(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 400 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY A LIST OF THE OLD SETTLERS. We here append a list, as complete as can be obtained at this late day, of the old settlers of the township : John. Webb *, Elisha Webb, Asa Rogers, John Shidler, Alexander McDowell*, Abram Cromer, James Buckle's*, Timothy Green, James Frazee, George Green, Willis Northcutt, — Rogers, John W. Martin, Willis Hance, Benjamin Hance, J. K. McFarland, George Puterbaugh, Giles Johnston, Allen Ralston, William Babb, Daniel Knoop, John Wilson, William Burton*, Thomas Shidler, Henry Whitmore, William Wallace, Richard Paimer, William C. Knight, William Saunders, John Lenon, David Archer, Jonathan Yates, Reuben Westfall, John Darst, Thomas Stretch, Joseph Webb, Joseph Layton, James Fordyce, Jonas Sutton, Daniel H. Knoop*, Thomas Long, Barnett Rapp, Samuel McDowell*, John Shanks, Levi Martin, Jacob Youtsey, Jonathan Cavault, Josiah Martin*, Peter Clyde, — Trimmens, Andrew Egnew. Of all the foregoing, only those whose names are marked with an asterisk (*) are living at the present time. The rest have passed down the " corridors of time," and rest from the arduous labors which they performed so well. Truly, it can be said of them, when looking upon the fair land which they helped to improve, " Their works do follow them." " 0, many a time it bath been told, The story of these men of old.; For this, fair poetry bath wreathed Her sweetest, purest flower ; For this, proud el quence hath breathed His strain of loftiest power. Devotion, too, hath lingered round Each spot of consecrated ground, And hill and valley blest ; There where our pioneer fathers strayed, There, where they loved, and wept, and prayed, There, where their ashes rest." RECAPITULATION. Lost Creek Township is now in a healthy condition. The roads that bisect it are well piked, and in admirable condition for travel. The farming land is well drained, and much of it clovered in alternate seasons. Plenty of good water is afforded for stock, and all the farms are highly improved. A great deal of corn is annually raised in Lost Creek, which finds a ready market at Troy, and the acreage of wheat and other cereals is large and constantly increasing. Of her citizens, we have said much in the foregoing pages. They are intelligent, industrious and energetic, worthy successors to the men who cleared the unbroken forests, and brought order and light out of " chaos and confusion." We predict that the future of Lost Creek Township is one to be envied, for her exhaustless resources are certain to place her in the first rank of such organizations. She might well claim our State motto as her own—Imperio imperium. ELIZABETH TOWNSHIP. Prior to the first election, held in July, 1807, this township was bounded as follows : On the south by Montgomery County, on the east by Champaign County, on the north by Canada, on the west by the Great Miami River ; the portion of the county east of the Miami was known by the name of Randolph Township. At the first meeting of the County Commissioners, the county was divided into five townships ; the fourth was called Elizabeth. From the official records we extract the following : " The fourth township to be known and called by the name of Elizabeth ; and bounded : Beginning at the northeast corner of Bethel Township ; thence west with the line of said township to the Great Miami River ; thence up said river to the middle of the eleventh range ; thence east, with the line through said HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 401 anger to the county line ; thence south with said line to the beginning ;" this being the present boundary of the township. The seeker of a home was struck by the healthy condition of this locality. Beautiful springs were noticed on all sides • numerous streams traversed through the soil, assuring its fertility ; the white oak, which predominated in the forests, promised to be of value in the building of cabins ; and the many maple trees yielded an abundance of sugar and molasses. These extraordinary inducements were not overlooked ; and it is not surprising that settlements were made in the younger days of the nineteenth century. No actual settlements were made previous to 1800, though the forests were inhabited by the hunter and trapper during the period of 1790 to 1799. In 1799, Michael Carver emigrated from Pennsylvania to this State and settled on what is now known as Staunton. One year later, Carver, with Benjamin and Christopher Knoop removed some five miles east of Staunton. Carver purchased a half-section of land from John Cleves Symmes, paying, $2.50 an acre for the same. This property is now in the possession of Henry Carver, who inherited it from his father. At this period, scarcely any trace of civilization was apparent, the locality for a distance of several miles consisting of one continued forest. A rude but was constructed as a shelter from the, elements, and an inclosure provided for the horses. Then the work of clearing the forests began in earnest. During the years of 1800 to 1812, occasional travelers, upon reaching this township, were not long in ascertaining its many advantages, and very naturally sought permanent homes within its boundaries. Among these,.who were mainly from Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Virginia, were John and Jacob Mann, Michael Shidecker, George Williams, Christopher Prillamen, Obadiah Winters, John Flinn, John Gearheart, Ralph French, Thomas and James Cecil. These men settled in different sections, and in the face of many difficulties. The thriving and prowling son of the forest was as yet in his element, and the midnight howl of the wolf disturbed the rest of the weary settler. The cutting down of trees and the clearing of the forests progressed slowly, requiring much labor. Sociability was a prominent feature of the pioneer ; ever ready and willing to assist his neighbor—a request being responded to with readiness. Williams Mitchell, upon concluding to erect a cabin, invited his neighbors to assist him. A force of men began hewing the necessary timber in the morning ; and at the close of day the cabin was erected. Need we add that doors and windows were not included ? The opening was covered by a quilt or blanket ; the open space between the logs was covered with paper, serving instead of glass windows. Log-rolling constituted the chief employment in the early spring. It was customary to divide those participating into two companies, each commanded by a captain ; each party strove to perform the most labor ; consequently, every man worked with a will. Whisky was furnished at intervals, which placed the men in a splendid working condition. At noon, and in the evening, meals were provided for them, consisting chiefly of chicken pot-pie and noodle soup. In an interview with Leonard Bousman, the writer was informed that he (Bousman) had attended some twenty of these log-rollings in one season. An article indispensable in every household was whisky, obtained, in the earliest times, at the Knoop distillery, in Staunton. In later years, a number of distilleries, in the township supplied the demand. Every family had a quantity of the liquor in the house. Should a neighbor call, he was sure to be greeted with a tin cup filled with whisky. Was a laborer engaged to perform a few days' work, he expected plenty of whisky in addition to his wages, and was never disappointed. Marriages then, as now, were a source of much social enjoyment. The entire neighborhood was invited to attend the ceremonies, and the invitation was invariably accepted. Usually the youths and maidens mounted on horses and formed a procession. Much amusement was indulged in during the trip to the residence of the bride, sometimes many miles distant. A bottle of whisky was placed or —Sprague. 402 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. the road, at a considerable length in advance of the company. Two of the young men would then dismount and run for the bottle. The winner of this novel race was entitled to the flask and its contents. The enormous amount of labor performed from year to year required the hearty co-operation of every member of the family, consequently, there was no time for idleness, and the youngsters had few opportunities of engaging in amusements. Occasionally, they were granted a short respite, and the ball and bat were brought into service. Instead of the base ball of to-day, they were content to play " corner ball." In the fall of the year, gathering beech-nuts and hickory-nuts was considered fine sport. The spinning wheel furnished the sole amusement for the maidens. Elizabeth was well represented in the Indian war of 1812. Several companies of volunteers were organized, of which John Williams and Jacob Mann were Captains, while John Shidecker, William Mitchell, William Shearer, Philip Sailor and others deserve honorable mention as privates. Abram Statler was compelled to go to Fort Wayne during the campaign. Here he endured many privations, fortunately returning home in safety, though much broken down in health. His father was originally detailed to perform this duty, but this the brave and noble son would not allow, under any circumstances, and went in his stead. Such heroic conduct and f lial devotion is commendable. While Capt. Williams, company was stationed at Fort Loramie a little incident occurred which was related to the writer by one of the oldest settlers. One night., one of the soldiers had a dream. Of the nature of this dream history will ever be silent, the dreamer sleeping the sleep that knows no wakening, his lips having long been hushed in silence. Per- haps, in his imagination, he saw some horrible illusion, for suddenly a piercing shriek was heard. In an instant all sprang to their feet and grasped their weapons in alarm. Capt. Williams was thrown into a state of great fear, and, heedless of the degradation which might follow, he ran from the camp and sought refuge behind a log. A soldier, thinking he was an Indian, raised his gun and fired, fortunately missing his man. Before another shot was fired, the Captain came to his senses and the mistake was discovered. For many years after the first settlement had been made, the township was inhabited by the untutored sons of the forest. Generally these Indians were inclined to be peaceable. though the pioneer was much disturbed by their numer ous visits to his cabin, peaceable, for bread and whisky, which were never refused them. The Pottawatomies, who have a close connection with the Shawnoes, were camped at various parts of the township. Mr. Henry Carver informs us that the land at present owned by him, was a favorite camping-ground, at that time being in possession of his father, Michael Carrel', who was often the victim of their depredations. On one occasion, Michael; with two horses attached to a sleigh, was hauling logs. An Indian came toward him, showing strong symptoms of an over-indulgence in fire-water, undoubtedly procured, from the whites. His drunken performances frightened the horses. This so angered Carver that he extracted a stake from the sleigh, and, striking the savage with it, felled him to the ground. When the latter became conscious, he walked away without making any demon- stration, nor was Carver molested in the future. With the tribe just mentioned, was a white woman (her name we could not ascertain), who had been stolen from her home in. Pennsylvania, when but a child, and taken by the band to Ohio. Eventually, she became reconciled with her lot, married a grim warrior and became the mother of a large family. It is said that, in later years, she paid a visit to her old home, remaining for a short time only, and soon rejoining her wild associates. The savages were considered peaceful and harmless, and no danger was apprehended. Immediately after the killing of Dilbone and the Gerards, however, the entire country prepared for action. The women and children were taken to the house of John M. Dye, while the male portion of the community scoured the country in search of the murderers, but without success. For some time after the deed was committed, an Indian was held in mortal dread and looked upon with HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 405 suspicion. No further disturbance occurring, all recollections of the bloody affair passed into oblivion. It may have been twenty years after the first settlement before the last of the Pottawatomies disappeared. Many of the present inhabitants have distinct recollections of seeing these representatives of the red race, the above facts having been ascertained through interviews with Henry Carver, William Mitchell, Leonard Bousman, Andrew Sayers, Mrs. Dye, Mrs. Statler, Mrs. French and others, whose names do not occur to us at this writing. They all admit that the presence of an Indian inspired them with uncontrollable fear. Wild beasts, common to American forests, abounded in this locality previous to the year 1820. The howl of the wolf was heard nightly ; encounters with bears and panthers occurred frequently ; human life was in danger, and the lives of domestic animals were in continual jeopardy. Mr. Leonard Bousman furnished us with the following : " The first sheep were brought to the 'county by the Knoops. As the flock increased in numbers, five of the sheep were sold to a man named Jackson, and placed in a pen attached to his cabin. They were soon discovered by wolves, who, on a certain night, made an attack. The continued howling of the wolves frightened the sheep, and they made a desperate attempt to escape from the inclosure ; finally, they succeeded, and ran in the direction of a stream near by, closely pursued by their enemies the wolves. Upon reaching the stream, the foremost sheep plunged headlong into the water and was drowned. The remaining four, true to their instinct, followed the leader and shared the same fate, literally jumping from the frying-pan into the fire. Woolen .clothing was not worn by Jackson,s family in the following winter. At another time, Bousman,s father was burning logs and rubbish in a field which he was clearing. His sons were assisting him. After the evening meal had been served, the male members of the family again repaired to the field ; it being essential that the land be prepared for the plow as quickly as possible, all hands labored diligently. Presently, the howl of the wolf could plainly be heard piercing the calm night air, followed by a succession of fierce cries apparently from every direction. Ere long, Bousman and his sons saw the beasts approaching. The fire, which had been the agent in attracting them, for a long time, kept them at bay ; but ere long, one more daring than the others, sprang toward Bousman, who promptly struck him with an ax, his sons flying to his assistance, they soon dispatched the beast. At this instant, strange as it may appear, the remaining wolves turned and fled. But for this fortunate circumstance, it might have gone hard with the Bousmans. Hogs were also frequently attacked by the wolves, until they were provided with means of defense. It became customary to allow several hogs to live to an old age ; as they grew older, their teeth increased in size, making them a splendid weapon of self-defense, and a protection also for the rest. An old, ferocious hog, with long teeth, was considered a match for any wolf. Gray squirrels proved another source of continual annoyance. Immediately after the corn was planted, it was ferreted out by thousands of these little pests, often making it necessary to plant a second time. An inroad was also made upon the growing corn as soon as in milk, and they would work upon it until gathered, sometimes destroying half the corn in a field. The nuisance becoming unbearable, it was decided to adopt a plan, by which the many little animals could be destroyed. Accordingly, a certain day was set apart by the inhabitants of a district, for a general slaughter. To encourage hunters, some of the farmers would raise a subscription in corn, to be paid the hunter who would bring in the most scalps. Isaac Mendenhall and Allen Ramsay were considered among the best hunters in this section. The year of 1828 witnessed a general migration of the squirrel to the East. After this time, wholesale squirrel killing was abandoned. The excellent facilities for water-power did not long escape the keen observation of the settler. The necessity of a flouring-mill became apparent, the nearest being Freeman's Mill, in Monroe. Township. A continual demand for whisky and the abundant production of corn increasing from year to year, guaranteed, the erection of distilleries a safe investment. In 1811, the building of the first mill 406 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY was commenced by John M. Dye, at the Lost Creek crossing, near the land now owned by John Lefevre. The entire neighborhood assisted in hewing the logs. Perhaps the only man living who assisted in the construction of this mill, is Andrew Sayers. The mill was not finished until the year 1813, the first wheat being ground a few days prior to the marriage of Dye,s daughter, Sarah, to Abram Statler. Mrs. Statler remembers that the chief amusement of the wedding guests consisted in visiting the new mill. At that time, Dye resided on the site of the Children's Home ; but, at the completion of the mill, he erected a stone building just north of it ; the house still stands and is occupied by John Lefevre. This new improvement was but the forerunner of many others. A road was surveyed from the mill to Troy, making a direct avenue for conveying grain to and from the center. The second grist mill was built by Michael Carver, in 1823 ; this building is at present used as a cotton-mill by Henry Carver. Other mills were erected in later years, many are yet in good running order, and will be found in every part of the township. Jacob Mann erected the first distillery ; in what year we have been unable to Ascertain. The next distillery of any magnitude was built by Daniel P. Voorhis, in 1830. The many private whisky factories throughout the township are not considered worthy of notice. A Dutchman by the name of VanCulen Hampton owned the first saw-mill, situated on the land now owned by M. Hill. Perhaps, a powder-mill erected by Jacob Prillman, on Indian Creek, in 1806, is the first manufacturing establishment ever put up in the township ; the property is now in possession of William Thompson. Some years after, a man named Lusenhall engaged in the manufacturing of hats, on the site of Levi Staley's residence. In 1825, Newman Scarlet operated a turning lathe., on the present Henry Bell property, on Indian Creek. Stores were also established as they were needed. The first store was kept by Conklin, in 1831, father of John Conklin, the Corporation Clerk of Troy. Isaac Sheets and Asa French were also engaged in the sale of merchandise. For many years, roads were comparatively unknown. The pioneer cut a path to the house of his nearest neighbor, who, in turn cut his way to the next cabin. Thus, it will be noticed that the roads were very irregular, and traveling was necessarily slow and tedious. The road from Dye,s mill to Troy was the first laid out by the County Surveyor. The first pike built through the township was the Troy and Springfield pike. At this writing, the township is traversed by three or four free pikes, intersected by a complete network of roads. Cincinnati was the nearest trading-point for a number of years. After harvest, wheat was taken to the mill and ground ; if there was a surplus of flour, it was taken to Cincinnati, by wagon, and exchanged for leather, coffee and other indispensable necessaries. Sometimes a small amount of cash was received, which was saved for the tax-gatherer. The leather was usually converted into shoes by roaming shoemakers. Horses were often taken to South Carolina and sold at a good figure. A cargo of flour and pork was placed on a raft and floated into the Miami, thence to the Ohio, down to the Mississippi, thence onward to New Orleans. Here the cargo was disposed of, and the pilot returned on foot, some three or four months being consumed in going and returning. A new impetus came to the homes of the pioneer in 1830. This year witnessed the erection of frame dwellings ; new arrivals came from the East, and general prosperity crowned the efforts of the inhabitants. On and after this date, no backward steps were taken; the population was on a rapid increase ; instead of one continual forest, beautiful fields of golden grain were seen ; blazed) roads had long disappeared ; the educational interests attained a higher standard. It was apparent the struggles through poverty were a thing of the past. Clock peddlers traversed the country in 1835, selling their wares at a high figure ; many settlers paid from $25 to $75 for a common eight-day clock. Stoves were introduced in 1840, and created somewhat of a sensation. To the pioneer, accustomed to sit and warm by the dear old fire-place from infancy up, it seemed HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 417 that the new contrivance could be of no service in heating and cooking. So strong was the prejudice against this invention, that many declared that victuals had not the wholesome taste produced by the old way of cooking. The general opinion soon changed, and erelong stoves came into general use. Simultaneously with the stove came the cast-iron plow, and lately the steel plow, the mower and reaper and the thresher. Log cabins gave way to beautiful edifices of frame and brick; large bank barns were erected for the comfort of the domestic animal ; everything was changed if by magic. Taught to reverence and trust in the Lord of Hosts, when but children, and was faithfully adhering to these teachings as they grew older, it is natural that the settlers should make rapid progress in the religious cause. After six days of hard labor, the Sabbath was welcomed as a day of rest. Ministers were unknown for several years after the arrivals of the first settlers. No house of worship had been erected. On Sabbath morning, the humble cabin was converted into a -house of prayer ; the family gathered around the fire-place, passages of Scripture were read and commented upon, interspersed by the singing of hymns of ye olden time. The long distance to the house of the next-door neighbor made impossible the favorite Sunday afternoon call of the present day ; social conversation, suggesting and discussing plans for the future, and the singing of a hymn occasionally, serving to while away the long hours of the afternoon and evening. Later on, the locality becoming somewhat more populated, it was decided to hold services at a certain house which could be conveniently reached by the neighborhood ; and persons would gather from a radius of four and five miles to join in social worship. The first meeting was held at the house of Rafe Stafford, on the George Stafford farm, in Clarke County, by members of the Methodist Episcopal denomination. The first services held in the township, were conducted by the Methodists, at the house of John Gearheart, at present occupied by Miss Sarah Gearheart, on the Troy and _Springfield pike, near the eastern township line. The New Lights erected a church, in 1815, near the Cold Springs. The first meeting of the Baptists was held at the house of Stephen Dye, in Staunton Township, on the 3d of November, 1804, a full account of which will be found in another part of this work. Our forefathers endured all the inconveniences connected with an attendance to these meetings ; yet the long walk through the dense forests was performed without a murmur, and with glad thanksgiving to the Most High. At the residence of William Knight, on the site of the Children’s Home, the first meeting within the township was held. Services were also conducted in the houses and barns of the neighbors, and frequently an adjournment was made to God,s first temples. Assembling together for the purpose of holding social religious meetings was the favorite and only pastime of the young folks The house owned by Knight was afterward sold to John M. Dye, with the express understanding that devotional exercises should be continued, Mr. Dye, being a stanch Baptist, acquiescing readily. These meetings continued for some years. Mrs. Sarah Statler is the only living member of this organization. At present the Casstown Church is attended by the Baptists of Elizabeth ; there is no Baptist Church in the township. Having penned a general outline of the history of the New Light and Baptist churches, we now turn our attention to the Methodist Episcopal. The first meetings were held at the house of Samuel Mitchell. A society was afterward formed near the location of the present McKendree Chapel this was in 1815. Aunt Betsy Stafford is the only surviving member of this class ; the others have long passed away. Joseph Oglesby was the first circuit minister ; and Abbott Godart the first quarterly minister. In 1822, a structure was built on Section two, southeast of Miami City, and called McKendree Chapel. In 1845,'the building was torn down to make way for an edifice of brick, which is, at present, attended by a' large congregation. At the first Sunday school of this church the first lesson was the first chapter of the Gospel according to St. Luke. John Bruce was elected Superintendent 408 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY We wish to remark while writing on this subject, that religiously, Elizabeth is unsurpassed by any township in the county. The family Bible occupies a conspicious position in nearly every household. In the cares and pleasures of daily life, devotional exercises are never forgotten. The examples set fourscore years ago have passed from generation to generation. That religion and morality will ever have a firm foothold is a foregone conclusion. So mote it be. One of the prime objects of the pioneers was the establishment of suitable schools for the children. Pennsylvania, to whom the township owes her earliest settlers, offered poor and uninviting educational facilities. John M. Dye, it is said, left his native State for that reason. Obstacles in the way of establishing suitable schools were many. There were, as yet, very few people in the district ; money was scarce ; able and efficient teachers could not be obtained ; much labor was required in building a suitable house for educational purposes. But, in spite of all these difficulties, the pioneer did not waver. -A site was selected, logs were hewn, and erelong the house was ready for occupancy. .A teacher was procured who received a small compensation' and boarded round." The original schoolhouse was situated on the farm of Christian Knoop, near the Staunton line. The first person to officiate therein as schoolmaster was John Enyeart, who combined with the duties of pedagogue that of Justice of the Peace. Later on a schoolhouse was built near the present Staley mill, in what is now known as Bethel Township. In 1812, the schoolhouse on the Lost Creek Crossing was taught by John Schell, when he was sober. For charts, rude hoards on which were inscribed in rough caricatures the alphabet and easy monosyllables, were used. Noah Webster's spelling book, Dilworth's arithmetic, the Bible, or any other book obtainable' completed the outfit. Under careful, economical management, the educational interests of this locality progressed gradually and satisfactorily. As the general surroundings advanced in civilization, the population increased ; the pioneer was slowly placing himself and his interests on a firm financial basis, thus enabling him to afford his children better facilities for obtaining a good common-school education. Prior to 1840, there were but two schoolhouses in the township. To-day, eight fine brick structures, erected at an average cost of $2,000, bear testimony to the rapid strides made in this direction. - A stranger is impressed by the numerous graveyards located in nearly every section of the township. They are not populated very thickly, but their number and location show a change induced by the absence of roads, and strengthen the idea that each family buried its own dead on the home place. No costly monument was erected in ye olden times, a plain, rough sandstone, simply inscribed, marking the silent resting-place. The oldest known grave is that of Mrs. Lowder, who rests in the burying-place in the rear of Charles Voorhis' residence. The Methodist Episcopal cemetery is the oldest public burying-ground in the township. James Mitchell was the first person buried here ; July 19, 1815, is the date. In this city of the dead repose soldiers of all American wars, a singular coincidence. We append the names : Revolutionary war' Samuel Mitchell, John Burns ; war of 1812, Jacob Ullery, John Drury, William Mitchell ; Mexican war, John French ; rebellion, Jacob Sterrett, Randolph Moore, Merriam Kester, Edward Kemp. The New Light cemetery, adjoining Henry Carver's property, is beautifully situated. From its highest point can be obtained a full view of the entire neighborhood. Here sleeps Michael Carver, an early settler. The following is engraved on his tombstone-: IN MEMORY OF MICHAEL CARVER, A native of Pennsylvania, who died Dec. 2, 1842, aged 60 years and 2 months. He was one of the first settlers in this vicinity, and emigrated to this county in 1799' where he lived respected, and died regretted, leaving a large family to inherit his name and practice his many virtues. Miami City, or Alcony P. O., is the only village. It was laid out in 1858 by M. G. Carr, Levi Hart and William Vandeveer ; it is situated on the Troy and HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 409 Springfield pike, having formerly been a stopping-point on the Troy and Springfield stage-route. The first house was erected by Philip Dick, and used as a cooper-shop. In 1860, it was bought by John Drury, and changed into a tavern stand.; the tavern is closed at present. The town has a population of about 150. A post office has been established ; in what year, we could not ascertain. Mail is carried from Troy, via this place, to Christiansburg, Champaign Co., on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday of each week. The early records of the office having been lost, we can give a list of the recent Postmasters only : William Schoby, 1869 ; Christian Seuer, 1870 ; S. B. Thatcher, 1871-72 ; William Scott, 1872, who continued in office until 1878, when J. M. Smith, the present incumbent, was appointed. Following is a showing of the business interests of the town : Dry goods, grocer- ies' etc., J. M. Smith, J. M. Hart ; blacksmithing and wagon-making' W. A. Baker, J. A. Robinson, W. Anderson; physicians, V. S. Deaton, J. Q. Davy ; shoemaking, Rudolph Billett. The only saloon has been closed. Many of the early records are lost or destroyed ; therefore it is impossible to give a complete list of all the officers of the township. John M. Dye was Justice of the Peace in 1811. Thomas Sayers held the office of Clerk for many years ; he was also a Justice of the Peace. Debts were sometimes contracted which could not be paid when due, and the accounts were left in the hands of the " Squire " for collection. This constituted the chief legal business. KNOOP CHILDREN'S HOME. Inasmuch as the above-mentioned home is situated in this township, and on the land donated by one of her former most prominent citizens, we will endeavor to present a brief sketch of the founding and management of this institution. For many years, the subject of building a suitable asylum for the accommodation of children who had been deprived of the comforts of a home, had been agitated by philanthropists of this county. Year after year, it became more and more apparent that decisive steps must be taken toward the accomplishment of this object. The matter was first brought before the public by the Women’s Christian Association, of whom it may well be said that they laid the corner-stone of the handsome edifice which now greets the eye of the passer-by. In their official semi-annual Report of March, 1877, the Directors of the County Infirmary advocated, in the strongest terms, the establishment of a home for destitute children, a number of whom were at that time supported by the managers of the Infirmary. They called attention to the bad examples set before the little ones, while inmates of that institution, and urged that the evil influences by which they were surrounded would certainly lead to bad results. On the 4th day of June, 1877, John H. Knoop conveyed to Isaac Clyne, W. H. Northcutt and D. C. Branson, Commissioners of Miami County, the grounds known as the " John Statler farm " (jointly owned by his brother Jacob and himself), in Elizabeth Township ; containing about 160 acres of land, on which the " Home Buildings are now located. The Commissioners authorized the Auditor to notify the qualified electors of the county that they would be called upon to vote on the question of building a Children's Home, at the October election, of 1877. The result of this election was as follows : For the Home, 5,891 ; against the Home, 175. During the winter of 1877, and spring of 1878' the Commissioners visited a number of homes throughout the State, with a view of gaining an insight into the construction of these institutions. D. W. Gibbs, of Toledo, was selected architect, who drew up the plans and specifications of the proposed building. On the 8th of May, 1878, the contract for constructing the building was awarded to various parties at a cost of $16,270.25. Much additional work and many improvements have swelled the total cost to $30,000. January 15, 1878, the Commissioners appointed the following gentlemen to serve as Trustees ; R. P. Spiker, Piqua, one year ; Jacob Rohrer, Tippecanoe, two years ; Samuel K. Harter, Troy, three years. January 410 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY 21, 1879, Washington Barnes' of Troy, was appointed Superintendent. On the 30th of the same month, the building was completed and ready for occupancy. Having decided upon giving the readers of this work a detailed account of the manner in which this institution is conducted, we repaired to the home. Upon ringing the door-bell' we were ushered into the cozy reception-room by a servant, a few moments later we were greeted by the genial Matron' to whom our wants were made known, and who kindly offered to conduct us through the building. Adjoining the reception-room is the office of the Superintendent and also of the physician ; across the hall is the parlor, through which we pass into the sitting-room. Everything presents a neat and inviting appearance. The children's dining-room' linen-room, etc., are also found on this (ground) floor. On the second floor is located the hospital, Superintendent's private apartment, spare room' girls' dormitory' baby-room' occupied at this writing by eight sweet little cherubs' under the watchful eye of a nurse. The girls' sleeping apartments, and the dormitories and sleeping apartments of the boys, are also on this floor. The chapel and servants' apartments are on the third floor. In the basement is the employees' dining-hall, kitchen and storerooms. Back of the main building is the engine-room, laundry and bakery. The building is heated by steam and illuminated by gasoline. An inexhaustible spring water, which is forced to all parts of the building. Healthy bath-rooms have been provided, and the children are bathed once a week—Saturday. Visitors are admitted from 1 to 4 o'clock, P. M., daily' except Saturday and Sunday. Those who wish to attend the Sabbath school will be welcomed. The Trustees meet on the first Monday of each month. The friends of the children are also allowed to call on them 'on that day. The total number of children who are inmates at this writing, is sixty-nine. The following is the number of employes' and the character of their duties : One teacher, two cooks, one baker, three laundry girls, three nurses, one chambermaid' one maid-of-all-work, one engineer, three laborers. The Matron has been much encouraged by favorable comments made by visitors, and well she might ; a person more fitted for the responsible position could not be found. The Superintendent also takes an active interest in the welfare of all connected with the institution. Recently, the Female Bible Societies, of Troy and .Piqua, presented the home with Bibles. A Sabbath school has been organized, and is visited by friends of the institution from far and near. Thus is the seed of morality and religion sown in these young hearts, and the Divine injunction, " Suffer little children to come unto Me, and forbid them not," is literally obeyed. Miami County may well be proud of her Children's Home. Situated on the grounds donated by descendants of her earliest settlers' built by the almost unanimous consent of her people, and managed by some of her most charitable citizens, she may ever point with pride to the Knoop Children's Home. OFFICERS : Trustees, S. K. Harter, President, Troy ; Jacob Rohrer, Tippecanoe ; R. P. Spiker, Piqua. Superintendent, Washington Barns' of Troy. Matron, Mrs. Mat-tie J. Barnes. Physician, L. M. Lindenberger. Teacher, Miss Lizzie Roney. BETHEL TOWNSHIP. At the close of the eighteenth century, and prior to the year 1807, this township formed a part of the extensive territory then known as Elizabeth, which is accurately located in the history of Elizabeth Township. At the first meeting of the Commissioners, the county was divided into five townships, of which Bethel was the first, and bounded as follows : Beginning at the southeast corner of the county, thence west with the county line to the Great Miami River, thence up the said river to the line between the ninth and tenth ranges, thence east with a line to the county line, thence south with the county line to the place of beginning. This has remained unchanged. HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 411 The land is quite rolling' all portions of the township being dotted by numerous hills. The soil' assisted by numberless streams, which owe their existence to the many springs, is rich, deep and productive, equaling any other section of country in the State. These advantages, together with the picturesque aspect' presumably induced the permanent settlement of the early pioneer. The land was not exempt from the almost impenetrable forests, and the first years of the settlers were devoted almost exclusively to "clearing."' That this process was tedious will be admitted, when we state, upon the authority of an old resident, that, up to 1820, not more than ten acres were cultivated by any one settler in the township. But as time rolled on, it wrought its changes, and, at this writing, wood is becoming a scarcity, and many citizens are using coal for fuel. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The introduction of slavery to American soil dates back to 1620, at which time a Dutch ship brought to Jamestown twenty Africans, who were sold to the colonists. Year after year, this inhuman traffic became more general, and, in 1784, slavery existed in all of the Southern States. Even at this early date, a violent opposition to this system was manifested, but the oppressors were in a majority, and prospered without interruption. Many of those who condemned it severely, but were powerless to prevent it, sought new homes in the Northwest. Among these was Thomas Stockstill, a Tennessean, whose father was a wealthy slave-holder. Though enjoying a life of luxury and ease, Thomas formed a violent dislike to his sire's mode of accumulating wealth, and finally resolved to quit the parental roof forever. He was but sixteen years of age, and unused to the trials and privations destined to attend him in a new country ; but the noble lad never wavered. The daily scenes of inhuman treatment to which the slaves were subjected could be endured no longer. He bade farewell to his native soil, mounted an old plug of a horse, and traveled in the direction of Fort Washington, now known as Cincinnati. His entire outfit consisted of the clothes he wore, one broadax, three chisels and two or three thumb gimlets. With these tools he supported himself, performing odd jobs of carpentering on the road. Somewhere in Kentucky he roofed a barn, using wooden pins for nails—there were no nails in those days-- drilling the holes with a thumb gimlet. This kept him busy for some time, and when the work was finished, he continued his journey with more celerity, his financial condition having been somewhat improved. On his arrival at Fort Washington, the owner of one of the six cabins that constituted the fort offered to trade the same for his horse. Stockstill, being ignorant of the glorious future in store for the site of the Queen City of the West, rejected the offer. He remained here for a short time, and, finally, after encountering many difficulties, found a haven of rest in the cabin of a man named Hain, who lived in the extreme southwest corner of what is now known as Clarke County. This was in 1796. In the following year, he married Hain's daughter, Catherine, and settled on the land now owned by his son, J. L. Stockstill, in the northeast corner of this township. This was the first settlement made in the township, and one of the first in the county. David H. Morris, Sr., was born in New Jersey, and participated in the Revolutionary war. He afterward went to Cincinnati, where he was detailed assistant surveyor. While traveling through this county, he was favorably impressed by the apparent fertility of the soil, and subsequently located in Section 23, in this township. The land is yet in the possession of his grandsons. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Robert and John H. Crawford came from Pennsylvania and settled here. These men held important positions in the young days of this county. They are prominently mentioned in the general history of the county. Samuel Morrison, a relative of the Crawfords, came from Pennsylvania at an early day. Mordecai Mendenhall, another old pioneer, settled on Section 24, and lived there for nearly half a century. John Ross settled here in 1810 ; his son, we believe, still occupies the " home farm." Daniel Agenbrood, was born in 412 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY Maryland, whence he came to Dayton, and, upon leaving there, came to Bethel. and settled on the southwest corner of Section 28. Here he built a log cabin, which has since been weather-boarded, and is yet standing. James Fergus came from Virginia. He represented Miami in the Legislature, and was universally esteemed. Phillip and Jacob Sailor settled upon Indian Creek in 1800, pursuing agricultural pursuits. David Puterbaugh came to Ohio in 1809, settled here in 1813. His wife is still living at the advanced age of eighty-four years, and apparently enjoying good health. John Clayton, a son of the Emerald Isle, crossed the waters of the Atlantic in the closing days of the eighteenth century. ire was a soldier in the war of 1812, and at its close purchased a farm upon which he quietly passed his days. William Ellis squatted on Section 22, but soon changed his home for one west of the river. He was a Kentuckian by birth, and, like Thomas Stockstill, left his native soil because her authorities permitted the barter and sale of human lives. He went to Loramie's in 1835 and there died. David, John and Abraham Studebaker immigrated to Bethel Township from Maryland. They invested largely in land, and their descendants are at the present time in possession of some of the finest farms in the county. John Newcomb, with his brother Daniel, came from Scotland. After stopping at various places, they arrived here in 1814, and purchased what is now known as West Charleston. PIONEER HARDSHIPS. The early pioneers of this township were not excepted from the privations surrounding the settlement of a new country. As a greater portion of Bethel is rolling, and traversed by streams of refreshing waters, the inhabitants were in a salubrious condition. The northeastern corner, however, is low and marshy. At that time no system of drainage existed ; water stood at one place during the entire year, and its foul stench produced much sickness. People were attacked by the fever and ague, scarlet and typhoid fevers and similar diseases. The occasional physician examined the patient, introduced the lance, forbade the use of cold water, prescribed pounds of calomel, shook his head and departed. Result—many of the patients died, some of them for the want of a cooling drink of water. The pioneer was discouraged ; those who survived in the fall knew not whether they should live through the coming summer and made no preparations on their lands. Thomas Stockstill, a carpenter by occupation, devoted much time to making rough coffins and burying the dead, and, with that charity and good nature which was a characteristic part of his nature, refused all compensation from the poor and needy. In after years, a complete system of drainage was introduced, the angel of death departed, and marshes and swamps gave way to fields of golden grain. The wild beasts of the forests, and the wolves particularly, waged a continual warfare against the few domestic animals owned by the settlers. These beasts came to their very doors ; at one time, wolves carried off a hog belonging to Stockstill, which produced a marked advance in the price of pork—in that family The corn crop was destroyed by the squirrels, who visited the fields in great numbers. INDIANS. During the Indian hostilities, our forefathers were subjected to daily peril. Many of them participated in the war of 1.812 ; some of them were compelled to leave home and remain on active duty for six months, thus leaving their families unprotected. At this time, a poor man with wife and several children, asked leave to build a cabin on the tract owned by Stockstill, who, being ever ready to assist those less fortunate than himself, readily granted the request, and enjoined the petitioner to cultivate the land and earn a living. This man (name unknown) also took up arms against the Indians. The cabins of both families were in sight of each other, and both families were unprotected.. On a certain afternoon, it HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 413 was reported that the red men would arrive in the settlement that evening and attack the cabins. This produced great fear among the almost helpless women. As night began to approach. Mrs. Stockstill barricaded the cabin door as best she could, put the children to sleep, and, ax in hand, stationed herself behind the door, fully determined to sell her life dearly. Some time during the evening, she heard the cry of murder proceeding from the direction of the neighboring cabin. The cry was repeated several times, and then all was hushed to sleepy silence. The poor woman concluded that her neighbor had been murdered by the savages, and expected to hear them approach her cabin at each moment. The moments flew by, but no one came ; wearily and anxiously she passed through the long hours of the night, but no Indians appeared. At last, the morning began to dawn. Looking out cautiously, she discovered that no one was in sight, and concluded that her cabin had been overlooked by the redskins. Further investigation disclosed the fact that the neighboring cabin remained untouched, A woman was seen before it performing the usual household work. The cry of murder during the night, impressed upon Mrs. Stockstill the supposition that her neighbor had been killed, and she could not account for the presence of the mysterious stranger who seemed to be " Making herself at home." Curiosity conquered prudence. She hurried to the cabin, and, to her great joy, discovered in the woman, her friend and neighbor, who, with her children was alive and well. Upon inquiry, she ascertained that the large dog belonging to the family, had jumped over an inclosure near the cabin, which was seen by the lady, who imagined that it was the form of an Indian ; hence the cry of murder. Among the defenseless residents of the humble cabin, the common mode of warfare was as follows : When Indians were approaching, the doors were securely fastened, but were often broken open by the savages. Upon entering, they were met by the ax in the hands of the wife, who was supported by a huge cudgel in the hands of her husband. Thus were they kept at bay. Again, should they make an attempt to come down the chimney, the fireplace was filled with feathers, which were lighted. The smoke stupefied the descending Indian, and, upon falling to the ground, he was instantly dispatched. From Mr. S. L. Stockstill was obtained this curious incident : "During a time of Indian hostility, a white girl named Hacker was attacked by them and seriously wounded. She was relieved of her scalp and left for dead. She recovered, and in due time a second crop of beautiful hair grew upon her head. She afterward married and raised a family." With the passing of time, peace returned, the Indian removing toward the Great West. The descendants of Thomas Stock-still and David H. Morris still point to portions of their farms where at one time were pitched the tents of the red men. GAME. All kinds of game abounded in the forests. The hunters killed large numbers of squirrels, turkeys, pheasants, etc. Wolves, bears and panthers were frequently encountered. It is related that David H. Morris, Sr., killed three panthers in one morning. This sturdy old pioneer was very fond of hunting. He required his boys to practice shooting daily ; when their record was poor, a general boxing of the ears was the result. Ammunition, though in active demand, was expensive and difficult to obtain. To obviate all embarrassment, it became customary for every pioneer to manufacture his own powder. In after years, when this indispensable article could be obtained at a nominal figure, the old custom was abolished. EARLY MILLS, ETC. The first mill was erected by one Teller, and called an ox mill, i e , power was furnished by a large wheel, about thirty feet in circumference, which was trod by oxen. Mordecai Mendenhall erected a mill in early times—the exact date could not be ascertained. 414 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY In 1815, a mill was built on the mouth of Honey Creek by David Staley. This mill enjoyed an extensive trade ; people from all directions flocking to the mill night and day. It was operated by the Staleys until 1831, when it fell into the hands of Daniel Babb, who operated it for many years. This gentleman established a store in its immediate vicinity for the accommodation of those who had their grain ground at his mill. In addition to this, he erected cooper and blacksmith shops. The various inhabitants formed quite a settlement, which was called Babbtown, in honor of its founder. On account of old age, Mr. Babb was compelled to cease running the mill in 1873, and since that time it has been idle. The location being a good one, however, the day may not be far distant when active work will be resumed. The shops and store have long been closed, and the former greatness of Babbtown exists in memory only. Simultaneously with the erection of the " Staley Mill " was constructed the Crawford Mill, which was rebuilt, in 1838, by one Cable. Corey's mill, on Honey Creek, was built prior to 1811. David Smith built upon the site of this old mill in 1835. .A man named Earhart had a saw-mill on Honey Creek, in 1832, and a few years after, John Brier erected a saw and hominy mill on the same stream. The first steam saw-mill was put up, in 1840, in the village of Brandt. At present it is owned by ,Albert Black. In 1862, another mill of this character was put up, below Charleston, and is now in a flourishing condition. Many distilleries prevailed in pioneer times, and many families did their own stilling as well as their own tanning. Henry Atkins established the first custom distillery in 1808, although Jacob Rudy manufactured liquor from corn, in a small establishment on Spring Branch, as early as 1806. James Stafford put up the first steam distillery on Lake Branch, in 1830. The site is now owned by Gustave Allen. At present there is not a " whisky shop " in the township. James Ferguson was one of the first tanners. He kept a small shop, built " in the bush," north of the present site of Charleston. He was also a shoemaker. CHURCHES. That our forefathers were a pious, church-going people will never be forgotten by this and the coming generations. For six days they labored diligently from early morn till late at night, but on the Sabbath Day, the Divine command, " Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy," was never violated. At the close of the eighteenth century, when the settlers in this township were few and far between, no opportunities for holding the general church services of the present day were afforded. Instead, was the family service of reading the Scriptures and commenting thereon, interspersed with song and prayer. A few years later, these services were held alternately at the different cabins of the pioneer. In 1807, the first society was formed by the Methodists, at the house of Rafe Stafford, on Indian Creek. Rev. Joseph Tatman was the officiating minister. Thomas Stockstill was one of the first Class Leaders and Stewards of this organization. In 1810 or 1811, the society built a frame structure, which was called Palmer's Chapel, and served its purpose until 1830, when the brick building still standing was erected. By this time the Membership had increased with the population of the county, and the building was crowded with eager listeners, who came from far and near, to hear Rev. William H. Raper preach the dedicatory sermon. The year 1820 marked the'putting up of the first stove in the old church. Meetings are held here each alternate Sabbath. Palmer's Chapel is embraced in the Brandt Circuit, of which Rev. N. H. Prince is the Pastor. This church is situated on the extreme northeastern corner of the township Pisgah Methodist Episcopal Church.—The first building erected by this society was a log, built on the ground presented by David H. Morris, Sr., who also assisted in its construction. This was in 1825. William H. Raper, James Finley and David Dyke were among the early ministers of this church. In 1850, the present brick was erected on the site of the old building. The society is not in a very flourishing condition just now. Services every alternate Sabbath, by Rev. Prince, of the Brandt Circuit. A Sabbath school is held every summer. HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 415 Harrison's Methodist Episcopal Chapel (Brandt).—The organization of this, church was effected in 1839. In 1854, the present building was erected, mainly through the untiring efforts of Rev. Harrison, from whom it derived its name. It was dedicated by Rev. Granville Moody. Services are conducted by Rev. Prince, on the evenings of each alternate Sabbath. Prior to the completion of the present building, a Sunday school was organized by John Boswell, who probably was the first Superintendent. At that time, the membership was about seventy-five ; now it has decreased to fifty. Meet every alternate Sabbath. Albert Black, Superintendent. The Lutheran Church of Brandt— Was organized in 1862, with twenty members. Meetings were held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and conducted by Rev. Myers. In 1869, a beautiful frame structure, 34x54, was built, and dedicated February 27, 1870, by Rev. George Ort. The number of members at that time was seventy-five, which has increased to 150. Rev. J. C. Zimmerman, Pastor. The Sunday school was re-organized in May, 1870, with fifty members. Perry French was elected Superintendent. The school has prospered satisfactorily, and the attendance has always been on the increase. Meet alternately with the Methodist Episcopal School. William Dinsmore, Superintendent. German Baptist Church.—In the first years of this century, Elder Jacob Miller crossed the waters of the Atlantic, and, coming to Ohio, settled on the west bank of the Great Miami River, about four miles southwest of Dayton. Later on came settlers. from Pennsylvania and Virginia, and took possession of various Sections in Miami, Montgomery, Clarke and Greene Counties. From these pioneers have sprung the many German Baptist Associations which predominate in the counties just mentioned. The first members of this denomination settled in this and the surrounding townships in 1808. The present .church was erected in 1854, on the 0. Y. Yount farm, now occupied by Abram Neer. The organization branched off from the the Donnell's Creek Church (six miles east of New Carlisle), the present district comprising Bethel Township, of this county ; Wayne Township, Montgomery County, and portions of Clarke and Greene Counties. The church consisted of about a hundred members and the following ministers : Henry Rub-same, Adam Steinbarger and David Shellabarger. There are now about 120 meinbers, Joseph Arnold and Henry Gumpis, ministers—the former since 1856. In God's first temples—the primitive forests—was organized the first German Reformed Society, by Rev. David Winters. We are indebted to N. H. Albaugh Esq., for the following history of this church. The Bethel Reformed Church, situated about two miles east of Tadmor, and near the Montgomery County line, on the old Troy & Dayton pike, is among the oldest in the county. The church cemetery may also be mentioned as one of the oldest in the county. The cemetery was bought in 1812. Samuel Dye was the first person buried therein. The oldest tombstone now to be found, is dated 1818. The first church building, a one-story brick structure, was built in 1826. Rev. David Winters was the first regular minister of the organization. He preached statedly under the spreading forest trees near by, until the first building was erected, and continued serving the congregation for many years. In 1834, by means of a very liberal donation, left at his death by a Mr. Palmer, living in the northeastern part of Bethel Township, the first building was reconstructed, and made into a two-story structure, with the upper story used of a gallery to the lower story. This remained in that condition until 1856, when ii was torn down, and the present building erected nearer the highway. After Rev D. Winters, followed Rev. John Pence, and in 1844, Rev. Thomas H. Winters ; in 1845, Rev. H. Shaull was called to fill the pulpit. He was succeeded in 1846, by Rev. Jesse Steiner, who filled the place with great satisfaction until 1851, when ho was succeeded by Rev. A. G. Dole, who remained but one year, and was followed by Rev. H. Bains, in 1852. George W. Williard, D. D., was appointed in 1860 who was succeeded by Rev. J. B. Shumaker, in 1866 ; by Rev. J. H. Thompson, in HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. - 416 1869, and by Rev. J. M. Lefevre, in 1870. The latter gentleman served very acceptably for ten years, and was followed in April, 1880, by the present Pastor, Rev. J. T. Hale. This being the first church in all the surrounding country, it has always had a good Membership. By 1840, it enrolled a hundred or more members of first-class and leading citizens of the township and surrounding country, and has kept up its membership to about the same number, and from prominent members of the community. The churchyard adjoining is probably the best kept up of any country cemetery in the county. SCHOOLS. The many incidents, as well as the many difficulties that surrounded the establishment of early schools, are mentioned at some length in the history of the county, and a repetition is unnecessary. We will, therefore, locate at once the early schools of this township-: On the Rudy farm, Section —, was erected the first schoolhouse, in 1802. In 1804, a rude log house was erected on Section 23 ; the first school was taught by one Keelan. Many of the early teachers received a monthly salary of $5 in addition to their board. These schools were conducted on the subscription plan. In 1830, the township was divided into six school districts. At present there are nine districts, each one containing a substantial brick schoolhouse four of these are graded, and contain two rooms each. Several years ago, the question of establishing a central high school for this township was violently agitated by the supporters and enemies of the system. The Trustees finally appointed a day on which the people could vote their sentiments as regarded this question. It was hoped that the measure could be carried ; but, on the contrary, the friends of the system met with overwhelming defeat. Educationally, Bethel stands without a peer among the rural townships of the county. Over seventy-five teachers have received their education within her boundaries. From an independent standpoint, a central high school seems to be a public necessity, and we believe that the day of its establishment is not far distant. Under a recent law, townships are empowered to employ acting managers, now called superintendents, who have a general supervision of all the schools. This township has taken advantage of the provisions of this act. In 1866, N. H. Albaugh was appointed Superintendent ; in 1874, Hiram Brown was appointed to assist him. In 1876, Hiram Brown was appointed Superintendent and S. R. Fergus Assistant, who are the present incumbents. To, the gentlemen just mentioned, and to Mr. Samuel Dinsmore, who has been a member of the School Board of his district for twenty years, are due the thanks of the people for the excellent condition of the Bethel Township schools. TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS. Some years ago, at a fire at West Charleston, were destroyed the early records of the township„. consequently, we are unable to publish the list of township officials prior to 1858. Following is a complete list since that time : 1858—James S. Stafford, John Sullivan, J. C. McConnaughey, Trustees ; I. J. Stockstill, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; James S. Stafford, Assessor. 1859—J. C. McConnaughey, H. H. Dean, A. J. Allen, Trustees ; J. C. Mitchell, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; James S. Stafford, Assessor. 1860—H. H. Dean, J. C. McConnaughey, A. J. Allen, Trustees ; J. C. Mitchell, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; James S. Stafford, Assessor. 1861—H. H. Dean, A. J. Allen, John Sullivan, Trustees ; Charles Fry, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; John Wigam, Assessor. 1862—John Sullivan, Daniel Waltz, Joseph Heffner, Trustees ; Charles Fry, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer : W. T. Morris, Assessor. 1863—John Sullivan, Daniel Waltz, H. A. Allen, Trustees ; W. T. Morris, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; Solomon Rudy, Assessor. 1864—A. J. Allen, John Sullivan, Daniel Waltz, Trustees ; W. T. Morris, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; Solomon Rudy, Assessor. HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 417 1865—Solomon Rudy, Simon Staley, George W. Kessler, Trustees ; W. T. Morris, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; Solomon Rudy, Assessor. 1866—Daniel French, Daniel Agenbrood, Peter Arnold, Trustees ; W. T. Morris, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; J. J. Hempleman, Assessor. 1867—(No record). 1868—Peter Arnold, Simon Staley, Sol Rudy, Trustees ; W. T. Morris, Clerk ; Jacob Shroyer, Treasurer ; J. J. Hempleman, Assessor. 1869—Sol Rudy, Simon Staley, Abram Varner, Trustees ; J. M. C. Dean, Clerk ; Charles Senseman, Treasurer ; J. J. Hempleman, Assessor. 1870—Sol Rudy, A. J. Allen, Daniel French, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; Charles Senseman, Treasurer ; J. J. Hempleman, Assessor. 1871—Sol Rudy, A. J. Allen, Jacob Shroyer, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; William Senseman, Treasurer ; Jacob Hawn, Assessor. 1872—Jacob Shroyer, H. J. Allen, B. P. Bond, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk, William Senseman, Treasurer ; John Black, Assessor. 1873—Jacob Shroyer, A. E. Helmer, B. I'. Bond, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; William Senseman, Treasurer ; J. C. Mitchell, Assessor. 1874—Jacob Shroyer, Ed Heffner, B. P. Bond. Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; William Senseman, Treasurer ; John Singer, Assessor. 1875—Jacob Shroyer, Ed Heffner) M. L. Allen, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; Wm. Senseman, Treasurer; John Singer, Assessor. 1876—Jacob Shroyer, J. C. McConnaughey, Dan Sullivan, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; John Black, Treasurer ; John Singer, Assessor. 1877—Jacob Shroyer, Jacob Hawn, J. C. McConnaughey, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; John Black, Treasurer ; Isaac Agenbrood, Assessor. 1878—Jacob Shroyer, Jacob Hawn, J. C. McConnaughey, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; John Black, Treasurer ; I. Agenbrood, Assessor. 1879—Jacob Shroyer, Jacob Hawn, John Weaver, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; John Black, Treasurer ; John Singer, Assessor. 1880—John Shroyer, Jacob Hawn, John Weaver, Trustees ; Hiram Brown, Clerk ; John Black, Treasurer ; John Singer, Assessor. Justices of the Peace since 1850: Thomas Anderson, James S. Stafford, P. H. Humes, J. M. C. Dean, J. C. Mitchell, G. W. Blessinger, Hiram Brown and N. H. Albaugh, the last two are the present incumbents. Politically, the township is Democratic by a good majority on State and national questions. At the township elections, the best men of either party are elected. ORGANIZATIONS. Poplar Grove Grange, No. 137, the only secret organization in the township, was organized September, 1873. B. P. Bond was appointed Master ; N. H. Albaugh, Secretary. In December of the same year, N. H. Albaugh was elected Master ; S. R. Fergus, Secretary. In the year 1875, the Grange erected an ample two-story building, 26x52. The hall and ante-chambers are well carpeted, the walls adorned with pictures ; an excellent organ furnishes the music. This society is probably the most- prosperous in the county. We append the present officers : N. H. Albaugh, Master; B. P. Bond, Overseer ; R. G. Dinsmore, Lecturer ; E. I. Bond, Steward ; George Gessaman Chaplain ; J. A. Dinsmore, Assistant Steward ; D. P. Orim, Treasurer ; I. A. Shaffer, Secretary ; J. L. Wolf, Gate Keeper. INCIDENTS, ETC. The first matrimonial alliances were contracted in 1800. On this occasion, Mary Sailor and her sister Rachel were joined in holy wedlock to Joseph Stafford and David Morris, Jr., respectively. The village newspaper was then an institution utterly unknown, and therefore we are unable to give any accurate account of the affair, nor are we able to tell how the brides were dressed. We will venture the assertion, however, that silks, satins, laces and that indispensable article, the " Bloom of Youth," were not In the make-up. 418 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. The first orchard was planted by Jacob Price. It is not now remembered who was the first person born in the township. J. L. Stockstill, who resides in the northeastern corner of the township, is perhaps the oldest man now living who was born here. On Tuesday, March 18, 1879, a deplorable accident occurred in this township, Jesse Albaugh, son of N. H. Albaugh, was hauling a load of fruit-trees from the Albaugh nurseries to Tadmor. While going down the hill, the rub-lock of the wagon was broken, and the horses became unmanageable. Young Albaugh was thrown to the ground and dragged some distance. When assistance arrived, life had fled, his neck having been broken. BRANDT. This village, of about 250 inhabitants. is situated on the National road, in the eastern part of the township: It was laid out in August, 1839. John Dinsmore erected the first tavern, whose landlord was Thomas Forbes. The next tavern was kept by David Hepner. The present brick building was built by John and David Arnold and sold to Thomas Dover. The Voorhis brothers were the original proprietori)of the town. Thomas Wilmington (fattier-in-law of ex-Clerk J. W. Cruikshanks) and Benjamin King, plow manufacturers, were the first inhabitants. It is stated that, after their business was family established. they manufactured 1,500 plows per annum. The first store was kept by Michael Heffner in the property now owned by Jacob Siegman ; the stock of goods was small and unpretentious. The first store of any importance was kept by a man named Bacon, in 1844-45. Brandt owes its existence to .the construction of the National road, from Baltimore to Springfield. When this road was first surveyed, there were but few other roads in the township. Travel on this became very general, and Brandt became a favorite resting-place for the weary traveler. Shortly after the completion of the road, however, pikes were being built through all parts of the township, and the number of travelers on the National, were correspondingly less ; and, since the introduction of the "iron-horse," Brandt has lost most of its former greatness. In 1868, the school-building was erected, a substantial two-story brick edifice. The total cost exceeded $3,000, not including the ground. The educational facilities are ample. The youth of the village require but their own industry to obtain a first-class education. The primary department is in charge of Miss Amanda Swallow ; Mr. John W. Black is Principal of the intermediate grade. Spiritual instruction and consolation are offered by the Methodist Episcopal and Lutheran Churches, under the respective ministrations of Revs. N. H. Prince, and J. C. Zimmerman. The industrial and business interests of the little village are well represented as the following will attest : Hotel, Mrs. Schmidt ; dry-goods, groceries, etc., Mrs. Schmidt, Jacob Hawn, B. F. Blessinger blacksmithing, Boyd Gowdy, Joseph Bechtold, Martin Gantz ; wagon-making, John Bodiker, J. M. C. Dean ; basket-making, John W. Stremmel ; saw-mill, Black & Hower ; grower of small fruit and flowers, J. D. Tredway ; physician, C. H. Humphreys ; shoemaker, John Motz ; Brandt nurseries, D. and H. Brown. The latter gentlemen enjoy an excellent patronage, employing from fifteen to twenty men at certain seasons of the year. Hiram Brown is lawyer, Justice of the Peace, Township Clerk, Township Superintendent of the Schools and Census Enumerator, and, although comparatively a young man, has the energy and ability to discharge his duties in a satisfactory manner. WEST CHARLESTON. This is the oldest town in the township and one of the oldest in the county. It was laid out by Charles Friend, who settled there in 1807, and called Friend-town after its owner. Some years later the land was purchased by John Newcomb, the first merchant of the village ; his goods were kept in a log-cabin near the beautiful springs whose refreshing waters supply the entire neighborhood. The town has been built on both sides of the North Miami pike—extending from Troy HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 419 to Dayton. This road was cut out by Mad Anthony Wayne and his men, when on heir ,way to Cincinnati. A number of pioneers from the surrounding country joined the army while they were engaged in cutting out the road at this point. Jake Schlosser kept the first tavern. William Boyer and Lightcap were also early tavern-keepers. There was a constant stream of travel, and hotel-keeping was very profitablefor a number of years. As late as 1840, three hotels were required to supply the demands of the traveling public. To-day another state of affairs exists. The building of the canal and railroads has let the ambitious town relapse into a provincial hamlet. For unknown reasons, the name of the town was changed from Friendtown to West Charleston, now taking the Christian name of its founder. About half a century ago, the first frame was built by Caspar Young —at present it is in the possession of John Baker. Kneisley erected one of the first houses and engaged in blacksmithing. Dr. E. L. Crane, now of Tippecanoe, was one of the first physicians. Formerly, the people enjoyed a daily mail by stage. Jerry Self, Calvin Adams and Lewis Russell deserve mention as being among the first " engineers " of this ancient traveling conveyance. Now mail is received three times a week from Tippecanbe. The following have held the position of Postmaster since 1839: Samuel Higginson, Andrew Hogland, Jacob Waltz and Joseph Benham, who took charge of the office in 1858 and has continued to this day. A short distance from West Charleston are located the " Charleston Falls," which for beauty of scenery outrival all similar works of nature in the county. The water is furnished by the numerous springs in this locality. Hundreds of people visit these waters every summer and enjoy the cooling breeze and picturesque scenery. The schoolhouse was built in 1865, and consisted of one room. In 1871, another story was added and the rooms graded. Here the young idea is " taught how to shoot ' during nine months of the year. This spring, there were about sixty-five scholars under the general supervision of William Senseman, a veteran pedagogue of this locality. One church, mentioned in the township history, is sufficient to provide for the spiritual wants of the inhabitants. The total popula- ' Lion is estimated at 150. The following is a showing of the business interests : General store, Joseph Benham; blacksmiths, Solomon Funderburg, Martin P. Cushwa ; boots and shoes, Michael Gottschall ; physician, C. C. Cline ; straw- berries and fruits, Hazael Weldy. CONCLUSION. We now arrive at the conclusion of the history of Bethel Township. But what a change ! Fourscore of years of its existence have passed away. Could we see the condition of the country eighty years ago, this grand change would be more fully realized. Where once was a continued forest, interpersed here and there with the humble cabins of the few settlers, scarcely a landmark remains. The trees have long ago been extirpated ; in their stead have appeared thousands of acres of golden grain. Cabins have been torn down to _make way for handsome edifices of brick, surrounded by beautiful lawns and beds of delicious flowers, whose growth is assisted by water, pumped by a monstrous automatical wind-engine. The apple seeds planted by our fathers have grown into extensive fruit-farms, which are being increased year after year. The blazed road has made way for graveled pike, upon which the heaviest loads are drawn with comparative ease. Verily, this is an age of progression. And the old pioneer., where is he ? Under the cool sod he reposes, silent in death. A rough sand-stone marks his resting-place. Many of his children yet remain ; but their hair is white as the driven snow, their step is unsteady, and ere long, they, too, will fall into everlasting slumber. “They are going, one by one : The young, the old, the fair, the brave. Soon their work on earth is done ; Soon their rest is in the grave." 420 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. MONROE TOWNSHIP. Monroe Township is in the southern tier of townships running east and west, in Miami County, and is bounded on the north by Concord Township, while the Great Miami River separates it from Staunton and Bethel on the east ; Montgomery County bounds it on the south, and Union, the southwestern township of Miami County, on the west. It contains thirty-six full and six fractional sections, making, in all, about nineteen thousand three hundred and twenty acres. In the beginning of the present century, when the few hardy men reached here from South Carolina, they found the forest unbroken for miles around ; not a spot of prairie land was in the township, while the only inhabitants of the sylvan solitudes were the untutored Indians, who gained a livelihood by hunting the wild animals that abounded here at that date. The Shawanee tribe had quite a village in the southeastern part of the township, below the present line of Tippecanoe, and here they lived a life of happy contentment, roaming the woods at liberty, and gaining a scanty but satisfactory subsistence from the spontaneous products.of the country round about them. Little did they think, living in their grand simplicity and utter ignorance of the rise and fall of nations, which had taken place since the creation of the world, that, ere three-quarters of a century should have passed away, only the memory of their people would be lingering • in the minds of the descendants of those whose might alone entitled them to the soil, which, according to the law of original possession, was their own. The appearance of the white man upon the scene caused the spirit of their dream to change. The advent of this iconoclastic creature in their midst put to flight all preconceived notions they may have entertained of remaining in undisturbed possession of the soil where for many centuries they had pitched their tents unmolested. To us, at present, viewing the productive farms and elegant homes that dot the country in every direction, it seems difficult to realize that here, in a period not very remote, " there lived and loved another race of beings ; " but these have long since passed away ; the leaves of the forest no more feel the impress of their stealthy footsteps ; the smoke from their camp-fires no more rises gracefully from the front of their wigwams, and, “When asking the question, ‘Where are they—these red men ?' From the thick wall of years, The echoes bring answer, and say, ‘They're gone—gone forever.' " The metamorphosis in Monroe Township, since the year 1801, has been complete, and, although not noticeable to the young, to the few pioneers who still live, the change seems wonderful indeed. The productiveness of her soil is not excelled by that of any other township in the county, while her manufactories compare favorably with those of any of her neighbors, and speak plainer than words of the enterprise and business ability of her citizens. By a free use of the tile manufactured in the township, the ground has been brought to the highest state of cultivation, while the quarries produce an excellent quality of limestone for the construction of buildings. The first white settler in the township was Samuel Freeman, who brought his family to Monroe in 1801; he located about one mile south of where Tippecanoe now is, and built his cabin soon as possible, occupying a bark but left by the Indians until he had finished a house of his own. John Freeman, a son of the former, built the first corn-cracker in the township, near the bayou, in 1806. John Yount came from North Carolina to Monroe Township in 1802, bringing his family with him, and making his home for some time right among the Indians - he entered his farm at $2 per acre, which they " stepped off," thus dispensing with the services of a surveyor. Michael Fair was probably the next settler in the township ; he brought his family from Frederick County, Md., and settled one mile and a half southwest HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 423 of the present site of Tippecanoe, in 1804. Mr. F. was stepfather to John Clark, who afterward laid out the town. George Fair, a son of M. F.'s, born in Maryland in 1794, has resided in the township seventy-six years, and is the oldest resident in Monroe. John Clark, a native of Chester County, Md., immigrated to Ohio with his parents in 1804. They located first in Greene County, ̊but, not being satisfied to remain there, removed to Monroe Township in October of the same year, and settled permanently one mile and a half west of Tippecanoe, where they resided till their death. In early life, John was wholly dependent on his own exertions for a livelihood, and, as the sequel shows, proved himself competent for the emergency. In after years, he became one of the largest land-holders in the township. Mr. C. was a man of great business capacity, and, in the course of his business life, made four trips to New Orleans with flat-boats loaded with produce ; and, although such a journey was considered very hazardous, under his management they became very successful financially. David Jenkins, was born in Newberry District, S. C., in 1758, from which place he emigrated, in 1805, reaching this township the same year. He was accompanied West by Elisha Jones. Mr. Jenkins' four sons, viz., Amos, Phineas, Eli and Jesse, came to the township, and settled near their father, between the years 1805 and 1808. The log cabin used by Mr. J. as a residence when he first came to the township still stands on Section 8, and is, without doubt, the oldest dwelling in Monroe Township. David Jenkins, Esq., commonly distinguished as " Squire " Jenkins, reached Monroe in 1806, and located on part of Section 20. He was a prominent man in the community, and figured conspicuously in all affairs of a public character in his township. Elected Justice of the Peace in 1818, he was continued in office till his death, in 1858. Thomas Pearson was, at the time of his arrival in the township, the oldest man in the settlement. He immigrated here from Newberry District, S. C., in 1806, at the age of seventy-six years. His sons, Enoch, Jonas, and Thomas, Jr., all of whom had families, came here at the same time, and settled on Section 20: Samuel Pearson came from South Carolina the same year, and the different members of the Pearson family then entered land on portions of Sections 20, 21, 22 and 29. Thomas, Sr., was a Quaker minister of considerable notoriety, while his son Enoch was the first blacksmith in the township. Samuel P. was accompanied by his nine sons. John Jay came to Monroe Township in 1803, accompanied by his family of seven sons and three daughters, only one of the sons being married at that time, but the rest took to themselves wives, and the family in a short time became so numerous that they formed quite a settlement by themselves, and were known as the "Jay set." Upon their arrival here they entered portions of Sections 25, 36 and 31, which they soon cleared and brought under a high degree of cultivation. Walter D. Jay was the first man who refused to countenance the use of ardent spirits in the harvest field. He was a man noted for his integrity, a stanch Abolitionist, and, as far as was in his power to be, a patron of education. Paul Macy immigrated here with his two married sons, Thomas and Paul, Jr., in 1808 ; the family were natives of Tennessee. Upon arriving in Cincinnati, they entered portions of Sections 31 and 32, where they subsequently built their log cabins, and, by the constancy of their labors as well as the strict integrity of their dealings with their fellows, they made for themselves not only pleasant homes, but sustained the relation of prominent citizens to the community. George North, accompanied by his three sons, came to Monroe Township from Georgia, after he had passed the age of fourscore years. He had been a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and was a great admirer of President Monroe, so, when the right of naming the township was ceded to him, he called it Monroe, in honor of that great and good man. Mr. N. was an influential man in the community, and was more than one hundred years old at the time of his death. 424 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. George Kerr, from Virginia, located in Monroe Township in 1804. Beside those already referred, to, the names of Layton, Fergus, Westlake, Puterbaugh, Shafer, Furnas, etc., are familiarly spoken of as having been among the earliest as well as the most prominent persons in the township ; and the many advantages now enjoyed by the citizens of the township are due, in a great measure, to the unwearying exertions of these men, who began the work that has been rapidly forwarded by each successive generation. TIPPECANOE CITY. Tippecanoe City, the principal village in the township of Monroe, dates its origin from the fall of 1839, when its foundations were laid amid the excitement and tumult attendant upon the war then being waged through the West, by Gen. Harrison, against the Indians. It is situated in a beautiful tract of country, in the eastern part of the township, very near the line, its northeastern boundary being formed by the Great Miami River, which separates Monroe from Bethel and Staunton Townships, which bound it on the east. At a very early day in the history of the town, the Dayton & Erie Canal was completed through the place, thus offering shipping facilities that were great inducements to people desiring homes, to locate themselves in this vicinity. The canal passes north and south, just east of the village, but its usefulness, as well as its importance, has, in some measure, been superseded by the construction, in later years, of the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, which passes through the cen- tral part of the town, from northwest to southeast. It will be seen, therefore, that the resources of the place, as regards developing the commercial interests Of the town and township, are twofold, viz., by rail and water, and, judging from the large amount of freight imported and the great quantity of articles exported by the numerous manufacturers of the place, we are led to infer that the advantages offered by either of these modes of transit, instead of being neglected and abused, are eagerly seized upon and appreciated by the enterprising citizens, who take pride in developing the sources of wealth found in the productive farms and extensive manufactories of the township. The land upon which the village stands was first occupied by Robert Evans, who, could he look upon the place as it now is, would probably not recognize, in the streets so beautifully laid out and pleasantly shaded by tall maples, the spot of ground from which he was able, only by extreme manual labor, to produce for himself and family what was, at best, but a scanty livelihood, in the old pioneer days. The land in this vicinity, at that time, was an unbroken forest, but, had the trees been invested with reasoning powers, they might have known, by the echoes made by the resounding ax in other places, that the footpath of American civilization was rapidly advancing. Add to the drawback of the land being heavily timbered the fact of its being rather low, and, for many months, very wet and unfit to be worked each year, and it was not surprising that the proprietor should grow anxious to dispose of the place and seek another, where less difficulties would have to be overcome. Accordingly, Mr. Evans exchanged farms, in the fall of 1839, with his brother-in-law, John Clark, who had emigrated with his parents from Sharpsburg, Chester Co., Md., when he was about nine years of age, which would make the date of his location in Miami County, this township, about the year 1804. Having arrived at the age of manhood, Mr. Clark married a lady whose maiden name was Jenkins, who had immigrated to this township with her parents from South Carolina in the early days of the nineteenth century. In the fall of 1839, when seeking a permanent home for himself and his growing family, Mr. Clark was so fortunate as to become the possessor of the land on which Tippecanoe City is now located ; we say fortunate, for surely greener fields, trees more umbrageous or waters more refreshing or sparkling never ornamented or made luxurious the dwelling of man, than are to be found here. When Mr. Clark moved here. the place did not present so delightful a prospect to the vision of man as at present. Then but a small plot of ground, in what is now the eastern part of the town, was cleared, which, probably, had been burned off many HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 425 years before by the Indians, who had a village just south of that place. in the bend of the river. It is likely that they had cultivated on this cleared spot a little corn and the few vegetables they used for food. But the land had lain idle for many years and had grown up full of young oaks and briers, so that the spot came to be spoken of by all who knew it as the " briery fraction." Our readers will remember that hundreds of years before this, an edict had gone forth from Him who commands worlds to move, which had pronounced man an unworthy creature, and condemned him to a life of labor ; declaring that he should obtain his bread from the soil, which should henceforth bring forth both thorns and thistles, by the sweat of his brow. Remembering this, they will not wonder that Mr. Clark found his new home by no means a Garden of Eden ; notwithstanding this, it is boasted by a resident of the place, a son of Mr. Clark, who has traveled from ocean to ocean, from the Great Lakes to the gulf, and who has also visited the delightful regions of the tropics, that, should search be made for a more beautiful or pleasant place to live in than " Old Tip," failure would be the only result of such labors. This enviable state of affairs must not be accounted for on the principles of, spontaneous growth, but rather by the unwearying industry and enterprising spirit of her citizens. When Mr. Clark moved here, the farm contained something more than 100 acres. This, however, was a mere nucleus, to which the enterprising proprietor, by his tact and talent, commingled with his unflagging industry, soon added several hundred acres. Immediately upon his taking possession of his new home, he satisfied the wants of the then sparsely settled neighborhood, which up to that time had no home market nor any other of the many advantages so necessary to the prosperity of any community, by founding the new town. Four blocks on what is now First street, were first laid out, and divided into seventeen lots, which were offered for sale, and for which he received about $100 each. The original lots east of First street, were fifty-two feet in front and 187 feet deep, while west of First street they were only 152 feet deep. No public sale of lots was made, but private enterprise willingly took hold of the work, and in a short time a number of small dwellings were in a fair way for completion. The ground had been a corn-field that summer, and an orchard had also been planted upon the spot a few years before, but the ax of the woodman, and corn-cutter of the farmer, soon caused these obstructions to vanish, and the vacancy was occupied by a store, blacksmith-shop and tavern, three of the most important factors in the establishment of a country village.  A difference of opinion existed among the inhabitants as to what appellation should be given to the place. Mr. Jay, the man who purchased the first lot, desiring to call it Jaytown, and thus perpetuate his own name, while Mr. Clark called it Sharpsburg, after his native town in Maryland. It was at this time that Gen. Harrison fought his memorable battle in Indiana, and Mr. Clark, being a stanch friend and admirer of that General, as well as a firm supporter of ''his party, decided to name his town for the place where that engagement took place —hence its name of Tippecanoe City. The first lot was bought by Thomas Jay, who built the first store-room in the place, in the fall of 1839. He kept a general stock of dry-goods groceries and notions, which he exchanged for the various farm products brought to the store. It had been stipulated by Mr. Clark, when selling the lots, that no log-buildings should be erected ; consequently, instead of the usual log-cabin, we have here new frame structures, many of which are standing and are quite respectable in appearance at the present day. The first tavern was built by Henry Krise in 1840. The amount of travel in those days, especially in this part of the country, had no assumed gigantic proportions. The landing of a traveler from the canalboat wa quite an event in the daily life of the village, and was an exception rather than rule. In order to make up somewhat for the want of travel, and to more full: occupy his time, Mr. Krise purchased a stock of dry goods, notions, etc., and united the mercantile trade to the business of keeping public-house. He continued in thi 426 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. building many years, when he disposed of the property, which has since ceased to be a place where man and beast may find refreshment, and is now used as a saloon, proving a curse rather than blessing to the place. Abram Hartman was another of the early inhabitants of the place. He kept a tailor's shop, and, in conjunction with this, sold goods of various descriptions. John McPherson was one of the first persons who put up buildings in the new village. The first blacksmith shop was built by Charles Shultzbaugh, in 1842 ; it was situated on the north side of Main street, but was removed years ago, and in its place stands a two-story frame structure, the lower floor being used as a hardware store, while the upper is occupied by Caldwell & Company, the only newspaper establishment in the township. In the summer of 1840, Uriah Johns built what was then the most substantial grist-mill in the township, which has been in successful operation ever since. John Clark erected his brick residence on the east end of Main street in 1851 ; it was at that time considered, if not the best, at least as good as any residence in Miami County. Since that time, many tasteful and even elegant places of abode have sprung up, as well as some fine business blocks. Among the latter, the Chaffee Blook is worthy of mention. It is located on the corner of Main and Second streets, and was finished in 1867, having been started in the fall of 1866. The third story is used as the opera house, and is capable of comfortably seating from 600 to 800 persons. The whole building is 75x133 feet, and was put up at a cost of about $12,000. John Morrison built a brick block on Main street in 1850. The third story of this building contains the rooms of the various secret societies of the place. The Tippecanoe City Engine-house, situated on the corner of Main and Third streets, was built at a cost of between $5,000 and $6,000, in 1874. The Fire Department occupies the first floor, while in the upper are to be found the Mayor's office, Town Hall and Calaboose. NEWSPAPERS. At different times in the history of the place, various newspapers have sprung into existence, and, after struggling spasmodically to gain for themselves a name and position among the countless periodicals of the day, were compelled at last to give up the attempt as fruitless. They all seem to have died an easy and natural death, and no doubt, " after life's fitful fever, they sleep well." The first of these papers went by the euphonious title of the Tippecanoe City Reflector. It was established and published by Mr. Hudson, in 1853, but never gained a very strong hold on the affections of the people. Its circulation was limited to five or six hundred subscribers, being published weekly. Its publication was discontinued by Hudson at the expiration of two years from the date of its establishment. No other attempt was made to establish a home paper after the unsuccessful attempt of the Reflector, for an interval of eleven years. At the expiration of this time, however, the thought presented itself forcibly to the mind of Charles Crowell, that the results of a second trial in this direction might not be so fruitless as the first. Accordingly, in 1866, what was henceforth known as the City Item, came into existence, and at intervals of a week, would make its appearance at the various homes, where it received a cordial welcome. The time, however, had not yet come when a permanent newspaper could be supported in Monroe Township, so it soon came to pass that the City Item was numbered only with the things that were but are not. After this, there was a semi-monthly publication established, more particularly for the benefit of persons wishing to advertise. This sheet, in a few short months, followed in the rear of all the rest, and there were those living then who predicted that to run a newspaper in " Tip" and make both ends meet, would be as impossible as to bring together two parallel lines, which, mathematicians tell us, will not meet, how far soever they may be produced. Still, Mr. Horton, who had held the unenviable position of printer's devil in the office of the Reflector, and who had watched the rise and fall of the various publications, was by no means dismayed by previous failures, and June 10, 1869, he issued the first number of HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. - 427 the Tippecanoe City Herald, which he edited weekly till the 1st of April, 1880, when he disposed of the establishment to Caldwell & Co., the enterprising firm who conduct the paper at the present time. Under their supervision, the sheet has become not only readable, but highly entertaining and instructive. The subscription list has been greatly increased, and the prospect bids fair for the present paper to remain one of the most permanent, as well as one of the most useful, establishments in Monroe Township. SECRET SOCIETIES. Tippecanoe Lodge, No. 174, A., F. & A. M.—Was organized October 27, 1851, by the Grand Lodge of Ohio, issuing the charter, which contained the following names : Thomas Jay, Joseph L. Wilcox, A. B. Hartman, Thomas Deweese, Charles Shultzbaugh, Thomas J. Line, William Loury, Jonathan Favorite, F. S. Fagan. The first Master of the new lodge was Thomas Jay ; first Senior Warden, Thomas J. Line, and Junior Warden, Charles Shultzbaugh. The present officers are as follows, viz. : Eli Pearson, Jr., W. M. ; M. E. Eidemiller, Senior Warden ; Thomas Hartley, Junior Warden ; Charles Trupp, Treasurer ; Peter Fair, Secretary ; Furnas Kerr, Senior Deacon ; 0. W. Bair, Junior Deacon ; G. 0. Chidister and S. D. Hartman, M. D., Stewards ; Joseph Brump, Tiler. The lodge, at the present time, has seventy working members in good standing They have the next to the largest membership of any secret order in the township, being only excelled by the Odd Fellows. The Masonic Hall is in the third story of the Booher building, a brick structure on north side of Main street. The hall is comfortably furnished, and is owned by the society, which, by the way, is the oldest secret organization of any kind in the township. Tippecanoe Lodge, No. 247, I. O. 0. F.—Was organized May 12, 1854, being, as regards age, the second secret order established in the township. A charter was issued by the Grand Lodge of Ohio to the following persons, viz., D. H. Brinkerhoff, A. H. Wesler, H. H. Darst, George Smith and John Cotral. These persons constituted the first officers of the organization, which has gradually increased in numbers till the present time, when its roll-book shows that the names in good standing are about one hundred, being the largest membership of any secret order in Tippecanoe. They have been ever zealous in good works, as can be testified by the families of many of their number that would have suffered for the necessaries of life, had it not been for this benevolent institution. The lodge holds its deliberations in the upper story of Morrison's Block, in their hall, which is handsomely furnished. The present officers are as follows, viz. : C. C. Chaffee, N. G. ; John C. Collins, V. G. ; Peter Fair, R. Secretary ; Cyrus Shafer, Per. Secretary ; E. A. Jackson, Treasurer • John S. Shafer, W. ; J. T. Bartmass, C. ; Levi Owen, I. G. ; Joseph S. Bishop, 0. G. ; A. M. Hecker, R. S. N. G. ; H. E. Hawver, L. S. N. G. ; Charles Trupp, R. S. V. G. ; Lawrence Gates, L. S. V. G. ; C. D, Hikes, R. S. S. ; Dr. S. D. Hartman, L. S. S. Trustees are Charles Trupp, Joseph S. Bishop and Joseph Brump. Monroe Encampment, I. O. O. F.—Received its charter from the Grand Encampment of Ohio the 15th of June, 1871, with the following charter members, viz. : Joshua H. Horton, William Green, Valentine Pearson, Eli Pearson, Jr., D. L. James, J. H. Martin, Frank Byrkett and Isaac Vanest. The members at the present time are thirty-three in number, showing an increase of twenty-five since the organization of the encampment. The first officers were Joshua H. Horton, C. P. ; Eli Pearson, S. W. ; William Green, H. P. ; John H. Martin, J. W. ; David L. Jones, Scribe. The present officers are John S. Shafer, C. P. ; Joshua H. Horton, H. P. ; Levi Owen, S. W. ; Cyrus Shafer, Scribe ; Charles Trupp, Treasurer ; and C. C. Chaffee, J. W. Deutscher Orden der Harugari—Miami Lodge, No. 67, D. 0. H—Was organized March 28, 1859. They hold their meetings in Morrison's Block, in a neatly furnished hall, which is the property of the society. In order of time, this is the third secret organization in the township. The charter members and first officers 428 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. were as follows : Peter Waiherr, 0. B.: Philip Guckes, U. B. ; Robert Geiger, Sec. ; I. N. Price, Treas. ; Charles Kopp, R. H. 0. B. ; Louis Marguart, L. H. 0. B. ; William Hildebrand, R. H. U. B. ; Fred Huber, L. H. U. B. ; Mathias Guckes, Guide, John Spiess, I. U. Officers installed for 1880 are E. Koetitz, 0. B. ; P. Knorm. U. B. ' • John Born, Treas. ; J. M. Haaga, Sec. Henry Born, R. H. 0. B. ; Herr ; Knochel, L. H. 0. B. ; W. Hergenroether, R. H. U. B. ; Frederick Kettlebrooke L. H. U. B. ; Charles Trupp, Guide ; W. Thorp, I. U. The officers and charter members of Common Council, Royal Arcanum Lodge, No. 270, at its organization, were as follows : H. E. Hawver, Past Regent ; J. A. Kerr, Regent ; A. W. Miles, V. R. ; J. T. Bartmass, Orator; Charles H. Gary, Sec. ; Benjamin F. Rhodehamel, Treas. ; W. C. Robison, Col. ; Rev. D. H. Bauslin, Chaplain ; F. A. Rhodehamel, Guide ; H. A. Galloway, Warden ; Job Clark, Sentry ; S. D. Hartman, M. D., Medical Examiner ; D. McConnaughey, S. Galloway and H. A. Hawver, Trustees ; S. R. Rhodehamel, W. V. Ballord and C. Krise. These constitute the charter members. The lodge at present numbers thirty-one members, with the following officers for 1880: A. W. Miles, Past Regent ; James T. Bartmass, Regent ; D. H. Bauslin, Vice Regent ; H. A. Galloway, Orator ; Charles H. Gary, Secretary • B. F. Rhodehamel, Treasurer ; William C. Robison, Collector ; S. D. Hartman, 4. D., Chaplain ; J. A. Kerr, Guide . George L. Favorite, Warden ; F. C. Merkle, Sentry ; S. D. Hartman, Medical Examiner ; D. McConnaughey, S. Galloway and H. A. Hawver, Trustees. Faithful Temperance League, No. 1.---The foundation of a secret organization of this name was laid in this place the '29th of April, 1880, when a charter was granted to the persons applying for the same, by the Secretary of the State of Ohio. The league meets Friday evening of each week, in Chaffee's Block. The officers and charter members are John C. Collins, President ; Cyrus Shafer, Vice President ; John V. Sullivan, Secretary ; Henry Anglebarger, Treasurer ; John S. Shafer, Sergeant-at-Arms ; Lawrence Gates and Addison Collins, Conductors ; William Furrow, Warden ; S. Vandever, Chaplain ; William Prince, A. G. Hutchins, G. B. Collins, A. J. Bradley, Ed Grant, G. B. Vore, W. Bear, C. L. Hecker, J. A. Cushwa, Robert Baskerville, John J. Denbuer, C. C. Chaffee, B. F. Kauffman, Fred Miller, Frank Clark, Thomas Hartley, Harry Horton, Samuel Deweese. CHURCHES. Methodist Episcopal Church—In all probability dates its origin nearer the beginning of the nineteenth century than any other church in the township now in existence. The first church was a log structure, built in what was then Hyattsville, a small town which has since been incorporated with Tippecanoe. As near as can be ascertained, the church was built in 1820, and was a very rude place of worship. Its huge fireplace made it comfortable in winter, and during the summer the services were quite frequently held in the woods. The old log finally yielded to the more modern brick structure, which was erected upon the same spot about 1840. Among the first preachers, Rev. McPherson is named as being a man of ability. Rutledge is also spoken of as a man of considerable power in protracted meetings. Additions were made to the old brick, and services were held here till 1860, when the present brick was built. Rev. M. Kauffman, the present minister, has a congregation of 200 members, with a Sunday school which has an average attendance of 100 scholars. The parsonage was built in 1879 and 1880, at a cost of $1,300, which has all been paid, and leaves the congregation with no outstanding accounts. Lutheran, Church.—This congregation existed in Monroe Township previous to 1826. At this date, a parcel of ground south of Tippecanoe was deeded to the church for a burial ground and purpose of building a suitable place for worship. Services were held here till about 1839, when, on account of some differences, the congregation divided, and John Ritter donated a house and lot and $2,000 for a parsonage, besides giving largely toward the building of the church. The building was immediately erected, the first brick ever used in Tippecanoe City having HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 429 assisted in its construction. Rev. Link, the first Pastor, served faithfully for ten years, preaching at Hyattsville, Casstown, Vandalia and Stillwater, as well as here. The dedicatory sermon had been preached by Dr. Ezra Keller, First President of Wittenburg College, at Springfield. Link resigning, the vacancy was supplied by Rev. A. H. Anghe, who remained a single year, and was succeeded by J. G. Harris, who served four years. Jacob Schauer came in 1854, and served the congregation till 1861, when Link returned and took charge of the congregation till his death, in 1862. Solomon Weills served as Pastor till 1866, at which time the charge was divided. J. J. Welsh took the charge of Tippecanoe and Casstown till 1873, and was succeeded by J. F. Hershiser, who resigned in 1874, and was succeeded by N. W. Lilly, who left in 1878, and was followed by the present Pastor, D. H. Bauslin. The membership now numbers 100 persons, with a Sunday school which has an average attendance of between fifty and sixty pupils. The German Lutheran Church—Was organized in Tippecanoe City in 1856, with a membership of about twenty persons. Rev. Anker was the first minister who presided regularly over the congregation ; he was succeeded by Rev. John Hinter, who was shepherd to the little flock for seventeen years, resigning in 1875. Rev. A. C ernake was called to the charge, which he has satisfactorily conducted to the present time. Services were held in the English Lutheran Church till 1870, when the members were about thirty in number. About three years ago, the congregation re-organized, purchased a lot on Third street, between German and Walnut, and proceeded to build a home for themselves. A neat frame structure, 30x48 feet, was erected, at a cost of about $1,700, and since that time services have been held here semi-monthly. There are now forty-five members in good standing. Baptist Church.—A meeting was held in the old schoolhouse November 2, 1851, when the few persons of this creed decided to unite their strength and form a Regular Baptist congregation in this place. November 14 of same year, they were made a branch of the church at West Carlisle. The first conference met at the house of Willis Davis, December 21, 1851, at which time the congregation consisted of twelve members. Rev. L. C. Carr presided over the church at this time. The first converts were James Hannum, Jonathan A. Miles, Sarah Miles, Mary E. Ketchum and Sarah R. Wesler, who were baptized February 29, 1852, when many persons in the township witnessed that ceremony for the first time. They separated from the West Carlisle Church August 5, 1852, when they held their services in the Lutheran Church, and in 1856 they worshiped in Morrison Hall. About this time, they purchased the old frame schoolhouse on First street, for $200, put an addition to it, and used the same till two years ago, when it was sold for $400, and is now used as a dwelling. The new brick, 38x58 feet, was commenced in 1878, and will soon be completed, when regular services will again be held. The congregation numbers fifty-one persons. St. J. B. Catholic Church—Existed first as a mission church. The neat brick building, 26x40 feet, was completed October, 1858, at a cost of $2,500, and dedicated by Bishop Rosecrans, of Columbus, Ohio. Rev. Father Hensteger was their first priest, who remained about three years. Rev. Father Menke has presided over the congregation about two years. The connection consists of about twenty families, who have services semi-monthly. The German Reformed Church—Was built in Monroe Township about 1820. Some years afterward, the congregation received a donation of about $900 from Mr Palmer, which was used in enlarging the house. In 1856, the old building was torn down and several denominations united and erected a structure to be used by all denominations, at a cost of-$1,350. It is now occupied only by the Reformed Church. A burying-ground was also laid out near the old church previous to 1820, and the first person interred there was Stephen Dye, a man who figured conspicuously in the affairs of Miami County till his death. The first religious denomination in the township was the Friends, which comprised the families of most of the pioneer settlers in Monroe. The first minister 430 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. was William Neal. They built a log church in Frederick, in 1816, which still stands in the tan-yard in that place: It looks a lonely thing amid the modern structures round about it, and seems to silently speak of ages long gone by, when those old fathers who have been many years in the land of spirits, met within its humble walls, and sent up their weak petitions to the Throne of Him Who doeth all things well. The brick church now standing, was erected in 1850, and here services were held until a few years since, when they ceased to exist here as a separate congregation. TIPPECANOE CITY SCHOOLS. While the place has much reason to boast of the rapidity with which so many improvements have taken place in her corporate limits, as well as the convenience of her business facilities, there is nothing for which she deserves greater praise, or for which she should be more highly lauded than the thoroughness of her public schools, and their kindly influence upon the youth of her town and neighborhood. At the present time, not only every facility for obtaining a substantial education, such as is necessary to transact the every-day business of life, is provided, but, if desirous of so doing, the pupil may go away beyond the fundamentals and become well versed in the classic languages as well as conversant with the unchangeable rules of the higher mathematics. The first schoolhouse in the vicinity of the village was in what was then known as Hyattsville. It was one of the log cabins of the primitive days, furnished with a huge fire-place, both in the front and back of the house. These, heaped high with dry logs of a cold winter,s day, created in the youthful knowledge-seeker, after a tramp of several miles through the snow, sensations by no means disagreeable. Some time after this, another house was erected on what is known as the " Island," a small spot of ground separated from the mainland by a bayou which joined the river, that made quite a bend in this place. The first teacher here was a young man by the name of Gilbert, who afterward became a physician. It was not until March, 1853, that the first Board of Education was elected in this place, which consisted of three members, viz.: John McPherson, L. N. Booher and D. H. Brinkerhoff. In the following April, a tax of $3,000 was levied on the property in the corporation line for school purposes. The house and lot on the Island were sold for $111. The board then purchased some lots on First street, and the first school building in Tippecanoe was rapidly erected. N. L. Perry was the first teacher in the town, who taught for three months, and received for his services $100. The property on First street was sold at auction to A. B. Hartman, for $415, in March, 1854, and steps were immediately taken toward building a more commodious house, to meet the demands of the rapidly increasing population. Mr. Lines donated ground for this purpose on Dow street, between Third and Fourth streets, and a frame building 40x44 feet, two stories high, containing four recitation rooms, was built at a cost of $5,000. I. W. Sawyer, assisted by Misses Wood and Brinkerhoff, was the first Principal. This was used till 1868, when ground was purchased of Jacob Rohrer for $2,000, and the elegant brick structure now in use was built. The main part of the building is 60x80 feet, three stories high, with a tower 108 feet. It contains ten commodious and well-ventilated recitation-rooms, with a hall in the third story, used for commencement exercises, lecturing purposes, etc., 29x58 feet. Prof. James F. Bartmass, principal of the school, has occupied the position since 1875, during which time he has greatly advanced the standard of scholarship. He is this year, 1880, assisted by the following efficient corps of teachers, viz., Misses Humphrey, Hilleary, Billingsley, Cochran and Brump. A regular course of study was laid out in 1878, when the first graduating class of four members received their diplomas. The course at present is seven years in length, beginning in the primary department. The class of 1879 consisted of seven members, while the present class has nine, showing a gradual increase since the course was established. There are three hundred and fifty pupils in the school. HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 431 MANUFACTORIES. Improvements in both the sciences and arts advance so slowly and gradually as to be almost imperceptible to the casual observer. Yet, when we go into any neighborhood in our country and begin to trace the ramifications of the various industrial pursuits back to their origin, we are forced to acknowledge that the works of man not only change) rapidly, but mighty strides are taken in facilitating the modes of labor by which he contributes to the welfare of the age in which he lives, as well as to his own happiness. In comparing the rude machines and tools of our forefathers with the modern and elegant appliances now in use by their progeny, we can hardly realize that only seventy-five years of our history have been, written since these great improvements began. The first mill in Monroe Township was, perhaps, as rude a structure as can well be imagined. It was built, or, rather, burned, for the principal part of the structure was made by burning, in the year 1802, by John Yount. As the preliminary steps were being taken, the most ingenious person would not have suspected his object. The largest beech-tree near his house was selected to form the foundation of the mill. It was cut so as to leave the stump as near level as possible, a fire was then put in the center of the stump, and, by hard labor, a hole, shaped somewhat like the inside of a large bowl, was obtained. The charred surface of the concavity was then scoured and rubbed with sandstone till the charcoal was all removed, and then the most difficult part of the labor was completed. A contrivance was erected over the stump, such as our forefathers used in drawing water from a well, which was called a sweep. Instead of attaching a bucket to one end of the sweep, they fastened a large, round stone, which was placed in such a position that, when lowered, it fell into the burned depression in the stump. Owing to the fact that this simple contrivance could be worked without either steam or water, it possessed one advantage over our more modern mills. The motor power necessary to keep such a machine moving demanded such a wonderful expenditure of muscular activity that it was not to be wondered at that the head of the family felt by no means elated when informed by the good housewife that the flour barrel was empty and it was necessary for him to go to mill. The second mill in the township was built by John Freeman, in 1809, near where Tippecanoe City now stands. It was quite .an improvement over Yount,s concave stump, but still was a rather rude affair, consisting only of a hopper for grinding corn, placed in a shed made of logs. The settlers, for many miles around, came here to mill, so that Mr. Freeman was always busy, and the rattle of the old hopper was heard from early dawn till nightfall. Its clanking has long since ceased, and the memory of the mill only remains in the minds of the few remaining pioneer settlers. Various other small mills were operated in different parts of the township, but none of any importance till Mr. John built his grist-mill in 1840, which has done a prosperous business ever since. An oil-mill was built near Tippecanoe, by Jonathan Favorite and Wesley Roberts, in 1839. The oil-mill was at first only one story high, but has since been increased to three, and has, for many years, been doing quite an extensive business. The malt-house was built in 1854, by Walter Norey, a Scotchman, who subsequently failed in business, and the mill is now operated by a common joint-stock company. George and Edward Smith built their distillery in 1852, and have done a very lucrative business up to the present time. The first malt-house in the township was built by Col. Hutchins about 1852, which was operated till 1877, when it was sold to Mr. Rhodehamel, who carried on the business afterward. Ford & Co.'s wheel factory was established in 1870. The establishment is now owned by a joint-stock company, of which Jacob Rohrer is one of the principal stockholders. They employ constantly about one hundred hands, and, for the size of the place, do a more extensive business than is done by any similar establishment in the State. They have a reputation for sending out good, substantial work, not only in our own land, but also in other countries, as they frequently fill orders for parties beyond the seas. 432 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. The Grape Sugar Factory is now being erected by a common joint-stock company, consisting of about twelve stockholders. This is the only. establish.. ment of the kind in the county, and the company is making preparations for carrying on an extensive business. The buildings are very large, the central one being 40x48 feet, and four stories high another, running north and south from this is 40x125 feet, three stories high, while ile the north wing, running east and west, is 100 feet deep. The whole thing, when completed, will cost about $50,000, The company expect to begin operations about the 1st of August. Trupp, Weakley & Co., builders and contractors, established their firm in 1872, when they put up their buildings, east of the railroad in Tippecanoe City, at a cost of about $6,500, to which they soon added machinery to the value of $10,000. They have been carrying on a very extensive business since they began operating, constantly employing about forty hands making sash, blinds, doors, etc., etc., doing, perhaps, as large a business in their line as any firm in the county. MISCELLANEOUS. Tippecanoe City was incorporated Monday, May 5, 1851, and ,the following officers were elected for that year : viz., Levi N. Booker, Mayor ; E. F. Shields, Recorder ; Thomas Jay, Michael Shellabarger and Henry Krise, Councilmen ; Eli Snell, Marshal ; and I. L. Wilcox, Treasurer. They took the oath of office from A. B. Hartman, J. P. The officers for 1880 are : A. H. Wesler, Mayor ; John K. Herr, Treasurer , Samuel Galloway, Clerk ; David Caries, Marshal ; John Clark, John L. Norris and G. W. Weakley, Councilmen ; Joseph Brump, Street Commissioner. MAILS. The first mail matter coming to Monroe Township stopped at the post office which was then located in Hyattsville. Henry J. Hyatt, was the first Postmaster. He lived in a log cabin with one room, which was used as a dry-goods store, tailor,s shop, post office and dwelling house ; and, as the room was by no means large, it will readily be seen that every part of the house was occupied. The mail was brought from West Charleston once a week, by Kiel Hoagland, a youth of ten summers, who rode a bob-tailed sorrel horse, with a blazed face, by no means as fleet as the one Mazeppa rode. Many years afterward, when the mail-boy reached manhood, he became one of the proprietors of the Royal Baking Powder, manufactured in New York, and is now a millionaire. Perhaps, if he had been told, when trying to make the old sorrel jump the ditch in front of the post office, that the day was coming when he could sit in a cushioned carriage of his own, with his driver in the box, he would not have believed the prediction. Dr. Gilbert became Postmaster in 1851, and was instrumental in having three mails a week instead of one. The post office paid at that time about $15 per year. A. W. Miles, the present Postmaster in Tippecanoe City, receives about $600 per year. TIPPECANOE CITY FIRE DEPARTMENT. A hook and ladder company was organized in 1872, with Charles Trupp, Chief Director, and Daniel B. Davis, Thomas J. Sheets, George L. Favorite and Daniel Argabright, Assistant Directors. The department was re-organized in 1874, when a new engine was purchased at a cost of $7,000. CEMETERIES. Of these there are several in the township, the oldest having been set aside for burial purposes in 1808. The principal one in use at present, lies southwest of Tippecanoe. It was purchased a few years since by a company of stock-holders, of which Jacob Rohrer is President. There are thirty-two acres of ground in the plat, a portion of it already laid off into neat lots, and here quite a number of the early settlers are buried. Thus ends the history of Monroe for the three-quarters of a century that have come and gone. A new era is dawning, the importance of HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 438 which is not paralleled by any precedent. Another page in the book of her existence is being turned, upon the unsullied surface of which remain to be chronicled the deeds of the present generation. Let the works of her people in the present age reach what magnitude they may, they surely cannot excel in importance those of the forefathers, upon whose lives and works, the most apathetic individual cannot meditate without acknowledging them to be " men of thought and men of action," who did well the work that was given them to do. Fredericktown—(Fidelity P. O.)—Situated partly in Union Township, received its name from Frederick Yount, one among the earliest settlers of the township. Ginghamsburg—A village of but secondary importance, is situated in the southern part of the township, contains a few dwellings, and also one or two places where goods of various descriptions are bought and sold. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP AND THE CITY OF PIQUA. BY DR. G. VOLNEY DORSEY.* Washington Township, the smallest in size, though the wealthiest and most populous of the townships of Miami County, is situated on the western side of the Great Miami River, and, numbering from the west, is the second in the northern tier of townships in the county. It is bounded on the north by Shelby County, on the east by the townships of Spring Creek and Staunton, on the south by Concord and Newton, and on the west by Newberry. The surface is undulating in the eastern and southern portions, but flat in the western part. The soil is very fertile, especially on the bottoms adjoining the river, and on the flat lands of the west, which are deeply covered with a black vegetable mold, forming, when drained, an exceedingly productive and durable farming land. The southern portion, in the vicinity of the Miami, has fine quarries of an excellent quality of limestone, which is extensively used throughout the northwestern part of the State, and also in the neighboring counties of Indiana. The portion of this township around the old Indian towns, known commonly as Upper Piqua, was among the earliest settlements of the State, and hence the Indian history, as well as that of the early white settlements, is full of very interesting details which are rapidly passing away. This history is very largely indeed an unwritten one, and as such, much of it has perished with the actors and their immediate descendants, while the scanty materials which remain are daily passing away, with the lives of those who, holding them only by oral. tradition, have too frequently neglected to put them in any durable shape. They are scattered over the country in the memories of the few settlers of townships and neighborhoods who came in in the early days, and they must be separately and laboriously gathered for some hand to unite, in time, into a more complete and continuous narrative. Local history is not only interesting in itself, but it is valuable as a record of the past, which is the foundation of a present and future. Facts connected with the early history of a village or township, often have an important bearing on events in which the whole county is concerned, and, through these, may reach even to a higher importance. To secure these passing facts, which are being so rapidly lost beyond the possibility of recovery, is the object of the present work. Washington Township is particularly noted as one of the most celebrated of the Indian locations in the Northwestern Territory. Here was the last home of the red man in the county, and here were the earliest white settlements. The Shawanese villages, known in the early history of the West as the Twighteewee Towns, celebrated in the early border warfare, and where prisoners were generally brought when captured by these Indians, in their raids on the white settlements in Kentucky and Western Virginia, were located about two miles higher up the Miami River than the site of the present city of Piqua, at what is usually called * Dr. Dorsey'e history concludes with article on Stone Quarries. 434 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. Upper Piqua. It was here that Fort Piqua, long a British post of some impor- tance, was built. This fort was located after the capture of Fort Du Quesne by the English, and formed one of the most westerly of the British points of defense. It was afterward used as a place of deposit for provisions and supplies for our armies when engaged in Indian warfare in the West, and was especially serviceable to Gen. Wayne when he marched through this county to chastise the Indians after the unfortunate defeat of Gen. St. Clair at Fort Recovery in the present county of Mercer. The last commander of this post was Capt. I. N. Vischer, in 1794. After this time, it was almost entirely abandoned, and it was finally dismantled and the materials removed. The last battle of the French wars, and indeed the last encounter of any importance between the French and English forces in North America, was fought at Upper Piqua (as the fort and grounds in its vicinity have come to be designated), on a part of the farm now known as the Col. John Johnston farm, just above the mouth of Swift Run, on the plat of ground lying to the right of the St. Mary,s turnpike, where it winds around the hill after crossing the creek. From eight hundred to one thousand European troops were engaged on each side with large bodies of Indians, the French being aided by the Miamis, Wyandots and Ottawas, and the English by the Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas and others. Col. John Johnston used frequently to relate the fact that he had been told by the Indian chief Cornstalk, who remembered well the scenes of the battle, though then only a boy, but present then with his tribe, the Shawnees ; it began, he said, at sunrise, on a warm day in June, and continued until it became dark in the evening. The French were finally defeated, and retreated toward Detroit, or more probably toward Vincennes, but never made a stand afterward in the county. Many persons now living remember well that bullets and cannon balls, occasionally a sword or bayonet, and sometimes the old and rusted barrel of a musket, were plowed up in cultivating these grounds, for many years after they were brought under the entire control of the white settler. Upper Piqua was the headquarters of the Shawnees as long as they remained in the Miami country, but was finally abandoned, when they went north to Wapakoneta. Before their removal, however, to the West, beyond the Mississippi, they came down in a body to the old grounds, and remained several days in the neighborhood of their former homes, and several members of the tribe since their removal when visiting the East, have turned aside to look again on the honored and well-remembered spot. Piqua in the Shawnees tongue signifies " ashes," and the legend, as related by the Indians, is, that long years before the white man came, they burned a captured enemy on the site of their town, and, when the body was reduced to cinders, they saw suddenly the form of a man rising from the funeral pile, and standing erect before them. Struck with astonishment at the vision, they exclaimed, " Otatha-he-wagh-piqua," " He has come out from the ashes "—and from that time the name of the town was called " Piqua." The late George C. Johnston, Esq., who was for many years a trader with the Shawnees, and was adopted into their tribe and spoke their language perfectly, is the authority for this history. The name thus continues to hand down to succeeding generations the language and tradition of the red man, who is so rapidly disappearing from among us. Washington Township was organized with its present limits in 1814, but several years before that time a settlement and village were commenced on the present site of Piqua. A man named Job Gard, who accompanied Wayne's army to Greenville in the capacity of a sutler, returned after a time to the old fort at Upper Piqua, and remained there until it was broken up and the works destroyed. He then, having gathered up a portion of the wood and iron used in its construction, removed with it lower down the river, and located himself at what was then called, from the eastern detour of the river, Piqua Bend. Here he built a cabin and made what was then called an improvement, which usually meant clearing off a patch of ground and surrounding it with a worm fence. This was about the year HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. - 435 1798. Long before this, however, portions of the land in and about the Bend were cultivated by the Indians in corn, but no white man had yet made his home on them. In 1799, John Manning bought the improvement of Gard and occupied it for several years. It was located on what is now the east side of Harrison street, toward the south end of the street, and extended a short distance down the hill, then much more considerable than it now appears, and stretched along the river bank, on what is now Water street. Settlers now began to come in slowly, and, as a protection against the Indians, their cabins were placed somewhat closely together. It was not long before the families began to desire something better than the hand-mill, usually operated by a lever attached to a sweep, not much unlike the old well-sweeps which can still occasionally be seen in the country. These hand-mills and the primitive hominy mortars, made by hollowing out the log of a good-sized tree, were the main sources of supply of farinaceous food for the early inhabitants of the West, but, as numbers increased, all began to wish for something better. Accordingly, about the spring of the year 1804, Manning commenced the erection of a mill on the Miami, near the south end of what is now Harrison street, and perhaps two hundred yards east of the present steam flouring mill now standing on the south side of Water street. This was the first mill in this section of the country. John Manning and Matthew Caldwell entered the land on which the town of Piqua stands, and also considerable tracts in the immediate vicinity, and, on the 29th day of June, 1807, Armstrong Brandon began the work of laying out the town plat on their lands. Brandon was subsequently connected with the original proprietors in the ownership of the town plat. In this year Piqua consisted of seven houses, all built of logs, and owned and occupied by John Manning, Edward Manning, Alexander Ewing, Benjamin Leaven, Arthur Brandon, Nathaniel Whitcomb and Joseph Porquette. All these houses were built on that part of Water street now lying east of the canal, and on the south end of Main street, in the vicinity of the Lock Mill and the railroad. Ewing opened the first tavern in a house standing on the west side of Main street, below the railroad, and very near the present location of Benkert's saddler shop. On the opposite side of the street was the cabin of Joseph Porquette. At that time, there was quite a broad strip of land between the east side of the street mad the river bank, since occupied by the canal, the railroad, and the west end of the river bridge. This was claimed by Porquette. Ewing was a trader, and, in addition to his tavern, had a few articles of traffic which he sometimes exchanged with the Indians for skins and furs. As the village grew, the consumption of liquor very naturally increased, and Porquette kept some whisky also on his side of the street, which was not a little frequented, from the fact that the first blacksmith shop stood hard by, and hence it happened that occasionally little disturbances arose in this vicinity, somewhat to the disgust of the good and sober people in the other houses, and as the numbers year by year increased, and these out-breaks became mor marked and frequent, Porquette's little piece of ground was at length called by the distinctive appellation of the " Devil's Half-acre," that it might be known that this was all the territory to which it was believed His Satanic Majesty could rightfully lay claim within the limits of the town. This name continued for many years, and it was only after the larger portion of the ground was buried in the canal and the evil spirit probably laid beneath its waters, that the name was lost, and is now only remembered by a few of the old inhabitants. There was no post office until 1811, when a weekly post-route was extended from Dayton. Arthur Brandon was the first Postmaster, receiving his commission from President Madison. He was succeeded after a few years by William Johnston. The first Trustees elected after the organization of the township before noticed in 1814, were John Widney, Benjamin Brandon and William Mitchell. The latter, and his brother Robert, came from Tennessee several years before, and were the first settlers in the township outside of the boundaries of the village. The first Justice of the Peace in the township was Matthew Caldwell. In those days there was little litigation ; the early settlers lived quietly and peaceably, neighbors 436 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. settled their smaller difficulties by the advice and counsel of friends of the parties, and when more serious troubles occurred, which could not be adjusted in this way it was- not unusual, to decide the matter by a physical encounter, in which the longest arms and the most ponderous blows demonstrated the possessor of the most rightful acuse. The village continued to increase' growing up with the influx of inhabitants into the surrounding country. In 1820, there were already about four hundred inhabitants, and in 1830, nearly seven hundred. As early as 1823, an act of incorporation was granted by the General Assembly of the State, in which it is stated that " the householders in the town of Piqua, in the county of Miami, having complied with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly, entitled 'An act to provide for the incorporation of towns,' and having filed in the office of the Secretary of State,,the documents required by the above-recited act, etc." This act of incorporation bears date January 7, 1823; and has the signature of Jeremiah McLene, then Secretary of State, and the old grand seal of the State of Ohio affixed The town is therein described as " situate on the western bank of the Great Miami River, and was originally laid out by John Manning and Matthew Caldwell, and includes a part of fractional Sections 17 and 18, in Township No. 6 east, First Meridian, comprising one hundred and one lots, and containing in said original plat fifty-two acres, which said plat was recorded on the records of the county of Miami, on the 28th day of August, 1807, and also an addition thereto called the North Addition, which was laid out by Enos Manning and Charles Murray, which said last-mentioned plat was recorded in the Recorder's office, of the county aforesaid, on the 10th day of July, 1816, and consists of fifty-three lots, being part of fractional Section No. 17, Township No. 6 and Range No. 6 east, First Meridian. The whole of said town as contained on and represented by said plats, is bounded by the Great Miami River on the north, by the lands of Charles Murray and Manning on the east, by the Great Miami River and lands of William Johnston on the south, and by the lands of John Campbell, Matthew Caldwell and John Kyte on the west, which said town was originally named and called Washington, but was afterward, by an act of the Legislature of this State, changed to Piqua, by which name it is now known and called." The original of these Letters of Incorporation," is now in possession of Dr. Dorsey, and is preserved at the Citizens' National Bank, of Piqua. In the winter of 1832-33, the General Assembly of Ohio passed an act extending the Miami & Erie Canal, which already reached from Cincinnati to Dayton, from the latter point to Piqua, a distance of thirty miles. In the spring of 1834, the surveys having been made and the line generally located, the letting of the various sections was advertised, and during the summer the work was put under contract. An immediate impetus was given to the growth of the village, which it was well understood would become for a time the head of navigation, so soon as the canal should be completed. Several hundred Irish and German laborers were soon at work in the town and vicinity, north and south, for it was necessary to carry the canal nearly four miles to the north of the town, to the State dam on the river, where the supply of water was to be obtained. Contractors on the north end of the line made their headquarters at Piqua. Bodies of engineers flocked into the town, estimates were paid every sixty or ninety days, and the population in a single year ran up to more than fifteen hundred. Business of all kinds also increased very largely, and the little village of a few years before, assumed all the appearances of a busy, growing and prosperous town. In the summer of 1837 the work was completed, the water was turned into its new channel, and the first canalboat, an old hulk which had been brought up on wheels from Dayton, or somewhere in the vicinity, was floated on the waters on the 4th day of July of that‘year. The entire and successful navigation of the canal was soon established. Freight boats and a line of packets for travel were making regular trips. Th( town and the entire neighboring country felt the effects of the large increase of business and travel, and Piqua, as the head of navigation on the canal, was the most HISTORY OF. MIAMI COUNTY - 437 important town in Northwestern Ohio. This continued for nearly seven years befero canal was extended and completed through to the lake at Toledo. During all these years, Piqua enjoyed the trade of all the northwest of Ohio, and much of Eastern and Northeastern Indiana. The heavy goods for all this region of country were brought here by water, and conveyed thence by wagons to their destined places of sale. A very large portion of the products• of all the same country poured in here also for shipment on the canal. No railroads, as yet, traversed the land, and the Southern market was still the point to which the produce of the Great West slowly wended its way. Towns that have now grown to importance through the aid of great railroad facilities, were then dependent on wagon transportation for all their supplies, and Richmohd, Fort Wayne, St. Mary's, Lima and all their surroundings, naturally drew to Piqua as the nearest point where the heavy and cumbrous carriage on very bad roads could be changed for the easy and comparatively rapid transportation of the canal. In 1844, when the canal was opened to the lake for business, Piqua had already grown to be a town of nearly five thousand inhabitants. Since that time the growth has been less rapid, but it has still gone forward. Railroads have cut off much of the trade from the more distant towns, but the increased population and wealth of the fertile Miami Valley, one of the best tracts of land in the world, and teeming with everything that can conduce to the comfort and happiness of men, have still enabled the young city to go forward in its career of prosperity, with scarcely a step backward, save in those seasons of commercial and financial depression which have been so severely felt throughout our country. At various times since the organization of the county, Piqua has desired and has made vigorous attempts to secure the location of the county seat in her corporate limits. Having been always much the largest and wealthiest town in the county, it was believed that the real interests of the county would be subserved by the removal of the business of the whole .county to this place. And there is no doubt that at various times, could the voice of the people have controlled the location of the seat of justice, its place would have been at Piqua. But the completion of the county buildings at Troy has, for a time at least, and perhaps forever, settled that much-vexed question. For years past, Piqua has been turning her attention to the increase of her manufactures as the surest means of securing an increase . of population and wealth. There are very few points in the State, where the efforts of the people in this direction have been crowned with more complete success. Her extensive and inexhaustible stone quarries supply her with the best possible material for building ; her railroads have opened the way for the easy access of all the coal necessary for steam machinery, and iron is also brought in abundance and at cheap rates. V The river and canal afford a good supply of water-power ; but, perfectly aware that yet more was necessary to insure the necessary facilities for increased machinery, the people in 1865 conceived the idea of constructing an hydraulic canal, which would not only afford an ample supply of water for domestic purposes and for the suppression of fires in every part of the town, but would also afford a large amount of additional power for manufacturing purposes. This canal is taken out from the Miami & Erie Canal, at Lockport, in Shelby County,sbelow the entrance of the Sidney feeder, and more than four miles to the north of Piqua, brought across the Loramie River, and, passing along the western border of the town, finds its way again to the canal at the south end of the corporation. The fall from the point, of exit at Lockport to its entrance into the main canal at Piqua is fifty-two feet. The supply of water is abundant ; there are several small reservoirs on the line, and one two miles above Piqua covering about sixty-five acres. These act as important feeders, adding a valuable supply of water, in addition to that derived from the State. There are already on the hydraulic, a large paper-mill, one of the largest oil-mills in the State, and another paper-mill and straw-board manufactory to be erected during the present year. The supply of water for all domestic purposes is abundant, and is afforded at a very moderate cost. Our citizens avail themselves freely of this luxury in the summer-time, keeping their dooryards. 438 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. and pavements well sprinkled, as well as the streets throughout the city, freeing us from the dust so prevalent in most of the towns in the State. The pressure afforded by the fall alone is quite sufficient to carry the water to all points and to the uppermost stories of the houses for domestic purposes, and, in case of a fire, a telegraphic communication is arranged from the City Hotel office to the water-house, at the west end of North street, when an additional pressure is put on, sufficient to carry streams of water four inches in diameter to the roofs of the highest buildings The water-works are returning a good income to the city, and the cost of running them does not exceed $150 per year. The gas works of the city were erected in 1854, by R. T. Coverdale, Esq. who took one-half the stock, the balance being taken by ten citizens of the town. The works have been successful and remunerative. The original stock was bough, up by A. G. Conover and Joseph G. Young, and, on the death of these gentlemen' the stock of Mr. Conover was purchased by Mr. Spinning, of Dayton, who, with the estate of J. G. Young, still carries on the works. Many of the large houses and manufacturing establishments are lighted by the gas machine, patented and manufactured by John Stafford, of this city, which is highly successful, and its claimed to furnish a cheaper light than is afforded by the gas company. The streets of the city, though unfortunately rather narrow, have been carefully improved, a good system of sewerage has been gradually introduced, and few cities of the second class in the State can boast of cleaner or smoother streets for driving. The paving of the sidewalks is, in many places, very rough, having been laid down at an early day with small and irregular surface flagging, serving only the purpose of lifting the passengers from the mud, but being by no means agreeable for walking, but on Main street this has been almost wholly replaced by smooth and well jointed paving-stones, taken from the neighboring quarries, and the same improvement is being gradually carried out on the other streets. Piqua is well supplied with railroads. The great east-and-west road, the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway, passes directly through the town, making travel in both these directions exceedingly convenient. New York, Washington and the Eastern cities are reached in twenty-four hours' time. without change of cars, while Chicago and St. Louis are brought within a few hours' travel, and-all Western cities are readily reached. The Dayton & Michigan road crosses the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis railway, just on the eastern side of the town, and furnishes easy communication to the north and south. Our people go to Cincinnati in less than four hours, allowing sufficient time for attending to business and returning the same day. These means of carriage, together with the Miami & Erie Canal, give great facilities for the transportation of all the products of the country, hence Piqua is the center of a very large grain trade. Stone and lime are carried very extensively in all directions. The inhabitants of Piqua have never ceased to value the great advantages of canal transportation, They have ever regarded the Miami & Erie Canal as one important source of their wealth and prosperity ; and, while in many parts of the State a willingness and even an anxiety has been manifested to abandon our canals, the people in Piqua, in common with nearly all the inhabitants living in the vicinity of this important line, have stood up bravely and faithfully, for the maintenance of these important works. We are glad to see that this sentiment is beginning again to be strong and popular in the State. For years, the people on this line have been obliged to resist attempts at hostile legislation in the General Assembly, but they have always been found at the post of duty, and are now beginning to see evident effects of their long and continuous struggles. The Miami & Erie Canal Association has been very largely instrumental in producing this change of feeling in the people. Their careful and steady opposition to all measures tending to the injury of our canals, and the publications which they have laid year by year before the members of the Legislature, and distributed freely through HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 441 the State, have awakened the people to the importance of caring for these works and preserving them for the benefit of all the inhabitants. These works have long since paid the State for their construction. They have increased its wealth by hundreds of millions of dollars, and, under proper management, will always not only keep up all their own expenses, but will also pay no inconsiderable revenue into the State Treasury. The officers of the Miami & Erie Canal Association are G. Volney Dorsey, of Piqua, President ; Emanuel Schultz, of Miamisburg, Vice President ; J. C. Richardson, of Glendale, Secretary ; and Thomas Fox, of Lock-land, Treasurer. The Executive Committee, G. V. Dorsey, Piqua ; C. H. Wardlaw, Middletown ; W. P. Huffman, Dayton ; Henry Pearce, Cincinnati ; Charles King, Toledo ; Adam Wilhelm, Defiance ; Samuel Blair, Cincinnati ; Philip V. Herzing, St. Mary's ; Richard Slawson, Piqua. The Legislative Committee, Stephen Johnston, W. J. Jackson and J. F. McKinney, whose duty required them to meet the unfriendly legislation by statistics and agreements presented to the Standing Committees on Public Work in the Legislature of Ohio, which duties have been discharged by them with ability and success, defeating all attempts to cripple or injure the canals of the State by legislation. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. From the date of incorporation among the towns of the State, in 1823, up to 1850, Piqua was governed under the :act of the General Assembly regulating such corporations, but, on the 19th of March, in the year 1850, it was incorporated as a city of the second class, and Stephen Johnston, Esq., was elected Mayor. The first City Council convened April 9, 1850, and the members were Patrick Scully, James Noland, Rankin Walkup and-Henry Rouser. The first City Marshal was Samuel B. Garvey. The same number of wards has been continued up to the present time, with only slight changes in their several boundaries. Two members of Council are now elected from each ward. The present Mayor is George Dettmer, Esq. ; City Marshal, John Frantz ; City Clerk, James Hatch ; City Solicitor, W. D. Jones, Esq. President of Council, Henry Flesh, Esq. Members : First Ward, H. Flesh, W. H. Harbaugh ; Second Ward, Amos Abele, John F. Hemsteger ; Third Ward, G. N. Ziegenfelder, William McWilliams ; Fourth Ward, William P. Orr, Howard Scudder. Street Commissioner, W. B. Segner. SCHOOLS. The earliest settlers, coming as they did from Pennsylvania or from some of the Southern or Slave States, knew nothing of the common-school system. However, they were generally persons of a moderate degree of culture, and, in a few instances, very well educated. As soon as the most pressing wants of providing for actual subsistence and shelter were properly attended to, they began to realize the importance of looking after the training and education of the younger members of their families. The first schoolhouse was built in 1809, outside of the then limits of the town and near the present corner of Main and Young streets, and the first teacher was Isaac Hendershott. The early appliances for the accommodation of scholars were of the rudest and most economical description ; benches of plank or puncheons—that is, broad slabs split or hewn from the trunk of a tree—served for seats ; they were without backs, supported on four clumsily formed legs, let into the seat by holes bored with an auger, and so high that the feet of the smaller scholars generally hung dangling little more than half way to the floor. The writing-tables used by the larger and more advanced pupils were planks also, fastened with wooden hinges to the log walls, enabling them to be let down when not in actual use. These composed the entire school furniture, but the instruction was substantial, And good men and women came forth from these early centers of learning prepared to do their duty bravely and well in the great battle of life. It was not until 1818 that a brick building of small size was erected on the public square, dignified with the more pretentious name of a seminary, and where more thorough and systematic instruction was given. The first instructor was 442 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. Rev. John P. Finley. The same building was frequently used for church purposes by various denominations of Christians, particularly by the Methodists, who had yet no church building of their own, and men of note and ability, such as William Raper, James and John Finley, and Henry T. Bascom, afterward President of Augusta College, Kentucky, and one of the greatest pulpit orators of the West, gave there earnest and pure religious discourses to enlighten and guide these early pioneers. No system of common public schools was organized until about 1850, when a Board of Education was elected, under what was then called the Massillon law of the State. Three district schoolhouses were erected, one for the north, one for the east and one for the south portion of the town, and a regular system of schools was commenced. These houses were of small size, having a single room below and above, with a small hall or entry attached to each ; they were deemed, however, sufficient for the wants• of the time, and served a good purpose for several years ; they have now all disappeared, and are remembered only among the things of the past, and their places are supplied by the excellent and really elegant buildings of the ward schoolhouses, which, particularly in the north and south districts, are an honor and ornament to the town. In 1854, after much discussion and no inconsiderable opposition among the citizens, it was determined to erect a high-school building, and introduce a regular system of graded schools. The committee appointed from the Board of Education to select a site for the house and to superintend its erection, consisted of G. Volney Dorsey, President, and William Scott, Treasurer, of the Board. After careful examination, two acres of ground were purchased, in the western part of the town, from Matthew Caldwell, Esq., and the present high school was built. The plan of construction, so far as regards the internal arrangements, was modeled on a comparison of what were then the three best school buildings in the State—those of Massillon, Columbus and Lebanon—and the building, when completed, was, considered one of the very best at that time in the State. Many far superior have since been erected, but, at that time, the Piqua.High School was considered as unequaled in the excellence of its arrangements for the accommodation of both teachers and scholars. The first teacher and Superintendent was A. G. Chambers, Esq., of Miami University, to whose judgment, activity and energy in organizing and putting the schools in operation, is due much of the success which has since attended them. The present Superintendent, Mr. C. W. Bennett, of the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware has been for several years at the head of the schools, and is known throughout the State as an able and successful educator. He is supported by a very able corps of assistants, among whom should be mentioned Miss Mary Hall, Principal of the Female Department, and Mr. C. F. Wilder, at the head of the Grammar School. The Board of Education consists of G. Volney Dorsey, PresidentF. Hardy, Secretary ; and Messrs. John D. Shannon, J. F. Hummel, Jennison all and Simon- Anderson. The School Examiners for the city are Rev. Lyman Fisher, C. W. Bennett and G. Volney Dorsey. Great care is taken to employ only thoroughly competent teachers. The course of instruction is thorough, and no better scholars are made at any of the high schools of the State than are graduated at Piqua. Much of the marked success of our public schools, is to be attributed to the fact that the citizens of the town have always manifested great interest in their welfare. The school examinations and exhibitions, the graduating exercises, and the literary entertainments of the societies connected with the schools, have 'been liberally patronized by the best citizens and ladies of the town, and every encouragement has been extended to students to endeavor to reach a high standard of excellence. The course of study in the high school embraces, in addition to the English branches, Latin and German, and a scientific course is also given for those desiring to graduate without entering on classical studies. This course is quite largely patronized by young men from the surrounding country, and from many of the neighboring towns. Drawing is taught by a competent instructor, and many of the pupils have made commendable progress, and give decided indications of HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 443 possessing artistic talent. It is also intended to introduce music as a part of the regular course. CHURCHES. Piqua has been long noted for the number and excellence of its churches. Very few places of the same size present so many attractions to those wishing to locate in a thoroughly moral and church-going community. The denomination which was the first to occupy the field by the erection of a place of worship, was the United Presbyterians, who, as early as 1816, built a log church in the south part of the town. Prior to this time, religious services had been held in the houses erected for schools, sometimes in the homes of the early settlers, and not unfrequently in the open air, under the 'spreading branches of the leafy groves, which were " God,s first temples." The first minister appointed in this church was Rev. Dyer Burgess, a gentleman of decided talent, though somewhat eccentric in manners. He succeeded in laying the foundations of a flourishing congregation, which still continues to occupy a leading and influential position among the religious divisions of the city. This house, which occupied the lot on the southeast corner of Downing and Sycamore streets,was replaced in 1837, by a neat brick building erected under the ministry of Rev. James Porter, of Miami University, who filled the pulpit for several years with acceptance and ability. Another and larger building has since been erected on Downing street, between Green and Ash streets, and the pulpit is now occupied by Rev. John H. Brown. The families of the Campbells, Wileys, Pattersons, Gillespies and Sawyers, are among the oldest and most widely extended of the membership of this church. The Methodists first occupied the seminary in the public square as a place of worship, but in 1825, they built a small brick church on Spring street, between Ash and High streets, on ground now lying on the east side of the canal. Here they continued to worship until 1836, when a larger building was erected at the southeast corner of Wayne and Green streets, now known as the Green Street Church. Under the pastoral care of Rev. Granville Moody, this building was entirely remodeled, and so much improved as to become one of the finest, churches in the county, occupied by a very large and wealthy congregation, embracing many of the leading citizens of the town. A very large and flourishing Sunday school is connected with the church, conducted in such manner as to render it both attractive and instructive ; the music is very fine, both vocal and instrumental, and a large number of young persons are to be found who date their earliest religious impressions from the lessons here given, and still find their moral sentiments strengthened by the exercises in which they are every week engaged. The present minister is Rev. Mr. Cassatt ; the Superintendent of the Sunday school, Mr. Joshua W. Shipley. The church has an excellent organ, and a large and well-instructed choir of singers. To the energy and ability or Mr. Shipley much of the excellence of the music as well as the success of the Sunday school is attributable. Another flourishing Methodist Church is situated on Water street, between Coldwater and Downing streets, known as Grace Church. Rev. James Stevenson is the present minister in charge. This congregation, an offshoot of the Green Street Church, located themselves first on Wayne street, south of the railroad, in the house now occupied by the German Reformed Church; but, finding their numbers rapidly increasing, they determined to remove to what was deemed a better location, and chose their present site, as being more in the center of population in the city. They have a very handsome frame building, a good Sunday school and an active working congregation. Many of the oldest citizens of Piqua are active members of the Methodist Church, among whom may be named J. M. Chevers, Henry Kitchen, Samuel Petit, William R. Crosier and Stephen Widney; while among those who have resided a less number of years in the city, but are known as prominent members, may be mentioned the families of the Shipleys, Dr. C. S. Parker, the Bowdles, Bennetts, Zollingers, Crons, Rhodehamels, Woods, Halls, etc. 444 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY The Old School Presbyterians had their first church on Wayne street, south of Sycamore, on what is now called the old cemetery lot, a brick building erected in 1830. Rev. James Coe was the first minister, a man still deservedly held in high esteem by many of the old members of the congregation. Under the pastorate of Rev. John A. Meeks, the present church was built, on the southeast corner of Wayne and Ash streets, about the year 1844. It has undergone many excellent improvements, and is now one of the best churah buildings in the city. A fine organ, said to be the largest in the city, a flourishing Sunday school and a numerous and zealous congregation give a foundation rendering this one of the strongest denominations in the county. It is commonly known as the First Presbyterian. The Second Presbyterian Church, under the name of the 'New School Presbyterian, was erected a few years later, also on Wayne street, between Green and Ash. The first minister was Rev. Mr. Graves, who was succeeded by several excellent and able men, and the congregation was, for many years, large and flourishing ; but, in the union of these two divisions of the Presbyterian body in 1876, this congregation, under their own Pastor, Rev. J. Thompson, passed into the'Old School, and united their strength, under his leadership, with their brethren of this church. Mr. Thompson still continues as the minister of the united Church, and is considered an able and acceptable Pastor. This union contributed much to the strength of the church, which stands among the first in the city in every good work. Among the earliest members of this church, and those who did much in forming its character and placing it on a stable foundation, were the Elliotts, Adamses Meekers,' Statlers, Youngs, McKees, Mortons, Sages, Mitchells and Lay- mans. game of these families have almost or quite passed away; in some, the younger branches are found connected with other churches, but the .work laid out by their fathers still remains firm and steadfast. The Baptists erected their first church in 1830, on Ash street, between Spring and Harrison, where they continued to worship uptil 1848, when they erected their present house on High street, near Wayne. Many able men have occupied their pulpit, among whom may be mentioned Revs. John L. Moore, John E. Thomas and David E. Thomas, Mr. Osborne, Dr. Shephardson, and the present' excellent minister, Rev. Lyman Fisher. A few years ago, a portion of the con- gregation separated from the old church, and erected a new and handsome building on Ash street, west of Broadway, where they have since continued to worship, sometimes employing a minister regularly, and at other times dependent on supplies obtained from neighboring churches. They have, therefore, now two good houses of worship; but the congregation, in their divided state, being weak, it would seem, would do well to imitate their Presbyterian brethren and unite their strength in one fold and under one pastor. The leading families among the old members and founders of this church are the Hilliards, Manniugs, Blues, McCamp bells, Garvey-s, ,Drakes and Cavins. St. James' Parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church was organized about the year 1820, under the supervision of Rev. E. Johnson, of Cincinnati, who, in connection with Rev. Mr. Allen, of Dayton, held services whenever they were able to attend to the wants of the congregation. Col. John Johnston, of Upper Piqua, who was an active member of the church, was appointed a lay reader, and frequently served the parish in this capacity when the services of a regular minister could not be obtained. The first building for worship was erected on the corner of North and Spring streets, a small but handsome brick church, built in 1825, well finished, and supplied with a bell donated by friends of the church in Ireland. The lot was given by a Mr. Murray, a member of the Roman Catholic Church and an Irishman. It was to be held by the parish so long as it was occupied by a church, but, failing to be so used, was to revert to him or his heirs. This took place when the present church was erected on Wayne street, near High. The first Rector regularly installed over the parish was Rev. Alvah Guyon, who entered on his charge in 1830 and continued until 1842. Several excellent and able men HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 445 have officiated in the rectorship of this church, among whom were Rev. Richard S. Killin, Rev: Chauncey Fitch, D. D., Rev. Henry Payne, Rev. Wyllys Hall and Rev. Henry L. Badger. The present Rector is Rev. J. H. Benton. The parish owns a neat parsonage immediately south of the church edifice. Among the old families of the church, we find the very widely extended name of the Johnstons, embracing no less than six distinct though related families' the Greenhams, McCorkles, Judge M. G. Mitchell, the Morrows, Scott, Chapeze, Adams, O'Ferrall, and others among the most prominent and active of the early citizens. The German Lutherans have a large and very handsome church building on the corner of Green and Downing streets. They form a large, intelligent, and wealthy congregation, have a good Sunday school, show the German devotion to music by the fine organ in their church, and their love of Fatherland by having services entirely in their native tongue. The United Brethren have a small church on Broadway, near High street, with an active and faithful congregation. The German Episcopal Methodists have also a small frame church at the south end of Wayne street, and maintain a thorough organization. The Roman Catholic Church erected their first church in Piqua, St Mary's Church, about 1840, on the southwest corner of Broadway and North streets, a very handsome and well-finished building, with a good parsonage attached ; and, immediately opposite, on the east side of Broadway, this church has a,n excellent school, conducted by the Sisters of Charity, who are known as very efficient teachers. This is now known as the Irish Church, while the German Catholics have a large and fine church, St. Bonifacius, erected in 1864, on Downing street, south of the railroad, together with an excellent house, formerly occupied by the Brothers of the church, but now used as a parsonage. A schoolhouse and Sisters house, on Adams street, a short distance west of the church, belong also to the German church, which has a large and wealthy congregation. The present Pastor of the Irish Church, or St. Mary's, is Father Henry ; the Pastors of St. Bonifacius are Father Fischer and Father Wiederhalt. The Jews have a congregation also, which, though not numerous, is composed of some of the best and most active business men of the city. They have a room used as a synagogue in the building of Mr. Aaron Friedlich, on the northwest corner of the public square on Main street. SOCIETIES. The " Piqua Female Bible Society " was organized in 1817, under the leadership of several excellent and benevolent ladies connected with the various churches of the town. It is one of the oldest of the auxiliaries of the American Bible Society, which came into existence only one year previous to its formation in 1816. The first President was Mrs. Rachel Johnston. and among the early members we recognize the names of Mrs. McLean, Mrs. McCorkle, Mrs. Morrow, Mrs. Widney, Mrs. Campbell, and others of the oldest settlers of the town and township. Mrs. Johnston continued to officiate until her death, in 1840, when Mrs. Eliza Petit, the present President, was chosen her successor, who, for forty years, has faithfully attended to all the duties of her office, and has kept the society active in the prosecution of its great and glorious work. The Masonic Order has very fine rooms in the third story of the large building on the southwest corner of the public square. The order was early introduced into the town, while yet only a small village, and Warren Lodge was established about 1835. Ward Lodge was established several years later ; both occupied the same hall for many years, and have finally been united as one body. A large and elegant Chapter is also in the same building. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has two large and well attended lodges, and, as a beneficiary institution, exerts a widely extended influence for good. Their hall is in the upper story of the town house, in the public square. There are also several other orders or societies actively engaged in benevolent 446 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. work in the city—the Very Ancient Order of Druids, the Benevolent' Order of St. Patrick, connected with the Roman Catholic Church, and also the Order of the Royal Arcanum which meets in Odd Fellows' Hall. The Young Men's Christian Association has been organized for several years. They have excellent rooms in the basement of the opera house building—a reading room and library, and an active membership exerting a very decided influence for good among the young men of the city. The reading-room is open every day, and also in the evening, is well supplied with newspapers and periodicals, and affords a most excellent place of resort to those who desire to spend an hour in reading or examining books or papers. NEWSPAPERS. The first paper published in Miami County was issued at Piqua, July 6, 1820, under the name of the Piqua Gazette. The publisher, being printer and editor, was William R. Barrington, of Philadelphia, a gentleman of culture and a very able and forcible writer. Mr. Barrington continued the publication until 1837, when the paper was sold to Jeremiah A. Dooley, and the name was changed to the Intelligences. It afterward passed through several hands, and was for a time very ably conducted by John W. Defrees, Esq., now the editor of the Miami Union, at Troy ; it was sold by him to Messrs. Writer & Brading, the former of whom became afterward sole proprietor. On the breaking-out of the rebellion, Col. Writer went into the army and served reputably during the war, but the paper, being left without any responsible head, in a short time ceased to be published. The 'paper, when started by Barrington, was the advocate of the principles of the old Whig party, and, under Mr. Defrees, passed to the Republican party, and continued to support this cause during the remainder of its existence. No Democratic paper was published until 1847, when a party of gentlemen, of that party, formed a stock company, purchased a press and materials for an office, and employed D. M. Fleming, Esq., one of the stockholders, as editor. The paper was issued under the name of Piqua Enquirer. The stock was afterward purchased by Mr. Fleming, under agreement with the company, and the paper has since been under his control. In the autumn of 1860, Mr. Fleming left the Democratic party, changed the name of his paper to the Piqua Journal, which it still bears, and became an earnest advocate of the doctrines of the Republicans. In this faith, the paper was steadfast, except for a short time, when the devotion of the editor led him to the support of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States. This was, however, only temporary, and it has continued since entirely firm in its adherence to the Republican party. The Miami County Democrat, was first published by Messrs. Horton & Teverbaugh, in 1860 ; but, both these gentlemen entering the service of the country, on the breaking-out of the war, the paper was for a time discontinued, but was revived after the cessation of hostilities, under the editorial management of the Messrs. Smiley, who still continue to conduct it as an active and unswerving supporter of the doctrines of the present Democratic party. The Miami Helmet was commenced in 1874, by the Miami Publishing Co., and placed under the editorial management of I. S. Morris, Esq. It is devoted primarily to the support of the temperance cause, and has labored zealously and successfully in this field. It has not, however, been an extremist in the support of the political party known as the Temperance or Prohibition party, but has been always willing to throw its strength to the aid of good and honest and temperate men, who stand by the cause of the country, of morality and of religion. The Miami Publishing Co. has a fine office, a good steam printing press, and under the direction of Mr. M. Rouzer, is rapidly becoming one of the most flourishing corporations of the city. The President is Mr. S. McWilliams ; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. Lewis Leonard. HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 447 BANKS. There are two National banks in the city. The Piqua National is the successor of the Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio, which was organized in 1847, with a capital of $100,000. President, *William Scott ; Cashier, Joseph G. Young ; Teller, Henry Greenham. In 1865, this was changed to a national bank, and the same officers were continued. On the death of J. G. Young, in 1875, Henry Greenham was appointed Cashier, and continued until his death, in 1877. The capital was increased to $200,000, when it was organized as a national bank. The present officers are President, William Scott ; Cashier, Clarence Langdon ; Assistant Cashier, John H. Patterson ; Teller, Frank Roe. The Citizen's National was organized in 1866, by William and M. N. Megru e, the former being President, and the latter Cashier, with a capital of $100,000. In 1867, it was bought from these gentlemen, by G. Volney Dorsey and Robert B. Moores, the former becoming President, and the latter the Cashier. The present officers are President, G. Volney Dorsey ; Vice President, M. Friedlich ; Cashier, Henry Flesh, Teller, Walker McC. Dorsey. In 1879, the capital stock was reduced to $60,000. MANUFACTURES. Though Piqua stands to-day among the best manufacturing towns in the State, yet the commencement in this line was very feeble and progressed slowly. We have already mentioned the erection of the first mill. Benjamin Leavell, who came to the village in 1805, was the first carpenter and millwright who opened business regularly. One of the earliest, if not the first blacksmith, was Joseph Defrees, and Nathaniel Whitcomb opened the first shop for making shoes. The earliest cooper's shop was by a Frenchman named Porquette, on the bank of the river nearly opposite Ewing's tavern, where Porquette kept also a small drinking house, and close by stood the blacksmith-shop. The commencement of the linseed oil manufacture, which now forms so important a part in the wealth and activity of the city, was made by John McCorkle in 1824. He built a small oil-mill on the Miami River, on the west bank, just opposite to what is now Patterson's mill, half a mile south of the town. The mill was run by water, and the machinery used i41 crushing the seed and pressing out the oil was of the most primitive description. The crusher was an immense block of limestone perfectly circular, about fifteen inches thick and five feet in diameter, this large stone was placed on its edge in a circular trough, formed of strong oak plank fitted closely and capable of holding any liquid put into it. Into this trough a certain quantity of flax-seed was poured by hand, and the large stone revolved in the trough by means of a large wooden lever passing through the center, and attached to the horizontal shaft of the the water-wheel. When the seed was sufficiently crushed, it was taken out and put in strong linen bags and subjected to the action of a screw press, similar to that frequently used at present in the manufacture of cider. The oil was probably not very thoroughly extracted, and the oil-cake, though no doubt richer in nutritious matter than that now coming from the powerful hydraulic press, was of little value, as a very limited demand was found for it. The earliest cabinet-maker was Joseph Bennett, who, for many years, had his shop and residence on the northeast corner of Main and Green streets. Bennett was a good workman, an excellent citizen and a man of some enterprise ; he gradually enlarged his business with the growth of the village, and was at length a considerable manufacturer. Specimens of his handiwork are still found in several of the houses belonging to the old inhabitants. The first chair-maker was James Hughes, who manufactured the old-fashioned solid wood-bottomed chair, and the splint-bottom, formed from splints of the white ash. Hughes also manufactured spinning-wheels, at that time an important article in every family. The small wheel was nsed in spinning tow and flax, was turned by a treadle or foot-piece attached to the crank passing through the center of the wheel, by a strong string, * Died June 1, 1880. file son, John N. Scott, is now President. 448 - HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY. sometimes of cord but more frequently of leather or raw-hide ; the flax was wound on a distaff inserted into what was called the arm of the wheel. The female operator sat in a chair while spinning.. But the large wheel, the glory of the young and active girls, was used by the operator standing who put the wheel in active motion by means of a short stick or roller, the rapid motion of the wheel turned the spindle still more rapidly, and to this the maiden attached the end of the long woolen roll, brought from the carding-mill, or formed more slowly at home with the hand cards, and, having secured the hold of the roll to the spindle, she walked rapidly backward twenty or thirty paces, drawing out a lengthened thread of the woolen yarn, which, when sufficiently twisted, she allowed to be more slowly rolled on to the spindle. This was continued by successive whirls of the wheel, until the spool was filled, when it was taken from the wheel head and replaced by a new one. In the early settlement of the country, it was not at all uncommon for the young girls of eighteen or twenty summers to take their wheels on their shoulders, and, carrying in their hands a sufficient supply of wool or flax, to assemble at a neigh- bor,s house, and in a long porch with ground or puncheon floor, or even, in pleasant weather, in the open dooryard, the wheels were set down and the spinning began, each striving to excel the other in dexterity, in rapidity, and excellence of the thread produced, and thus the day was passed in work and friendly gossip, and when the evening came, the lads gathering in from the neighboring fields, the I dance began to the music of the violin, which, with some sufficiently artistic performer, was sure to be found in every settlement. Covering for the head was necessary as well as for the feet, and hence the hatter-shop was an important part of the manufacturing business of every new town in the West. The earliest hatters were John Brown and Lewis Webb. Hats were made of wool or fur of the raccoon or opossum, musk-rat or, more rarely, of the beaver.. Men and boys went to the shop and left their measure for a hat of whatever description wanted, the proper block was selected, and in due time the proper article appeared. A hat that would not last at least five years was a had production, and by care, and keeping an old one to wear in bad weather, the Sunday hat was often made to do duty for double that period of time. Few towns in the State of the size of Piqua can now boast of better and more flourishing manufacturing establishments. The first improvement on the canal was made by using the power from the lock at the south end of Main street in 1839, where a flouring-mill was erected by Mr. Beall, of the city of Baltimore. The mill was small but was sufficient for the demands of business for a short time, but in a few years a much larger establishment was demanded, which was built by Messrs. Young & Yager. These buildings were of frame, but in 1872 a fine brick mill was erected by O,Ferrall & Daniels ; this burned in 1879, and the present very large and excellent mill was erected by Conrad Amendt, which is in every respect a model establishment, and does work not inferior to any mill in the county. On the same water-power is located the extensive woolen-mill of F. Gray & Co., one of the finest factories in Western Ohio. Originally started as a woolen-mill for the manufacture of cloths, blankets, fine flannels, etc. ; the enterprising proprietors about four years ago turned their attention to the manufacture of paper maker's endless felts, which are produced by not more than five establishments in the United States, most of the paper-mills both East and West formerly importing their felts from England. By skill and perseverance, however, Messrs. Gray & Co. have developed an immense trade in this line, their felts are now recognized as not in any respect inferior to the best English productions, and are in use throughout the United States from Maine to Georgia, and from New York to California ; they  are sent even to South America, to Germany and to Japan. Connected with this mill are also extensive knitting works for the production of yarn socks. The machine-shops of John O'Ferrall & Co. are situated on the west end of Water street, near the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis railway.'" They manufacture thrashers and separators, sugar-mills, corn-drills, hay-rakes, tile machines, etc. An HISTORY OF MIAMI COUNTY - 449 iron foundry is connected with the establishment, which is doing a large and flourishing business. Their machines are extensively sold through the West, and their threshers are considered among the best in the market In the corporation, are also two of the largest linseed oil mills in the State. That of Wood, Farrington & Co., stands near the west end of Water street, on the hydraulic canal, just beyond the point where the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway crosses what was formerly the old Covington road. The capacity of this mill has been doubled in the last two years. They now crush 500 bushels of flax-seed daily, and manufacture from four to five thousand barrels of linseed oil per year. The mill is run principally by the water-power furnished by the hydraulic, but can also be run by steam if there is a deficiency in the supply of water. A side-track connects the mill with the railroad, and cars are loaded and unloaded directly from the doors of the mill. All the modern improvements in crushing and the best hydraulic presses for pressing out the oil are in use at this establishment. The mill of Orr, Leonard & Daniels is also a very extensive and elegant work, Situated at the south end of Main street, directly on the railroad, built with all the modern improvements and employing the best machinery, operated entirely by steam. This mill was erected in 1879, but is already doing a very heavy business. It will, probably, be enlarged during the present year, rendering it the largest oil-mill in the State. The older members of this firm have also a very fine oil-mill two and a half miles below town, on the Miami River, where they have carried on an extensive business for many years. In the -mill in town, this firm crushes from 150 to 500 bushels of seed per day, making from 700 to 800 gallons of oil; and in the mill below town, about 400 bushels of seed are crushed, yielding about 600 gallons of oil. If to this we add the product of the Wood & Farrington mill, using, as above stated, not less than about 400 bushels of seed per day, and yielding 600 gallons of oil, we have from these three large mills a consumption daily of 1,200 bushels of seed, and a yield of from 1,800 to 2,000 gallons of oil. It is safe to say that no city outside of Chicago in the Western country is so largely engaged in the manufacture of oil as Piqua, all brought about by the activity and business energy of a few men.   This important industry is contributing very largely to the business of the city. Each of these mills, that of Wood, Farrington & Co., and also of Orr,' Leonard & Daniels, purchase seed at various points through Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, to the amount of more than $100,000 per annum, which is manufactured at their establishments, and the oil and oil-cake are shipped to various parts of the United States and Europe.   The extensive furniture factory of Messrs. L. C. & W. L. Cron, is one of the most important industries of the city. This establishment, which has been in successful operation for about ten years, now employs nearly one hundred hands ; their factory is situated across the bridge, at the lower end of Main street, on that part of the street leading to the Dayton & Michigan Railroad depot, where they already have very extensive buildings, but are this year erecting another very large brick factory, in order to accommodate their continually increasing business. Here is also their finishing-room, which, in extent and completeness, will compare favorably with any like establishment in the State. Their extensive show-room is on Main street, nearly opposite the City Hotel, where may at all times be found very large quantities of finely finished furniture. This firm sends also large quantities of furniture, in the rough or unfinished state, to the Eastern cities.   The furniture factory of Aug. Fritsch & Son is also deserving of notice. The house has a reputation for the manufacture of excellent and beautiful furniture, and they have a well-filled show-room on Main street, between Ash and Green.   Caspar Brandel, at the south end of Main street, is also. an enterprising manufacturer, and has for many years done a large business.   The handle factory of Gray & Murray, at the north end of Wayne street, is a new establishment, recently commencing business, but already employing a large number of hands, and using up every day eight to twelve cords of ash wood, in