350 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY seventeen, and in 1 781 was discharged as captain. In 1794 he was given a license to preach by Francis Asbury, the first bishop of the Methodist church to come to America. In 1801 he removed to Chillicothe, and there passed the remainder of his life. Katie Hutt Robinson died at Springfield, Mo., in, 1898, at the advanced age of eighty-nine years. For years she had been a devoted member of the Methodist Episcopal church. She was the mother of eleven children, six of whom are still living. Judge John H. Robinson received a common school education, and learned the trade of cigar maker. For several years he worked at this occupation in Chillicothe and Zanesville, O., and New Orleans, La. In May, i858, he came to Cairo, and after working at his trade there for a white he was appointed deputy sheriff. When the war broke out he left the sheriff's office, raised a company, of which he was made captain., and which was mustered in in 1862 as Company C, both Illinois infantry. He served a s captain through the entire war, though during the last nine months he commanded the regiment, owing to the disability of the colonel. The regiment was at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, the siege of Vicksburg, and was with General Banks on the Red river expedition. After the war he returned to Cairo and was appointed chief of police. Later he held the position of superintendent of the land and levees of the city for nine years, part of which time he also served as justice of the peace. He next engaged in the cigar business for a time, but in 1882 was elected county judge, which office he held for twelve years. In 1896 he was elected to his present office of city judge, and since 1893 has been United States commissioner. Judge Robinson is one of the active Democrats of Cairo, is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is one of the best known men, in the city. On March 17, 183, he was united in marriage to Miss Clara M. Brunner, a native of Somerset, 0., and a daughter of Jacob and Julia (Trout) Brunner, the former a native of Pennsylvania and the latter of Maryland. To this marriage there were born two daughters: Kate B. was twice married and died leaving six children. and Florence N. died at the age of twenty-five years. MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 351 JEFFERSON B. WARNER, manager for the house of John A. Haynes, wholesale and retail grocer and dealer in steanmsteamboates, Cairo, Ill., is a descendant of the Pilgrims who came to America from England early in the seventeenth century. His grandfather, L. J. Warner, was a Vermont farmer, and his father, Carleton Henry Warner, was born in the Green Mountain State. He married Aurora A. Batchelder in that state and in the early sixties went to Tama City, Iowa, where he worked for some time at his trade of blacksmith. Subsequently he went to Quincy, Ill., and from there to Cairo in 1882. Three years later he removed to Alton, Ill., where he still lives. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church; he belongs to the Ancient Order of United Workmen,. and in politics is always independent. Jefferson is the third child in a family of five, three sons and two daughters, all married and living at the present time. He was born at Tama City, Oct. 7, 1864, and. waande first white male child born in that city. His early education was obtained in the common schools of Quincy while the family were living there, and at the age of fifteen years began his business career as a clerk in a cigar store. In November, 1882, he came with his parents to Cairo. The following year he entered the employ of Barclay Bros., wholesale druggists, as a bookkeeper, and remained with this firm until 18go. H1890s then employed for two years as assistant cashier in the East St. Louis freight office of the Mobile & Ohio railroad, and with the Newport News, now a part of the Illinois Central railroad system, at Memphis, Tenn. In July, 1892, he came back to Cairo, where he became associated with Capt. G. D. Williamson, the then proprietor of the leading boat store of the city, with which he is still connected. (See sketch of C. C. Haynes.) Mr. Warner is a Democrat in his political convictions, though he can hardly be called an active party worker. On Oct. 10, 1893, he was married to Miss Clara Bryant, daughter of the late Frank Bryant,, an old-time lumber dealer of Cairo, and to this union there have been born two sons: Kenneth B., aged ten and J. Howard, aged six years. Mr. and Mrs. Warner are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. in which he is one of the trustees. 352 - MEMOIRS OF ThE LOWER OHIO VALLEY CLAUDE WINTER, mayor of Cairo, Ill., and member of the firm of Winter Bros., grocers and proprietors of the cold storage plant, was born in that city, May 30, 1858, his parents being Henry and Margaret Winter. His father was born in England, but came in early manhood with several of his brothers to America. He was a tinner by trade and soon after arriving in this country located at Cincinnati, where he worked for a short time, after which he went to Cannelton, then came to Cairo and embarked in the tin and stove business. Later he was engaged in conducting a hotel. He was successful in his business ventures, but toward the close of his life met with financial reverses of a serious nature. He was largely instrumental in giving to Cairo a good fire department, being one of the old volunteer firemen. Both himself and wife were members of the Episcopal church. Their children were William, Josephine, Belle, Alfred E., Claude, Gus., Jessie, Jennie, Albert and Flora. Claude and Gus are twins, Jennie and Albert are deceased, and all those living reside in Cairo. The mother of these children died in 1902. Claude Winter attended the Cairo public schools until he was sixteen years of age, when he began his business life as clerk in the hotel. Later he was in the employ of John McNulty for about ten years in the hardware store, when he and his brothers William and Gus embarked in the grocery business. They started in a small building, but now occupy one of the most modern buildings in the city, as well as one of the largest. The upper floor contains a large public hail. Gus withdrew from the firm after some time and the business is now conducted by Claude and William. Their ice manufacturing and cold storage establishment is one of the best equipped in the lower Ohio valley, and each year shows an increased volume of business in these lines. Mr. Winter is a Democrat and takes a keen interest in public affairs. He served two terms as alderman, where his record was so satisfactory that the people of Cairo called him to a higher position, and in 1903 he was elected mayor. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the K. and K. C., and the Alexander club. He was married in 1880 to Hannah, daughter of William Gerrin, of Cairo. She died in 1901, the mother of the follow- MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 353 ing children: Claude, Jr., Ethel, Josephine, one who died in infancy, William and Margaret. All received good educations, Claude spending two years at Culver Military academy. WILLIAM R. HALLIDAY, one of the leading contractors of Cairo, Ill., and proprietor of a large brick manufacturing plant, was born at Portland, Ky., now a part of the city of Louisville, June 30, 1859, his parents being Samuel B. and Elizabeth Halliday. The Hallidays are of Scotch descent, the first of the family in this country coming from Scotland at a very early date. Samuel B. Halliday removed with his family to Cairo about the time of the commencement of the Civil war, and engaged in the real estate business. e soon became prominent in the commercial life of the city as cashier of the City National bank, and was at one time a member of the firm of Halliday Bros. He died in September, 1868, and his wife in 1880. Both were members of the Episcopal church. Their children are Ada, wife of John Aisthorpe; William R., the subject of this sketch; Edwin C., president of the Cairo Hardware Company; Horace H., a prominent business man, of Cairo. William R. Halliday was educated in the common schools and the Southern Ohio university, which institution he attended in 1878-79, but did not graduate. After leaving school he was in the employ of the American Express Company for about a year: was then with Halliday Bros. for a short time, after which he Built a corn meal and feed mill, which he conducted for about four years under the name of W. R. Halliday & Co. He next formed a partnership with H. H. Halliday for dealing in grain, hay and builders' supplies. About 1889 he commenced the manufacture of brick and soon afterward became interested in the business of contracting for the construction of buildings, etc. His brick works have an annual capacity of about 20,000,000 brick, and during the busy season he employs about 125 men. In 1901 he again became associated with H. H. Halliday in the organization of the H. H. Halliday Sand and Gravel Company, which dredges and washes the sand from the Ohio river, thus guaranteeing a clean sand, the resulting gravel being used for concrete work. The company is equipped with the steam dredge Virginia and a number of barges, the daily output being from twenty to twenty-five cars. Shipments have been made to various parts of the country, and contractors of heavy stone work, fine cement work, etc., have pronounced the sand far superior to that taken from gravel pits or natural sand-bars. Mr. Halliday still gives much of his atten- II-23 354 - MEMOIRS OF TILE LOWER 01-110 VALLEY tion to his contracting business, and quite a number of buildings in the city owe their existence to his skill as a builder. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and is a Democrat in his political opinions. On Sept. 21, 1882, William R. Halliday and Miss Frances A. Rexford, of Centralia, Ill., were married, and to this union there have been born two children. Julia is the wife of Otis W. Severns, of Centralia, and Norman is connected with the State bank of Parma, Idaho. Mr. and Mrs. Halliday live in a fine residence which he built at the corner of Twenty-eighth and Elm streets in 1890. C. C. HAYNES, one of the managers of the John A. Haynes steamboat supply store, Cairo, Ill., was born in Livingston county, Ky., May 11, 1852. His parents, E. P. and Elizabeth (Lake) Haynes, were both born in Kentucky, the father of English and the mother of Scotch-Irish descent. E. P. Haynes began his business life at Smithland, Ky., as proprietor of a wharfboat and steamboat supply store. In 1860 he came to Cairo, where he formed a partnership with Capt. G. D. Williamson, in the same line of business, and the Williamson & Haynes Co. was organized. Some ten or twelve years later Mr. Haynes sold out his interest and returned to Smithland, where he died June 17, 1904. Captain Williamson continued to conduct the business in, Cairo until 1895, when he sold out to John A. Haynes, who conducted it until his death, Feb. 25, 1904. Since then the business has been managed by C. C. Haynes and J. B. Warner. (See sketch of Mr. Warner elsewhere.) E. P. Haynes’ wife died in July, 1886. Both were members of the Methodist Episcopal church. In his early life he was a Whig, but in later years became a Democrat. They had twelve children, six of whom grew to maturity and four are still living, viz.: Mrs. Addie Dunn, of Smithland; Mrs. G. F. Phillips, of Paducah, Ky.; H. L. Haynes, of Austin, Tex., and the subject of this sketch. John A. Haynes lived in Cairo nearly all his life, and was connected with the business from the time of leaving school until his death. He left one daughter, Miss Anna Lake Haynes, who is the owner of the store, and who resides with an aunt in Kentucky. C. C. Haynes received his MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 355 education in the common schools, and has been engaged in mercantile pursuits most of his life since. For two years and a half he was in business in, Oklahoma, and after returning to the Ohio valley was with Fowler, Crumbaugh & Co. of Paducah for several years. He then became associated with his brother, and upon the latter's death became one of the managers of the business, as already stated. In September, 1904, he was married to Miss Lou Phillips of Paducah, and now resides in Cairo. CHRISTOPHER L. SMITH, of Cairo, Ill., superintendent of the Cairo, Memphis Southern Railroad and Transportation Company, which is a branch of the Chicago Mill and Lumber Company, was born at Kingston, Jamaica, Sept. 10, 1870. He is a son of Christopher and Emily Smith, both natives of England, and who were married in that country. The father was a government contractor, who, some time in the sixties, was called to the West Indies in connection with his business. He died there in 1875, leaving three children: George, Christopher L. and Adeline. George afterward died, Christopher is the subject of this sketch and Adeline is the wife of T. G. Medinger of New York city. The mother still lives in Jamaica. Christopher L. Smith attended the collegiate school of Jamaica and finished his education in grammar school No. 55 of New York city. In 1887 he entered the employ of the American News Company of New York, and was with that concern for about eight years, at the end of which time he came to Cairo, where he entered the employ of the Three States Lumber Company. In 1899 he left that company to accept a position with the Chicago Mill and Lumber Company and shortly afterward was made superintendent of the Cairo, Memphis & Southern Railroad and Transportation, Company, a very important adjunct to the Chicago Mill and Lumber Company in the handling of logs and lumber from down-river points, and both being branches of the Paepcke-Leicht Lumber Company of Chicago. The parent company, with its various branch concerns at Cairo and elsewhere, is one of the greatest corporations in the country, and is perhaps the largest manufacturer of boxes in the world. It operates four large plants, two of which are in. Chicano, where the 356 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY general offices of the company are located. The outside branches are the Cairo companies and the Marked Tree Lumber Company, of Marked Tree, Ark. The Chicago Mill and Lumber Company, at Cairo, occupies a tract of some sixty acres of ground, has a saw mill with a daily capacity of 85,000 feet of lumber, a box factory 280 x 320 feet, equipped with the most approved machinery, with a capacity of seven carloads of box shooks per day; a large veneer works, which turns out a vast amount of material for the manufacture of egg cases, fruit boxes, etc. ; and eight large dry kilns, each 140 feet long. for drying the product. The fan used in these dry kilns requires an engine of 225 horse power to operate it, while the power to the entire plant is supplied by two immense Corliss engines of 600 and 800 horse power, respectively. A large warehouse is also a part of the plant, where 3,000,000 feet of veneering is constantly carried, and storage provided for 250 carloads of box shooks. Everything in connection with the place is of the most modern and labor saving character. Recently a refuse burner twenty-eight feet in diameter and 140 feet high was erected as a means of disposing of the waste and keeping the works in a sightly and sanitary condition. The Cairo, Memphis & Southern Railroad and Transportation Company, the other Cairo branch, occupies 800 feet of river front above the Cairo bridge. It operates over 117 miles of standard gauge railroad and covers nearly goo miles of river traffic, extending as far as Greenville, Miss. The railroad equipment consists in part of four locomotives of modern build and over 100 cars. On the rivers the company operates a line of tow-boats, steadiers and barges, notably among them being the steamer Herman Paepcke, and three large derrick boats. The general offices of the company are located in the Tribune building in Chicago. Mr. Smith, although a comparatively young man, has all that portion of the business so thoroughly under his control that no friction is allowed to interfere with obtaining the best possible results. In politics he is a Republican ; in religion a member of the Lutheran church ; in fraternal matters a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and in the community one of the representative citizens. WILLIAM H. SUTHERLAND president of the Cairo Milling Company, Cairo, Ill., was born at St. Joseph, Mich., July 8, 1858. His parents. J. H. and Martha Sutherland, were both natives of Michgan. and passed their whole lives in that state. T. H. Suther- MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 357 land was a merchant, and died when the subject of this sketch was only about four years old. From that time until he was fifteen he lived with an uncle, attending the common, schools during the fall and winter months. When he was fifteen he secured employment as a helper in a flour mill, attending school for two years longer. At the age of twenty-one he came into possession of some property and invested it in a mill, but the venture proved unsuccessful. He then left St. Joseph and went to Athens. Tenn., as head miller for a large concern there, but a year later returned to his old home town and became head miller in the same mill where he served his apprenticeship. After three years he went to Independence, Ia., to accept the position of general manager with the Independence Milling Company. He remained with this company two years, at the end of which time he entered the employ of the Bemis Bag Company as a traveling salesman. In 1892 he formed a partnership with John Schultz, of Beardstown, Ill., and they purchased and rebuilt the mill at Astoria, about fifteen miles north of Beardstown, and Mr. Sutherland conducted this mill successfully for about eight years. In. 1900 the partnership between him and Mr. Schultz was dissolved, when he came to Cairo and organized the company of which he is the president. The capital stock of the company is $40,000, and the other officers are J. G. Holtman, vice-president, and William Calgan, secretary and treasurer. The company does a merchant milling business, the mills having a capacity of 500 barrels of flour daily, the trade covering the whole Southern states and extending into several of the Northern states. They also do a large business as dealers in grain. Mr. Sutherland is a Republican politically, but he is first of all a miller of more than exceptional ability, and devotes but little time to politics, although he is interested in public questions. He is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and he and his family belong to the Presbyterian church. In 1882 he was married to Miss Ida Kingsley, of St. Joseph, Mich., and they have four daughters, all living at hone and attending school. F. L. TADLOCK, one of the leading farmers of Gallatin county, Ill., was born near Batter Rock, Hardin county, of that state, March 18, 1848. His parents, Michael and Sarah (Baer) Tadlock, were both natives of that county, where the father was a farmer and passed his whole life. They had three children. Isaac and Nancy are both deceased, the subject of this sketch being the only surviving member 358 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY of his family. Michael Tadlock died while the subject was still a nail boy, and his widow married William A. Scroggins. E. L. Tadlock continued to live with his mother and stepfather until his carriage to Miss E. J. Benson, a native of Saline county, and rented a farm near Shawneetown, where he lived for four or five years, when he bought ninety acres where he now lives, six miles west of Shawneetown. Since then he has prospered and now owns 400 acres of land, most of which is in a high state of cultivation and well improved. For the last ten years Mr. Tadlock has been conducting a general store on his place in connection with his agricultural pursuits. His success in life is due mainly to his energy and foresight, and he is regarded as one of the best business men in his locality. Mr. and Mrs. Tadlock have had the following children born to them: Laura E., Charles, Mamie, Kate, Maud, Edgar, William C., Clarence and Lewis. Charles and Lewis are deceased the others are all married and live near their parents. Mrs. is a member of the Baptist church. P. T. LANGAN, manufacturer of sash, doors, blinds, and builders' supplies, and dealer in all kinds of rough and dressed lumber, Cairo, Ill., was born in the city of Louisville, Ky., but came in his boyhood to Cairo. He began in the lumber business when he was still quite young, and has learned it in every detail. His immense business is the outgrowth of his thorough knowledge of every phase of the lumber trade, and his long experience has placed him at the front of the lumber dealers of the Lower Ohio Valley. His factory is located on Commercial avenue, extending from Tenth to Twelfth streets, where he uses about 3,000,000 feet of rough lumber annually in the production of his wares. Two traveling salesmen are constantly employed in calling upon the hardware trade and builders of Kentucky, -Missouri, Tennessee and Arkansas, as well as a large portion of Illinois, his trade extending to both the wholesale and retail fields. Mr. Langan organized this business in 1891, and since that time the history of the concern has been one unbroken line of successful business operations. It is such men as he that build up a city, and few men in the city of Cairo have done more to MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 359 advertise her name abroad in commercial circles. Politically he is a Democrat, and in church matters he is a Catholic. While true to his political principles, and a consistent practitioner of the tenets of his religious faith, he is first of all one of Cairo's most energetic and successful business men. Mr. Langan is married and has an interesting family of five children. EDWARD C. ALLEN, proprietor of the Hotel Illinois, at Cairo, is of Scotch-Irish descent, his grandfather coming from Scotland early in the nineteenth century and locating in Pennsylvania. At the time he came to this country he was already married, his wife having been a Miss Martha Drake, a descendant of Sir Francis Drake, who was one of the first to circumnavigate the earth. Joseph G. Allen, the father of Edward C., was born at Allegheny City, Pa., in the year 1814, and lived there until 1858, when he went to Lockland, Ohio, where he engaged in the manufacture of paper. His paper mill was burned by the guerrilla forces under General Morgan in the famous raid of 1863, after which he received a contract from the United States government, through the influence of President Lincoln, for making coffins for the dead soldiers. To carry out this contract to better advantage he located at Kingston Springs, Tenn., where he made coffins for eighty-one thousand of the nation's gallant dead. Joseph G. Allen and Abraham Lincoln were warm friends and corresponded with each other on the most intimate terms. The subject of this sketch has in his possession a number of old letters that his father received from the martyred president. Mr. Allen had a dream during the war, in which he saw the termination of the great conflict. This dream he related to Mr. Lincoln, who was so impressed with it that he secured a special act of Congress providing for the printing and distribution of a million copies of it. After the war Joseph Allen returned to Ohio, located in Grant county, and there followed the lumber business until his death in 1882. He married a Miss Mary E. Morris, who is still living in Northern Indiana, aged eighty-one years. She is of Scotch-Irish extraction. Of their eleven children, six of whom are living, Edward C. Allen, who is the eighth child of the family, was born July 360 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY 20, 1861, while his parents were living at Middletown, Ohio. He received a good practical education in the public schools, after which he became associated with his father in the lumber business in Indiana before railroads were built in that section of the state, when they located in Marion, in Grant county. Upon the death of his father he settled up the estate and went to Tennessee, where he was for over nine years connected with the great lumber concern of L. Laughran, of Philadelphia, as superintendent, his eldest brother being general manager. In 1893 Mr. Allen returned to Indiana and engaged in business for a short time., then returned to Tennessee for a few months, and in 1894 came to Cairo. Here he was associated with the Chicago Mill and Lumber Company as manager, and in that capacity had charge of the erection of most of the buildings now constituting their immense plant, which is the largest in the world of its kind. In the spring of 1902 he bought the Hotel Illinois, but went to Texas and remained there until in 1904, when he returned to Cairo to assume the management of the house, which he has made one of the most popular hostelries in the city. The Illinois is centrally located and fully equipped with all those little conveniences that go to make hotel life enjoyable, such as long distance telephones, a telephone in each room, a fine cuisine, everything scrupulouslyelean,, and, above all, a genial proprietor to welcome the coming and speed the parting guest." In fraternal circles Mr. Allen is one of the best known men in Cairo, being a member of the Free and Accepted Masons; the Knights of Pythias; the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks; the Modern Woodmen; the Royal Arcanum, and the Concatenated Order of Hoo Hoo, a society composed of lumbermen. In his political views he is a Republican, as might be expected of one whose father enjoyed the personal friendship of the first Republican president. He has also adopted the religious faith of his parents, as both himself and wife are members of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Allen was married in 1883 toWillabellee, daughter of William and Elizabeth Reeves, of Ohio. Her father was a shoe dealer, who later removed to Marion, Ind., where he passed the closing years of his life. Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Allen: Harry E., H. Davis, andMarybellee. The two sons are living, but the daughter died on Nov. 24, 1901, aged thirteen years. MEMOIRS THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY- 361 CHARLES LANCASTER, president of the Lancaster & Rice Company, dealers in sewer pipe, roofing and building paper, sash, doors, paints and picture frames, Cairo, Ill., was born in St. Clair county, of that state, Aug. 21, 1836. His grand father, Mahlon Lancaster, came from England in early life and settled in Virginia. Charles is a son of Levi and Elizabeth Lancaster, both natives of Virginia, who came in 1801, soon after their marriage, to St. Clair county. There they lived a typical pioneer life, the father frequently killing deer upon his farm. They continued to live on the farm until in middle life, when the father engaged in mercantile pursuits in Illinois and Minnesota for the rest of his days. He died in Minnesota in 1859, the mother having died in 1841. They were members of the Baptist church. Charles Lancaster is the fifth of a family of nine children, two sons and seven daughters. He received a common school education and began his business career in connection with his father in the general merchandise business. From 1862 to 1865 he was employed by the government in making repairs on the vessels belonging to the Mississippi squadron, and during that time was stationed at Cairo. After the war was over he embarked in the lumber business at Cairo, which was at that time already beginning to be recognized as a great lumber market, and continued in that line until 1881. In that year he and Newton Rice organized and incorporated the Lancaster & Rice Company, with a capital stock of $50,000. Four years later they erected a large warehouse and a Mill 75 x 100 feet, which they fully equipped with modern machinery, ete., and were soon on the high road to commercial success. Mr. Riee died in 1889, and in January, 1901, the main buildings of the company were destroyed by fire at a loss of some $20,000. Prior to that time the coneern did a large wholesale business, but since the fire has limited its trade to the retail demand, operating two stores in the city of Cairo. Mr. Lancaster is a Republican politically and takes great interest in public affairs, particularly those of local interest. For seventeen years he has held the office of alderman. This long incumbeney in an office that has for its object the passing of legislation affeeting the local affairs of the people of Cairo tells the story of his popularity, and shows in what 362 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY esteem he is held by his fellow-townsmen. He is a member of tile Knights of Honor, and with his family belongs to the Presbyterian church. By his close application to business, and his intelligent and well directed investments he owns considerable property in the city. In 1866 he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah E. Hodge, who was born near Louisville, Ky., and to this marriage there have been born eight children, five of whom are still living, viz.: Minnie E., manager of one of the stores of the Lancaster & Rice Company; Pearl, wife of George B. Osgood, of Chicago; Mabel, a teacher in Michigan; Geraldine, wife of Wilber B. Thistlewood, of Cairo; and Beatrice, at home with her parents. ALEXANDER S. FRASER, contractor of brick work and manufacturer of concrete building blocks, Cairo, Ill., is a native of that city and one of its representative men. His grandfather, Peter Fraser, came from Scotland in his early manhood and located at Niles, Mich., where he passed the balance of his life. Alexander Fraser, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born at Niles, marred Elizabeth Morris, a native of Madison, Ind., and settled in Cairo in 1852. There he conducted a steamboat repair shop until his death. He was somewhat active in politics as a Demoerat, was a charter member of the Cairo Odd Fellows' lodge, a Knight of Pythias, and with his wife belonged to the Episcopal church. He died in 1883, but his widow is still living in Cairo. Their children were George, Niles Llewellyn, William P., Charles and Alexander. George and Charles are deceased; Niles Llewellyn married Herman C. Schuh and is also deceased; and the other two sons live in Cairo. Alexander S. Fraser was born June 3, 1869. After attending the common schools of his native city he entered the Glendale institute at Kirkwood, Mo., at the age of fourteen years, and graduated in 1889. He was then in Colorado for about two years in charge of a force of men for a roofing company, after which he went from one city to another in the capacity of a journeyman bricklayer, working awhile in each. In 1896 he returned to Cairo and commenced contracting on his own account. Since then some of the best buildings in the city have been erected under his supervision, notably among them the MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 363 buildings of the Cairo Brewing Company, and the Andrew Lohr Bottling works. In connection with his business as a contractor he is also interested in dredging sand from the Mississippi river, taking out about Soo car loads annually, most of which is used by himself in the manufacture of concrete building blocks, in which he is building up a good trade. Mr. Fraser is one of the active Democrats of Cairo. He is the alderman from the Third ward; chairman of the police, jail and fire committee; was the designer of the Sycamore street subway, an important street improvement, and in 1904 was one of the Democratic candidates for presidential eleetor, representing the Twenty-fifth district on the Parker and Davis ticket. He is a member of Melrose Park Lodge, No. 530, Knights of Pythias, of Chicago; Cairo Lodge, No. 237, Free and Accepted Masons, and is a charter member of Cairo Lodge of the Fraternal Order of Eagles. In 1900 he was married to Miss Tillie Blattau, daughter of Louis and Margaret Blattau, of Cairo, and one child has been born to this union. This son, William L., died in infancy. Mr. Fraser was baptized in the Episcopal ehurch and his wife is a member of the Catholic church. ARTHUR STEPHEN MAGNER, assistant engineer of the water works, Cairo, Ill., is a son of Michael and Abby Magner, old residents of that city. He was born in Cairo, Nov. 7, 1870, was educated in the common schools there, and has passed his whole life in his native town, except when temporarily absent in connection with his railroad service. While still in his teens he went into the Singer Manufacturing Company's plant at Cairo, and there learned the business of stationary engineer under Harry Wilson, one of the best engineers in the eity. After this young Magner worked for some time for the Illinois Central Railroad Company on bridge work, his service with this company extending from 1889 to 1894. He was next employed in a similar capaeity by the Big Four Railroad Company for a few months, when he was appointed to his present position. Mr. Magner is a Democrat in his political convictions, and for almost a decade has been called upon to serve as judge of election of the Seventh precinct in every campaign. He is a member of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, and is the eaptain of the Anchor Fire Company. On Nov. 26, 1901, he was united in marriage to Miss Ellen, daughter of Conrad Shaughan. Mrs. Magner was born in Ireland, but came to Cairo while still in her girlhood. They have had one child, Edward Michael, 364 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY who died at the age of nine months and seven days. Mr. and Mrs. Magner are both members of the Catholic church and take an interest in its many worthy charities. WILLIAM SCHATZ, a well known contractor and builder of Cairo, Ill., was born in Germany, April 5, 1850. When he was about six years of age his parents, William and Sophia (Huncy) Schatz, left the Fatherland and came to America, locating at Cape Girardeau, Mo., where they still live retired from the active cares of this busy world. They reared a family of several children, only three of whom are now living. The father served as a soldier in the Union army during the Civil war and is an unswerving Republican in his politieal affiliations. William Schatz, the subject of this sketch, lived with his father until he was about eighteen years of age, when he learned the carpenters' trade. In 1872 he came to Cairo and worked as journeyman until 1879, when he commenced contracting; for himself. His practical knowledge of all branches of the building business, in conneetion with his untiring industry, soon won for him a place among the foremost contractors of the city. Some of the best business blocks and the finest residences were built by him, and in every instance his patrons have been satisfied with his promptness in executing his contracts and his honest workmanship. Mr. Schatz is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In religious matters he has adopted the faith of his parents, both himself and wife belonging to the Lutheran church, but in polities he has elected to do his own thinking, and belongs to the Democratic party. On April 22, 1878, he was united in marriage to Miss Hannah, daughter of Henry Vellmer, a farmer and merchant of Scott county, Mo. To this marriage there have been born the following children : Henry, who died at the age of nine years ; Fred. associated with his father; Edward, a carpenter at Cairo; Clara, wife of W. L. Russell, one of Cairo's leading dentists. Mr. Schatz owns his own home, one of the best appointed in the city, and is also the owner of either real estate. MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 365 FRED D. NELLIS, wholesale and retail coal dealer, Cairo, Ill., was born in that city July 2, 1876. He is a son of Captain Charles and Anna (Kaha) Nellis, the former a native of Ohio, the latter of Germany. During the Civil war Capt. Charles Nellis was a pilot on one of the Federal gunboats. After the war he located in Cairo, coming to the city in 1866, and he became the owner of the dry docks as well as acquiring an interest in several steamboats. Sometime in the eighties he was elected to the legislature from the Twenty-fifth district and was subsequently elected city treasurer. He was one of the active Republicans in the city and county; was a Knight Templar Mason and in his day was one of the best known men about Cairo. His wife was a member of the Lutheran church. Their children were: W. O., captain and engineer on the Western rivers ; Etta, now the wife of William Steele, of Corry, Pa. ; C. F., pilot and captain of transfer steamers ; Anna, deceased ; Fred D., the subject of this sketch : DeWitt C., a resident of Cairo ; Juanita, widow of Van B. Miller and a resident of Denver, Col. Fred D. Nellis finished his education in the Cairo schools and at the age of eighteen went to steamboating with Capt. J. F. Beatty, of Paducah, Ky., following this occupation until in 1898, when he formed a partnership with D. F. McCarthy for dealing in coal. This partnership lasted until 1901, when Mr. Nellis bought out his partner and since that time has conducted his business alone. He conducts a wholesale business extending over Illinois, Missouri and Kentucky, and has the satisfaction of seeing his trade constantly growing larger. In addition to his immense coal trade, he manages a farm of 100 acres, and during the summer he is interested in eontracting in various ways. Politically Mr. Nellis is a Republican and takes an active interest in seoring victories for his party. In April, 1903, he was elected alderman from the Fifth ward. That office he still holds and is also a member of the Republican eounty central committee. He is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons, the Modern Woodmen, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, the Commercial elub of Cairo, whieh is 366 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY composed of the business men of theeity,, the Knights of the Mystic Krew of Comus, and the Ohio Valley Improvement association, in all of which he is very popular because of his genial disposition. On Oct. 4, 1903, Mr. Nellis and Miss Sarah Blanche Langsdon were united in marriage. She is the youngest daughter of Sarah Elizabeth and Dayton Langsdon and was born in Warren county, Id.; her mother deceased and father living retired at Cairo. ED. P. FITZGERALD, wholesale dealer and distributing agent for Pabst's Milwaukeee beer for the territory adjacent to Cairo, Ill., was born in that city Oct. 19, 1870. His parents, Patrick and Catherine Fitzgerald, were both born in Ireland. The father was born in County Limerick in the year 1840, came to America when he was sixteen years of age and located in Cairo in 1860. The mother was born in County Armagh. She came to America in childhood, was married to Patrick Fitzgerald in Cairo in 1861, and still lives in that city. Patrick Fitzgerald died on May 14, 1896. During his life hewass a prominent and highly esteemed citizen, a very industrious man, and from the first took great interest in public affairs. During the war he was in the hotel and restaurant business and was a member of the Cairoeityy council. He was afterward engaged in the livery business and still later in contracting until his death. As a contractor he built part of the levees around Cairo, and took great interest in securing the construction of these levees. He also graded a great many of the streets of the city and constructed about twenty miles of the Mobile & Ohio railroad north of Cairo. By his industry and good management he accumulated considerable property and died respected by all who knew him. He and his wife were members of the Catholic church. Of their children Daniel, Margaret, and James are deceased; Mamie lives in Cairo as the widow of Frank P. Walsh; and Edward and Frank constitute the firm of Fitzgerald Bros., dealers in sand, lime, cement, plaster, brick, etc., and contractors for street filling, and earthwork for railroads, levees, etc. All the children attended college. Ed. P. Fitzgerald, after attending the commonsehoolss of Cairo, entered the Christian Brothers' college of St. Louis in 1885, and graduated from the com- MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 367 mercial department of St. Vincent's college in 1889. Upon leaving college he returned to Cairo, where he was manager for his father until the latter's death, when he and his brother formed the firm of Fitzgerald Bros. In 1903 Ed. P. Fitzgerald took the wholesale agency for the Pabst Milwaukee beer for a territory extending over Southern Illinois, and parts of Kentucky, Missouri and Arkansas. His business for the year 5904 amounted to over $25,000. He personally travels over the territory and is familiarly known as "Eddie Pabst." Mr. Fitzgerald is a member of the Benevolent andProteetivee Order of Elks, the Fraternal Order of Eagles, and the Knights of the Mystic Krew of Comus. Like his father, he is an enthusiastic Democrat and always takes an interest in local politics. He is very popular among "the boys." His genial disposition and merry nature win friends for him wherever he goes, and his many sterling qualities hold these friends to him for all time. CAPT. FRED BENNETT, steamboat owner and general contractor, of Cairo, Ill., was born in Clermont county, O., April 22, 1863. His parents, Peter and Elizabeth Bennett, were both born in Germany, but some time in the forties came to America and located at New Richmond, O., where the father followed farming until his death in July, 1903. His widow is still living. They had three sons and two daughters, all living. Both parents were members of the Catholic church, to which the mother still belongs. Captain Bennett received a common schooledueationn and began his business career as an employe of the J. M. Blair Brick Company, with which he was employed from 1881 to 1887. He was then with the Huntington & St. Louis Towboat Company for about ten years, at the end of which time he embarked in business for himself. He is the owner of the steamer Carrie V., also a steam derrick boat and several barges, and covers both the Ohio and Mississippi rivers in a general logging business amounting to about 6,000,000 feet a year, the logs being towed to Cairo and Mound City from the lower river chiefly. Captain Bennett is a Republican in his political creed, although his father was a life-long Democrat. In fraternal circles he is well known as a member of the Knights of Pythias and the Benevolent and Protect- 368 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY ive Order of Elks. In August, 1897, he was married to Miss Jennie L. daughter of William D. and Rachel C. Gaskins, of Nine Mile, O., her father being one of the best known farmers in Clermont county. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett have had two children: Ruth, born Nov. 22, 1898, and Velma, born Sept. 7, 1901, and died in the second year of her age. JOHN B. WALTERS, farmer and justice of the peace, living about six miles west of Shawneetown, Ill., was born in that county, Sept. 25, 1846, on the farm now owned by A. Meyer, in Bowlesville township. His grandfather, Hiram Walters, was a Virginian, who went to Tennessee when he was a Young man and located war Sparta. There he married and had one son, John T., who was the father of the subjeet of this sketch. Hiram Walters' wife died soon after the birth of this son, and the widowed husband returned to Virginia, carrying the infant all the way on a pillow. There he lade his home with a sister until 1834, when he came with his son Gallatin county, entered government land in Bowlesville township, and followed farming there until his death. After coming to Illinois he was married to a Mrs. Kinsall, but no children were born to this second marriage. John T. Walters was born at Sparta, Tenn., in 1820, and was therefore about fourteen years old when his father Brought him to Gallatin county. A year or two later he began life on his own account as a farm hand, and continued in this occupation until he married Eliza Brown, a native of South Carolina, and commenced farming on part of the old home place. There they both lived until death overtook them, with the exception of a short time they lived in Shawneetown. He was prominently identified with the affairs of the county, served as constable, sheriff, and county commissioner, as well as school treasurer and other minor officers. He was for many years regarded as one of the leading Demoerats of the county, and was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Generous to a fault, he went security for his friends, and in the latter part of life was made almost bankrupt from this cause. He and his wife had three children: Hiram, living at Equality, Ill.; John B., the subject; and William, residing at Shawneetown. John T. Walters died at the age of sixty-two and his wife lived to be seventy-four years of age. John B. Walters was educated in the common schools and at Notre Dame university, South Bend, Ind. He married Nannie, daughter of James M. and Rebeeca Wathen, of Gallatin county, and commenced life on his own aceount MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 369 as a farmer near where he now lives. In 1878 he bought his present place of 100 acres, forty of which were under cultivation. Since then he has added by purchase another fifty acres,, and nearly all of his farm is now under cultivation and well stocked and improved. Mr. Walters has been for years one of the Democratic wheel-horses of Gallatin county. With the exception of about eighteen months he has served as justice of the peace for the last twenty-six years. Of the children born to him and his wife Bertha, attiec and one who died in infancy are deceased; Estella and Lydia are married and live in Gallatin county; John T., Edith, Hiram, William I., Rebecca, and James are at home. Mrs. Walters died on Nov. 23, 1900. JAMES MITCHELL, a farmer of Gallatin county, Ill., living five miles southwest of Shawneetown, is a native ofreland,, having been born on Dec. 20, 1838, in County Londonderry. His father, John Mitehell, was a farmer, but died when James was about eleven years of age, and from that time the son was thrown upon his own resources. In 1855 he came to America and made his way directly to Cincinnati, where he had uncles. These relatives found him a place in a machine shop, where he served his apprenticeship, becoming an expert machinist. He was working at his trade when the Civil war broke out, but left the bench to enlist in Company B, Sixth Ohio infantry, and was mustered into service at Camp Dennison. The regiment was first assigned to duty in Western Virginia, but was soon transferred to the Department of the Tennessee and took part in the engagements at Pittsburg Landing, Stone River, Chickamauga, and a number of minor engagements and skirmishes. At Stone River Mr.Mitehelll was wounded in the shoulder, and at the battle of Chickamauga his left leg was shattered and he was left on the field. In his helpless condition he was captured and held a prisoner for ten days,, when he was exchanged and sent to the hospital. Altogether he served for three years and three months, being mustered out at Camp Dennison, June 1, 1864. After the war he returned to work at his trade in Cincinnati and remained there until 1868, when he came to Gallatin county, as engineer and machinist for the Bowlesville Coal Company, and remained in the employ of that corporation for seventeen years. In 1885 he gave up his position with the mining ompanyy and began farming. In 1901 he bought the place of 100 acres where he now lives, and where he has beensuecessfull as a farmer andstoekk raiser on. a modestseale.. Mr. Mitchell was married in 1864, to Miss Minnie Heitzelman, a native of Germany, and to this union II-24 370 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY have been born twelve children, seven of whom are yet living. Mary Ann, William, Robert, and Rena are all married and live in Gallatin county, and Minnie, Jennie and James are at home. Mr. Mitehell is an unswerving Democrat in his political views, and with his family belongs to the Cumberland Presbyterian church. JOSEPH LOGSDON, a farmer, living five miles southwest of Shawneetown, Ill., is of German extraction, and a descendant of one of the first settlers in that section of the Lower Ohio Valley. His great-grandfather came from Germany some time prior to the Revolutionary war, settied in Maryland, and there passed the remainder of his life. He married there and reared a family of children, one of whom, a son named Joseph, served with Braddock in the French and Indian war, and afterward fought in the Revolution. This Joseph Logsdon married Susan Durban, whose father owned the ground upon which a part of the city of Baltimore now stands, and who leased it for a period of ninety-nine years. The leases have long since expired and the tenants remain in possession, though the land rightfully belongs to the Durban heirs. Soon after his marriage Joseph Logsdon packed his worldly goods upon horses, and with his wife made his war to Virginia, then to Kentucky, next to Indiana, and finally to Southern Illinois, settling in what is now Gallatin county. The region was at that time the extreme frontier, and troubles with the Indians were of no uncommon occurrence. After a short stay in his new location he and his wife were compelled to seek the protection of old Fort Massac, in what is now Massac county, and there he passed the rest of his days. Most of his life was spent on the frontier and he had frequent brushes with the Indians. While living in Kentucky he was attacked by two Indians, one of whom shot him from his horse, but the ball glanced and saved his life. In the hand to hand fight which followed he killed one of the Indians with his knife, and wounded the other so badly that he committed suicide afterward. He was known as "Big Joe" or "Bulger Joe" Logsdon, the latter name having been given to him while he was with Braddock. Although a man of great physical strength he was not quarrelsome, and few of the pioneers had more friends. During the latter MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 371 part of his life he took great interest in encouraging immigration to Southern Illinois. Tie and his wife had the following children: Thomas, Polly, Prudy, Peggie, Susan and Joseph. Thomas married in Ripley county, Ind., while the family were living there, and his descendants still live in that state. Polly married Isaac Williams, and Prudy married James Meyer, both of Ripley county. Peggie married a man named Cox, after the family came to Illinois, and died at Shawneetown. Susan died young and Joseph was the father of the subject of this sketch. He was born near Covington, Ky., Aug. 19, 1795. After the death of his father at Fort Massac he returned with his mother and one sister to Gallatin county, and bought a farm near Shawneetown, where his mother died some years later. On Dec. 16, 1829, he was married to Matilda Thompson, who was born Aug. 13, 1802, and they commenced their married life on the farm above mentioned. He no doubt inherited some of his father's liking for a military life, for he served in the Black Hawk war. In the cholera epidemic of 1832 he, his mother and his sister Peggie all fell victims to the dread disease. His widow afterward married Richard Tarlton, a native of Gallatin eounty, and lived until 1837. Joseph and Matilda Logsdon had four children: Eliza married a man by the name of Rogers and is deceased; Peggy lives north of Shawnee-town; Joseph is the subject of this sketch, and Thomas died in Oregon from the effects of a kick from a horse. Joseph Logsdon, the third to bear that name, was born about a mile southwest of Shawnee-town, Oct. 22, 1825. In his boyhood he attended the old subscription schools for six months, which constituted his entire schooling. After the death of his mother he went to Indiana, where he lived with relatives for four years, at the end of which time he returned to Gallatin county. For some time he was employed as a farm hand, after which he followed the river for a while, making nine trips to New Orleans. In 1850 he made the trip overland to California. Leaving Fort Leavenworth on May 22, he reached Hangtown, Cal., on August 22d, which was then the quickest trip on record. After working in the mines and in Sacramento for about eighteen months he returned to Illinois in 1852, and took up the occupation of a farmer, which he has followed ever since. In 1859 he bought 185. acres where he now lives, and the following year built the house he occupies. He now owns 435 acres, all under cultivation but about forty aeres, and is one of the successful farmers of the county. In 1853 he was married to Mary A. Rogers, who was born Feb. To, 1835, and died Jan. 23, 1892, leaving no children. On April 23, 1896, he was married to Mrs. Ann 372 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY Lacey, widow of George Lacey. Mr. Logsdon is an ardent Democrat; has been an Odd Fellow since 1866; and he and his wife belong to the Cumberland Presbyterian church in which he has been either deacon or elder for the last twenty-eight years. JOSEPH ROBINETT, a farmer living near Spark's Hill, Hardin county, Ill., was born Feb. 8, 1841, on the farm now owned and occupied by J. B. Hetherington, ten miles southwest of Shawneetown. He is a son of Joseph and Clara (Nighswonger) Robinett, the former a native of Kentucky and the latter of Ohio. Joseph Robinett, the father, was born in 1790, came to Illinois in 1818, fought in the Black Hawk war, and at the time of his death in 1853 was one of the largest land owners in that section of the state. He owned land in Gallatin, Hardin and Saline counties, and was an extensive dealer in live stoek, the market for which in those days was New Orleans. He was twice married. His first wife was Rachel Tatman, by whom he had five children, all now deceased. After her death he was married to Clara Nighswonger, and of the eight children born to this union three are living. Blueford lives in Shawneetown; Rachel Jane lives with her brother Joseph, who is the subject of this sketch. The mother lived to be eighty-six years of age. Joseph Robinett attended the subscription and district public schools in his boyhood, and remained with his parents until about twenty-two years of age, when he enlisted as a private in Company I, One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois volunteer infantry, commanded by Col. John G. Fonda, and was mustered in at Camp Butler. The regiment was first sent to Memphis, where Mr. Robinett was taken sick and was assigned to hospital duty. He continued in this capacity for over two and a half years, and was then discharged. Before going into the service he had bought the farm of two hundred and eighty acres where he now lives. In 1867 he was married to Angie Thomson, a native of Saline county, and with the exception of eight months spent in Eldorado they have lived on this farm. Mr. Robinett has about two hundred and thirty-five acres under cultivation, devotes a great deal of attention to stock raising, and has one of the finest orchards in Southern Illinois. In political matters he is a Republican, but is not an active politician. MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 373 He and his family belong to the Presbyterian church. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Robinett : William Allen, deceased, and Mrs. Laura Zinn, a widow, now living with her parents. She has four children: Gertie, Jacob, Gretchen and Angie. JOHN HART CENSHAW,, the son of William Crenshaw and Elizabeth Hart, the daughter of John Hart of New Jersey, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was born in the southern part of North Carolina on Nov. 19, 1797. His parents moved to New Madrid, Mo., in 1808, and in the earthquake of 1811 their home was ruined. They then removed to Gallatin county, Ill., and settled on Eagle Creek, not far from the salt wells called the "Half Moon." His father died soon after coming to Gallatin county, leaving his mother and seven children. John, being among the oldest children, went to the salt works and began drawing water for the company who were making salt. He continued in this business until after he married Miss Sina Taylor in 1817. He went to housekeeping in the "Half loon," and in, a few years rented the wells from the state and began to make salt, which industry he followed for many years. He bought a large body of land near Equality, and moved his salt works to his own land, which was heavily timbered. He used the wood in, the salt works, and in that wayelearedd his land. When the production of salt became unprofitable, he turned to farming, which he continued to follow until his death, Dec. 4, 1871. He and his wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal church. His wife died Sept. 14, 1881, at the age of eighty-two years. They had ten children, five of whom lived to maturity, viz.: Mary, widow of John E. Hall; Elizabeth, widow of Gen. M. K. Lawler; William T., deceased ; Margaret, who married Charles Lanphier, of Springfield, both nowdeeeased;; and Julia, widow of James Foster, a native of Bledsoe county, Tenn. He was born Dec. 14, 1827. On arriving at man's estate he became a dealer in live stock. This business made it necessary for him to make frequent trips to the North, and on one of these occasions he formed the acquaintance of Mrs. Julia A. Morris, nee Crenshaw, to whom he was united in marriage on April 6, 1858. From that time until the commencement of the Civil war 374 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY he followed farming on what is now known as the old Crenshaw place. At the beginning of the war he enlisted in the First Illinois cavalry and was made captain of his company. In September, 1861, he was captured at Lexington, Mo., and soon afterward was paroled. He returned home while on, parole and never rejoined his command. He eontinued agricultural pursuits on the farm where his widow still lives until his death on Dec. 16, 1875. They had four children, three of whom died in infancy. Edward, their youngest son, lives on the old home place with his mother. He married Miss Mary Lamb, of St. Louis, and they have seven children,. RAPHAEL E. LAWLER, a farmer, living three and a half miles east of Equality, was born in Deeember, 1858, on the spot where he now lives, though the house in which he was born was destroyed some years ago by fire. His father, Gen. Michael K. Lawler, was born in County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. r6, 1814. When he was about a year old his parents, John and Elizabeth (Kelly) Lawler came to the United States. After about a year in Baltimore, Md., they came to Gallatin county, Ill. making the greater part of the journey by way of the Ohio river in a flatboat. John Lawler was the first Catholic to settle in that part of the state, and was regarded with some curiosity by his neighbors for this reason. He first bought land in what is known as the Pond, or Irish Settlement, which land is still in the possession of his descendants. It was largely through his influence that the first Catholic church was established in that section. The old hewed log house with puncheon, seats has long since been replaced by a more modern structure, and many of the Catholics now living in the vieinity are descendants of men who were indueed to eome there by John, Lawler. He and his wife both died comparatively young. Their children were Mary, Margaret, Michael and Thomas, all now deceased. Michael K. Lawler grew to manhood in Gallatin county. On Dec. 20, 1837, he was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of John and Sina Crenshaw, old residents of the county. At the time of the marriage her father was the largest land owner in the county, and gave the young couple the farm where Raphael E. now lives. They commenced their mar- MEMOIRS OF THE LOVER OHIO VALLEY - 375 ried life in a log cabin of one room, later built a cheap frame house, then one of more modern character the one that was burned. When the Mexican war broke out M. K. Lawler was bookkeeper for his father-in-law. He gave up his position, organized a company, of which he was elected captain, and was immediately sent to the front. At Cerro Gordo the company distinguished itself, and from that time until the close of the war was in several of the fiercest engagements. After the war Captain Lawler took up the occupation of farming, which he followed until the commencement of the Civil war. Then the old military spirit revived and he organized the Eighteenth Illinois volunteer infantry, afterward known as the "Bloody Eighteenth," of which he was commissioned colonel. The regiment was in many of the hottest engagements of the war, particularly in Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi. At Fort Donelson Colonel Lawler was severely wounded in the arm, but after a short time rejoined his command and remained in the field until the end. On April 55, 1863, he was made brigadier-general by President Lincoln, and on April 17. 1866, received the rank of brevet major-general from Andrew Johnson. At the close of the war he was appointed commandant of the post at Baton Rouge, and while there bought a cotton plantation, but soon afterward sold it, having been appointed to a position as government storekeeper at San Antonio, Tex., where he remained for two years. He then returned home and lived on his farm until his death, July 26, 1882. Since his death his widow has made her home with the subject of this sketch. The children of Michael and Elizabeth Lawler were Margaret, deceased; Sina, now Mrs. Evans, in Mexico; John C., deceased; Mary, who married a man named Riley and now deceased ; Addie, Mrs. Walters, of Equality ; Judith, also a Mrs. Walters, now dead ; Michael, Elizabeth and William, all three deceased, and Raphael E. The parents were both members of the Catholic church, in which General Lawler took great interest. He was also active in politics and was one of the best known Democrats in Southern Illinois. Raphael E. Lawler attended different eolleges in his youth, but left college to assume the management of his father's business, on account of the latter's failing health. On Jan. 10, 1881, he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Lewis and Elvira Fowler, and a native of Gallatin county. After his marriage he lived with his parents until the death of his father, and since then has had full control of the farm, which he now owns. Like his father, he is a Democrat and a Catholic, now being one of the trustees of the 376 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY church. The children born to him and his wife are: Margaret A., now Sister M. Veronica, O. S. M., of St. Mary's convent at Enfield, Ill.; Mary E., now Mrs. Luckett, living near Equality; Michael K., Louis F., Raphael E., John C., Lawrence C. and George F., at home; Elizabeth, deceased; Mary R., Paul, and Judith A., at home; Philip, deceased; Anthony, deceased; Mary, at home; Mary N., deceased, and ,Monica A., deceased. JAMES O'ROURKE, a farmer of Gallatin county, Ill., living six miles west of Shawneetown, was born in County Limerick, reland, Sept. 5, 1849. His father was a peasant farmer, but died when James was only about two months old. He remained on the farm with his mother until 1865, when he came to this country with an uncle, William O'Rourke, who had previously been here, and who is now living in Evansville, Ind., about eighty-six years of age. James found employment as a teamster in Evansville, and continued to work at that occupation until 1872. He then came to Gallatin county, where for several years he worked in the mines. Upon leaving the mines he rented a farm near Bowlesville, and lived there nearly twenty years, when he Sought eighty acres of what is known as the "Old Huston Place," where he now resides, and where he carries on a successful farming business. Mr. O'Rourke has the true Irish sentiment, and the love for the Emerald Isle that has been celebrated in song and story by men like Carleton and Tom Moore. He has made two trips to his native land since first coming here, and on the occasion of each visit has come back to his labors refreshed by happy recollections of his old home. In politics he is a steadfast Democrat, and in his religious faith is a member of the Catholic church. On April 23, 1880, he was married to Miss Belle Pettery, daughter of James and Rachel (White) Pettery, of Gallatin county, and to this union have been born the following children: Henry, Kate, James, Willie, George, Mayme, and Charles. Henry, Willie and Charles are deceased and the others are living at home with their parents. Mr. O'Rourke is a fine example of what industry and frugality will accomplish. Coming to this country at the age of sixteen, an orphan and almost penniless, he has, by his energy and good management, become one of the successful farmers of the community in which he lives, while by his genial and generous disposition he has made friends in whatever walk of life his lot has been cast. MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 377 ISAAC A. FOSTER, M.D., of New Haven, Ill., is one of the best known and most popular physicians in Gallatin county. His ancestors originally came from England, and the Fosters were among the very first settlers of Southern Illinois. About the beginning of the nineteenth century Asa Foster, the great-grandfather of Doctor Foster, came with his father from Virginia, and located in Pope county, where he married and reared one son. This son, Horace Foster, was born Jan. 8, 1811 ; married Phoebe Davis, born May 1, 1808, in that part of Pope county which afterward became a part of Hardin county entered government land near Elizabethtown., and there they passed their lives. They were married on Sept. 29, 1826, and had four children : Asa, Horace, Lyman and Mary Jane. The mother of these children died comparatively young, the father on Dec. 1, 1834, married Mary or Polly Davis, a sister of his first wife, born May 9, 1819, and to this marriage there were born several children, all now deceased. He died about 1847, at the age of thirty-five years. The only one of the children of these two marriages now living is Horaee Foster, the second child by the first wife. He was born on the farm near Elizabethtown, Nov. 18, 1829. He was married Dec. 9, 1849, to Miss Elizabeth Ann Hobbs, a native of Missouri. They began their married life on the old homestead on Rock Creek, in Hardin county, near where they now live. They had twelve children, five of whom are deceased. Those living are Thomas J., John, W., Isaac A., Hannah E., Julia A., Mary A. and Joseph A. Thomas and John W. live in White county; Harriet married I. L. Tyer, now county judge of Hardin county, and lives near Cave in Rock; Julia is a Mrs. Belt, living on Rock Creek; Mary is a Mrs. Patton, of White county, and Joseph lives at New Haven. The parents are both members of the Christian church. Isaac A. Foster was born Oct. 4, 1862. As a boy he attended the public schools and improved his time so well that at the age of nineteen he became a teacher, which occupation he followed for eight years. In 1888 he was elected surveyor of Hardin county and held the office for three years. While serving as surveyor he completed his eourse in medicine, and in 1891 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of St. Louis. After practieing on 378 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY Rock Creek for about two years he located at New Haven, where he has built up a lucrative business and stands high in his profession. Doctor Foster is a member of the American Medical assoeiation, the Illinois State and the Gallatin County Medical societies. He is prominent in Masonic circles, being Worshipful Master of New Haven Lodge, No. 230; a member of Fairfield Chapter, No. 179, Royal Arch Masons, and deputy grand lecturer for the Grand Lodge of Illinois. He also belongs to New Haven Lodge, No. X591, Modern Woodmen of America; Shawnee Tribe, No. 193, Improved Order of Red _Alen, and to Herald District, Court of Honor, No. 873. He and his wife belong to the Order of the Eastern Star, in which he holds the office of Worthy Patron and she is secretary. They are likewise members of Gallatin Camp, Royal Neighbors of America. In politics Doetor Foster is a Democrat and at this time holds the office of township collector. He belongs to the Christian chureh and his wife is a Methodist. e was married, in 1898, to Miss Belle Chastain, a native of White county, and for five years a teacher in the public schools. They have had the following children : Edward H., Paul J., Alice B., and one who died in infancy. AMOS L. SHERMAN, one of the most progressive farmers in the neighborhood of Ridgway, Ill., is of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, his parents, William and Rachel (Pisal) Siebman, both being natives of the Keystone state and of German lineage. William Siebman was born about the year 1810, and while still a young man learned the trade of shoemaker, which he followed for several years in Pennsylvania after his marriage. He then went to Cincinnati, 0., where he worked at his trade until about 1848, when he came with his family to Gallatin county, Ill., and settled near Equality. There he took up farming for a livelihood, adding carpentering some time later, and worked at these occupations the rest of his life. He died at the age of fifty-five years and his wife at the age of sixty-two. They had eight children, three of whom are still living. Sarah is now Mrs. Fox, of Shawneetown ; Amos is the subject of this sketch, and Theodore lives with his brother. Amos L. Siebman was born May 5, 1852. on what is known as the Dan Woods farm near Equality, in the same county where he now lives. As a boy he attended the common sehools and spent much of his spare time in study at home, a habit he kept up even after reaching manhood. In 1874 he was married to Miss Philomine brazier, and began life for himself on the place where he now lives. Mr. Siebman has two MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 379 farms: one of 280 acres, most of which is under cultivation, and the other of eighty-two acres, part of which lies within theeorporatee limits of Ridgway. His larger farm was nearly all wild land when it came into his possession, and has been brought to its present improved state by his own industry and good management. Mr. Siebman believes in education, and for eleven years was a member of the school board. Politically he is a Democrat, and in religious matters is a consistent member of the Catholic church. Four children have been born to him and his wife, all of whom are living. Rachel is a Mrs. Luckett, of Ridgway; Emma is a Mrs. Beatty and Mary a Mrs. McCormick, both living in that vicinity, and Walter is at home with his parents. JAMES A. QUICK, manufacturer of vehicles, agricultural implements, pipe, brass goods, mill supplies, etc., Shawneetown, Ill., is one of the representative business men of that city. He was born at Taunton, Somersetshire, England, Oct. 28, 1831, his parents being James and Emma (Summers) Quick, both natives of Somerset. The father was a farmer andcontraetor,, and lived to be seventy-five years of age. The mother died at the age of eighty. They had thirteen children, six of whom are now living. Eliza is a Mrs. Martin, of Bridgewater, England; James is the subject of this sketch; Charles is at Sacramento, Cal.; Elizabeth married a man named Bufford and lives in, England ; Stephen and Simeon live at Taunton and Edwin lives at Bristol, England. James A. Quick attended the common schools of his native land, and at the age of nine years started in to serve his apprenticeship at the wheelwrights' trade, atwhiehh he worked for seven years, receiving twenty-five cents a week the first year, with an increase of twelve and a half cents a week for each succeeding year during his period of service. He boarded with his parents and walked a mile and a half to and from his work. After learning his trade he received good wages as a journeyman for about two years, when he and his brother Charles set sail for America,, and landed at New York on June 18, 1854. Mr. Quick worked one summer in Philadelphia, then, the following winter in Cincinnati, after which he went to Cleveland, where he worked until 860o. He then came to Shawneetown, arriving there on October 6th, and has ever since been a resident of the place. For two years he was employed by Mr.McMurckyv, whom he succeeded in business. Mr. Quick has been successful in his business, has one of the best equipped and largest machine shops in this 380 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY part of the country, and owns other property in Shawneetown. His practical training in youth, although a hardship then, has been of great value to him in his undertakings, and he is a splendid example of a self-made man. In politics he is a Republican, and he has served with credit as one of the board of aldermen. He was married in 1861 to Margaret Welsh, a native of Indiana, and they have had four children. RICHARD J. WISEHART (deceased), who in his day was a well known and influential citizen of Gallatin county, Ill., was born Sept. 11, 1819, in the State of Kentucky, and died on the farm where his widow and one son now live, three and a half miles from Shawneetown. A hile he was still in his boyhood he came with his parents, John and Elizabeth Wisehart, to Gallatin county, crossing the Ohio on a flatboat, and settled on a farm. There he grew to manhood, receiving his schooling in the old fashioned subscription schools of pioneer times, which he supplemented by a course of reading and home study until he became a well informed man. While he was still of tender age he had the misfortune to lose his father by death and was thus thrown on his own resources at an early period in his life. At the time he was married the first time his entire possessions were a two-year-old colt and one dollar and a half in money. Hut by a life of industry and sterling honesty he accumulated considerable property, the home farm consisting of 200 acres of fine land. He also did an extensive business in stock raising, and was for many years a minister of the Christian church. His first marriage was to Nancy Parks, and they had four children: Harrison and Emily are living and Rebecca and John Henry are deceased. Emily is the wife of Levi Weaver, of Evansville, Ind. After the death of his first wife he was married on Dec. 15, 1872, to Sarah J. Boswell, a native of Bristol, England, who came with her parents, John and Sarah (Harris) Boswell, to America, while still in her girlhood. Her father was an expert in mineralogy and upon locating in Hardin county, Ill., he opened up some lead mines there. Subsequently he went to Kentucky and opened someeoall mines, but later returned to Gallatin county,, and opened the Old Saline mines,whiehh are still MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 381 running. In his day he did perhaps more than any other one man to develop the mineral resources of Southern Illinois. He died at Shawneetown about 1864. Richard and Sarah Wisehart were the parents of two children: Richard, who now lives with his mother on the old homestead, and William S., who died in the twentieth year of his age. WILLIAM M. SATTERLEY, a farmer and stock raiser, living about five miles from Shawneetown, Ill., is one of those men who begin life at the bottom of the ladder, and who, by industry, good judgment and correct habits, win for themselves places among the successful and reputable citizens of the community in which which their lots may be cast. He was born in Monroe county, Mo., March 9,1860, and there grew to manhood on a farm. Circumstances prevented him from securing a first-class education in, school and he commenced life as a farm hand, studying in favorable moments those needful branches of a business education. For several years he continued to work on farms by the month, saving his money in the hope that some day he could own a farm of his own. In 1878 he came to Gallatin county, Ill., where he worked for some time for various farmers. All of his old employers speak of him as a faithful and trustworthy man. In 1880 he was married to Miss Elma James, and in 1883 he located on the farm where he now lives. This farm consists of 60oaeres,, about one-half under cultivation and the rest in timber. All the improvements on the place have been made by Mr. Satterley since the farm cane into his possession. He carries on a general farming business, studies how to secure the best results through the rotation of crops, etc., and devotes considerable time and attention to stock breeding. Politically he is a Democrat, and although he takes a keen interest in all those questions that affect the general welfare and is always ready to discharge his duty as a citizen, he is not what could beealledd an active politician. Mr. and Mrs. Satterley have had to children,, Roy F. and Charles A., but both died in infancy. 382 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY JAMES W. YOUNG (deceased), who in his day was a well known resident of Gallatin county, Ill., was born in Wilson county, Tenn., Aug. 30, 1843, there grew to manhood, and died on the farm where his widow now lives, Sept. 18, 1901. On Nov. 26, 1890, he married Laura Boyd, a daughter of William J. Boyd, who was born near Maysville, Mason county, Ky., April 30, 1824. In 1846 he came with his parents, John. and Leah C. Boyd, to Gallatin county, located at New Haven, where he carried on a tanyard for about seven years, and also did considerable business as a boot and shoe manufacturer. He then removed to a farm in what is known as 'Nettle Bottom," about five miles from Shawneetown, where he bought eighty acres of wild land. Subsequently he removed to the farm where Mrs. Laura Young now lives. William J. Boyd was a man of fine appearance, weighing over two hundred pounds. He was a Democrat in, politics; was a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity ; served several years as justiee of the peace, and was a man of affairs generally. On March 24, 1847, he was married to Mrs. Jane Hooker, widow of Hiram Hooker, a daughter of Robert Bradford, and a native of Ireland. The children born to this marriage were Leona, Charles W., Rebecca, Walter and Laura C. Rebecca is the widow of James Rice; Laura C. is the widow of James Young and the others are deceased. The mother of these children died Aug. 9, 1887, aged seventy-two years. During the greater part of her life she was a devoted member of the Presbyterian church. William J. Boyd died on Aug. 4, 1887. At the time of his death he was the owner of several hundred acres of land, besides some city property in Shawneetown, where for several years he was in the livery business. After the marriage of James W. and Laura C. Young they lived on the farm where she now resides, and where he carried on, a general farming and stock raising business. Since his death Mrs. Young continues to manage the farm, which consists of 160 acres. She also owns eighty acres in another tract. The children of James W. and Laura C. Young were Charles W., aged twelve years, now living on the old homestead with his mother, and Irene, Susie and Mary Frances, all deceased. MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 383 THOMAS B. HICK, M.D., one of the best known physicians of Gallatin county, Ill., was born at New Haven, in that county, Dec. 6, 1841, and is now the oldest native resident of that place. He is the third in a family of five children born to Thomas and Fatima C. (Barger) Hick, the former a native of Yorkshire, England, and the latter of Gallatin county, where her father, Jacob Barger, was one of the early settlers. The other children were John, born in 1838 and died in 1875, a merchant during his lifetime; Mary J., who married George L. Hanna, and died in 1901 ; Elizabeth J., wife of Mathew Land, born Jan. 13, 1844, and one who died in infancy. Doctor Hick's father came from England in his boyhood with his parents, settling near Golconda in the year 1816. He was bound out to a tobacconist until he was twenty-one years of age, but not liking the arrangement ran away before he completed his term of service. In 1835 he located at New Haven, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He took a prominent part in political affairs and in 1845 and again in 1858 was elected to the legislature on the Democratic. tieket. He continued in business until 1866, and upon his death his sons succeeded to the store. The mother of Doctor Hick died in 1855. Doctor Hick received his early education in the common schools, after, which he took a eourse in the Eastman Business college, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. On Dec. 1, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Seventh Illinois cavalry, joining the regiment at Bird's Point, Mo. He was at the siege of Vicksburg; participated in the battle of Arkansas Post, the military operations about Corinth, and was in a number of minor skirmishes. In 1862 he was promoted to sergeant, and in August of that year was detailed for special duty by order of General Grant. When the postoffice of the Thirteenth army corps was created he was appointed a clerk in that department and remained in that capacity until August, 1864. He was then transferred to the military postoffice at Cairo and served there until he was mustered out on December Big, at Nashville, Tenn. Before the war he had been associated with his father in the store and had spent some time in reading medicine. After being discharged from the army he again took up the study, though he continued in the store with his brother until 1869. During the years 1870-71 he attended the Jefferson Medical college, of Philadelphia, and in 1872 graduated from the Cleveland Medical college. He located at New Haven, where he has been in continuous practice ever since. Although a third of a century has elapsed since Doctor Hick first received his degree of M.D. he has not allowed himself to fall behind in 384 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY the progress of medieal science. In the treatment of diseases he is looked upon as one of the successful physicians of his section of the state, and consequently has a large and lucrative practice. In addition to his professional interests he owns a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, and has accumulated considerable town property. Like his father before him, he is an unswerving Democrat, though the only political position he could ever be prevailed on to accept was the postoffice at New Haven, where he served as postmaster for several years. Doetor Hick is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen; Rhodes Post, No. 586, Grand Army of the Republic, of New Haven, and belongs to the Cumberland Presbyterian church. BLUEFORD ROBINETT, a retired farmer, of Shawneetown, Ill., was born in that county, not far from Ford's Ferry,Jan. 18, 1833. His father, Joseph Robinett, was a native of Bourbon county. Ky., where he was born in 1785. In 1818 he came with his wife and four children to Gallatin county, Ill., making the journey by wagon, entered 280 acres of government land, for which he paid $1.25 an acre. On this land Mr. Robinett built a hewed log house of two rooms, and there passed the remainder of his life as a farmer. This farm is the one where the subject of this sketch was born. Joseph Robinett was twice married. His first wife was a \l iss Hughes, by whom he had four children, all born in Kentucky. John was a soldier in the Black Hawk war; Irene married John Potts: Phoebe married Joseph Potts, and Matilda married James Barlow. The second wife was Clarissa Nighswonger, a native of Ohio, who came down the Ohio river with her brother in a flatboat, about 1824, and settled in Gallatin county. To this marriage there were born the following children: James, who died at the age of seventy-eight years; Louisiana, who married Todd Dunn and died at the age of forty; Allen, who died when he was about thirty years old; Cynthia A., who married Jeremiah Potts and died at the age of forty; Blueford, the subject of this sketch; Rachel, now living in Gallatin county as the widow of Henry Rose; Joseph a farmer of Gallatin county, and Alfred, who died when but nine years of age. The mother of these children died at the age of eighty-four years MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 385 and the father when he was about sixty-six. Blueford Robinett was about nineteen, years of age at the time of his father's death and he was called on to take charge of the farm and conduct it for his mother. He continued to live on the farm until 1892, when he removed to Shawneetown. Although in his boyhood he was denied the privilege of attending school as much as most of the boys of the present generation enjoy, he has succeeded in life. At one time he owned over 1,000 acres of land. Much of this has been divided among his children, but he is still the owner of a fine farm of two hundred acres. In, politics Mr. Robinett has always been a Democrat, one of the kind who always have the courage of their convictions and ready to defend their principles, but he has never been a seeker for public office. In 1853 he was married to Miss Eliza J. Rose and to this union were born the following children: Charlotte, wife of John C. Brinkley, of Shawneetown ; Lucy, wife of J. W. Rogers, a well known farmer of Gallatin county; Cynthia, who died at the age of six years; Minerva, wife of J. B. Hellington, a stock dealer of Harrisburg, Ill., and John, who died at the age of twenty-four years. The mother of these children died a few years ago, and since that time Mr. Robinett has made his home in Shawneetown. GEORGE P. CASSIDY, M.D. (deceased), late a prominent physician of Shawneetown, Ill., was born, on a farm near that city, June 6, 1860, and died at Shawneetown, May 15, 1903. His parents, John A. and Bridget Cassidy, were natives of Ireland. Both are now deceased. Dr. Cassidy received his early education, in the public schools. At the age of sixteen years he entered the Notre Dame, Ind., university, and graduated in the class of 1881. The following year he entered the Miami Medical college of Cincinnati, where he continued until he had taken three full courses of lectures, when he traveled south to Cuba and the surrounding islands for about a year. He then re-entered the medical college and graduated with the degree of M.D. in the elass of 1885. From that time until his death he practiced his profession in Shawneetown, winning the reputation of being one of the most progressive and successful physicians in the place. After graduating from the Miami college he took a special II-25 386 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY course in diseases of the eye and ear. In his untimely death the profession lost one of its most brilliant members. He was the founder and first president of the Gallatin County Medical society; was a member of the State Medical society ; and also of the Southern Medical society. In all these organizations he was ever to be found working for the advancement of the profession. In his religious views he accepted the faith of his parents and belonged to the Catholic church. On April 18, 1893, Dr. Cassidy and Miss Olive Grattan were united in marriage. She is a native of Saline county, Ill., and a descendant of one of the first families. Three children were born to Dr. and Mrs. Cassidy : Grattan, Claudia, and one who died in infancy. GEORGE HARRELSON, a retail grocer of Shawneetown, Ill., was born, in what is known as the "Pond Settlement," in that county, May 3, 1847. He is the second and only surviving child of George and Mary (Callicott) Harrelson. Rebecca, the eldest, married Henry Young and later died, and Joseph, the youngest, died at the age of twenty years. George Harrelson, the father, was twice married. His first wife was a Miss Fleming, by whom he had four children, only one of whom is now living, viz.: Nancy, wife of Henry Young, of Omaha, Ill. When the subjeet of this sketch was about eight years of age his parents removed to New Haven, in Gallatin county, and there the father died the same year. The mother afterward married James Smith, who died in 1867. George Harrelson lived with his mother until he was twenty-one years old, when he commenced working by the month for some of the neighboring farmers. After a few years passed in this way he bought out the other heirs to his father's estate and became theowner of the old homestead, consisting of 160 acres of land. He conducted this farm for three years, when he rented it and engaged in other pursuits for about four years, at the end of which time he returned to the farm and lived there until 1887. In that year he located in Shawneetown and embarked in the grocery business, in which he is still engaged. Mr. Harrelson has built up a good patronage by his close attention to business, studying the demands of his trade, and his correct business habits. Politically he is a Republican, though he is not particu- MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 387 larly active in politieal work, and in religious matters he belongs to the Presbyterian church. He has been twice married. His first wife, who died about a year after their marriage, was Mary Williams. His seeond and present wife was Sarah L. Hill. To this marriage there was born one son, Joseph, who met his death by an aceident. One day, during recess at school, a boy named Jesse Barr caught a schoolmate, Marry Docker, and bumped the back of his head against Joseph's right temple, causing an injury that resulted in his death. FELIX DOWNEN (deceased), late a farmer near Ridgway, Gallatin county, Ill., was born near Mount Vernon, Posey county, Ind., May 28, 1858, and died on the farm now oecupied by his widow, Oct. 22, 1900. He was reared to manhood in Posey county, received his education there in the public schools, and upon arriving at man's estate adopted the life of a farmer. On Feb. 13, 1879, he was united in marriage to Miss Kate Allyn, who was born and reared in the same neighborhood, and in September of that year removed to Gallatin county, locating on the farm where he lived the remainder of his life. At the time he took possession of this farm there was but eighty acres, about half of which was cleared. e improved this place and added to it until at the time of his death he was the owner of 200 acres of land, well equipped with improvements, and which is now occupied and owned by his widow and her children. Mr. Downen did a general farming business in his life-time and gave considerable attention to stock raising. He was a member of the Court of Honor, a fraternal organization, and with his wife belonged to the Baptist church. In the ordinary affairs of life he was a consistent practitioner of the tenets of his religious faith, dealing fairly with his fellowmen, sympathizing with the unfortunate and eontributing to worthy charities as his means would permit. He and his wife had the following children : Lemuel, born Oct. 6, 1880, now deeeased; Ora, born Sept. 15, 1882, now the wife of Charles Foster; Inez, born Nov. 9, 1884, now Mrs. Edward Barnett; Hattie, born Sept. 17, 1886, at home with her mother; Mary, born Sept. 9, 1889, and Hattie Olive, born Aug. 31, 1896. 388 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY CALVIN M. BAKER, a farmer near Equality, Gallatin county, Ill., is one of the oldest residents in that section of the state. He was born in Walker county, Ala., Dec. 27, 1824, his parents being William and Phoebe (Collinsworth) Baker. In 1828 William Baker loaded one wagon with his worldly goods and with his wife and children came overland to Shawneetown. He located at the John Crenshaw salt works, where he was employed for about two years. He then entered forty acres of land on Eagle creek, built a log cabin and devoted the rest of his life to agricultural pursuits. He died near Equality in 1841, aged fifty-two years. His wife died some time later at the age of fifty-five. Of their children but three are now living, viz.: Calvin M., the subject of this sketch; Sarah, widow of William Dorsey, and William, who lives in Arkansas. Those dead are Elizabeth, who married Wallace McKenney, and lived to he eighty-seven years old; Preston, who died at the age of twenty-three years; Covington, died at the age of seven years; Henry, died when he was about twenty years old; Phoebe, died in early childhood; James and Felix, who each died when about two years old; and Caroline, who married Thomas Scudmore. When Calvin M. Baker was about seventeen years old he commenced the battle of life by renting a farm, raising a crop in the summer months and working at the Illinois Iron Works in the winter time. He continued in this way for a few years, when on Jan. 10, 1850, he was married to Miss Frances Calvert and for the next four years lived in Hardin county. He then returned to Gallatin county and bought a tract of 120 acres of land, upon which, to use the old familiar expression, "there was not a stick of timber amiss." This place has been his home for fifty years, though he has added to his original farm until he now owns 360 acres. Here he has seen his children grow to maturity, marry and found homes of their own, and here in 1879 he lost his wife by death, after nearly thirty years of happy married life. Their children are Sarah, widow of Wiley Rose, now living at Elizabethtown, Ill.: William, who lives near his father; Phoebe, wife of John Harvey, also living in the neighborhood; Rena, deceased; Mary, wife of Harry Pearson, living near Harrisburg, Ill. ; Lucy, wife of Charles Walsen, also living near Harrisburg; Effie, wife of John Brown, living near MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 389 Equality. Mr. Baker has been one of the successful farmers and stock raisers of Gallatin county for many years. He is a Democrat and cast his first presidential vote for Lewis Cass in 1848. Since then he has always been a stanch defender of Democratic principles, though hee has many warm personal friends among those of the opposite political belief because of his sympathetic nature and genial disposition. JAMES T. COLBERT, a well-to-do farmer, living near Equality, Gallatin county, Ill., was born in the neighborhood where he now lives, May 3, 1827. His father, James Colbert, was born in Alabama about 1792. When he was a young man he eame with his brothers, Henry, Drury, and Hiram, to Illinois, and after working for a while at the salt works entered eighty acres of government land and passed the rest of his life as a farmer. This farm is now in the possession of the subject of this sketch, and it was there that he was born. James Colbert fought in the Black Hawk war and died in 1834. His children were: Allen B., William, Nancy J., Elisha, Hiram, James T., Thomas and Frances. Allen died at the age of thirty-five years; William lived to be seventy-seven; Nancy married Robert Pinson and after his death Johnson Kanady, and died at the age of seventy-five; Elisha died in 1862 while serving in the One Hundred and Twentieth Illinois infantry; Hiram died in 1834; Thomas died in 1890; and Frances is the wife of Calvin Baker. The mother of these children died at the age of seventy-six years. James T. Colbert commenced life on his own account when he was twenty years old, his only capital being an ax, a fiddle, and a determination to succeed. His education had been acquired in the old subscription sehools, in a log house with no floor but the ground and split saplings for seats. From the time he was twenty until he was thirty years of age he followed farming during the summer seasons and worked at the Illinois Iron Works in the winter time, devoting all his leisure time to self-study, until today he is one of the best informed mere in his locality. He has also prospered in the accumulation of this world's goods. When he was first married in 1847 he went to housekeeping in a log cabin, about a mile from where he now lives. He remained there until 1891, when he removed to his present location, where he has a well improved farm, all the improvements having been made by himself. He now owns eight hundred acres of fine land, five hundred acres of which are under cultivation, and has given something like four hundred acres to his children. As a stock raiser 390 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY Mr. Colbert has been quite successful, though the greater part of his attention has been devoted to a general farming business. He takes an interest in public affairs and has served as eounty commissioner, to which office he was elected on the Democratic ticket, having affiliated with that party ever since he became a voter. Mr. Colbert has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Mary J. Seets, a native of Tennessee, and to this marriage there were born the following children: Lucy A., wife of Jefferson Vinyard, of Hardin county; Allen B., who died at the age of ten years; Frances, wife of Robert Taylor, living near Harrisburg; Sarah, wife of Joseph Vinyard; James, who lives near his father; Mary L., who married Henry Hamp and afterward died; Aaron, who lives in the vieinity; Margaret, widow of Isaac Jennings, who was a farmer in Eagle Creek township ; Thomas J. ; Isabelle, who married Robert White and died some years ago as his wife; Prudence, wife of George Leadbetter, and John B., who died in 1893. The mother of these children died in 1875 and on Oct. 29, 1879, Mr. Colbert was married to Mrs. Mary A. Frohock, widow of Lucien Frohock, and a daughter of Josiah Hull. Three children have been born to this second marriage, viz.: Virgie, wife of George Blackman, of Eagle Creek township; Virgil, on the farm with his father, and Paul, at home. THOMAS B. LOGSDON. a retired farmer of Shawneetown, Ill., was born in Ripley county, Ind., Oct. 21, 1841, his parents being Thomas B. and Mary (Muir) Logsdon. When the subject of this sketch was about seventeen years of age he commenced his business career as a farmer, but in 1859 went to Indianapolis, Ind., where he secured a position as clerk in a grocery, and worked there until 1862. He then worked on the railroad for about a year, at the end of which time he came to Shawneetown and engaged in business. A year later he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Company as a sleeping-car conductor, and continued in that capacity for about eighteen months. Then for something over a year he was a night watchman in the railroad yards and in the fall of 1868 again located in Gallatin county. On Jan. 19, 1869, he was united in marriage to Mrs. Margaret Logsdon, widow of Carter Logsdon and MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 391 daughter of Solomon and Nancy Brown, and went to farming near Bowlesville, four miles west of Shawneetown. In 1891 he removed to Shawneetown, where he now lives retired, though he still owns his farm of three hundred and twenty-seven acres. When he came to Shawneetown in i891 he went into the store of Jacob Bechtold as a clerk and remained there for four years. Mr. Logsdon is one of the active Democrats of Gallatin county. For two years he was postmaster at Bowlesville, at the end of which time he resigned. From 1870 to 1886 he held the office of justice of the peace ; was appointed county commissioner to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Dr. Harmon, and served almost a full term ; was then twice elected to the office, serving nearly six years in all; and served as police magistrate for two years. Since 1872 he has been a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and since 1894 a Knight of Pythias. Mr. Logsdon and his wife both belong to the Cumberland Presbyterian church at Bowlesville, where he was for some time superintendent of the Sunday school. (See sketches of Joseph and James J. Logsdon for extended account of ancestry.) JOSEPH E. LOGSDON, one of the most prominent farmers and stock raisers of Gallatin county, Ill., living one mile west of Shawneetown, is a native of that county, having been born on a farm about one and a half miles west of Shawneetown, Dec. 11, 1854. His father, Thomas Logsdon, was a son of one of the old pioneer settlers. (See sketches of Joseph and James Logsdon). After such an education as the common schools afforded Joseph E. Logsdon attended Notre Dame university for one year. At the age of twenty-two years he engaged in general farming and stock raising upon the farm owned by his mother until 1899, when he removed to the farm where he now lives. He does an extensive business in raising and feeding stock and is interested in various other enterprises, being generally reeognized as one of the leading business men of the county. In 1883 he was united in marriage to Miss Edith Riordan. Two ehildren born to this union are deceased, viz.: Arthur and Edward. Those liying are Eugene, Maude, Thomas, Lucy, Isabelle, Horace, Frederick and Bluford. In politics Mr. Logsdon is a Democrat and he takes a lively interest in all questions of public policy. He is in favor of good roads, good schools, good local government, and in fact is one of the most progressive men in his vicinity. 392 - MEMOIRS OF TILE LOWER OHIO VALLEY CAPT. LA FAYETTE TWITCHELL, a prominent citizen of Elizabethtown, Ill., at the present time police magistrate, was born on Feb. 26, 1829, in that part of Pope county, Ill., now included in the eounty of Hardin, his birthplace being on a farm about four and a half miles north- west of Elizabethtown. His father, Moses Twitchell, was born at Bethel, Me., March 6, 1779. In early life he was engaged in rafting lumber from Bethel to Brunswick. and also learned the trade of millwright. He married Lydia Harris in 1810, and in 1812 moved to Pittsburg, Pa., where he engaged in the milling and lumber business. In 1818 he placed all his personal property on a flatboat and with his wife and two children came down the Ohio river to Elizabethtown. He bought eighty acres of land from a Mr. O'Neal, who had built a small grist mill on Big creek, one of the first mills in that part of the state. This mill Mr. Twitchell enlarged and added a saw mill. It afterward became known far and wide as "Twitchell's mill." Moses Twitchell did considerable business in shipping lumber down the river by flatboat, frequently going as far as New Orleans. He also conducted a cooper shop blacksmith shop and still house. Later he built a saw mill on Three Mile creek but did not operate it for any great length of time. In that early day he held an office that corresponds to the present county commissioner. In the late fifties he had established at his place the first postoffice between Shawneetown and Golconda, known as Twitchell's Mills. He was postmaster until he died in 1832. His wife died in 1836. La Fayette is the youngest of the family, the Other children being: Franklin, born in 1812 and died in 1855; Washington, born in 1814 at Pittsburg and died in 1851 in California; Hiram, who died in 1841 near Elizabethtown; Uzial, who died in 1862; and two daughters, both named Cynthia, who died in childhood. La Fayette Twitehell passed his boyhood at his father's mills. In 1837, after the death of his parents, he went to Elizabethtown, where he lived with his brother Franklin, attending the schools there and at Shawneetown. As soon as he was old enough to run on the river he engaged in the occupation of flatboating, his brother Franklin being one of the most noted pilots on the river. In the spring of 1849 in company with James and B. P. McFarland, George MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 393 Jackson, William Chipp, John H. Lefler, and Robert Pierson, making seven in all, he started with a six-mule team for California. They left Elizabethtown on April 3, added two more mules to their team at St. Joseph, Mo., and arrived at Weaverville, Cal., on August 24. He remained in California until May, 1852, prospecting and mining, in which he was successful, and then returned by water to New York. From there he made his way back to Elizabethtown, where he engaged in the business of running a saw mill and flatboating until the mill was destroyed by fire in 1854. He and his brother then built a wharf-boat, which they conducted for about a year, when it was wrecked in a storm. Soon after this his brother died. In 1859 Captain Twitchell again eaught the gold fever and went overland to Pike's Peak, remaining there for about two years, when he again returned to his home near Elizabethtown. In August, 1862, he helped to raise a company, which was mustered in as Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Illinois infantry. He was at first made adjutant of the regiment, and in June, 1863, was commissioned captain of his company. He was in many of the military operations around Vieksburg, fought at Arkansas Post and Milligan's Bend, and was engaged in doing guard and provost duty at Memphis. In November, 1863, he resigned, raised Company I, One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Illinois infantry, for the one hundred days' service, and was made captain of the company. He was discharged in October, 1864, by reason of expiration of service, and from that time until 1870 was engaged in the saw mill business. He then conducted a hotel near Rosiclare for about two years, when he was elected to the office of circuit clerk in 1872 on the Republican ticket and held the office for four years. Subsequently he served six years as master in chancery, and during President Harrison's administration was postmaster at Elizabethtown for four years. He was one of the county commissioners at the time the new court house was built, and took an active part in raising by subscription from the people of the town a sum of $1,200 with which to assist in building the structure. Captain Twitchell has been a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows ever since 1853; has passed through the chairs; and has five times represented his lodge in the Grand Lodge. He is one of the charter members of Alex Ragon Post, No. 565, Grand Army of the Republic, at Elizabethtown; has been honored by his comrades by being elected commander of the post, and has been a member of Western Association California Pioneers since 1893. In 1856 he was married to Miss 394 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY Angeline, daughter of James and Elizabeth Steele, who came from South Carolina at an early date. Mrs. Twitchell was born near Rosiclare in 1836 and has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church ever since she was sixteen years of age. Captain and Mrs. Twitchell are the parents of the following children: Robert A., a physician of East St. Louis; La Fayette, an attorney at Denver, Col.; Mollie E., who died in childhood; Benjamin E. and James W., both physicians, practicing together at Belleville, Ill. BRITTON STACEY, a well known resident of Elizabethtown, Ill., was born near Gainesboro, Jackson county, Tenn., May 1, 1844. When he was about two years old his parents removed to Kentucky and in 1852 to Illinois, locating on a farm about twelve miles north of Elizabethtown. Here the subject of this sketch grew to manhood, working on a farm in summer and attending the public schools during the winter months. On July 4, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company F, One Hundred and Thirty-first Illinois volunteer infantry, and was mustered in at Metropolis City on September 16th of the same year. He was engaged in the military operations on the Yazoo river, fought at Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post and the siege of Vicksburg. After the fall of Vicksburg he was taken ill with typhoid fever and sent to the hospital at St. Louis, where he remained for seven months. He then rejoined his command at Paducah, Ky., and soon afterward the regiment was consolidated with the Twenty-ninth infantry at Vicksburg. For the next eleven months he was at Natchez on guard duty, then to New Orleans, Dolphin's Island, at the battle of Spanish Fort and in numerous minor skirmishes. At Spanish Fort he was severely wounded by the explosion of a shell, the left arm being so badly lacerated that it had to he taken off above the elbow. He was discharged on Sept. 16, 1865, just three years after being mustered in, and returned to the farm. On March 22, 1866, he was married to Miss Amy J. Tinsley, who came with her parents to Hardin county when she was about thirteen years of age. After his marriage Mr. Stacey engaged in farming about ten miles northeast of Elizabethtown until 1881, when he moved into town. At one time he owned 220 acres of land. MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 395 Mr. Stacey is one of the stalwart Republicans of Hardin county. He was for twelve years a deputy in the sheriff's office, having previously served eight years as constable while living on the farm. He has several times been elected to a place on the town board and served one term as mayor of Elizabethtown. He was one of the charter members of Alexander Ragon Post, Grand Army of the Republic, at Elizabethtown, and has been commander of the post. He also belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Honor. As a public official he has won the reputation of being a capable and conscientious one, and in his fraternal organizations he has won popularity by his genial disposition and his ready benevolence to those less fortunate than himself. DAVID ORR, a farmer two and a half miles from Elizabethtown, Ill., was born five miles northwest of that town, May 28, 1848. His father, Joseph Orr, was born near Gallipolis, O., but came to Hardie county, Ill., while he was still a young man. There he married Sarah Williams, a member of one of the old families of the county, settled on the farm where the subject of this sketch was born, and there passed the remainder of his life. He and his wife were the parents of the following, children : William, John, James, Joseph, Nancy J., David, and Mary E. William died in infancy : Joseph died in 1873; Nancy J. died in 188, and Mary E. is now living with her mother on the old homestead. The father of these children died in March, 1852, but the mother, who was born Dec. 17, 1816, is still living and until recently enjoyed good health. When David was twelve years of age he took charge of the farm for his mother and lived with her until 1890, having full control of the three hundred acres constituting the old home farm. On Oct. 16, 1890, he was married to Jane Jackson, a daughter of James N. Jackson, and located on the farm where he now lives. His wife and her father were both born on this farm, which formerly belonged to her grandfather, John Jackson, who was one of the pioneers of Hardin county. It is located on the Ohio river, contains 55o acres and is one of the best farms in theeounty.. Mr. Orr carries on a general farming business, but devotes a great deal of his time to breeding fine stock, 396 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY especially Shorthorn and Red Polled cattle and Hackney and Percheron horses. Politically he is a Republican but has never been desirous of holding public office. His first wife died on March 5, 1897, leaving two children, Clarissa and David, and on Sept. 6, 1899, he was married to Miss Alice Duley of Kentucky. JAMES P. FERRILL, a farmer and stock raiser, of Elizabethtown, Ill., was born in that county, Dec. 30, 1847. His father, John H. Ferrill, was born near Chapel Hill, Tenn., April 15, 1823, and lived there until he was about sixteen years of age. About the year 1839 his father, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, died. Soon after his death the widow, with her two sons, John H. and Charles M., came with one wagon containing all their earthly possessions to Illinois and located near Furnace, in Hardin county. The two boys worked on the farm in the summer time, at the iron works in the winter, cut cordwood, and did various other things to assist their widowed mother. In 1843 John H. Ferrill was united in marriage to Nancy Pillow, a niece of Gideon Pillow, who won distinction as a Confederate general during the Civil war. To this marriage there were born the following children: James P., the subject of this sketch; Martha, who died at the age of two years; John C., now in Los Angeles, Cal.; Anne, who died in childhood; Josie, now living at Elizabethtown, and Nellie, who died as the wife of James B. MeFarland. About 1851 John H. Ferrill went to California and remained there for about two years, prospecting and mining, but at the end of that time returned to Hardin county, making the trip by water both ways. From that time until the war he was engaged in steamboat navigation on the Mississippi, the Ohio and Cumberland rivers. He was the owner of the steamers Winneford, Kate French and Governor's Island, and was doing a good business when the war broke out. In 186r he enlisted as wagon master in the Twenty-ninth Illinois infantry, but was transferred to the navy by General Grant and made a master pilot, serving in that capacity during the entire eonflict. He was the volunteer pilot on board the monitor Neosho and in one of the engagements her colors were shot down. Assisted by a German soldier he raised the flag while the fight was still going on and received a medal from Congress for his bravery. After the war he returned to his old occupation and continued in the river traffic until 1878. He was a charter member of the Grand Army post at Elizabethtown. His death oceurred on April 17, 1900. His widow is still living, being now MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 397 about eighty years of age. James P. Ferrill began working with his father on the river just at the commencement of the war and remained associated with him until 1878, both giving up the river at the same time. After that he lived at Metropolis until 1882, when he located on the farm where he now lives. This farm, which is known as the "Colonel Ferrill farm," contains 440 acres. It formerly belonged to Charles M. Ferrill, who raised Company D, of the Twenty-ninth Illinois infantry, and was mustered in as eaptain. He took part in all the engagements in which his command participated, among them Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Vicksburg, and the military operations about Corinth. After the war he engaged in mercantile pursuits at Elizabethtown until 1882, when he retired. He was one of the prominent and successful men of the county; a member of the Grand Army of the Republic ; the Masonic fraternity, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; represented Hardin county in the legislature ; served as county commissioner, county judge, and some other local officers, and died in July, 1901. James P. Ferrill and Miss Mary Hayden were united in marriage on June 15, 1872, and to this marriage there have been born the following children : Charles F., a merchant; E. R., engaged on the river ; Nellie, wife of Samuel Hosick, of Elizabethtown; James, at home. Those deceased are Rillie, Benjamin and John Henry. HENRY RITTENTHOUSE, a farmer, living near Cave in Rock, Hardin county, Ill., is one of the best known, men in his locality. He was born in Switzerland county, Ind., Oct. 14, 1840. When he was about four years old his parents removed to Schuyler eounty, Ill., where he grew to manhood and received his education in the public schools. On Oct. 7, 1861, just a week before he reached his majority, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Twenty-eighth Illinois volunteer infantry, and was mustered in at Rushville. The regiment was ordered to Kentucky and while there employed in the construction of some earth works Mr. Rittenhouse was seriously ruptured. For some time he remained in the hospital and on Dec. 17, z861, was discharged from the service on account of his disability. On Sept. r6, 1863, he was married to Miss Char- 398 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY lotte Persinger, who was born and reared in Sehuyler eounty, her parents being Allen and Paulina (Peters) Persinger. About two months after his marriage Mr. Rittenhouse came with his wife to Hardin county, where he rented land until 1875, when he bought forty acres, about half of which was cleared, and lived on that place for five years. He then removed to the place where he now lives. The farm is known as the "Jackson Farm," contains 188 aeres, and is one of the best in the neighborhood. Mr. Rittenhouse carries on a general farming business and devotes considerable attention to stock-raising. He is one of the leading Republieans in his part of the county, and was elected on that tieket to the office of county commissioner for a term of three years. The only fraternal organization to claim him as a member is the Grand Army of the Republic, in which he belongs to the post at Cave in Rock. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Rittenhouse are Rosa, Laura, Peyton, William A., Hattie and Pennington. Rosa died at the age of six months; Laura and Peyton were twins ; Peyton died and Laura is the wife of Joseph Riggs living near ; William is an attorney and abstractor of titles in Chicago; was educated at the Northern Indiana normal, at Valparaiso, read law with Col. Dick Taylor, and practiced for a while at Shawneetown. In Chicago he was associated with Mr. Deneen, who was elected governor of Illinois in 1904. Hattie and Pennington were twins. The latter died and the former is now the county superintendent of the Hardin county, schools. She was educated at the normal school at Carbondale and began teaching at the age of seventeen. Mrs. Rittenhouse is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. The daughter is a Baptist. JOHN GILBERT, of Golconda, Ill., president of the Pope County State bank, was born in the town where he now resides, Oct. 13, 1853. His father, whose name was also John, was born in Pennsylvania in 1818. At an early age he was left an orphan and was bound out to an uncle. This uncle proeured a position for him with the North American Fur Company, and while in the employ of that concern at the trading post of New Harmony, Ind., he drifted into Pope county buying furs and selling the old Seth Thomas clocks. Upon leaving the fur company he clerked in the general store of Mr. Lowth at Golconda for some time and later bought out his employer. He continued in the mercantile line until 1876, when he went to Evansville to engage in the produce business, pork and tobacco being his specialties. Some time after going to Evansville he became interested MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 399 in the Evansville & Cairo Packet Company, running mail boats between the two cities, and also in the Evansville & Tennessee Packet Company, which operated a line of boats on the Tennessee river. In 1876 he was made vice-president of the Merchants' National bank, and after that institution went into liquidation, on account of the expiration of its charter, he became vice-president of the Old National bank. In 1899 he was made president of the latter bank and held the office until his death on Aug. 14, 1901. he was a zealous Republican, a member of the Presbyterian church, and was a fine example of a self-made man. He married Camelia Bucklin of Rhode Island, and their children were Harry, who succeeded his father in the steamboat lines ; Fannie, who lives at Golconda; John, the subject of this sketch; Minnie; William S., a brick manufacturer of Evansville; and three deceased, viz.: Eliza, Maria, and Augustus. Eliza was the wife of Lewis McCoy. John Gilbert, the subject of this sketch, was reared at Golconda and received his education in the public schools. While still in his youth he went into the banking house of W. P. Sloan & Co., in which his father was a silent partner, and worked his way up to bookkeeper and later to the position of cashier. In 1877 the bank was reorganized under the firm name of Sloan & Gilbert and continued under that name until i888, when Mr. Gilbert bought the interest of Mr. Sloan. From that time until 1897 the business as continued as the John Gilbert, Jr., Company, when Mr. Gilbert came to his present position as president of the State bank. In addition to his banking interests Mr. Gilbert has developed a number of lead and spar mines in the county, and is now the owner of a spar mine near Hartsville with a vein eight feet in thiekness. He is one of the active Republicans of the county; served nine years as chairman of the county executive committee; was elected county commissioner in 1898 and served one term of two years; and has for fourteen years been mayor of Golconda. He belongs to the Knights of Honor and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in the latter order was for many years the treasurer of the lodge. Mr. Gilbert has been twice married. His first wife, to whom he was united on Sept. 21, 1882, was Miss Edmonia Kidd, of Paducah, Ky. Three children were born to this union, viz.: Raymond, now a student at the Northwestern university, Evanston, I11. ; Ethel, attending Ferry Hall seminary at Lake Forest, Ill., and John. The mother of these children died in 1891 and on Jan. To, 1903, he was married to Miss Lucy Morse. 400 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY LOUIS HERBERT, the subject of this sketch, is little prone to boast of his achievements and his modesty makes it difficult to obtain from him sufficient details of his life to form an extended biographical sketch, though no man in the business life of Cairo, Ill., is more worthy of such notice. A detailed account of his successful career would be a good lesson for young men just starting to make their way in the world. Mr. Herbert was born in Germany, Feb. 1, 1840, of parents in comfortable circumstances. He received good schooling, though not a college or university education. His early training, however, gave him a taste for learning and made him a student all his life, the thirst for information still remaining with him, as his aceumulation of well read books attests. When seventeen years of age the ambition to seek other parts and fly with his own wings seized him, and was gratified by his parents. He came to America, landing at New Orleans. Although a bright and attractive lad he was handicapped by a lack of knowledge of the English language. He soon obtained a plaee in, a fine restaurant, conducted by a German, where he speedily made a good impression. While he was still working for wages the Civil war came on and materially disturbed his ealculations, but after various experienees he reached Cairo in 1863. For a time after coming to the eity be continued to work for wages, after which he formed a favorable partnership and started in the restaurant business for himself. At that time there were both ample room and a popular demand for a first-class restaurant in Cairo, and the new undertaking was soon crowned with success. Later he extended the restaurant business, opening in connection with it the best hotel in the city. The tide of travel through Cairo during the last years of the war, and immediately following the return of peace, made Mr. Herbert's hotel and cafe well known in all parts of the country. As a matter of course, this fame was profitable to him, as it gave him the cream of the trade in his line. As he accumulated money it was wisely invested in Cairo real estate, and the ineome from such investments was in like manner added to the same line of property. Many years ago he sold his restaurant and hotel business and engaged in the wholesaling of spirituous and malt liquors, in which his trade has been very extensive. Mr. Herbert now ranks among the wealthiest MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 401 citizens, is one of the largest real estate owners and heaviest taxpayers in Southern Illinois. His property in Cairo is both extensive and valuable, as he has always had an abiding confidence in the future of the city and was not afraid to invest his money there. Subsequent years have demonstrated the soundness of his judgment. He also has a number of valuable farms within easy reach of Cairo, besides owning property in other cities. By industry, close application to business, and an unusual endowment of financial genius or judgment—call it what you like—Mr. Herbert has achieved his success. Through his long and constantly upward career he has never forfeited the good will of his fellow-men through shrewd practices or dishonest methods, but every dollar he has he has earned in a strictly legitimate way. PETER CALDWELL, superintendent of the Louisville House of Refuge, one of the most important reformatory institutions of the country, was born in Huntingdon, Province of Quebec, Canada, April 23, 1836. He is the son of William and Janette (Elder) Caldwell, both natives of Scotland, who came to Canada in an early day on the same ship. His grandfather, William Caldwell, and his maternal grandfather, George Elder, emigrated to Huntingdon in 1801, when all of that region, now so thickly settled, was a vast wilderness, and there engaged in pioneer farming. Here William Caldwell lived to a patriarchal age, dying on the eighty-second anniversary of his birth. William Caldwell, the father of Peter Caldwell, lived all of his life on a farm in sight of that on which he grew to manhood. A man of fine judgment and high character, he wielded a powerful influence in the community in which he lived. In the French rebellion he saw active service, acquitting himself with credit. For many years he was commissioner of schools for his county and his deep interest in educational matters had much to do with influencing his son to devote himself to the profession which finally carried him• into reformatory as well as educational work. He died at the ripe age of fourscore years and four, honored and respected by all who knew him. Peter Caldwell grew to manhood on his father's farm and received his academic education at Huntingdon and Malone, N. Y. In 1859 he entered Middlebury college at Middlebury, Vt., II-26 402 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY and four years later graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He had begun teaching at an early age and devoted ten years in all to that work, earning in that way the money which enabled him to complete his education. Immediately after graduation he went to Chicago, where he was first chosen principal and three months later assistant superintendent of the reform school of that city. After serving in this capacity for a year and a half he was called to Louisville, Ky., to take the position of superintendent of the Louisville House of Refuge, which position he has so ably and acceptably filled sinee 1866. His long experience as a teaeher, his tact and ability as a disciplinarian, his thorough appreciation of the responsibilities resting upon him and a conscientious devotion to duty eminently fitted him for the all-important work undertaken by him. Taking charge of the house of refuge immediately after the Civil war and practically at its inception, Peter Caldwell has by his skilful management developed it into a reformatory institution which is the pride of the city and which has no superior among similar institutions in the United States. During all the years of his connection with this institution he has kept in elose touch with the noble men and women engaged in reformatory and charitable work in the United States, attending regularly their conventions and co-operating actively in all movements designed to improve the condition of prisons, reformatories and charities. He has made a close study of the conduct and management of such institutions, and the splendid results of his management of the Louisville House of Refuge evidence the fact that he has studied to good purpose. In religious matters he is identified with the Presbyterian church. While he votes with the Democratic party in national issues, he acts independently to the extent of supporting those whom he deems best qualified to fill local offices. In 1866 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary T. Wells, the daughter of Rev. Edward Wells, of Chicago, a native of Canada. They are the parents of seven children: Nettie, the wife of Thomas H. Campbell; Addie, now Mrs. Archibald Campbell; William; Carrie, the wife of John Settle; Hamilton P.; Mary T., and David C. While the work of Peter Caldwell is a grand one that of his noble wife is equally so. More than a third of a century has passed since Peter Caldwell and his bride of a day began life together here. This has been the scene of their honeymoon, as it has been a richly fertile field of labor, abundant in enduring reward and which they would not exchange for great riches. A brief and all insufficient tribute is most certainly due Mrs. Caldwell, who for many years patiently labored with her husband at the MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 403 outset, with no hope or expectation of other requital than the sense of duty well performed and the grateful and enduring love of its beneficiaries. There has not been an even distribution of either the labor or the reward between her and her husband. While he has largely been a figurehead, hers has been the administering hand. She has borne the brunt of the battle and bears most of the scars. Her midnight vigils for many years with the very ailing ones come back to the memory of her husband from the retrospect, tempered with reverential tenderness and admiration and even were it within his power to reshape the past he would not wish her a single hour of respite, a single pang of anxiety saved, any more than she herself would do. Theservieess she rendered were not those of an hireling, meted out grudgingly, or stinted; on the contrary, she was ever ready, ever willing, ever cheerful in the bestowing of her benefactions both by day and by night. LISTER STUART, one of the leading farmers near Eichorn, Hardin county, Ill., was born on the farm where he now lives, Sept. 5, 1873. He is a son of Capt. T.G. Stuart, who was born on a farm near Hopkinsville, Ky Oct. 4, 1834, and them grew to manhood. While he was still a young man J. G. Stuart came to Hardin county, bought eighty acres of land, nearly all in timber, a mile and a quarter from Eichorn postoffice, and lived there until the beginning of the Civil war. He enlisted in Company C, Forty-eighth regiment. Illinois volunteer infantry, and was elected first lieutenant of the company. Subsequently he was made captain and was mustered out with that rank after three years and six months of service. During that time he participated in some of the principal battles of the war, as well as numerous minor engagements, and was once slightly wounded. After the war he returned to his farm, married Martha Hobbs and both died on the place that the subject of this sketch now occupies, the father at the age of sixty-six and the mother at the age of forty-eight. Captain Stuart in his day was one of the active Democrats of the county and filled some of the minor offices with credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of those who elected him. He and his wife had the following children : Prince,deeeasedd ; Lester, the subject of 404 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY this sketch; Stapleton, who still lives on the old farm; Arvilla, now Mrs. Dorner, of Hardin county; and Clyde, at home. Lester Stuart received his education in the public schools and has all his life been a tiller of the soil. The heirs of Captain Stuart own 360 acres of good land, nearly all of which is under cultivation, the farm being one of the best improved in the community. Lester Stuart, like his father before hill), is an enthusiastic Democrat, and has filled some of the local offices. He is one of the men who believe in modern methods of farming and is one of the most progressive citizens along all lines in his part of the county. ALBERT J. RICHARDS, carriage manufacturer and proprietor of the largest livery stables in Louisville, Ky., is a native of Pennsylvania, having been born in the city of Pittsburgh, Feb. 22, 1856, his parents being Adam and Theresa Rich-ards. His mother died while he was still in his infancy, and his father, who was a brass finisher by trade, left Pittsburgh, removed to Dubois county, Ind., where he bought a farm and liyed the remainder of his days, his death occurring in 1867. Albert was the youngest of three children, the other two being August and Sophia, the latter now the wife of Louis Lex. The father married again after going to Indiana, his second wife being :Maggie Kleinhelter. To this second marriage were born the following children: Henry, Adam, Maggie, wife of John Decamper; Annie, wife of John Bender; and Frank. Albert J. Richards was reared in Dubois county until he was fifteen years of age, acquired there a limited education in the public schools, and at the age of fifteen started in to learn the trade of collar maker. After a year at the business he abandoned it, because it did not agree with him, and apprenticed himself to the Ender Carriage Company, of Louisville, to learn the trade of blacksmith and carriage builder. He remained with the company for nine years, after which he was for three years with the Wheeler Carriage Company, then with other concerns until 1886, when he embarked in the business for himself. Subsequently he added a horseshoeing department and, although other concerns may turn out a larger number of carriages, none have the reputation of producing a better class of work. Everything he handles MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 405 is of his own manufacture, is of the highest possible standard, and has a wide reputation for its excellence. His factory and shops employ about thirty people, every man a skilled mechanic in his line. Since 1893 Mr. Richards has been the proprietor of the Euclid Livery Stables, the largest in the city, keeping over twenty horses for hire and having hoarding capacity for about eighty more. This stable employs nearly twenty men and is one of the best equipped in the Ohio Valley. Mr. Richards deserves great credit for what he has accomplished, owing to the fact that his mother died while he was still in his infancy and his father some ten years later. Left an orphan at the age of eleven years, with a limited edueation, he experienced many hardships and difficulties during his youth. But he never became discouraged. His ambition and perseverance won ever battle and surmounted every obstacle. While working as a journeyman he practical the most rigid economy until he saved enough to start in business for himself. His start was modest, but his l usiness gradually increased, until in the fall of 1904 he had to add another story to his factory and build a new wood working shop. Such is the reward of energy and honesty. By the exercise of these qualities he has gained the good will and esteem of the trade and the public, which has given him a place among the successful men of his city. His reputation for enterprise is proverbial and the interest he takes in public and municipal affairs marks him as a man of public spirit and progressive notions. He is a member of the Holy Name Catholic church, Louisville Lodge, No. 8, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Commercial club, and the German Jefferson Benevolent society. In 1888 he married Miss Mary Roth and after her death he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Myer, who has been a helpmate to her husband in every sense of the term, keeping the books of the carriage factory, and in other ways aiding and encouraging her husband in his business undertakings. REV. THEOPHILUS KELLENAERS, pastor of St. Agnes Catholic ehurch, Uniontown, Ky., was born in Holland, April 24. 1852. After attending the schools of his native land he completed his education at the American college, Louvain. Belgium, and in 1874 came to Kentucky. On Sept. 1, 1875, he came to Union county, where he was for six months an assistant at the Sacred Heart church at St. Vincent. For the next twelve years he was the pastor of the parish of St. Ambrose and of St. Ann's at Morganfield. In March, 1888, he came to Uniontown and assumed the pastorate of St. Agnes' 406 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY church, one of the finest in Western Kentucky. The corner-stone of the present building was laid in the spring of 1892 and the church was consecrated on Oct. u, 1893, by Rt. Rev. James Ryan, of Alton, Ky., the bishop of the diocese. St. Agnes has an attendance of about three hundred and fifty families, and from seventy-five to one hundred are baptized each year. Father Kellenaers is fitted by nature for his calling. He has a sympathetic disposition, a kind heart, and a natural love for the spiritual side of mankind. As an instructor he is patient and intelligent, and as an adviser he is well grounded in the tenets of his religion. St. Agnes has prospered under hisministrationss and he has the respect and love of his parishioners, as well as the entire confidence of his superiors in the church. REV. OSCAR PACIFIC ACKERMAN D.C.L., pastor and founder of St. Philip Neri Roman Catholic church, Louisville, Ky., was born in that city Dec. 12, 1868, a son of Philip and Walburka (Kieffer) Ackerman,, both natives of Germany. His father came to the United States in the early fifties and for many years has been permanently identified with the business interests of Louisville, where he still resides. His maternal grandparents, Jacob and Barbara Keiffer, came to America in 1846 and were among the pioneer German families of Louisville, where they lived and died. Father Ackerman's primary education was received in the parochial school of Louisville. He spent one year at St. Xavier's college in that city; five years at St. Meinrad's college in Spencer county, Ind.; was graduated in theology from the University of Innsbruck, Austria, in 1892, and ordained to the priesthood in July of the same year, after which he took a post-graduate course of three years at the Apollinaris Law school in Rome. In 1895 he returned home, and was appointed pastor of St. Lawrence church in Daviess county, Ky., where he remained until 1898, when he came to Louisville. Here he organized his present parish, the corner-stone of the church being laid July 17, 1898, and the church, one of the finest edifices of its kind, was finished and opened April 9, 1899. Its total cost, including site, parish house and school building and furnishings, was over $40,000. Father Ackerman started this church with a congregation of but eight fami- MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 407 lies. Now there are eighty-two and the school has an attendance of seventy-five pupils. Father Ackerman is public spirited, enterprising and greatly beloved by his parishioners and the general public outside of his church. JAMES WILLIAM CONNOR, one of the leading contractors and builders of Louisville, Ky., was born at LaGrange, Oldham county of that state, in February, 1861. He is a son of John and Lucy (Pince) Connor, natives of Ireland and Kentucky, respectively. His maternal grandfather, James Pince, was a native of Shelby county, Ky., and in his day was one of the most prominent lumbermen in the state. Mr. Connor was reared in theeityy of Louisville, educated in the public schools there, and began life as a carpenter in the employ of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad Company. After three years with this corporation he worked as a journeyman until 1888, when he began contracting for himself. His skill as a mechanic and his well known integrity soon placed him among the successful contractors of the city and he has retained his popularity by the prompt execution of all contracts awarded him, and bythei strict observance of the terms of the agreement in theereetionn of buildings. Among the structures erected by him may be mentioned the St. Charles flat building, containing twenty-eight flats and six office suites; the Home Telephone building; the remodeling of the First National bank building; the Kentucky Packing and Provision Company's plant at Floyd and O streets, and a number of business buildings and fine residences in various parts of the city. Mr. Connor started in life with no capital but his brains and energy. He is therefore a self-made man in all the term implies. By his good business management and his indomitable industry he has acquired a competence, and has made a reputation for himself among the progressive men of his city. On all national questions he affiliates with the Republican party, but in local matters he gives his support to the man he considers best fitted for the office, irrespective of party lines. In religious matters he is a member of the Catholic church of St. Charles Borromeo; belongs to the Knights of Columbus and the St. Vincent de Paul societies, and takes an interest in the affairs of his church and kindred organizations. On Aprilo20, 1882, he married Miss Margaret, daughter of William and Eliza Lynagh, of Louisville. 408 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY RT. REV. MOMS. FRANCIS ZABLER, pastor of St. Martin's Roman Catholic church of Louisville, Ky., was born in Mingolsheim, Baden, Germany, Jan. 14, 1853, educated at Einsiedeln college and was ordained to the priesthood at Salzburg, Sept. 22, 1878. The first charge to which he was assigned was at Hamburg, Bavaria, there he officiated successfully until 1883, when he was appointed assistant pastor of St. Martin's church. So completely satisfactory was his work as assistant that five years later hee became pastor of that charge, one of the largest and most influential in the city, in which capacity he is still serving. In 1898 he received the title of Monseigneur from Pope Leo. The present church edifice, which was erected in 1854, has been remodeled in Gothic style at a eost of $40,000 by Father Zabler. In addition to, the remodeling of the church building, Father Zabler has erected two fine school buildings, one for the boys at a cost of $22,000 and the other for the girls at a cost of $40,000. This parish, founded by Father Leander Streber, has enjoyed a healthy growth under the able management of Father Zabler, and now numbers 1,000 families, the largest German Catholic parish in the city of Louisville. The schools enjoy the reputation of being among the very best in the city, another proof of the successful work of the present pastor. Nine hundred children are at present receiving instruetion in St. Martin's parish schools. For the benefit of the young men of the parish a fine gymnasium, a casino, bowling alleys and billiard parlors have been provided by the progressive pastor. It is impossible to conceive of a more thoroughly equipped organization for successful church work than is that of St. Martin's under the direction of Father Zabler. SAMUEL JOHNSON HALL, M.D., a prominent physician of Louisville and brigadier-general of the Uniform Rank, Kentucky Brigade, Woodmen of the World, was born in Lyon county, Ky., Dec. 12, 1865. He is of Scotch descent, his grandfather, Delany Hall, a stonemason by occupation, having emigrated to America from Scotland in 1826, locating in Virginia. In 1839 he removed to what is now Lyon county, Ky., where he followed general farming until his death in 1884, aged eighty-three years. His wife, Rachel Thompson, MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY - 409 was a native of Virginia. To them were born eight children. They are: Angeline, the wife of Jefferson Cole; Neacy, Mrs. Eleven Oliver, deeeased; Alexander Benjamin; Nancy, the wife of John Hall; John E. ; Caroline, now Mrs. Thomas Lewis, and James. The maternal grandparents of Samuel J. Hall were Daniel D. and Sallie (Greene) Thorne, the former a native of France and the latter of reland. Daniel D. Thorne, a carpenter and millwright by trade, came to the United States when fifteen years old and located in Yellow Creek Forge, Tenn., where he married Miss Sallie Greene. While most of his life was spent in Tennessee and Kentucky, he died at the residence of his daughter at Little Rock, Ark., in 1885, aged eighty-one years, his widow still living at the ripe age of eighty-nine years. The parents of Samuel J. Hall were John E. and Delilah (Thorne) Hall, deceased, natives of Virginia and Tennessee respectively. John E. Hall was born in 1836 and came with his parents to Lyon county, Ky., when three years old, where he spent practically all of his life farming. During the Civil war hee served three years as a member of the Fifteenth Kentucky cavalry of the United States army, and was wounded in the knee at the battle of Crab Orchard, Ky. His family consisted of twelve children, as follows: Angeline, the wife of Phinous Gillispie ; Samuel J. ; Rosa, now Mrs. Frank Trinkle ; Daniel D. ; Susie, the wife of Floyd Thorp; Joseph; Frank R.; Robert W.; Paul E.; Bion B. (dec.) ; Sallie, the wife of William Lewis, and Richard H. Samuel J. Hall grew to manhood on his father's farm and his early education was practically received under the tuition of his mother. On attaining to his majority he spent several months in St. Louis and later traveled in the West and Northwest, spending several months in Arizona on a cattle-ranch. On Dec. 25, 1886, he came to Louisville, Ky., and entered the employ of the Ewald Iron Company. In 1892 he began the study of medicine in the Louisville Medical college, from which institution he graduated March 6, 1894. Since that time hee has been in the active and successful practiee of his profession in Louisville. Among the many organizations of which hee is a member are the following: Knights of Pythias; Live Oak Camp, No. 6, Woodmen of the World, of which organization he has been medical examiner for many years, colonel of the Twelfth regiment, Uniform Rank, ten months, and brigadier-general of the Kentucky brigade one year; Knights and Ladies of Security; Modern Maccabees ; Independent Order of Red Men and the Delmont club. Doctor Hall is secretary and treasurer of the Live Oak Association, surgeon of the Employers' Liability Insurance Corporation of London, England, and 410 - MEMOIRS OF THE LOWER OHIO VALLEY a director in the Kentucky-Arizona Mining, Smelting and Developing Company of Louisville and Phoenix. In politics the Doctor is identified with the Republican party. On May 2, 1889, he was united in marriage to Miss Elmira J., the daughter of George and Mary (Quinlan) Cowley of Louisville. To this marriage four children have beep born, as follows: John G., James J., Mary D. and Ethel L.