way of assisting the employe include the visiting nurse calling at the home ot employes who have sickness in the family. THE TRUMBULL STEEL COMPANY One of the youngest and at the same time one of the most important and progressive industries of the Mahoning Valley is the Trumbull Steel Company, located at Warren. It was organized April 24, 1912, with Jonathan Warner as president ; W. T. Hardesty, vice president ; D. W. Kerr, secretary ; W. H. B. Ward, treasurer, who, with John T. Harrington, composed the original board of directors. The capital was fixed at $20,000,000, of which half is common and half preferred. The common stock Was increased in 1920 to $25,000,000, making the total authorized capital $35,000,000. The plant originally consisted of six sheet mills and six tin mills, with sufficient tinning and galvanizing equipment to finish the product. In 1914 the plant was doubled, making twelve tin mills and twelve sheet mills. About a year later additional equipment was installed, increasing the sheet and tin mill capacity to 19 tin mills, 13 sheet mills and 2 jobbing mills, or a total of 34 mills. This increase, of course, necessitated additional capacity in all finishing departments, until at the present time, with 34 tin pots and a 10-kettle galvanizing department, the plant has enough finishing capacity to more than take care of all the sheet products it can roll. Tinning, galvanizing and roofing, also a complete power operating plant, was installed. 718 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY In 1916 construction was commenced on additional plants for the manufacture of hot and cold rolled strip steel. This branch of the company's business has grown until at the present time they have an annual capacity of 125,000 tons of hot strip steel and 6o,000 tons of cold strip steel, which product enters into the manufacture of automobiles and other lines of industry requiring high grade finished material, uniform in quality. In the spring of 1917 the company started erection of a modern steel plant, consisting of seven 100-ton open hearth furnaces, together with the latest type blooming and bar mills for: converting the material into blooms, billets and bars for its finishing mills. This plant is operated electrically throughout, including in its equipment the largest reversing blooming mill motor ever installed. In 1918 the company acquired ore lands and coal properties sufficien to take care of their needs in possible extensions to raw and semi-finishe material departments. With capacity already installed, the company can produce 400,000 tons of highly finished products per year; this consisting of tin plate, black and galvanized sheets, electrical sheets, roofing materials, hot and cold rolled strip steel. In 1919 the Trumbull Steel Company acquired the entire capital stock of the Liberty Steel. Company, together with the plant of this corporation. This capital consisted of $1,000,000 common and a like amount of preferred stock. The plant, which had been originally planned as a full finished sheet mill and, on account of conditions arising out of the European war in progress at the time of its erection, had been erected as an eight-unit tin-plate mill, with a capacity. of 750,000 base boxes per year. The Liberty Steel Company is now conducted as a subsidiary of the Trumbull Steel Company, its officers being the same as those of the latter and its board of directors consisting of A. N. Flora, A. L. Button, C. B. Myers, W. M. McFate and G. A. White. The Trumbull Steel Company now maintains offices at Warren, New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, Nashville, Memphis, Dallas, St. Louis, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington. Its present officers are : President, Jonathan Warner ; vice presidents, W. H. B. Ward, A. N. Flora, W. N. McFate and Philip Wick; secretary, A. L. Button; treasurer, J. U. Anderson ; directors, Jonathan Warner, W. H. B. Ward, A. N. Flora, John T. Harrington, Philip Wick, W. G. Mather and S. L. Mather. At this time the Trumbull Steel Company employs approximately 6,000 men and has an annual payroll of about $9,000,000. It is rapidly expanding its equipment and operations and is already one of the largest producers of sheets and tin-plate in the United States. THE SHARON STEEL HOOP COMPANY The Sharon Steel Hoop Company has recently become one of the most important industrial concerns in the Mahoning Valley through its purchase of the physical property of the Youngstown Iron & Steel Com- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 719 pany and the Ohio Iron & Steel Company. This corporation was organized in October, Iw0. Its initial capital was $200,000, and its first officers and directors were Morris Backman, president ; T. S. Clarke, vice president ; J. R. Hastings, secretary ; A. A. Perkins, treasurer, and these, with J. P. Whitla, the board of directors. The original operations of the company were confined to Sharon, at which place it now operates a modern open hearth steel plant consisting of seven 35-ton furnaces, blooming mills, billets mills, continuous strip mills, hoop mills and all incidental equipment for the manufacture of hoops and strip steel. In 1917 the Sharon Steel Hoop Company purchased the plate and sheet mill plant operated by the Youngstown Iron & Steel Company on Wilson Avenue, Youngstown, together with the pressed steel department of these works, which included complete equipment f or .manufacturing expanded metal lath and shapes and formed one of the most complete CHARGING AN OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE WITH MOLTEN IRON establishments of this kind in the Valley. In 1918 this portion of the property was transferred to the Youngstown Pressed Steel Company, which has been operating it in connection with the corner bead and channel departments of the Sharon works. The latter company, which is a subsidiary, is now erecting a large plant between Niles and Warren, at which all of the machinery will be assembled during the present year. The open-hearth steel plant of the Youngstown Iron & Steel Company, located at Lowellville, was included in the purchase of the Youngstown plant. This unit contained three 75-ton open-hearth furnaces and blooming and sheet bar mills, to which have since been added three furnaces, making the number in operation six, with much new and more modern rolling equipment, making this one of the most modern, if not one of the largest plants of its kind in the Valley. Electrical power is used throughout these works, which were among the first to be completely equipped in this way. 720 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY In February, 1918, the physical property of the Ohio Iron & Steel Company; consisting principally of the Mary Furnace, located close to the open-hearth plant at Lowellville, was purchased. This furnace has at present a capacity of about 144,000 tons of pig iron per year and supplies the molten metal necessary to the economical operation of the open-hearth furnaces. The ingot capacity of the company is now about 400,000 tons per annum, and this steel- is rolled into hoops, strips and bands, sheets and plates. The number of men normally employed is about 4,000 and the estimated annual payroll is approximately $7,200,000. At present the officers and directors are : President, Severn P. Ker; secretary and treasurer, J. Reid Evans ; directors (in addition to those named), William G. Kranz, George W. Short, F. C. Perkins, J. F. Byers, John H. McCune, J. D. Lyon and A. E. Braun. THE UNITED ENGINEERING & FOUNDRY COMPANY The United Engineering & Foundry Company is not only one of the most extensive and prosperous of Youngstown's industries, but it is also one of the most interesting from a historical standpoint. Its origin was a small foundry for the casting of stoves established in 1849 by Parma-lee & Sawyer, who later sold it to Ward, Kay & Co. With the passage of years the concern underwent a change to the name of Ward, Margerum & Co., by which name it was known when the first attempt was made to manufacture rolling mill machinery and equipment, now the principal output of the company. Later on the plant was conducted for some time by the firm of Ward, Booth & Miller, and later still Ward dropped out and it became Booth, Miller & Co. Up to this time's the establishment was located on Oak Street, at what is now the Oak Street plant of the present corporation. On March I, 1888, the plant was taken over by a corporation with $100,c00 capital, known as the Lloyd Booth Company, With officers as follows : President, Lloyd Booth; vice president, H. M. Garlick; secretary, C. W. Bray ; treasurer, C. H. Booth, Sr. The large works located west of Market Street in Youngstown were then begun, the capital having been increased soon after incorporation to $225,000. When the era of consolidation occurred in Youngstown, these large and prosperous works were naturally involved, as they had in the meantime become known all over the country, and they were made the principal basis of a company known as The United Engineering & Foundry Company, of which the original plants and offices were located at Pittsburg. The organization of the present company took place on July 1, toot, the capital being fixed at $5,500,000. This was increased in 1910 to $7,500,000. The company has now three large plants in operation and is the largest manufacturer of rolling mill machinery in the United States, if not in the world. Besides the principal works, which are located in this city, these consist of a roll foundry and machine works at Canton, Ohio, and a bronze and steel castings plant at Vandergrift, Pennsylvania. YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 721 All of these are large and well equipped establishments. In November, 1916, the great machine shops of the William Tod Company, in this city, were purchased and are now operated in conjunction with the original Youngstown plant, these forming a unit known as the Youngstown District. Before the combination of these two Youngstown companies they turned out the principal portion of the rolling mill equipment for the steel mills of the Mahoning Valley, as well as shipping their products to India, China, Japan and almost every country in the world. The William Tod Company specialized in engine building, while the Lloyd Booth Company devoted most of its attention to the construction of rolling mill machinery, heavy castings and similar products. BLOOMING MILL IN A MAHONING VALLEY STEEL PLANT The original officers of the United Engineering & Foundry Company were I. W. Frank, president ; C. H. Booth, vice president ; G. G. Small, second vice president ; Edward Kneeland, treasurer, and C. E. Satler, secretary. The present officials are : Chairman of the executive committee, I. W. Frank ; president, F. C. Biggert ; vice presidents, G. G. Small, William Gardner ; secretary, E. C. Satler ; treasurer and general manager, Edward Kneeland ; directors, in addition to the officers above-named, K. C. Garner, H. M. Garlick, Richard Garlick, C. W. Bray, John F. Lockhart, William Metcalf, R. W. Tener, G. W. Knotts and John Quinn. The various plants employ at this time about Soo men, the greater portion of whom are highly skilled mechanics. In the Youngstown plants G. W. Knowles is district manager, and H. M. Kelly is assistant district manager, while C. H. Booth has general charge of operations in the Youngstown District. Vol. I-46 722 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY THE OHIO IRON & STEEL COMPANY The Ohio Iron & Steel Company is another corporation the beginnings of which date back to the early times. Reference has been mad to the stack erected by Wilkes, Wilkinson & Co., at Lowellville, which has the honor of being, if not the first furnace in the United States to smelt iron ore with raw coal,' at least the distinction of being the first to so reduce Lake Superior ores. This furnace, which was originally built at Lowellville to smelt native ores and was primitive in construction, had been greatly improved by Alexander L. Crawford, who, afte operating it for some years, sold it to other parties. In the year 1879 it was owned by Wm. McCreary, the estate of Thompson Bell and J. Dilworth, who offered it for sale to Henry Wick, of Youngstown. Afte INSTALLATION OF BLOWING ENGINES AT A MODERN BLAST FURNACE PLANT an examination, Mr. Wick decided to purchase the stack, and in the following year, after it had been overhauled and made ready for starting, it being idle at that time, it was placed in operation by The Ohio Iron & Steel Company, incorporated February 2, 1880, by Paul Wick, John C. Wick, Myron C. Wick, Thos. H. Wells, Henry Wick and Robert Bentley, with a capital stock of $35,000. The furnace was put in blast by the new owners on April 21, 1880. The first week's output was ninety-one tons, produced from a mixture of Lake Superior and Black Band ores and fired with coal and coke mixed. The records of this company, in a good state of preservation to this day, show that Lake Superior ores then cost $11 per ton, and Black Band ores, obtained at Mineral Ridge, cost $5.50 per ton. Coal was selling at $3.00 per ton at Brier Hill, and coke was $3.75 at the ovens in the Connellsville region. The first iron produced was shipped to the Youngstown Rolling Mill Company. Operation of the furnace under the new management was YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 723 successful and practically continuous from that time forward, and the Mary furnace, as it was then known, became one of the best producers of the locality. From 1880 to 1884, the average daily output was about twenty-eight tons of pig iron. This furnace has been rebuilt five times since that date, in 1889, 1896, 1902, and 1909. Its best daily output has been 457 tons. On February, 1918, the Mary furnace, with all the physical. property of the Ohio Iron & Steel Company, Was sold to the Sharon Steel Hoop Company, and the Ohio Iron & Steel Company became a holding company. In 1920 this company held its forty-first annual meeting. All of the original incorporators and directors mentioned above, with the exception of Robert Bentley, the president, have passed to their reward, all of them leaving records of highest citizenship, usefulness and energy displayed in many local enterprises. Mr. Bentley is still president of the company, which has an authorized capital of $2,100,000, of which $2,025,000 has been issued as common stock, there being no preferred. The present officials are: Robert Bentley, president ; Philip Wick, vice president; David Davis, secretary; F. D. Zug, treasurer. The board of directors consisted of Robert Bentley, David Davis, A. E. Adams, Richard Garlick, Philip H. Wick, Fred H. Wick, and J. Fearnley Bonnell. THE WILLIAM B. POLLOCK COMPANY The William B. Pollock Company was founded in 1863 by the late William B. Pollock. At that time Mr. Pollock was a practical blast furnace operator but saw the approaching period of constructing furnaces of steel instead of brick and stone, and established a works for that purpose. This period developed rapidly and Mr. Pollock, desiring to continue his furnace connections, associated with him in the construction work, his brother, Robert A. Pollock, and William Pelen, a partnership called William B. Pollock & Company. The first shop was located on Basin Street in 1863, where it was operated until 1881, when a larger shop was built on South Market Street, where the business was carried on until 1900, when the plant was completely destroyed by fire. The first sections of the present shops were erected in 1901 on the site of the dismantled Himrod Blast Furnaces on East Federal Street ; this is a modern plant with the latest improved machinery, operated by electric, hydraulic and pneumatic power, for fabricating heavy plate work, being equipped to fabricate plates up to 2 inches in thickness. The William B. Pollock Company was the pioneer in building blast furnaces in the Mahoning and Shenango Valley and, to a large extent, elsewhere in Ohio and adjoining states. The original product' included cylinder and flue boilers for blast furnaces, coal mines, etc. The boiler business was gradually outgrown with the increasing manufacture of blast furnace and steel works equipment, the company subsequently discontinuing the manufacture of all boilers. The first furnaces built by them were in 1866, when they erected one at Antwerp, near. Toledo, and one at Hammondsville, a thriving 724 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY iron town on the Ohio River, near Steubenville. During 1867 and 1868 they built two furnaces for Andrews & Hitchcock at Hubbard; one for James Ward at Niles, Ohio ; one for General Pierce at Sharpsville; one for the Himrod Furnace Company ; one for Andrews Brothers & Company at Haselton; and rebuilt the Falcon and Phoenix; the last named was owned by Charles Howard. The Falcon was first owned by Crawford & Murray and later by Canfield & Alfred; afterwards, both it and the Phoenix became the property of Brown, Bonnell & Company. The first superintendent of the Falcon was John Kay, who was succeeded by Thomas Pollock ; these two furnaces were later combined under the superintendency of William B. Pollock. The original output of these furnaces was about fourteen tons in twenty-four hours, the first remodeling being to increase the capacity to twenty-four tons. The height of the average furnace at that time was about thirty-six feet. The Phoenix and Falcon furnaces were dismantled in 1899 by the Republic Iron & Steel Company. The activities of the firm in 1869 and 1870 included the building of the Struthers furnace, the Lowell furnace and the Girard furnace. In 1871 and 1872 the first distant furnace was undertaken, being a charcoal furnace at Bay City, Michigan. In the same years they rebuilt No. Himrod furnace, Mary furnace at Lowellville and a second charcoal furnace at Elk Rapids, Michigan, called the Pigeon River Iron & Salt Company. In 1871 they built the Riverside furnace at Benwood, West Virginia, in which year the present general superintendent, John Kirby, became associated with the works. In 1873 they rebuilt the Grace furnace and in 1874 the Eagle and Tod furnaces in Brier Hill. The re- building, of furnaces at that time meant practically abandoning the brick and stone construction and the employment of steel plates and shapes riveted together. In 1878 an innovation was the construction of a modern furnace at Canal Dover, built of the heaviest material used until that time In 1879 came a period of enlarging furnaces and during that and the following year William B. Pollock & Company raised the furnaces at Brier Hill, Girard, Haselton, Hubbard, Struthers, and the Spearman and Douglas furnaces at Sharpsville. The idea of raising the furnaces originated with Mr. Pollock, who also oversaw the necessary designing and construction work. The entire shell, bridge and hoist house were simultaneously jacked up and twelve feet added to the height, making the stack about sixty-four feet high. This accomplishment was given widespread, favorable publicity and was universally adopted, resulting in an immediate large increase in the production of pig iron throughout the United States. The present operations of The William B. Pollock Company include the fabrication and erection of blast furnaces, cars for transportation of liquid and metal slag, large capacity open hearth steel ladles, metal mixers, penstocks for hydro-electric development and slag cars for copper industries, etc. They have supplied this equipment in most of the plants in the iron and steel centers of the United States, and during the past decade have supplied large quantities of their product to YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 725 foreign countries, including Australia, China, Sweden, France, India, South America, Mexico and Canada. The Wm. B. Pollock Company was incorporated under the laws of Ohio in 1899, its capital stock being $600,000, of which $100,000 was preferred and $500,000 common. Its plant is located at the foot of Federal Street, Youngstown, it employes approximately 500 men. Branch offices are maintained in all the principal cities, and its operations in building blast furnace and fabricating steel work for iron and steel plants is carried on in all parts of the world. The original officers after incorporation were : President, William B. Pollock; vice president, Porter Pollock; secretary and treasurer, W. B. Jones. The present officers are : President, Porter Pollock; vice president and general manager, BAR MILL PLANT IN THE MAHONING VALLEY C. W. McClure ; secretary and treasurer, W. G. Wilson; directors, Porter Pollock, C. W. McClure, W. G. Wilson, John Kirby, John H. Warne. THE GENERAL FIREPROOFING COMPANY The General Fireproofing Company is a Youngstown corporation that has grown from a small beginning into one of the most important fabricators of steel in the country, its products consisting chiefly of fireproofing and concrete reinforcement and fine steel furniture, both of which it ships to all parts of the civilized world. This company was organized in January, 1902, with a capital of $500,000. Its original officers and directors were : President, M. I. Arms ; vice presidents, A. P. White, Geo. D. Wick; secretary, W. H. Foster ; treasurer, W. A. Kingsley. The first step was the purchase of the International Metal Lath Company, which had established a small plant at Niles for the manufacture of expanded metal lath. This plant was removed to a site on Crab Creek, in the City of Youngstown, and about it assembled a complete and up-to-date equipment for the prose- 726 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY cation of the business on a large scale. One product after another in the line of metal lath and reinforcement for concrete was added many large buildings were erected. The manufacture of furniture ha been commenced as soon as a suitable building for that purpose could be completed, and this department has grown to be one of the most important as well as one of the most interesting of the large works. All kinds of office furniture are, made entirely of steel, many new designs and improvements having been originated in the company's shops. The capital of the company has been increased from time to time until it is now $4,000,000, and the number of men employed has kept pace with the progress in other directions. This corporation has devoted much attention to the development of fireproofing in the building industry and has also been extremely progressive in other lines. It maintains sales offices and warehouses in all the principal cities of this country, as well as export agents in many foreign countries. The number of men ordinarily employed is about 1,200. At this time the officers and directors of the General Fireproofing Company are: President, W. H. Foster; vice president and general manager, S. S. French; secretary and treasurer, R. M. Bell; directors, M. I. Arms, A. P. White, C. H. Booth, Wilford P. Arms, J. T. Harrington, S. S. French, and W. H. Foster. THE TRUSCON STEEL COMPANY The Truscon Steel Company, formerly known as the Trussed Concrete Steel Company, was formed under the laws of. Michigan for the purpose of manufacturing a special form of concrete reinforcing bar patented by Julius Kahn, its president. Its charter was granted October 6, 1903, at which time offices and laboratories were established at Detroit. For a time the manufacture of the specialty referred to was carried on at Detroit and other places, but demand for the product was such that in January, 1906, the capital was increased from $200,000 to $1,000,000, a site purchased at Youngstown; and a factory covering one acre of ground was erected thereon. This plant began operations in May, 1907, employing 00 men. During the summer of that year another product was developed in the form of a reinforcing bar for concrete construction requiring unusual strength, and still later another product added to the expanded metal line. In 1908 still another design of the expanded metal reinforcement was put on the market. Success had attended the company from the beginning and its growth was rapid. In 1908 its capital was again increased, this time to $1,200,000. A fourth form of product was added in 1909, and in tw0 the company began the manufacture of metal lath and metal forms for floor construction, again increasing its capital $800,000. The next addition to the line was .pressed steel in building shapes, which occurred in 1914, and was followed in 1915 by the fabrication of steel into forms for complete buildings which could be shipped in parts and erected without drilling or further fabrication. During 1917 and 1918 the capital was again increased to meet the needs of expanding plant and business, be- YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 727 ing fixed at $3,000,000 and again increased, May, 1917, to $3,500,000. In 1917 the production of pressed steel forms was begun, and thousands of gas bombs and similar material were made for the Government. At the same time much of the steel building material was fabricated for use in hangars and other structures of this type abroad. The name was shortened in 1918, and in 1919 the capital was increased for the sixth time, being fixed at $4,50o,000. In 1914 the executive offices were removed from Detroit to Youngstown, and the foreign trade department located at New York City. Warehouses have been established in fourteen principal cities and sales offices are maintained at these points. The Truscon Steel Company's main plant at Youngstown now occupies about fifty acres and is one of the most complete and modern as well as the largest establishment of its kind in this country. In addition the company owns plants for the manufacture of various forms of waterproofing for cement, and controls a fabricating plant for steel products at Walkerville, Ontario. It has also fabricating plants at London and is building a factory in Japan. The officers and directors are as follows : President, Julius Kahn ; vice presidents, Jos. Boyer, G. Kahn, T. H. Kane, R. H. Page, W. F. Guthrie; treasurer, Day Krolik; assistant treasurer, 0. W. Chaffee; secretary, Ralph M. Dyar; controller and assistant secretary, W. J. T. Davis ; directors, in addition to those named above, Henry' M. Butzel and Albert Kahn. THE BESSEMER LIMESTONE COMPANY The Bessemer Limestone Company was organized in 1885. After the sale of the properties of the Brier Hill Limestone Company at Hillsville, Pennsylvania, to the Carbon Limestone Company in 1881, J. G. Butler, Jr., at that time general manager of the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company and the Brier Hill Limestone Company, directed the purchase of a large tract in Hickory Creek Valley, about 2 1/2 miles south of Hills ville, and organized a company for the operation of this tract. This company was financed principally by the Wheeling Steel & Iron Company, the Brownell Iron Works and Dewey, Vance & Co., all manufacturers of cut nails at Wheeling, and the product was at first shipped principally to that point. The firm was known as Tod, Butler & Company. For its development the Pennsylvania Railroad Company constructed a branch from Coverts Station to the quarries, which were high up the hills, and around these quarries the Village of Bessemer soon grew up. Formed originally as a West Virginia corporation in 1888 the company took out a new charter under the laws of Pennsylvania and added considerably to its holdings. The first officers 0f the new company were J. G. Butler, Jr., president ; W. B. Schiller, now president of the National Tube Company, secretary; Jacob D. Schilling, now superintendent of mines for the Utah Copper Company, superintendent. The operation was at first carried out entirely by hand and the stone was not crushed as at present. 728 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY As the plant was expanded and operations progressed it was foun that the limestone was overlaid with a strata of shale of a quality th immediately suggested its usefulness in the manufacture of brick, and in 1901 a brick plant, containing six kilns, was erected. This was increased in size in 1903, again in 1906, and again in 1911. It has now 12 kilns and produces regularly about 2,500,000 brick per month. In 1905 the manufacture of paving brick was commenced, and it was found that the company's supply of raw material for this purpose was very large as well as of the best quality. This activity has developed with great rapidity, a special paving block plant having been erected in 1907 and increased from time to time until it is now the largest unit plant of its kind in the world. In this plant are made 48,000,000 paving blocks per year. One of its features is a continuous kiln, the burning chamber of which is more than half a mile in length. This plant was owned by a subsidiary corporation known as the Bessemer Brick Company, and THE MANUFACTURE OF LAP-WELDED TUBES IN A MAHONING VALLEY STEEL PLANT it was sold to the Metropolitan Paving Brick Company on March 1, 1917, which now operates it. In spite of the rapid progress made by the two allied companies, it was not until 1913 that quarrying stone by means of steam shovels was begun. This was followed by the installation of very large crushers. This new and modern equipment came into service at a period when it was badly needed, as immense quantities of stone were quarried, crushed and shipped to blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron needed for war purposes, and classified as a war necessity by the Government. Vast amounts of crushed limestone were also furnished for road building, and from 1906 to 1910, practically all of the improved roads in the Mahoning Valley were built of material from this plant. Another plant was established by the company in September, 19o5, near Lowellville, this plant being operated by the Arrel Limestone Company, a subsidiary. In 1911 an agricultural limestone plant was erected, and this plant has prospered. It uses the waste from the limestone quarries, pulverizing it for use as a fertilizer. A washing plant was erected YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 729 in 1919, by which the screenings from flux stone are cleaned and made marketable, this proving a large economy. In June, 1919, the operation of a remote haulage system was designed to eliminate locomotives and crews formerly used in the quarries. By this means the cars laden with stone are moved from all parts of the plant to the loading docks by a leverman in a tower. This is a most modern and efficient contrivance and has proven highly economical. A large cement plant, which will use waste materials and produce about i,000,000 barrels of Portland cement per year, is now in course of erection and will be completed in the summer of 1920. Previous to beginning the erection of this plant the company was reorganized and its name changed to The Bessemer Limestone & Cement Company, with a capital of $3,000,000. With the completion of the cement plant, its products will be blast furnace flux, agricultural limestone, washed limestone for all construction purposes, and Portland cement. The Village of Bessemer, which has grown up about these operations is a prosperous community of r,600 people, with houses largely of brick, churches, schools, a good hotel, and all other conveniences of urban life. It has been the policy of the company to always look well to the comfort and satisfaction of its employes, and they enjoy many advantages unusual in a village of this size. The present officials are : J. G. Butler, Jr., chairman of the board; W. B. Schiller, president ; F. R. Kanengeiser, vice president and general manager ; G. G. Treat, secretary and treasurer ; J. A. Johnson, superintendent. HERCULES POWDER COMPANY This concern operates a plant for the manufacture of blasting powders and its works are located between Youngstown and Sharon, about three miles north of the former city. It was originally a Youngstown enterprise, but was sold some years ago to the DuPont interests, and has since that time been under their management. About 200 men are employed at the plant. THE MEEHAN BOILER & CONSTRUCTION COMPANY The Meehan Boiler & Construction Company is an old and important Lowellville industry, having operated shops in that town since 1897 and manufactured material in its line of such a grade that it has secured a wide reputation. The company now employs several hundred- men and erects its work in almost every state. It manufactures and erects all sorts of boiler and power furnace work, as well as doing considerable business in the line of tanks and similar material. THE CARBON LIMESTONE COMPANY The beginning of this important enterprise was the opening, in 1846 by Hiram Park, of quarries at Carbon, Pennsylvania. He shipped his product chiefly by way of the canal to furnaces and lime kilns in and 730 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY around Youngstown. In 1881 a partnership was formed by C. H. Andrews & Hitchcock, Andrews Brothers and Upson A. Andrews, under the name of the Carbon Limestone Company. The quarries at Carbon had become exhausted and the equipment was removed to Hillsville, just over the Pennsylvania state line, and a branch constructed from the Pittsburg & Lake Erie Railroad to handle the output, and at the same time, on January 27, 1894, the enterprise was reorganized and a charter secured under the name of The Carbon Limestone Company, the capital being $300,000. The new quarries at Hillsville contain a practically inexhaustible supply of stone, and this is now being mined and shipped at the rate of about 1,060,000 tons per year ; of this a million tons is supplied to the blast furnaces and steel plants of the Mahoning Valley, and the remainder manufactured, in the form of a by product, into agricultural lime for use as a fertilizer. Neither the capital nor the officers have been changed since the incorporation. The latter are : President, Robert Bentley ; vice president, John A. Logan, Jr.; secretary and treasurer, Mary. S. Logan. The business has become of great importance, furnishing a large portion of one of the essential raw materials for the iron and steel industries of the Mahoning and Shenango valleys.   THE REPUBLIC RUBBER COMPANY   The Republic Rubber Company was organized by .a group of Youngstown capitalists and chartered February 28, 1901. Its original capital was $400,000, and its officers and directors were H. K. Wick, president; A. E. Adams, vice president ; John Tod, secretary and treasurer; A. E. Adams, W. Scott Bonnell, C. H. Booth, H. M. Robinson, George Tod, H. K. Wick and John C. Wick.   The company began operations in 1902, occupying a large factory erected on the original site of the works of the American Belting Company in Youngstown. From time to time the capital was increased until it is at present $10,000,000. The products of the concern have been increased and varied until they now consist of pneumatic and solid automobile tires, rubber belting, rubber hose and a complete line of mechanical rubber goods.   The number of men normally employed is about 2,300 and the annual payroll approximately $4,000,000.   The original plant has been extended from time to time until it is now one of the most important factories of its kind in the country. A new building for the manufacture of solid rubber tires was erected in 1907. A large storage building was erected in 1908. The present handsome office structure dates from 1910, and each year since that time has seen the addition of one or more capacious structures made necessary by the growth of the business. The equipment has kept pace with this growth, and the output has been steadily increased, the products of the company now going to all parts of the world.   This company is one of the few industrial establishments in the Ma-honing Valley which has erected a special building to be used as a club   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 731   house by its employes, and this structure, built and equipped in 1913, is a model of its kind. Closely connected with the Republic Rubber Company is the Republic Rubber Corporation, a holding concern created October 6, 1917, with a capital of $10,000,000 first preferred; $2,500,000 second preferred, and 650,000 shares of common stock without par value. This concern also operates a plant at Canton, Ohio, recently purchased from the Knight Tire & Rubber Company.   The present officers and directors of the two companies are practically identical, being as follows: Chairman of the board, William Wilms ; president, E. F. Jones ; vice presidents, C H. Booth, L. T. Peterson, H. J. Woodard, C. F. Garrison; secretary, Arthur. L. Irish; treasurer, H. J. Stambaugh; directors, Robert Bentley, C. H. Booth, T. E. Borton, R. E. Cornelius, H. M. Garlick, John T. Harrington, E. F. Jones; L. T. Peterson, R. C. Steese, John Tod and William Wilms.   PLANT OF THE REPUBLIC RUBBER COMPANY, YOUNGSTOWN   THE A. M. BYERS COMPANY   The A. M. Byers Company, a Pennsylvania corporation, with headquarters at Pittsburgh, operates a blast furnace and puddle mill plant at Girard which is now that town's most important industry. The blast furnace was built by the Girard Iron Company, reference to which is made elsewhere. After the death of David Tod in 1868, his interest in the company passed to his sons, and they later sold to A. M. Byers, of Pittsburgh, who bought the plant as a source of iron for his puddling and tube mills in that city. In 1906 forty-two puddling furnaces, a bar mill, gas producer plant and other accessories were added to the furnace plant. In 1911 forty-six single puddling furnaces were added, making this the largest puddling plant in the Mahoning Valley. After the death of A. M. Byers, the Girard Iron Company was dissolved and its place taken by an Ohio Corporation known as the A. M. Byers Company. In 1918 this corporation was dissolved and another with the same name   732 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   formed under the laws of Pennsylvania. The present officers of t A. M. Byers Company, which has its principal offices at Pittsburg, are: President, E. M. Byers; vice president, J. F. Byers ; secretary and treasurer, C. L. Jamison ; directors, E. M. Byers, J. F. Byers, J. D. Lyon, L. M. Johnstown, S. K. Hine.   THE YOUNGSTOWN STEEL COMPANY   The Youngstown Steel Company was organized in 1882 by Edward L. Ford and John Stambaugh for the purpose of making steel castings. It erected a small plant in Youngstown, but before that was ready for operation the attention of the incorporators was attracted by an invention of Mr. Ford for the purpose of purifying pig iron. This idea was put into practice at the Tod furnace, where a plant is now in successful operation, this being the only metal washer in the United States. It consists of apparatus for agitating hot furnace iron in a vessel lined with materials having an affinity for certain impurities, especially phosphorus. The initial. experiments having demonstrated the efficiency of this contrivance, the Youngstown Steel Company abandoned its original plan and, in 1890, bought the Tod furnace from the Brier Hill Iron & Steel Company, operating it in connection with the metal washer until the organization of the Brier' Hill Steel Company, which purchased the physical property of the Youngstown Steel Company. Since that time the latter has been a holding corporation. Its officers at the present time are : Edward L. Ford, president ; Paul Jones, vice president; John Stambaugh, secretary and treasurer. Fred Tod and John Tod, with those above named, are directors.   THE STRUTHERS FURNACE COMPANY   The Struthers Furnace Company is a reorganization of the Struthers Iron Company. The new concern purchased the Anna furnace, enlarged and improved it, and this stack is now one of the leading producers among the smaller furnaces of the Mahoning Valley. The present owners are not Youngstown people, the president of the company being W. C. Runyon, of Scarsdale, New York, and the principal stockholders residents of Cleveland.   The Anna furnace was built in 1869 by Thomas Struthers, son of John Struthers, who erected the second blast furnace in this locality in 1805, in company with Robert Montgomery and others. Additional information concerning this enterprise will be found in the chapter dealing with the City of Struthers.   THE ELECTRIC ALLOY STEEL COMPANY   The Electric Alloy Steel Company was organized December 24, 1919, for the manufacture of high grade electric alloy steel and high speed' tool steel by the electric melting process. Its capital was originally fixed at $1,500,000, but this was increased within a few weeks of its organiza-   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 733   tion to $3,000,000, of which it is proposed to issue during the year 1920 two-thirds and the remainder as needed. The original officers and directors of this company are as follows : President and treasurer, L. J. Campbell; vice president, A. E. Adams ; secretary, L. A. Manchester ; directors, J. A. Campbell, L. J. Campbell, T. J. Bray, W. A. Thomas, Charles S. Thomas, Jonathan Warner, L. A. Manchester, Maurice Joseph, S. Livingston Mather, A. E. Adams and Severn P. Ker. It has begun the making of steel by purchasing a plant at Charleroi, Pennsylvania. This is the first company to embark in the manufacture of steel by the electric process in the Mahoning Valley. Its officers and directors is one of the strongest combinations of men successful in the steel business ever formed in this locality and its field offers unusual advantages. About a year will probably be required for the erection of the main plant, which will be designed upon the most modern lines and located at Niles.   THE ANDREWS & HITCHCOCK IRON COMPANY   Although this firm passed out of existence with the sale of its property to the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company in 1916, its long and honorable record in the industrial history of the Mahoning Valley entitles it to recognition. The Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company originated in a partnership between C. H. Andrews and W. J. Hitchcock, formed in 1859 for the purpose of mining coal in the vicinity of Hubbard. Atter conducting this business successfully for about eight years the firm built a blast furnace at Hubbard, completing this stack in 1869. Four years later another furnace was erected and the two operated together. In 1892 the two partners, feeling the weight of advanced years, decided to retire from active business, and a stock company was organized to take over their interests and conduct the two furnaces, which had been developed into important properties. This company was called the Andrews & Hitchcock Iron Company, and its first president was William J. Hitchcock, who, with his brother, Frank Hitchcock, who was secretary and treasurer, represented the interests of the elder Hitchcock as well as their own. Mr. Andrews was represented by his son-in-law, John A. Logan, Jr.   C. H. Andrews died December 25, 1893, and the death of his partner in this enterprise, Mr. Hitchcock, followed on November 18, 1899. The company was conducted successfully with some changes in its personnel until 1916, when the property was sold as above noted and this old and honored concern passed out of existence.   THE OHIO LEATHER COMPANY   The Ohio Leather Company was organized in 1901, with a capital of $2,000,000 common and $2,000,000 preferred, of which $1,182,400 common and $1,347,60o preferred bad been issued January 1, 1920. It erected a modern plant at Girard for the purpose of manufacturing chrome-tanned, calf and side, dress shoe leather in colors. This plant   734 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   has been constantly improved and additions made to its equipment until the capacity is at present approximately 18,000,000 feet per year. About 36o men are employed and the annual payroll is about $536,000. The company has established offices at Girard, Boston, New York, Harris- burg, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Buenos Aires, Genoa and Lyons. The I original officers were : President, M. I. Arms ; vice president, Robert Bentley ; secretary and treasurer, D. E. Davis. The present officers are those originally elected, with the addition of Robert Bentley and A. Chandonne as vice presidents, and the election of J. L. Dennett as secretary and treasurer. The general manager is V. G. Lumbard. The present board of directors consists of M. I. Arms, H. M. Garlick, C. H. 1 Booth, Robert Bentley, J. T. Harrington, A. Chandonne, G. L. Fordyce, V. G. Lumbard and J. L. Dennett. This company has just completed a handsome office building and is erecting a large central storehouse at its main plant.   STANDARD TEXTILE PRODUCTS COMPANY   The Standard Textile Products Company, which operates one of its factories between Youngstown and Girard, and whose executive head is H. M. Garlick, of Youngstown, is a corporation with an interesting history. It was established in 1898 as the Ohio Oil Cloth Company, with a capital of $200,000. The enterprise was undertaken by Youngstown capitalists anxious to reinvest in their home town some of the money they had received through the numerous consolidations in the steel industry at that period, but they were without experience and soon found that the business could not be carried on successfully on the original plans. A careful investigation, pointed to the enlargement of the business in such a way as to exercise more control over raw materials and markets as essential to success. Accordingly, in 1901 the Standard Table Oil Cloth Company was organized, with a capital of $8,000,000, of which one-half was preferred stock and one-half common stock. With this capital it was possible to acquire a number o other plants located in different parts of the country, the products o' which were closely related and could be manufactured and marketed in connection with those of the plant in the Mahoning Valley.   The constituent companies under this arrangement were the Ohio Oil Cloth Company, Atha & Hughes, of Newark, New Jersey, Jos. Wild & Company, of Astoria, New York, Buchanan & Sons, of Peekskill, New York, T. R. Goodlatte & Company, of Passaic, New Jersey, Keystone Oil Cloth Company, of Norristown, Pennsylvania, and the Western Linoleum Company, of Akron, Ohio. In order to promote efficiency and economy of operation, two of these plants were soon afterward combined with others and an entirely new plant erected at Rock Island, Illinois.   In 1907, in order to place the finances of the corporation on a firm foundation, the company was reorganized, the name changed to the Standard Oil Cloth Company of New Jersey, and the capital reduced to $6,000,000. In June, 1914, another reorganization took place, the   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 735   company being chartered under the laws of Ohio and the name changed to the Standard Oil Cloth Company. At this time the capital was increased to $7,000,000, and in order to supply needed cash for working capital, the stockholders paid in $10 per share. On January 16, 1916, the capital was again increased to $9,000,000, and in May, 1919, another increase was authorized, bringing the capital up to $15,000,000. In order to better indicate the diversity of product the name was changed in December, 1918, to the Standard Textile Products Company.   In the meantime the capacity of the company had been greatly increased and the production diversified until it is at this time the largest manufactures of light oil cloths and similar materials in this country, if not in the world. In addition to the plants named above, it has since 1909 erected the Meritas mills at Columbus, Georgia, known all over the   A BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT AT A MODERN STEEL PLANT   country as one of the largest of its kind, as well as an important cotton mill at Mobile, Alabama, and from these secures much of the fabric used in its operations. It now makes more than 2,000 different kinds of material and caters to more than fifty different industries. Among its products are a number familiar in every household, and during the war it furnished for the government millions of yards of materials used for forty-five different purposes.   Value of the products during 1918 was $15,290,670.83, this having increased more than five times since 1902. About twenty per cent of these products are exported, going to all parts of the world. The general offices of the company are in New York, but the corporation is largely owned in Youngstown. The present officers and directors are : President and treasurer, Henry M. Garlick ; vice president and general manager, Alvin Hunsicker; secretary, Harold S. Hull; assistant secretaries, W. B. Fenton, Paul H. McElevy ; directors, Henry M. Garlick, A. E. Adams, Alvin Hunsicker, Benjamin Atha, Harold S. Hull, Wil-   736 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   ford P. Arms, Frank Hitchcock, E. L. Brown, A. Powers Smith, Allen, J. T. Broadbent and W. E. Thatcher.   THE MAHONING VALLEY STEEL COMPANY   The Mahoning Valley Steel Company was organized July 12, 1916, with a capital of $,000, of which $200,000 has been issued as preferred and $400,000 as common. The original officers are Jacob Waddell, president; F. E. Thomas, vice president and treasurer; W. Aubrey Thomas, secretary; directors, John M. Thomas and M. T. Clingan and the officers named above. The company erected a sheet mill p1ant at Niles with an annual capacity of 48,000 tons of black steel sheets, and has made improvements and extensions which permit of the production of 12,000 tons of galvanized sheets per year. The plant employs approximately 425 men and has an annual payroll of about $960,000. Offices are maintained at Niles, New York City, Chicago, West Hamilton (Ontario) and St. Louis. This company has begun a comprehensive housing plan and has invested at this time about $50,000 in this way and will extend its housing operations as needed. The original officers and directors are still serving, and the enterprise is meeting with such success as to promise large expansion in the future.   THE LIMOGES CHINA COMPANY   This corporation is the most important industrial enterprise in Sebring and one of the most important in its line in this country. It was originally formed in February, 1911, by Fred E. Sebring, who was the principal stockholder and who filled 'the office of president as well as that of general manager. On January 1, 1916, it was reorganized, the capital enlarged and many improvements made. The present capital is $650,000, of which $450,000 has been issued, one-half being common and one-half preferred. Annual production is estimated at $1,000,000 worth of semi-porcelain dinnerware of all kinds. Three hundred people are employed and the annual payroll is approximately $400,000. At the end of 1919 the output for the year 1916 had been doubled, and the completion of a Dressler Continuous Tunnel kiln, one of the first to be installed in the United States, will increase the output to about $2,000,000 per year. The present officials are O. H. Sebring, president ; Ray Y. Cliff, treasure and manager. These gentlemen, with W. L. Murphy, B. H. Sebri and M. J. Sebring, form the present board of directors.   THE SEBRING TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY   The Sebring Tire & Rubber Company was organized September 7, 1915, the original officers being H. D. Weaver, president ; C. B. Smith, vice president ; E. M. Stanley, treasurer ; W. B. Stevenson, secretary; John Hotchkiss, general manager, and, in addition to those above named, the following directors : F. A. Sebring, Fred Sebring, B. H. Greene and W. F. Smith. Its capital stock was fixed at $500,000, of which $245,515   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 737   has been issued as common and $2,070 as preferred. Its plant at Sebring employs about 100 persons, with an annual payroll approximating $190,000. The principal products are tires and tubes, about 120,000 of the former and 50,000 of the latter being manufactured annually. It is one of the most important industries of Sebring, with excellent prospects for further expansion. The present officials are the same as those at its organization, except that A. C. Ball has become vice president and W. B. Stevenson secretary and treasurer. The board of directors in 1920 consists of H. D. Weaver, A. C. Ball, S. E. McKee, E. C. Rebeske, J. H. Dunn, F. A. Sebring, C. B. Smith, W. B. Stevenson, Sumner Vesch and John Hotchkiss.   PLANT OF THE SAXON CHINA COMPANY, SEBRING   THE E. H. SEBRING CHINA COMPANY   This corporation was formed in May, 1911, for the erection and operation of a plant at Sebring for the manufacture of chinaware which had been started some time previously. The capital was fixed at $100,000. The plant now produces many kinds of chinaware, its output being estimated at $,000 per year. About 225 employes are on the payrolls, which average $26o,000 per year. Present officials are: E. H. Sebring, president and treasurer ; J. M. Horton, vice president and secretary.   THE SEBRING POTTERY COMPANY   The Sebring Pottery Company, of Sebring, is one of the most important manufacturers of chinaware in the country and does a large   Vol. I-47   738 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   business in certain lines in which its product has exceptional merit. was organized in 1891, the original officers being D. A. Sebring, pr dent ; E. H. Sebring, secretary and treasurer, with additional direct as follows : George E. Sebring, Joseph Sebring and J. H. Norris. capital stock issued is $172,500. Semi-vitreous earthenware is the p cipal product, this concern making 5 per cent. of all of this class chinaware made in the United States. About 300 persons are emplo and the annual payroll is estimated at $400,000. The business been greatly enlarged and is in a very prosperous condition. F. Sebring is now chairman of the board of directors. C. L. Sebring president of the corporation. The present directors are F. A. Sebring C. L. Sebring, E. S. Sebring, E. S. Norris, E. S. Bright and E. S. bright.   OTHER POTTERY ENTERPRISES   In addition to those mentioned above, large and prosperous concerns engaged in the manufacture of chinaware at Sebring are the French Pottery Company and the Saxon China Company. Both of these are controlled by the Sebring interests, the officers and directors being men connected with the enterprises named above, The same may be said of the General Clay Forming Company, a similar concern making a somewhat different product as its specialty. This product is a small part used in the manufacture of gas mantles, of which millions are made and shipped annually to all parts of the country.   THE STRONG ENAMEL COMPANY   This is a company which operates at Sebring a large plant for the manufacture of enameled steel ware of all kinds and employs about 200 persons. 0. H. Sebring is president and W. U. Pfeiffle is manager.   THE NILES FIREBRICK COMPANY   The Niles Firebrick Company is one of the oldest and most successful industrial concerns in that thriving city. It was organized in 1872, John R. Thomas being the original proprietor, and James Ward, the ironmaster, having an interest in the concern. Later Mr. Thomas purchased the interest of Mr. Ward, and he is now practically sole owner of the business. Its business is the manufacture of fire-clay products for use in furnaces, and 75 per cent. of its large product is now marketed in the Mahoning Valley. High grade refractory materials and fire brick are the principal form Of these. products.   The plant was rebuilt in 1882, being at that time considerably enlarged. For many years this concern conducted its business in a quiet, unassuming manner, but with great success, and it has become one of the important industries of Niles. The company owns exceptionally fine clay beds in Clarion and Beaver counties, Pennsylvania. It has about zoo employes and the annual payroll approximates $250,000. For   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 739   the accommodation of its workers the company erected about twenty-five modern houses at Niles and it is in many ways one of the most progressive concerns of that city. The present officials of the company are : President, J. E. Thomas; vice president, John M. Thomas; secretary and treasurer, W. Aubrey Thomas ; directors, J. E. Thomas, John M. Thomas, W. Aubrey Thomas, Mrs. Mary Waddell and Mrs. Margaretta Clingan.   OHIO GALVANIZING & MANUFACTURING COMPANY   This corporation was organized in 1902, with F. F. Bentley as president ; A. J. Bentley as secretary and treasurer, and A. J. Leitch, J. H. Smiley and Wm: Wise as additional directors. Its capital is $100,000, of which half has been issued as common stock. Its plant is located at Niles, and its principal products are formed galvanized iron and steel fabricated articles, of which ice cans, brick pallets and steel factory trucks were produced in 1919 as follows: ice cans, 250,000; pallets, ,000; steel trucks, 4,000. About 200 men are employed and the annual payroll is around $300,000. The present officials are the same as when the company was organized, but the board of directors in 1919 consisted of these and C. E. Bentley, J. Bentley and C. P. Wilson.   THE BOSTWICK STEEL LATH COMPANY   This company was incorporated June 16, 1891, with Tod Ford, president; W. W. Bostwick, vice president; W. G. Hurlburt, secretary, and, in addition to the above, Lloyd Booth, H. M. Garlick, E. G. Sykes, and G. A. Baker as directors. Its capital was $1,000,000, of which $400,000 has been issued as common stock. Its plant is located at Niles and the principal products are metal lath, corner beads, wall ties, wall plugs and other forms of shaped steel. Its force consists of about fifty men and women, and its annual payroll is about $75,000. A new plant has been recently erected in which much improved facilities for manufacture have been provided. It maintains sales offices in the principal cities and is doing a good business. Present officials are William G. Hurlburt, president; John P. Hazlett, vice-president ; C. P. Wilson, secretary ; William G. Hurlburt, Jr., assistant secretary and treasurer, with Jos. Smith, G. A. Baker, J. W. Bowman, as additional directors.   THE NILES FORGE & MANUFACTURING COMPANY   This corporation was organized in 1909, with H. J. Robbins as president and manager ; Geo. C. Campbell, vice president; and G. N. Baldwin, secretary and treasurer. Its capital was fixed at $8o,000, of which $37,200 has been issued as common and $10,000 as preferred. Its principal products are fabricated structural steel and hammered steel forgings. The number of men employed is seventy-five and the annual payroll approximates $60,000. The present officials are A. D. Swaney, president and manager ; N. T. Robbins, vice president ; O. O. Hewitt,   740 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   secretary and treasurer. In addition to the above, C. T. Swaney and B. J. Rosensteel are directors. In 1914 this company increased its facilities by the erection of a structural shop 50x200 feet, and in 1919 a new machine shop was also built. Its plant is located at Niles.   THE WILSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY   The Wilson Manufacturing Company, was organized in 1908 under the laws of Pennsylvania and operated a plant at Pittsburgh until 1914, when it removed the establishment to Niles, after purchasing a small plant at that place. It manufactures small articles by the stamping process, such as toasters, broilers and similar utensils. The capital stock is $25,000, of which $20,000 has been issued as common stock. The annual payroll is about $22,000, and the number of persons employed approximately sixty. Present officials are H. P. Knoblock, president; H. L. Wilkison, vice president ; L. M. Knoblock, treasurer; W. A. McCleland, secretary.   THE PACKARD ELECTRIC COMPANY   This company was organized in 1890 and operates a plant at Warren for the manufacture of electrical transformers and cables for automobiles. Its authorized capital was $40,000, all of which has been issued as common stock. The original officers were J. W. Packard, president ; C. F. Clapp, vice president ; W. H. Packard, secretary and treasurer, with J. Perkins and M. B. Taylor as additional directors. Its annual output is valued at $2,000,000, and its payroll approximates $175,000 per year, 165 persons being employed. Sales offices are maintained at Warren, Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland and New York. Present officials are N. Amales, president and treasurer ; Chas. Filius, vice president; R. E. Gorton, secretary, with Geo. Filius and M. W. Bechtel as additional directors.   THE YOUNGSTOWN STEEL CAR COMPANY   This industry, recently known as the Youngstown Car & Manufacturing Company, is one of the oldest and most interesting in Youngstown. It was founded in 1881 by Andrew Milliken and Benjamin F. Boyd, who came here from Pittsburgh and purchased twelve acres of ground from Robert Montgomery, this ground being located at what was later known as Haselton. They put up a plant for building and repairing wooden freight cars—the only kind that were in use then. They selected Youngstown because of its central location and the fact that a number of railroads converged here. Later a general blacksmith shop, foundry and machine shops were added. At the beginning the firm employed about 200 employes, and as the business increased this number was increased to 500, the shops becoming widely known and doing a very large business. Damaged cars by the trainload were sent to them   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 741   by various roads for rebuilding and repair, as at that time railroads did not so generally do their own car repair work.   Mr. Milliken was the mechanic and had charge of the work in the shops. Mr. Boyd looked after the finances. They were not incorporated, but carried on the business as a partnership under the name of Milliken, Boyd & Company. The partners named were, however, the principal owners, and the others, if there were any, were not evident in the business. They were business men of a wholesome, old-fashioned type and conducted their establishment in a simple but efficient manner. One feature of the office remembered by those who did business with them was a huge box of stories that was always open in the office and to which the partners, the visitor and the employes alike were welcome at all times. The partners drove to the office in a surrey, and were   A MAHONING VALLEY NAIL FACTORY WITH A CAPACITY OF FOUR THOUSAND KEGS OF NAILS PER DAY   friendly with everyone they knew, including the men who worked in their plant. There were no such things as strikes there, and the concern prospered in a definite although unobtrusive way, becoming one of the important industries of the city. Finally, as the managers began to get old, they sold the concern to Geo. T. Oliver, of Pittsburgh, who wanted a business opening for his son-in-law, John P. Young. At this time the concern was incorporated, being known as the Youngstown Car Manufacturing Company. Mr. Young conducted it for several years and finally sold a controlling interest to William Wilkoff and others, the date of this transaction being December, 191o. Mr. Wilkoff conducted the enterprise successfully until a short time since, when it was taken over by a new company, known as the Youngstown Steel Car Company, which was organized with a capital of $5,000,000 for that purpose. The officers of this company are President, William Wilkoff; treasurer, D. J. Wilkoff; secretary, L. C. Wilkoff; directors, J.   742 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   A. Campbell, A. E. Adams, L. J. Campbell, G. F. Alderdice, J. T. Harrington, U. C. DeFord, William Wilkoff, L. C. Wilkoff and D. J. Wilkoff, R. E. Cornelius, L. B. M'Kelvey, Parler Pallock.   During 1920 this company erected an extensive and modern plant at Niles. It employs about 300 men and will manufacture and repair steel cars. The capacity of this plant at present is twenty steel cars per day.   THE YOUNGSTOWN IRON & STEEL COMPANY   This corporation, which was for a time among the successful institutions of the Mahoning Valley, has been dissolved and its property taken over by the Sharon Steel Hoop Company. It was organized in July, 1894, with a capital of only $12,000, and was intended to manufacture roofing specialties only, its original name being the Youngstown Iron and Steel Roofing Company. Later the capital was increased to $300,000 for the purpose of building a sheet plant, which was erected in 1901-02. Still later, in 1914-15, the company erected an open-hearth furnace plant at Lowellville, which included rolling machinery for making its own sheet bars and other material. It had also installed a well equipped pressed steel department for making automobile specialties and other pressed steel shapes, and was a very important enterprise at the time it was sold to the Sharon corporation. The officers at that time were John 0. Pew, president ; Mason Evans, treasurer ; Chas. B. Cushwa, general superintendent.   THE NEWTON STEEL COMPANY   The Newton Steel Company was organized June 18, 1919, with a capital stock of $3,000,000, and has under construction at Newton Falls, Trumbull County, a sheet mill plant designed to produce annually 50,000 tons 0f high grade steel sheets. The first unit of this plant began operation in May. It will, when completed, employ about 800 men, with an annual payroll of approximately $1,200,000. Branch offices will be maintained for the present at Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago and Toronto, Canada. This company has established a subsidiary for the purpose of erecting houses for its workmen. Up to this time $1,300,000 of the common stock and $700,000 of the preferred have been issued, and the remainder will be issued as additional capital is needed for the expansion of the business. The officers are : E. F. Clark, president; H. M. Steele, vice president ; R. A. Kenworthy, secretary ; J. H. Fitch, Jr., treasurer ; E. F. Clark, H. A. Taylor, J. W. Ford, H. M. Steele, J. H. Fitch, Jr., Geo. T. Fillius and W. H. B. Ward, directors.   THE OHIO STEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY   The Ohio Steel Products Company is a new organization which purchased a plant that had been operated at Mineral Ridge for some years in the manufacture of acetylene welded tubing. Under the reorganiza-   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 743   tion the officers are : F. W. Mettler, president ; John A. Logan, vice president and general manager ; C. E. Doane, secretary and treasurer ; directors, John A. Logan, F. W. Mettler, C. E. Doane and S. D. L. Jackson. A new plant is now under construction for the manufacture of rigid steel conduit. The capital of the company at this time is $400,000, and the principal offices are at Youngstown, Ohio. The plant when completed will have capacity for the production of 10,000,000 feet of tubing and approximately 6,000 tons of conduit per year.   PLANT OF THE TRUMBULL STEEL COMPANY   THE YOUNGSTOWN PRESSED STEEL COMPANY   The Youngstown Pressed Steel Company was organized in 1917, its purpose being the consolidation of the pressed steel establishments operated at that time by the Youngstown Iron & Steel Company and the Sharon Steel Hoop Company, both of which were engaged in the making of pressed steel material and the fabrication of fireproofing material. The original officers were connected either with the Sharon Steel Hoop Company or the Youngstown Iron & Steel Company, and were as follows : President, W. W. Galbreath ; vice president, W. G. Kranz ; secretary and treasurer, A. J. Watson. The plan to erect a new factory at once was held up by conditions resulting from the European war, and it was not until March, 1920, that a new and modern factory at   744 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   Warren was occupied. This factory has a capacity of several times that of the two old factories and manufactures many shapes that were formerly produced only by rolling or casting. It is one of the most modern plants of its kind in the country, the buildings and site costing approximately $1,000,000. The company has a capital of $I,000,000, and employs about 350 men. Its offices are at Warren. In addition to the officers named above, the directorate consists of Severn P. Ker, George W. Short, J. Ried Evans, C. A. Manchester. The business of this company is growing rapidly and it expects to have between 500 and 600 employes within a year.   THE FALCON STEEL COMPANY   The Falcon Steel Company was organized June 9, 1919, with a capital of $2,500,000 and the following officers : President and treasurer, Lloyd Booth; vice president and secretary, Paul Wick ; directors, Lloyd Booth, Paul Wick, W. J. Hitchcock, Porter Pollock, C. S. Thomas. The plant erected in 1919-20 at Niles consists of a sheet mill containing eight stands of finishing mills and three stands of roughing mills. It will be electrically driven throughout and the furnaces will be fired with powdered coal. The annual capacity will be 72,000 tons of black, galvanized and blue annealed sheets, the number of employes about Boo, and the annual payroll correspondingly large. Sales offices will be maintained at New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and San Francisco. The executive offices will be at Niles. Four mills were placed in operation March I, 1920, and others during the year.   THE AETNA FOUNDRY & MACHINE COMPANY   This is one of the oldest enterprises in Warren, but, with the exception of the buildings, which have been in use for many years as a foundry, its equipment is entirely modern. It came into the hands of the present owners by purchase from a group of Pittsburgh people under the lead of M. W. McLean, manager of the Fort Pitt Coal & Coke Company, who Shad operated it for a considerable time. Its capital stock is fixed at $93,000, but this will be increased within a short time and the capacity enlarged to meet the growing business. Its product is largely machinery, for which it makes its own castings. Tinning machines, galvanizing pots, general rolling mill equipment, shears, and similar machinery. Present officers and directors are : Myron Arms II., president and treasurer; Victor E. Rehr, vice president ; M. C. Boyd. secretary. In addition to these the following are directors: G. A, White, E. T. McCleary, J. M. Faris, J. H. Fitch.   THE GENERAL FIRE EXTINGUISHER COMPANY   The General Fire Extinguisher Company, a New York Corporation operates a large factory at Warren. This company was organized in November, 1892, with a capital of $5,000,000. It employs about 3,500   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 745   men and manufactures sprinkler systems, steam, gas and water heating systems, and similar material and has an annual payroll of about $5,000,- 000. Sales offices are maintained in all the principal cities of this country. During 1918 and 1920 large additions were made to the plant. these including a foundry and finishing shop for manufacturing pipe fittings. The present officers are : F. H. Maynard, president ; Russell Grinnell, vice president ; W. A. Neracher, second vice president ; L. W. Tones, treasurer ; H. B. Cross, secretary. These officials with G. Gunby Jordan. E. 0. Richards. G. P. Stone, A. Cushman, Henry A. Carpenter, Alfred Fritzche and R. W. Taft are directors.   PLANT OF THE GENERAL FIRE EXTINGUISHER COMPANY, WARREN   THE PHOENIX TUBE COMPANY   The Phoenix Tube Company has completed and placed in operation early in 1920, at Warren, a modern plant for the manufacture of acetylene welded tubing, this plant being operated in connection with one at Brooklyn, New York, in which brass tubing only is produced. The Warren plant employs 150 employes and has an annual payroll of about $400,000. The executive and sales offices are also located there. The present officers and directors are : Andrew P. Alsand. president : Albert J. Burden, vice president and general manager; Charles W. Parsons, treasurer. The company has a capital of $300,000.   746 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   THE FEDERAL MACHINE & WELDER COMPANY   Organized September, 1917. Capital stock $200,000, of which $81,- 000 in common and $79,000 in preferred has been issued to date. Employs 100 persons ; has annual payroll of $30,000 and manufactures electric welders. Plant at Warren. Extensive additions now in progress. Sales offices in all the principal cities. Officers are: T. H. Kane, president; H. C. Milligan, secretary, and Z. A. McBerty, treasurer; H. A. Rock, A. H. Knight, R. L. Lounsbury, P. M. Seymour and A. F. Schroeder.   GENERAL AMERICAN TANK CAR CORPORATION   Organized in 1902. Capital issued, $4,500,000 preferred and 25,000 shares common of no par value. Plants at Warren and other cities. Products, tank and freight cars. Number of employes, 1,800. Annual payroll, $2,500,000. Officers : Max Epstein, president ; David Copland, vice president ; Elias Mayer, secretary ; M. P. Kraffmiller, treasurer; G. J. Bader, Henry 011ensheimer, Henry Butler, J. Horace Harding, directors.   AMERICAN WELDING & MANUFACTURING COMPANY   Organized March 29, 1918. Capital, $200,000. Plant at Warren. Product, motor truck wheels and felloe bands. Many large extensions planned. Number of employes, 50. Annual payroll, $35,000. Officers: J. C. Manternach, president; C. W. Gressle, vice president; D. A.t; Geiger, treasurer ; D. D. Templeton, secretary; directors, officers named above with R. B. Wick.   WARREN CITY TANK & BOILER COMPANY   Organized as Warren City Boiler Works in 1893. Plant at Warren. Products, oil refinery equipment and steel oil tanks. Capital, $100,000. Number of employes, at plant, 450; in field, 500 to . Annual payroll, $1,000,000. Officials : Alfred R. Hughes, president; William F. Edwards, vice president; B. W. Edwards, secretary and treasurer; Jennie M. Hughes and Lottie M. Edwards, directors.   THE D. & M. CORD TIRE COMPANY   Organized, January 14, 1919. Capital authorized, $2,500,000. Plant in course of erection for manufacture of cord automobile tires near Lovellsburg. Officers : President, Walter E. Myers; treasurer, John E. Morris ; secretary and general manager, Walter R. Denman ; directors, W. B. Prenter, P. A. McCaskey, H. K. Ferguson, E. H. Peck, F. C. Raymond.   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 747   THE OHIO CORRUGATING COMPANY   The Ohio Corrugating Company was organized in January, 1915, for the erection of a plant for the manufacture of steel barrels and similar products at Warren. The capital authorized was $100,000, all of which has been issued as common stock. The company employs 150 persons and has an annual payroll of about $300,000. It maintains offices at Warren, New York and Chicago. The products at this time consists of steel barrels, of which about 900,000 are made annually. The present board of directors consist of W. Manning Kerr, C. H. Riegel, A. L. Button, C. B. Myers, and R. J. Richards. W. Manning Kerr is president and treasurer ; C. H. Riegel is vice president and manager ; L. J. Voyer is secretary.   THE PEERLESS ELECTRIC COMPANY   The Peerless Electric Company is an important industrial unit at Warren, where it carries on the production of electric motors. This company was organized in August, 1902, with a capital of $700,000. The original officers were T. H. Gilmer; vice president, W. C. Ward; secretary and treasurer, E. W. Gilmer ; directors, T. H. Gilmer, E. W. Gilmer, Jacob Perkins, E. E. Nash, J. W. Holloway, W. C. Ward and William Wallace. At this time about 250 persons are employed, and the principal product is motors, both alternating and direct current machines being manufactured in many different sizes. Offices are maintained at New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, Dallas and New Orleans. The present officials are : President, George II. Jones ; vice president, W. C. Ward ; secretary, C. R. Siegfried ; treasurer, W. C. Ward ; directors, Geo. H. Jones, W. C. Ward, C. R. Siegfried, A. C. Pendleton, David A. Gilmer, Derr 0. Gilmer, N. A. Wolcott, J. W. Holloway, M. W. Bechtel, Geo. T. Fillius and D. E. Hoover.   SYKES METAL LATH COMPANY   The Sykes Metal Lath Company, of Niles, has a capital of $100,000 and manufactures metal lath, its annual capacity being estimated at 3,000,000 square yards. It employs about thirty men and has an annual payroll of approximately $44,500. The officers and directors are : President, J. A. Thomas ; secretary and treasurer, C. H. Lewis ; directors, L. A. Thomas, C. H. Lewis, F. J. Thomas, C. R. Thomas and C. S. Thomas.   THE WINFIELD MANUFACTURING COMPANY   This corporation operates a modern factory at Warren for the manufacture of galvanized oil cans and similar materials. It employs about 100 men and has an annual payroll of approximately $120,000. The capital stock was originally $50,000, but has been increased several times   748 - YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY   to meet the growing needs of the business, being at present $150,000. The present officials are: President, W. C. Winfield; vice president, R. A. Cobb ; secretary, J. H. Ewalt ; directors, W. C. Winfield, E. A. Cobb, 0. R. Grimesey, A. G. Ward, H. A. Stiles, A. C. Taylor, G. W. Byard and J. H. Ewalt. This company has also a factory at Warren conducted under the name of the Winfield Electric Welding Machine Company, which is a selling organization only, and maintains sales offices at Warren.   THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL COMPANY   The Grasselli Chemical Company operates a large plant at Niles for the manufacture of various commercial chemical products. Its main offices are in Cleveland, and in addition to the Niles plant it has factories at Canton and Lockland. It is one of the largest concerns of its kind in the country, employing at its various plants a force of several thousand people and shipping its products to all parts of the country.   THE STANLEY WORKS   The Stanley Works at Niles is one of the important industries of that town, although only a branch of the corporation, which has its main works at New Britain, Connecticut. Its product is builders' hardware and hardware specialties. The original plant was located at Girard, but in 1910 it was removed to Niles and a large factory erected. About 200 men are now employed when the plant is in full operation, and the principal articles manufactured are washers and heavy hinges.   THE RAYMOND CONCRETE PILE COMPANY   The Raymond Concrete Pile Company Operates on Crab Creek, one of the important although little known establishments of Youngstown. It manufactures a mould for concrete piles and carries on a general business of driving such piles in all parts of the country. It is a New York concern, so far as ownership is concerned.   THE AMERICAN TAR PRODUCTS COMPANY   The American Tar Products Company operates a large plant for the refining of coal tar and the extraction therefrom of various products. This establishment is located on Crab Creek and employs a considerable number of men. It secures its raw material from the various coke-oven installations in the Mahoning and Shenango Valleys.   THE BARRETT COMPANY   The Barrett Company, a New York concern, operates a large plant for the refining of tar and the manufacture of this material into a form suitable for roofing, road material and similar purposes on Poland   YOUNGSTOWN AND THE MAHONING VALLEY - 749   Avenue, securing its raw material from local steel plants equipped with by-product coke ovens.   THE AMERICAN BELTING COMPANY   The American Belting Company operated for some years a large plant for the manufacture of stitched canvas belting, the works being located in Youngstown and being, about 1896, the largest establishment of its kind in the country. This enterprise, which was founded by J. E. Davis, of Boston, in 1901, was taken over later by local capitalists and developed to the limit in the hope that it could be made profitable. They discovered, however, that it was located too far from the principal markets for raw material, and about 1898 the company was liquidated. The business and equipment were sold to a Baltimore concern and the site was bought by the Republic Rubber Company.   THE YOUNGSTOWN FOUNDRY & MACHINE COMPANY   The Youngstown Foundry & Machine Company was organized in 1888. It was originally the Wallis Foundry Company and operated a plant at Girard. The principal owners at that time were William J. Wallis and F. A. Williams. Two years after beginning business they purchased the Girard Stove Works and secured a charter under the name of the Girard Stove & Foundry Company. In 1892 they acquired the Youngstown Foundry & Machine Shops, conducted by John Miller, and soon. afterward reorganized their company under its present name, the officers being Thomas Parrock, president ; Wm. J. Wallis, vice president, and F. A. Williams, secretary and treasurer. The Youngstown Steel Castings Company was taken over in 1902, at which time B. G. Parker became secretary and treasurer in place of F. A, Williams.   THE PETROLEUM IRON WORKS COMPANY   The Petroleum Iron Works Company was originally a partnership formed in 1892 at Washington, Pennsylvania, by Joseph S. Cullinan, C. H. Todd and E. G. Wright. It was incorporated in Pennsylvania under its present name in 1899, with Joseph S. Cullinan as president, E. G. Wright as vice president, C. S. Ritchie as treasurer and A. W. Krouse as secretary, its capital being $50,000. The capital was increased at various times until it is at present $3,000,000. In 1907 a new plant was built in Hubbard Township, Trumbull County, the business being transferred to that point from Washington, Pennsylvania. In 1914 the company was rechartered under the laws of Ohio.   The company has now one of the most extensive and modern plants of the kind in this country. It manufactures iron and steel products used in the oil trade, including tanks up to 8o,000 barrels capacity, equipment for oil refineries, steel barrels, drums and similar material. It erects equipment in all parts of the world and enjoys a very large export business.