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TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 273 CHAPTER V. SCHOOLS. As soon as the Warren pioneers had got themselves comfortably housed, their land under a Productive state of cultivation, they made provision for the education of their children. A log school-house was built on the river bank north of the park. We have no record nor even traditional knowledge of who the first teacher was. George Parsons states in his memoranda that he taught "the first man's school in the place," from which it may be inferred that a school taught by a lady had preceded his. The second school-house was also a log building and stood on the present site of the Park hotel. John Leavitt, Jr., was the first teacher in this house, but it was not long used for school purposes. Not many years elapsed before a comfortable frame house was built near the old log building, on the river bank, which was used for a considerable period. Among the teachers who whipped and taught the village youth in it were Alexander Southerland, Samuel Forward, Miss Mary Case, and Colonel Cyrus Bosworth. About the year 1816 efforts began to be made to raise the standard of education above what was possible to be attained in the general and mixed common school which was taught by any one who happened to be fortunate enough to secure a sufficient number of pupils. A young lady's seminary was opened by Miss Boswick, in the third story of old "Castle William." A public exhibition given by this school is remembered. The ladies read essays and spoke "pieces," rendering a programme similar to school performances of the present time. Following Miss Boswick's school, or perhaps at the same time, a select school was conducted on Main street by Mr. Olcott, a graduate of Yale college and a fine scholar. A school was kept by Mr. Tower about 1822-25 in a frame building on the present site of Stiles' block and about the same ime Miss Norton (afterwards wife of General Curtis, of Sharon) taught in a small room on Market street. A similar select school was afterwards taught by Miss McNeal. In these schools thee was no authority higher than the teacher, whc was in no way indebted to any civil power or to the community. They were wholly irregular, the teacher paying his own rent and charging his pupils tuition. The inefficiency of this system and a sense of the importance of thorough common education and discipline, characteristic of New England people, led to the formation, in 18E8, of the "Warren School association." Articles of incorporation were taken out and preparations made for erecting an academy building. THE ACADEMY. The academy directors purchased a lot of Ephraim Quinby, on the north side of the public square. The trustees in whose name the deed was made were: James Quigley, Richard Id- dings, Samuel Leavitt, Francis Freeman, and George Parsons. A brick building, which is yet standing, was erected and ready for occupation about the year 1820. The plan upon which it was founded was admirably adapted to the public wants. Provision was made for four departments, two for pupils of each sex—the boys' primary and girls' primary on one floor, and the boys' high school and girls' high school on the other. This plan of systematic division was probably never carried fully into effect, but the primary pupils were generally separated from those of the upper grade or high school. 274 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. The first board of examiners were Dr. Eaton, Mr. Olcott, and George Swift, the two last being Yale college graduates. The necessity for a change in the management of school affairs had a tendency to make that change radical. Loss of time and injustice to pupils had resulted from the absence of any authority to test the competency of teachers before entering upon their work. Now, when a board for that purpose was provided, the test was made severe. Among the first applicants was W. H. McGuffey, a young man just out of college. He failed to pass' the rigid examination, and consequently lost the position of teacher. Mr. McGuffey, as is well- known, became one of the best educators Ohio has produced, being the author of a popular series of school text books, and for a number of years president of Miami university. He attributed his success in life to the incentive for study which the mortification of his defeat at Warren gave him. Few of the academy teachers remained more than two years, and most of them not longer than one year. The first teachers were Messrs. Cunningham and Johnson. Succeeding teachers were : Rufus P. Spalding, Reuben Case, Jacob Osborn, Captain Thompson, Miss Clarissa Norton (Mrs. General Curtis), David L. Coe, Ralph Hickox, Miss Irene Hickox (late Mrs. Scranton, of Cleveland), John Crowell (General Crowell, of Cleveland), R. P. Spalding (a second time), Mr. Babbitt, Seldon Haynes, A. Cadwallader, Mr. Harlow, Anderson Dana, Morris Iddings, and Francis Gillett. Among these some were good, some were indifferent, and some were poor teachers. They were well trained scholars as a rule, but many of them cannot be commended for governing ability. Rufus P. Spalding is remembered as a successful teacher. Some men seem to have been born to succeed. Mr. Spalding has since won a place in the very front rank of Ohio lawyers. Corporal punishment was at that time not only the usual, but the necessary way of enforcing obedience, even though it was an academy. Along one wall there was a bench about eighteen inches from the floor. Boys were punished by being required to kneel and place their heads under this bench. A whole row might sometimes be seen thus bowed down and resting on their hands and knees. Vigorous and unexpected use of a long ruler as the master walked back and forth along the repentent line sent one head here and another there, thumping against the wall. Anderson Dana, father of Junius Dana, bore the reputation of being one of are best teachers. Francis Gillett was a graduate of Yale college. He was extremely rigid in discipline, and severe in enforcing unreasonable rules. He always carried a ferrule in his hand and used it freely on the hands of his pupils. One of his rules was that every lesson must be recited perfectly ; the punishment for one error was one stroke, for the second two, and so on, each succeeding and receiving double the punishment of the last. All other misdemeanors were punished in the same way. It is said that John B. Harmon reached as high as sixty-four raps for a single offense. This master naturally is conspicuously remembered on account of his unpopularity. Miss Lathrop was for a number of years teacher of the primary department of the academy. There were other teachers, whose names are forgotten. The course of study compared very favorably with that of similar institutions in the West. The common branches were taught, and the higher mathematics and languages were pursued far enough to enable the student to enter any American college. Among the old academy boys the names of five Yale graduates are recalled — Alfred Perkins, Milton Sutliff, Henry King, Jacob Perkins, and John B. Harmon. Julian Harmon graduated at Western Reserve college. There probably were others whose names are not remembered. The academy did not survive Mr. Gillett's principalship, but the building continued to be used for school purposes for some time. SELECT SCHOOLS. Miss Estabrook taught a school for young ladies, being assisted by Miss Dickinson. Miss McNeal's primary school on Market street prospered for some time. It was conducted on the modern kindergarten plan. The academy building was occupied during the winter of 1834-35 by I. N. Gray, to whose school pupils of all grades were admitted. During the winters. of 1835-36, and 1836-37, James D. Callender conducted a school of high grade in the old King building, until lately standing on Main street. He demonstrated the important truth that order could be maintained TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES. OHIO - 275 without the use of the rod. He was always strict and decided, but congenial and kind. His qualities commanded respect to a degree which made the fear of punishment a useless instrument. Mr. Callender was an excellent teacher and scholar. Perhaps no better compliment can be written than the record of two of his pupils. During the two terms Dey's algebra was mastered, and Adams' arithmetic reviewed; and Latin and Greek, to which no attention had been given previously, were pursued far enough to pass the entrance examination at Yale. Daniel Jagger kept a school in the winter of 1837-38 in a frame building which stood on the present site of Reid's machine shop. Two years later he taught on High street, in an abandoned store-room, which stood on the site of Warren Packard's residence. Junius Dana was the next teacher, occupying the academy building one term and then moving to the basement of the Methodist church, where he had classes in the higher mathematics and ancient languages, which were taught by W. S. Kennedy. . We are indebted to Hon. T. J. McLain's Centennial Sketch for the greater part of what follows. Succeeding Junius Dana the principal instructors were Prof. Bronson, William G. Darley, Martha Callendar, Martha and Fanny Dickey, Lucy Clark, S. D. Harris, Dr. J. R. Woods, and Rev. Mr. Brown, of whom Mr. McLain says, "by his persistent and merciless use of the rod, I strap, and ferrule acquired a reputation for brutality which has never been equalled in the history of our schools. Being now dead, we will say to his remains what he never said to a pupil: Requiescat in pace." He was a Baptist clergyman. About the year 1844 Prof. Bronson established an Episcopal female seminary in a building on South street. The project soon proved a failure and was abandoned. Prof. Bronson then opened a select school in the basement of the old Methodist church, on the river bank. "Junius Dana, who was a leading educator from 1840 till 1848, generally taught a select school in the summer and a district school in the winter." Daniel Jagger was associated with him part of the time. They occupied, at different times, the academy, the King block, and the McFarland block. William G. Darley taught two terms, 1846-47 and 1847-48, in the King block. His school was quite popular. Prior to x844 Warren had depended entirely upon private schools. That year three district school-houses were erected, one on the corner of School and Prospect streets, another on east High street, and a third south of the canal. These additional facilities, and the organization of a legal board, greatly increased the efficiency of the educational machinery. The employment of school teaching, ^nder the old system, offered almost as doubtful means of support as the efficiency of the system itself for giving instruction. Yet it appears that teachers were generally qualified and pupils could find instruction almost any time. Those who desired could pursue the ordinary academic studies here as well as any where. Prior to the Legislative act of 1848 se loot taxes were not collected as they now are, by being placed upon the duplicate and paid as other taxes, but the directors were made collectors, and in case of a refusal to pay they were empowered to sue and collect just as other debts are collected. So many claims naturally gave rise to considerable litigation. Mr. McLain tells of a case of this kind in Warren. Three of the wealthiest citizens refused to pay their quota because of dissatisfaction with the teachers. The directors levied upon the harness of one, the fatted calf of another, and the wagon of the third, and exposing these articles at the front door of the court-house, sold them to the highest bidder to the amusement of the taxpayers who had responded to the demands of the directors. This case stood as an example for a number of years. As soon as legal provisions were made for more thorough organization of the educational machinery, Warren was ready to embrace the opportunity. The remainder of this chapter will be devoted to the establishment and growth of graded schools. GRADED SCHOOLS. On February 21, 1849, a general act was passed by the Legislature, the provisions of which seemed to meet the approval of many of the citizens of Warren. A public lecture was delivered by John Hutchins upon the subject, and on March 31, 1849, a legal call was made for an election to decide whether the village should adopt the act mentioned above. This call was signed by six resident free-holders, viz:. Matthew Birchard, Leicester King, John B. Har- 276 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. mon, R. P. Ranney, Milton Graham, and L J. Iddings. The election was held at the court house on April no, 1849, B. F. Hoffman acting as chairman, Joseph Perkins as assistant chain man, and I. L Fuller as clerk. The vote stood one hundred and thirty-four for the law and twenty-two against; so the law was adopted. On the 23d of the same month, at an election. R. P. Ranney and George Tayler were elected to serve as members of the board of education for one year; M. Birchard and B. P. Jameson for two years, and Joseph Perkins and Johr Hutchins for three years. The board organized on the 30th of April, choosing Mr. Birchard foi president, John Hutchins for secretary, and George Tayler for treasurer. School examiner; were appointed as. follows: Julian Harmon for one year, Jacob Perkins for two years, and Rev, W. C. Clark for three years. In a very shoe time the board proceeded to organize the schooh under the new law. A high school under the charge of Miss Martha Dickey was put in opera tion in a two-story frame building, which stood on the site of the present brick on Monroe street. The frame buildings, which have been previously spoken of were utilized, and other rooms were rented, so that six primary and secondary rooms were put in operation during the summe1 months, taught by Fanny Dickey, Mary Brown, Amanda Brown, Elizabeth A. Tuttle, Mary Tillotson, and Frances Janes. The salaries paid the teachers at this time were $4.00 per week in the high school, and $3.50 per week in the others. The price of tuition for foreign scholars was fixed at $3.0o per term in the high school and $1.50 per term in the primary. The following course of study was established: For primary and secondary school—Eclectic Spelling Book, Eclectic First, Second, and Third readers, Wells Elementary grammar, Thompson's Mental and Practical Arithmetic, Parley's and Morse's Geographies, Wilson's History of the United States for the high school, McGuffey's Fifth Reader, Mandeville's Course of Reading, Morris' Geography, Wells' School Grammar, Thompson's Practical and Higher Arithmetic, Loomis' Algebra, Davies' Legendre Geometry, Smith's Illustrated Astronomy, Parker's Natural Philosophy, ,Davies' Surveying, Gray's Chemistry, Ackerman's Natural History, Cutler's Physiology,. Woods' Botany, Wilson's American History, Hitchcock's Geology, Ollendorf's French Grammar, ahd Arnold's Latin and Greek series. During the summer of 1849, arrangements were made so that upon the loth of September the first regular session of all the schools opened with the following corps of teachers, viz: 'Superintendent and principal of the high school, M. D. Leggett, at a salary of $700 per annum ; Miss Lucretia Wolcott, assistant in the high school, with a salary of $200 per annum; Miss Lucretia Pomeroy, principal of the grammar school, with a salary of $175 per annum; Martha Dickey, M. A. Booth, Lucia Cotton, Frances Janes, Amanda Brown, and Marietta Leggett in the primary and secondary school, at $3.50 per week. At the close of first year Mr. J. D. Cox was elected to fill the place made vacant by the resignation of M. D. Leggett. Mr. Cox began his labors as superintendent September r, 1851, continuing three years at a salary of $600 per annum. Rev. James Marvin began the work of superintendent at the close of Mr. Cox' administration, September 1, 1854, remaining in the position for eight years. His salary at first was $900, afterward advanced to $1,000, and finally $1,200 per annum. At this time it was evident that more room was necessary to the proper accommodation of pupils, and a meeting of the electors was held on the 9th of May, 1854, at Empire ball, at which it was voted that $6,000 should be raised by taxation for the purpose of purchasing sites and building school-houses. Durihg the summer of 1854 the high-school lot, including the old building, was bought from Joseph Perkins for $1,400. A lot was purchased of Anna J. Gordon, on Quinby hill, for $500. In the following spring the Liberty street lot, including frame building, was bought of E. E. Hoyt & Co., for $900, also a lot on Vine street for $400. The Liberty street lot gave the district two comfortable school-rooms, with only a little expense for repairs and fitting up. During this time the Quinby Hill school was conducted in the residence of Peter Gaskill, Mrs. Gaskill being the teacher. This was about the time the library was established in connectioh with the high-school, books being received from :he State. On the 9th of June, 1855, a meeting of the TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 277 electors was held; it was voted to raise $8,000 by taxation for the purpose of building a new high-school edifice, the old one being entirely too small for the greatly increased number of pupils. Soon after this contracts were made with Richard Craven and Messrs. Soule and Johnson, for the erection of the present building, which was completed and occupied during the summer of 1856. The old building, which had been used first as a carpenter-shop, a select school, and the high school, was sold for $148, removed to Park avenue, and is now used as a private dwelling. Sometime during the year 1859 the limits of the district were enlarged by the addition of some territory from the east of Howland and the west of Warren township. In the following spring a petition was presented to the board by the residents of the west side, asking that a meeting he called to vote upon the question of building on the lot on the west side of the Mahoning, purchased from Anna Gordon. The electors voted to raise $3,500 by taxation for this purpose, and a two-storied brick Wilding was completed in 1864. In the summer of 1862 Rev. James Marvin resigned the position of superintendent to accept a professorship in Allegheny college at Meadville, Pennsylvania; J. H. Caldwell being elected to fill the vacancy, served until 1886. His salary at first was $800, then $1,000, and later $1,300 per annum. During the year 1865 the intermediate grade of school was established. Excepting on the west side, the houses in which the primary and secondary schools were held had by this time became so dilapidated as to demand new buildings. The electors were again called together on January 18, 1867, to vote upon this matter, when it was decided to levy a tax of $5,000 per annum for four years, making $20,- 000 in all, for the purchase of sites and the erec tion of proper buildings. As the demand was urgent for immediate action in tne matter, the board was authorized to borrow money in anticipation of the tax. Two years and a half passed by and the sum of $7,279 had accumulated, but no lots had been purchased or buildings begun; in the meantime the schools were still held in buildings that were small, dilapidated, badly heated, and almost devoid of ventilation, and, of course, unhealthy. Considerable feeling among the citizens had been engendered in consequence of such a state of affairs, and a spirited election for members of the board was held on July 21, 1869, when four new members were elected: I. N. Dawson, T. J. McLain, Jr., J. S. Edwards, and Julian Harmon. The new board, composed of the members just elected, together with C. A. Harrington and M. B. Taylor, proceeded promptly to carry out the wishes of the electors. Two moths after organization, advertisements were math for proposals to build on the Liberty street lot ; consequently a brick building was erected with two rooms during the fall and winter. This was followed by other and similar structures, which was the inauguration of a new era in school building in Warren. The architect was Joseph Ireland, of Cleveland, and the contractors Messrs. Green & Co., of the same city. The building committee were Julian Harmon and M. B. Taylor. The superintendent was I. N. Dawson. The. cost of the building, when completed, with all its surroundings, was about $8,000. J. J. Childs acted as superintendent during he year ending September 1, 1867, and W. H. Pitt during the two years following, each at a salary of $1,200. On September 1, 1869, H. B. Furness was elected superintendent at a salary of $2,000 per annum, acting one year. In March, 1870, the new board sold the lot on High street, and bought a fine double lot of J. L. Smith, on East Market street, for $1,400. During that summer and fall a substantial building was erected at a cost of $10,500, and fitted for two schools. The architect was Joseph Ireland, and the contractors William Ernst and Joshua R. Seeley. The building committee was Messrs. Dawson and Harmon; the superintendent was I. N. Dawson. The funds already voted for the erection of buildings being almost exhausted, and at least two other buildings needed, another meeting of electors was held on March 15, 1871, at which it was voted to levy $10,000 per annum for two years, making a total of $20,000, for the purpose )f buying lots and erecting two buildings, one in he north and one in the south part of the city. During the ensuing fall and winter the school lot, in the corner of School and Prospect streets, was enlarged by an additional purchase, and a 'me brick house was erected suitable for two schools. Walter Blythe, of Cleveland, was archi- 278 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. test; Messrs. Downs, Elliott Sr Co., and Wilkins and Sidles were the builders; T. J. McLain, Jr., and Julian Harmon were the building committee; I. N. Dawson was superintendent. The cost when completed, including the lot, was about $ 1,000. The next year the fourth building was completed, in south Warren, on the corner of Liberty and Fulton streets; it is very similar in style and size to those preceding it. The architect, contractors, committee, and superintendent were the same as those connected with the erection of the-north building, the cost about $10,500. In the summer of 1874 about $3,000 was spent in repairing and improving the high-school building. Since that time a lot in the southwest part of the city was bought, and a convenient frame house was built, suitable for one school, the whole cost of lot and building being about $r,500. Owing to the great number of pupils in the primary schools, on Prospect and East Market streets, it became necessary to organize another primary school in the eastern part of the city. A building belonging to Mrs. William P. VanGorder, on Pine street, was secured at a rental of $10 per month, where a school of fifty- tour pupils, taken from Pine and East Market streets, was established under the care of Mrs. Dorcas Gaskill, who had previously occupied the building as teacher 0f a private school. This was in the spring of 1879. Again in the spring of 1880, the intermediate school being too much crowded, an unoccupied room in the building on First street was furnished and forty pupils were transferred from the intermediate school to this room, and Miss Turnball was installed teacher. With an increase of two hundred and thirty-six pupils since 1874, only three additional schools have been organized, with no additional school building except the one room rented on Pine street, and it is not well fitted for school purposes. The subject of building has been under discussion for some time, but as yet no plan has been decided upon. Some of the former superintendents have attained eminence in other positions since leaving Warren. The following is a list of the superintendents in regular order since 1849: Mortimer D. Leggett, Jacob D. Cox, James Marvin, Hugh J. Caldwell, J. J. Childs, William . J. Pitt, H. B. Furness, J. C. Barney, and E. F. Moulton, the present incumbent. The school library contains in all between six and seven hundred volumes, about one hundred and seventy-five having been added during the past year. The Ohio Legislature in 1873 passed a law granting to boards of education in cities permission to appropriate $150 annually for the purpose of purchasing books for a school library, and this board has made three appropriations in accordance with this provision. Every year shows an increase in the number of pupils who take books from the library, and a better class of books is called for than heretofore, showing that a taste for good reading is being cultivated. The parents in Warren show their appreciation of the public schools by their frequent visits to the different departments of the schools. The number of visits made during the past year by parents and others not officially connected with the schools, is stated to have been seven hundred and seventy-nine. The number made by the superintendent seven hundred and seventy- one, and by the members of the board of education seventy-three. The course of study in the grades below the high school is about the same as in all schools of the better class. The new course has been in some respects changed from the old to suit the more advanced ideas of the manner of instructing, and also, so far as is possible, to meet the wants of children of average capacity, and in such a way as to admit of promotion whenever a case may demand it, and also to allow a pupil to fall back into a lowe1 grade, when not able from any cause to keep pace with his class. The high school course has been prepared upon such a basis as to meet as nearly as possible the wants of the different classes of pupils in the school, the greater number of whom expect to finish their education in the high school. It has been thought best to introduce what are usually called practical studies, as far as could well be done without sacrificing what are considered the higher objects of an education—mental discipline and culture. The course prescribed will admit of either a fair or a very liberal common school education. In 1857 the system was first adopted of granting diplomas to scholars who should complete the prescribed course of study, and at the close TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO - 279 of that year three pupils graduated. The whole number of graduates since that time has been one hundred and eighty-two. Of these one hundred and forty were females and only forty-two males. In salaries paid to teachers Warren is not behind her sister cities. A few cities of her class pay larger salaries, but many pay much smaller. The schools are felt to be in good condition, harmony prevails and good and efficient work is being done in the different departments by both teachers and pupils. While a large increase in attendance is attended by a great decrease in the number of cases of tardiness, especially during the past four years, in the six years preceding_ the close of 188o, there has been an increase in the number enrolled of one hundred and thirty- seven, in the average number belonging of two hundred and nine, and in the average daily attendance of two hundred and thirty-six, and during the same time there has been a decrease df thirty-five in the enumeration. It is said that during these six years just past, the number of cases of tardiness has been reduced from over four thousand to less than one thousand, and also that the cases of truancy and absence have diminished proportionally. M. D. Leggett, the first superintendent, soon after resigning his position removed to Zanesville, where he pursued his legal profession. At the outbreak of the war he entered the service of the United States, and served during the war, being promoted to a general's command, and during President Grant's second term he received the appointment of commissioner of patents. He is now practicing law in Cleveland. J. D. Cox, the second superintendent, studied law while in the city of Warren, and soon after his resignation was elected to the State Senate. Subsequently he entered the service, served through the war, making a fine record, and before the close became a major-general. In 1865 he was chosen Governor of Ohio, serving two years, and declining a second nomination. On the organization of President Grant's first Cabinet, he was appointed Secretary of the Interior. He has, since his resignation of that office, been practicing law in Cincinnati. Rev. James Marvin was the third superintendent, and resigned to accept a professor's chair in Meadville college, and afterwards became presi dent of the University of Kansas, situated at Lawrence in that State. The following is a complete list of the gentlemen who have served as members of the board of education since 1849 Matthew Birchard, Rufus P. Ranney, Joseph Perkins, George Taylor, B. P. Jameson, John Hutchins, Azor Abell, Zalmon Fitch, Matthew B. Tayler, Ira L. Fuller, Henry B. Perkins, Julian Harmon, T. E. Webb, William Ritezel, J. H. McCombs, John L. Weeks, Charle; A. Harrington, Thomas J. McLain, Jr., Isaac N. Dawson, John S. Edwards, 0. H. Patch, J. Gillmer, Julius King, Charles C. Adams, George B. Kennedy, Seth M. Laird, S. F. Dickey, Kennedy Andrews, A. F. Spear, Dr. I. A. Thayer, William M. Lane, Charles Augstadt, Henry C. Christy. The names of the teachers for the year 1880-81 : High school, Marshall Woodford and Mrs. H. W. Woodford. In the other grades : Emma Way, Lottie M. Sackett, Ella M. Estabrook, Emma Way, E. M. Moore, E. E. Bierce, Libbie Graham, Mary F. Kinney, Nellie C. Bierce, Charlie A. Bennett, Mary L. Selkirk, Ella M. Ward, Minnie M. Howard, Alice I. Hall, Louise Andrews, Mary C. McNutt, Fannie Foote, Laura Bartlett, Jennie M. Landers, Mabel L. King, Gertrude Campbell. Special teacher of music : A. J. Phillips. School officers.—Samuel F. Dickey, president ; Frank J. Mackey, clerk ; Kennedy Andrews, treasurer. Edwin F. Moulton, the superintendent of the Warren schools, was born at Moulton Hill on St. Francis river, Ascott township, Canada, in 1836. His great grandfather, Calvin Moulton, was in the War of 1812, and his great grandfather and two brothers on his mother's side were in the same war, but fought on the other side. The father of Professor Moulton removed to Iowa, when he was ten years of age, where Edwin F. Moulton worked on a farm until he was fifteen years old, and then clerked in a store until twenty years of age, when he entered the Grand River institute, and prepared for college, after which he attended Antioch college, and finished his course, taking his degree of A. B. in 1865. In 1869 he took charge of the schools of Oberlin, and continued as superintendent until the year 1876, when he was 280 - TRUMBULL AND MAHONING COUNTIES, OHIO. called to Warren, where he has had charge as superintendent of the schools ever since. Mr. Moulton is a pleasant, agreeable gentleman, and is scholarly and well fitted by education and experience to manage the educational interests of this city. DANA'S MUSICAL INSTITUTE. Dana's Musical Institute is one of the many interesting places in Warren, an institution of which the little city has just reason to be proud. It is wholly their own. Its president, a native of the place, conceived the plan upon which he, with a corps of six or eight professors and teachers, are now working with very marked success. The school was opened in October, 1869, in rooms on the third floor of the building at the corner of Main and Market streets, and now occupied by the Knights of Pythias. Before the close of the year it became evident that greater accommodations were needed, and accordingly, in July of 187o, the large building at the corner of Park avenue and High street was bought and fitted up for the use of the institute. Forty rooms in all are used for the various departments. The building is a substantial brick, four stories high above the basement. The basement contains the fuel, tank, boiler, and closet rooms. On the first floor are the reception rooms, president's room, business office, and the piano and organ rooms, in which is a magnificent pipe organ. The second floor is occupied by the vocal class room and piano practice rooms. The third floor has the violin and theory class rooms, and organ and piano practice rooms. The organ practice rooms are on the fourth floor. The entire building is used for school purposes. The rooms throughout are kept in excellent condition. It is heated by steam and lighted with gas. Everything required in the study and practice of music is supplied. Pianos, organs, violins, and other stringed instruments, and every conceivable kind of wind instrument are to be seen in their appropriate places. The president, William H. Dana, is meeting with success in his profession, is ambitious to excel, and devotes his time to his profession. He is now visiting the northern countries of Europe. Junius Dana, Esq., a gentleman of ample means, is the financial head of the institute. He was born in southwestern New Hampshire, in 1821, and at the age of seventeen he came to this State with his father, spending the first five years on the farm; afterwards he attended school, then taught six years. In 1863 he was elected county auditor, and has been successfully engaged in a number of enterprises. In 1844 he was married to Martha Parker.