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the road from Hamden Junction to Newark, Ohio, and the county to take their stock in lieu thereof. The county commissioners declined the modest offer.

TWO OTHER LINES.

An east and west line a few years later began to agitate the people, as a line to Waverly and from thence in a northwesterly direction to strike the Marietta road would shorten the distance to Cincinnati some twenty-five miles, saying nothing about the delay at Hamden Junction. The people voted on this proposition under the " Act of 1872," but the proposition was lost. During the summer of 1874 the Springfield, Jackson & Pomeroy Railroad was agitated. It was a narrow gauge, and the company got a charter granted by the Legislature, Dec. 17, 1874, and March 2, 1875, a company was organized and officers elected. In the meantime Jackson County had subscribed $70,000 to the narrow gauge railroad. $39,000 was placed in the First National Bank, $5,000 in the Iron Bank, and the furnaces subscribed $26,000. The road was put under contract from Springfield to Jackson, the following October. A small depot was put up in February, 1876, near the Chillicothe bridge. James Emmitt was President, fames F. Ely, Vice-President, and W. W. Bell, Secretary and Treasurer. H. L. Chapman, of Jackson; James Emit, of Waverly; R. R. Seymour, of Bainbridge; W. W. Bell, of Greenfield; James F. Ely, of Washington; John H. Thomas and John Foos, of Springfield, Directors. The first rail was laid and spiked on Thursday, Dec. 7, 1876, near the Chillicothe bridge or Tropic Furnace. May 31, 1877, the road was completed from Jackson to Waverly except ballasting. The company, however, got into debt and trouble soon after and they were unable to build any more road. Considerable work was done between Waverly and Springfield, but the Jackson people made their connection with the Scioto Valley road at Waverly. In the meantime suit was brought, judgment rendered, and the sheriff closed it out in October, 1879, to Samuel Thomas, of Columbus, Ohio. There was a strenuous effort made to redeem it, but it failed, and Mr. Thomas and others filed papers of incorporation, changed the name to " Springfield Southern Railroad," capital $1,000,000, to run from Springfield to Rockwood, in Lawrence County. The company also changed it to the standard gauge, four feet, eight and one-half inches. Jan. 1, 1880, the change of gauge was completed, and the first through train from Springfield to Jackson came through on that day, the force of men finishing the track just ahead of the train. No great demonstration was made, but supreme satisfaction expressed at its completion. In March, 1882, the road was sold to the I., B. & W. Railroad Company and was again re-organized under the name of " Ohio Southern," and is now operated under that name.

NARROW GAUGE.

A branch of the T., C. & St. L. R. R., which runs from Dayton to Ironton, Ohio, passes through the entire length of Jackson County. It enters the county with the C., W. & B. line from the west, and leaving it at Byer's Station, in the northern edge of Washington Township, runs south to Coalton. Tien turning to the east it sends a branch to Wellston, while the main line passes by Berlin in Milton Township, intersecting the Portsmouth branch of the C., W. & B., and from there runs nearly south, bearing slightly to the east until it leaves the county from the southern edge of Madison Township. It sends a branch to Keystone Furnace while the main line passes one-half mile west of Winchester, in Bloomfield Township, and in Madison Township it passes by Madison Furnace. It was built through the county, commencing in 1877, and completed in 1883.

CHAPTER XXV.

AGRICULTURE, CEREALS AND STOCK.

MATERIAL WEALTH.

The wealth of a county, the culture and moral characteristics of her people, the richness of her soil, and the disposition to labor to secure this productiveness, is what places her people in the front rank with those who believe that wealth, progress and refinement are the open sesame of a happy life, and a future which shall be bounded by a golden shore when the " dark river" shall have been passed. The mineral resources of the county and her iron interests have been fully written up in these pages, and the agricultural wealth is equally and well worth a careful exhibit. The resources of Jackson County do not lie altogether in her mineral productions, great and inexhaustible as they are, but she has a large area of productive agricultural lands that are able, with proper culture, to support the labor necessary to develop her coal and iron ore, her fire-clay and quarries of fine sand stone.

But while it may be said that her agricultural lands are limited, yet for the production of grasses, for hay and for pasture, she has nearly her whole entire area for profitable use. Jackson is well watered for all stock and farm purposes. The principal streams are-Salt Creek, Raccoon and Turkey creeks and numerous small tributaries, besides a large number of springs, while, by going from twelve to forty feet below the surface inexhaustible wells of pure water can be obtained. There are richer counties, agriculturally speaking, than Jackson, but her soil is rich enough to make full return for the labor bestowed, and in stock-raising it can be made one of the richest counties of the State.

In her early days the agricultural productions were not reported, and in assessments the gross amount of these productions only were given. There were some partial returns made during the decade between 1840 and 1850, but no specified detail given. The real estate was valued in 1846 at $1,126,874. In 1850 the real estate had risen to $2,000,262.

The crop of cereals and value of chattel property for 1883 was as follows:

From these figures it will be seen that Jackson County has steadily advanced from the first published returns of 1846 to that of 1882, in the value of her real estate. In 1870 personal property was valued at $2,099,220; in 1880 this had decreased in round numbers $342,431, while the assessment of 1882 showed a gain of some $5,000 over 1870.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

While some fairs and shows were held in early times, the first agricultural society which could be called such was not inaugurated until the year 1855, but a large amount of preliminary work was done in the fall of 1854. In December of that year a call was made for a meeting of the farmers and others, to be held at the court-house Jan. 6, 1855. The proceeding of that meeting is given below in full. The report reads: " County Agricultural Society. Pursuant to previous notice a

number of the citizens of Jackson County met at the court-house, on Saturday the 6th inst., for the purpose of taking the necessary steps for forming a county agricultural society. The meeting was organized by the appointment of George Burris, Jr., President, and Dr. O. C. Miller, Secretary. The president called upon R. C. Hoffman, Esq., to state the object of the present meeting, who responded by stating that the object of the meeting was to either resuscitate the old agricultural society, which existed some years since, or to organize a new one. Mr. H. suggested that as the old organization had failed to meet for some years, perhaps it would be better to refer the whole mattet, viz. (the papers of the old organization and the question of organizing a new one), to a committee consisting of one or more from each township in the county. After various suggestions by gentlemen present, it was finally resolved that a committee consisting of three members for the township of Lick and two for each of the other townships in the county be appointed by this meeting, to which the whole matter of forming a new or resuscitating the old society be referred to said committee, to meet at the court-house on Saturday, the 20th inst., at 10 o'clock A. M., and report their proceedings to a meeting of the citizens of the county, at 1 o'clock P. M., of said day. The following named gentlemen were appointed as said committee, to wit: R. Hoffman, H. C. Messenger and William Nally, of Lick Township; Andrew Crooks and Alfred Harrison, of Liberty; George W. Culp and Joseph Aten, of Scioto; Solomon Dever and Samuel Stephenson, of Hamilton; James Johnson and A. E. Carrick, of Franklin; William Burris and George Poor, of Bloomfield; Aaron McLaughlin and Joseph Cackley, of Madison; George Burris, Jr., and H. S. Bundy, of Milton ; Jacob A. Sell and Thomas W. Leach, of Washington; John Stinson

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and William Arnold, of Jackson; William J. Evans and Nelson Harrison, of Jefferson.

The meeting proved successful and another was called which met Jan. 20, 1855, and elected their officers as follows: President, Joseph Aten; Vice-President, Wm. Burris; Sec. H. C. Messenger; Treasurer, Jonathan Walden; Managers, Walker Bennet, A. E. Carrick, Thos. W. Leach, James Johnson, and Geo. Poor.

Active preparations continued to bring the matter into shape to hold a fair in the fall of that year. To accomplish this desirable action another meeting was called which met at Jackson, July 4, 1855, when it was resolved that a county agricultural fair be held at Jackson, on the first Wednesday and Thursday in October, the 3d and 4th.

The fair was held on the days named, in a lot opposite Trago's brick yard, and as the first fair held in the county, it was considered a great success. Fairs were held annually, or nearly so, up to 1880, and improved somewhat in every department.

The best fair held before they closed entirely was that of 1877 when the premium list amounted to $448 in round numbers. This was the twenty-third annual fair.

The fair of 1878 was a failure, the expenditure exceeding the receipts about $60.

There was something wanting in the management and the farmers gave up the matter apparently satisfied that the future would be no improvement on the past. The fair was held in 1879 and 1880 and then closed its eyes.

CHAPTER XXVI.

MILITARY HISTORY OF JACKSON COUNTY, OHIO.

BY H. C. MILLER.

THE PIONEER MOVEMENTS.

The military history of our people begins prior to the organization of the county. In the early pioneer days, when salt was made at the wells in this vicinity, the Indians were troublesome, and the white settlers often found it necessary to defend themselves and their homes by a resort to arms. The savages of that day were regarded as wild animals, and the killing of an Indian was only like the killing of a dangerous beast that threatened life or property. But this kind of warfare faded out before approaching civilization.

1812.

Jackson County began its military history by sending a company to the war with England, in 1812. The third auditor of the Treasury Department has kindly furnished a roll of this company, as follows :

Muster Roll of Captain Jared Strong's Company, Ohio Militia, of the First Odd Battalion, Second Brigade, Second Division, late in the service of the United States, commanded by Major Benjamin Daniels, from the 29th of July, 1813, to the 19th of August, 1813, inclusive :

Captain, Jared Strong; First Lieutenant, John Gillaspie; Ensign, Wm. Howe; First Sergeant, Wm. Given; Second Sergeant, John Lake; Third Sergeant, David Mitchell; Fourth Sergeant, Philip Strather; First Corporal, Salmon Goodenough; Second Corporal, Alex. Hill; Third Corporal, Joseph Lake; Fourth Corporal, William Higginbotham; Drummer, Harris Penny; Fifer, James Markey.

Privates.—Wm. Hewitt, Thos. M. Care-tall, Jesse Watson, Joseph Robbins, Wm. Ellerton, James Phillips, Samuel Aldride, John Serjeant, Samuel Bunn, Stephen Bailey, Henry Rout, Joseph Clemens, Joseph Skellenger, John Ogg, James Higginbotham, Wm. Black.

I certify that the within muster roll is correct, and that the service performed was marching into the Indian country for the relief of Fort Meigs, then besieged.

R. J. MEIGS,

Late Governor of Ohio.

MEXICAN WAR.

About the year 1848, near the close of the war with Mexico, a company of militia left Jackson for that war. It was commanded by Captain William Cissna, who had been at the head of the militia displays here for several years, and whose gay uniform and big white and red plume was the center of attraction on "big muster" days. This company was small, perhaps not over twenty men, and only went as far as Portsmouth or Cincinnati, and was ordered back, on account of the end of that war. The men of this company are now all dead, and there appears to be no rec-

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ord of it at Columbus or Washington. And this sketch is made from the personal recollection of the writer, who was then quite a small boy.

THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.

When the rebels began war in April, 1861, and fired on Fort Sumter, the echo of the guns resounded even into the hills of Jackson County. And though the present generation knew little of war, there was now considerable interest manifested in the hunting up of old flags and drums, and those who could play the fife and drum were sought, and bands were formed. Even before the proclamation of the President came there was a movement in the way of organization of a military company. The first company was recruited by Captain John J. Hoffman. And it may be interesting to know who composed this company.

Reference is therefore had to the history of the Eighteenth Ohio Regiment.

The following editorial appeared in the Jackson Standard, May 30, 1861, relating to the departure of this first company for the seat of war.

" OUR BOYS ARE GONE.

Captain Hoffman received orders last week to move his company at once to Camp Scott, at Athens. On Saturday morning, at 9 o'clock, we noticed them falling into line to the tune of 'Dixie's Land.' Messrs. Day & Saylor then took their likeness, when each member was presented with a Testament procured by the ladies of Jackson. Accompanied by the Jackson brass band and a large crowd of citizens, they marched to the depot, when the hour of trial came. Mothers parting with sons, sisters with brothers, and friends with friends and neighbors. The scene was most solemn and impressive, and there were few in that great crowd who could refrain from tears. The boys were much affected at parting with those who were so very dear to them, but they bore the parting with stout hearts, and many promises to those they left behind that they would endeavor to do their duty. The whistle sounded, and amid the waving of the last adieu the train rolled on, and this band of noble-hearted young men were on their way for the defense of their country's honor. The young men composing this company had become much endeared to our citizens by their manly conduct during their stay in our place. They were the best young men of our county, and will give a good account of themselves. They were the finest looking men, as to size and personal appearance, which we have seen, and we were informed by a gentleman who has seen service, that they were much above the average as to intelligence, size and personal appearance."

EIGHTEENTH OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY.

This regiment, at the time when Jackson County was represented in it, was a three months' regiment, going out under the first call of President Lincoln for 75,000 men. The first enlistments in this county were into this organization. A full company was raised in the town of Jackson in April and May, 1861, and served in West Virginia under Colonel T. R. Stanley, being discharged about August, 1861. The following is a complete roll of this company:

Captain, John J. Hoffman; First Lieutenant, David Dove; Second Lieutenant, John. Andrews; Third Lieutenant; Samuel S. Hawk; Ensign, John Walden; First Sergeant, G. W. Whitman; Second Sergeant, S. N. Misner; Third Sergeant, John H. Martin; Fourth Sergeant, Ephraim Gard; Fifth Sergeant, Willliam H. Burnside; First Corporal, Martin Cramer; Second Corporal, John Dauber.

Privates—Francis Smith, Jefferson Canter, R. H. Hammons, F. S. Wallace, C. R. McCarty, William Alton, James M. Lucas, Asa

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A. Farrar, E. J. Hammons, Joseph Meyers, Thomas Harwood, Levi Arnold,. John McGhee, Edward J. Mc Corkle, D. H. Cherington , William H. H. Rose, John Graham, Charles Martin, C. P. Stephens, Thomas McKeever, J. F. Helphenstine, N. G. Simmons, Samuel Sowers, Andrew Ervin, T. J. Leach, W. J. Mc Arran, James Milliken, H. M. Sexton, W. S. Bundy, Milton Brown, A. Criswell, Creighton Ward, W. H. Smith, Andrew J. Daily, A. B. Garrett; Harrison Miler, Edward Snyder, Jefferson Howe, Josiah Simmons, P. M. Lovejoy, William Bennett, Uri S. Keith, H. Farrar, Thomas Plummer, A. Louderbach, Harrison Cummins, William O'Rourke, James D. Roberts, Richard A. Meeks, Martin Howe, Mitchell J. Canter, William Fielding, Harrison Nickell, W. H. H. Keister, William Sell, Thomas Mc Cormick. Andrew Miler, Jordan Chaffins, Levi Mooney, Joseph Burke, Cleaveland Lackey, Samuel Mc Clasky, David E. T. Jones, Richard Jones, Samuel Gohem, Henry Bushbaum, John W. T. Poor, James A. Umblely, A. F. Shields, Nathaniel T. Hoover, Benjamin Prim, Thomas Swan, J. H. Langsdale, James L. Kelly, Francis Burns, Augusta Clemens, R. D. Shields, Andrew Summers, John Rice, D. S. Barton, John Tilley, Vincent Radcliffe, Joseph Summons, Joseph Coy, Henry Gillespie, Emerson McMillan, Alexander Johnson, Murray Mc Milian, John Williams, T. McCole, Harvey Stephenson, Harvey Miller. Total, 104, officers and privates.

TWENTY-SEVENTH OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY.

The first three years' men from Jackson County were recruited by Captain Mendall Churchill, at Keystone Furnace, and the company went into the Twenty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The regiment was organized at Camp Chase, Ohio, in August, 1861. It moved from camp Aug. 20, 1861, and went to St. Louis to enter the service in Missouri. It did nobly its part in the Mis souri campaign in the fall and winter of 1861, and in early spring of 1862 was found in Mississippi, and soon joined Sherman, and was with him through the terrible 1864 campaign in Georgia, and was with him in the glorious triumph of the National army in 1865. Without an attempt to throw a shadow over any other regiment from Ohio, certainly no one will find fault if we tell the plain truth, tltht the Twenty-seventh was the banner regiment in which our county was represented, being in service first, staying to the very end of the war, in the hottest, hardest campaigns. Our limited space prevents a list of its battles, or a fair report of its glorious record.

It was discharged in July, 1865. Captain Churchill's Company (E) was full and had in it ninety-four men. In 1863 he came back and recruited a large number of men, sixty-nine of whom were from this county, and they were assigned to his own and other companies, and in all there were in this regiment 163 men from this county. Captain Churchill was promoted to Major, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brigadier-General. Lieutenant Samuel Thomas was promoted to Captain in this regiment, and afterward accepted the Colonelcy of a colored regiment. Lieutenant Charles W. Greene was also promoted to a Captaincy in the regiment and John A. Evans and W. D. Phillips came up from the ranks to be Captains.

THIRTY-THIRD OHIO INFANTRY.

This regiment was raised at Camp Morrow, Portsmouth, Ohio, in the summer 1861. It was first commanded by Colonel J. W. Sill, who was promoted to Brigadier-General and afterward killed in service. He was succeeded as Colonel by O. F. Moore,of Portsmouth, Ohio. The writer knows of nineteen men who went from Jackson County into this regiment. They went to Portsmouth to enlist. This regiment served with distinction in Kentucky, Middle and West Tennessee, fought

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at Chickamauga, Mission Ridge,and went with Sherman in his campaign against Atlanta, and accompanied him to the sea, and in his march through the Carolinas, north, to the end of the war. It was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865.

Quite an extended notice of this regiment will be found in the war history of Scioto County.

THIRTY-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY.

This regiment was raised at Camp Putnam, Marietta, Ohio, in August, 1S61, and was commanded by Colonel George Crook. It began service early in the war, in West Virginia, and after a bloody campaign there, and in Maryland in 1862, fighting at South Mountain and Antietam, it went South in 1863, and fought at Chickamauga, Hoover's Gap, Chattanooga and Mission Ridge, where it suffered greatly. The regiment then returned to West Virginia and took part in the battles at Cloyd Mountain, Lexington, Lynchburg, Cabletown, Kernstown, Berryville, Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, in 1864, and made for itself a glorious record, as one of the fighting regiments of the war. There were two companies in this regiment from Jackson County, as follows : Company D, 91 men; Company K, 88; total 179.

The officers from Jackson County were : Captains—Wm. H. Dunham, L. M. Stephen-n Wm. A. Walden, Benj. F. Stearns, John D. Mitchell, Jacob Reasoner.

First Lieutenants—James W. Delay, David Montgomery, Fred. S. Wallace.

Second Lieutenants—Milton Brown, Wm. J. Montgomery.

The regiment was mustered out at Wheeling, July 27, 1865.

FIFTY-THIRD OHIO INFANTRY .

This regiment was raised at Jackson, Ohio, in the fall and winter of 1861-'2.

In February, 1862, it moved to the front, proceeding to Paducah, Ky., and reported to

General W. T. Sherman. Long confinement on transports, using river water, made half the officers and 300 men sick, and when the great battle of Shiloh came the regiment was in bad condition for a fight. Notwithstanding this disorder, the regiment did tolerably well in that battle, some of the companies keeping perfect order, and the regiment joined in pursuit of the retreating enemy, and in a brilliant charge (on the 8th day of April) blotted out any stain that may have attached to the honor of the regiment, and from thence it entered upon a record that for endurance and braveTy was not excelled by any regiment in the National army.

Beginning at Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, April 6, 1862, the regiment was in the actions before Corinth, Miss., siege of Vicksburg, Black River, Jackson, Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kennesaw, Ruff's Mills, Atlanta, Ezra Chapel, and Jonesboro, and went with Sherman to the sea, fighting at Fort McAlister (Savannah) and North Edisto, aud marched through the Carolinas, with Sherman's " bummers," through the rebel capital to Washington, and was at the Grand Review, and even after that was sent again South to look after that remnant of rebellion in the Southwest, and was discharged at Little Rock, Ark., Aug. 11, 1865.

This regiment has been accused of cowardice shown at Pittsburg Landing, in ifs first battle. We have said that the regiment was at that time half disabled from sickness; aud it will also be remembered that it was a new regiment, and that it had a commanding officer (Colonel Appler) whose conduct showed him to have been a coward. In proof of this, I here quote from his official statement :

" Seeing an overwhelming force of the enemy overlapping the regiment on either flank, I gave the order to retreat, and soon after left the regiment." General Sherman at the time spoke of the conduct of the regiment as discreditable, though he praised it for gallantry

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next day. And afterward in a letter about Pittsburg Landing, to the U. S. Service Magazine, in 1864, said : " I also take pleasure in adding that nearly all the new troops that at Shiloh drew from me official censure have more than redeemed their good name, among them that very regiment which first broke, the Fifty Third Ohio, Colonel Appler.

" Under another leader, Colonel Jones, it has shared every campaign and expedition of mine since, is with me now, and can march and bivouac and fight as well as the best regiments in this or any army. Its reputation now is equal to that of any from the State of Ohio."

The Fifty-third Ohio has a history of having traveled 6,400 miles, having been engaged in sixty-seven battles and skirmishes, and lost in action sixty officers and men killed, and 264 officers and men wounded.

Jackson County was largely represented in this regiment.

Captain H. C. Messenger took in a fall company (D) of eighty-five men, and Captain J. R. Percy's company (F) was largely composed of Jackson County men. There were also several men in Company I, and a few in other companies. It is claimed that there were fully 200 men in this regiment from this county. The following is a list of the Jackson County officers : Captains, H.

C. Messenger, J. R. Percy, C. K. Crumit, Jas. H. Boyce, Wm. W. Gilbert; First Lieutenants, Geo. W. Cavett, S. N. Misner, Jno. D. Moore, James D. Roberts, Calvin D. Brooks; Second Lieutenant, Francis B. Gilbert.

FIFTY-SIXTH OHIO INFANTRY.

This regiment was raised in the fall of the year 1861,and in February, 1862, it was moved by river to Paducah, Ky., and was soon in line of battle before Fort Donelson. It passed by and took a hand in Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, Champion Hill, Jackson, Miss., Port Gibson, Vicksburg (where it was forty-two days and nights in the trenches under fire), Carrion Crow Bayou, Sabine Cross Roads, Moneth's Ferry, Snuggy Point, and many other battles. No other men from Jackson County were called to serve so long at such an extreme southern point of latitude, as the regiment passed much of its term of service in the yellow fever district, in the Lower Mississippi, and closed by a long garrison duty at New Orleans, and some of its men were not discharged until April, 1866.

There were forty men in this regiment in Company K, under Lieutenant Martin Owens. There were thirty-five Welsh boys in Company C, and a number in Company E, under Captain J. H. Evans, and a few men scattered through other companies, making an aggregate of ninety-five men in the regiment from Jackson County. I have only been able to get a list of a few of the honored dead, through the kindness of Lieutenant Thomas J. Williams of the Welsh Company (C), to-wit:

Richard T. Davis, killed at Champion Hill, May 16, 1863; Henry Richards killed at Champion Hill, May 16, 1863; Evan D. Evans, died at Crump's Landing, March 25, 1862; Isaac J. Jones, died at St. Louis, April 5, 1862; Thomas J. Morris, killed on Red River, May 4, 1864; Evan Morgan, died at Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 15, 1863; Daniel Phillips, died at Helena, Ark., Aug. 25, 1862; John H. Williams, killed at Champion Hill, May 16, 1863.

The Fifty-sixth was a fighting regiment, and in becoming hardened to extreme Southern temperature, and drinking water from rivers and bayous along the line of its march, the ranks became decimated so there was not much left of the organization when the war was over, and the few who reached home deserve to be all placed on the pension roll as disabled veterans.

A further account of the action of this regiment and a more extended list of killed and wounded will be found in the history of Scioto County.

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EIGHTY-SEVENTH OHIO INFANTRY.

This was a three months' organization of 1862. There were twenty-nine men from Jackson County in Company E, under Lieutenant George W. Johnson, and a few men in Company H, making an aggregate of forty men. The regiment was organized at Camp Chase in the summer of 1862, under Colonel Banning, and moved to Baltimore, thence to Harper's Ferry, and was " scooped " in the fatal surrender of Colonel Miles in September, 1862. It was mustered out at Delaware, Ohio, Oct. 3, 1862.

SEVENTH OHIO CAVALRY.

This regiment was raised in August, 1862, by order of Governor Tod, and was called the " River Regiment," because ordered to be recruited in the river counties of Ohio. It is said that 1,600 men were recruited in six days for this regiment, 400 more than could get into it. It had twelve companies of 100 men each and rendezvoused at Ripley, Brown Co., Ohio, Oct. 3, 1862. The principal service of this regiment was rendered in Kentucky and East Tennessee, and it was known as one of the best cavalry regiments in the army, having the dash and courage to make it effective. It took part in the pursuit of the rebel John Morgan through Southern Ohio, in the summer of 1863.

Jackson County was represented in this regiment by fifty men under Lieutenant Benjamin Trago, belonging to Company G, which company was detailed most of the time as a body guard to General Schofield and others, and accompanied the army (Twenty-third Corps) into Georgia and North Carolina. The regiment was discharged July 4, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn.

NINETY-FIRST OHIO INFANTRY.

This regiment was organized in Southern Ohio in the summer of 1862, and served in

West Virginia and over in the Shenandoah Valley campaign, and Lynchburg in old Virginia.

James W. Longbon, of Jackson, was for a time Adjutant of this regiment.

Company K, was from Jackson County, and its officers were:

Captain, Levi M. Stephenson ; First Lieutenants, Lewis A. Atkinson, Milton Brown; Second Lieutenants, Jacob Thompson, Jerome Plummer, Vincent Radcliff.

Promotions. -First Lieutenant L. A. Atkinson to Captain, Jan. 3, 1864; Sergeant Jerome Plummer, to Second Lieutenant, Jan. 3, 1864; Sergeant Vincent Radcliff, to Second Lieutenant, Dec. 16, 1864; Sergeant Milton Brown to Second Lieutenant, Sept. 23, 1864; Second Lieutenant Milton Brown to First Lieutenant, Jan. 26, 1865.

Resigned.-Captain L. M. Stephenson, Sept. 28, 1864; Captain L. A. Atkinson, Feb. 3, 1865; Second Lieutenant Jacob Thompson, Dec. 2, 1862.

Dismissed.-Second Lieutenant Jerome Plummer, Aug. 7, 1864.

Died in the Service.--Barnabas Canter, died Aug. 29, 1863; Henry Downey, died Nov. 1, 1864; A. Gotschall, died Oct. 27, 1863; H. Holcomb, died March 24, 1863; Chris. Murray, drowned at Adamsville, Ohio, July 15, 1863; Wm. Rook, died July 27, 1863; J. H. Rickabaugh, died Oct. 7, 1864; Henry Rider, died April 1, 1863; John Lucas, killed at Winchester, Va., July 20, 1864; Peter Pyles, killed at Winchester, Va., July 20, 1864; James L. Rhodes, died of wounds, Oct. 11, 1864.

List of Battles in which this Regiment was Engaged.-Buffalo, West Va., Sept. 26, 1862; Fayetteville, Va., May 19, 1863; Blahs Farm,Va.,May 21,1863; Cloyd Mountain, Va., May 9, 1864; New River Bridge, Va., May 10, 1864; Cow Pasture River, Va., June 5, 1864; Lynchburg, Va., June 17, 1864; Stephenson's Depot, Va., July 20, 1864; WInchester, Va., July

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24, 1864; Martinsburg , Va., July 25, 1864; near Charlestown, Va., Aug. 21 and 26, 1864; Opequan or Winchester, Va.,Sept. 19, 1864 ; Fisher's Hill, Va., Sept. 22, 1864; Cedar Creek, Va., Oct. 19, 1864.

This regiment traveled a distance of 1,229 miles while in service. The regiment was discharged June 30, 1865, at Camp Dennison, Ohio, having served the U. S. for two years, ten months and eight days.

FIRST REGIMENT OHIO HEAVY ARTILLERY.

This regiment was rendezvoused at Newport, Ky., in the summer of 1863, and was employed during the fall of that year in building fortifications around Covington and Newport, Ky., for the defense of Cincinnati.

This regiment contained a larger number of men from this county than any other single organization.

The officers from Jackson County were :

Lieutenant-Colonel, F. M. Keith; Majors, R. W. Caldwell, H. L. Barnes; Chaplain, Jacob Delay; Adjutant, Wm. S. Martin; Captains, Wm. J. Evans, Company H; James C. Cadot, Company B; First Lieutenants, Sam. Saylor, Company K; Jos. S. Jeffries, Company A; Jos. Rule, Company H; Clinton D. Evans, Company A; Second Lieutenants, Lot Davies, Company H; David Delay, Company K; Uri. S. Keith, Acting Assistant Quartermaster, Chas. M. Stinson, Company —; Hillborn C. Miller, Company G; James Martin, Company B.

The number of men in Company A was 99; Company D, 28; Company H, 120; Company K, 9. Whole number of men, 256; officers, 19; total, 275.

The regiment was organized as the One Hundred and Seventeenth Ohio Infantry, at Camp Portsmouth, Ohio, in September, 1862; eight companies, 796 men. Aug. 12, 1863, the regiment was re-organized with the First Ohio Heavy Artillery of twelve companies, of five officers and 147 men each—an aggregate strength of 1,839 officers and men. In January, 1864, the regiment was ordered to Knoxville, Tenn., and moved out from Camp Nelson, in the memorable cold January of 1864, to make the long and weary march through a wilderness across the Cumberland Mountains to Tennessee, via Hall's Gap, Pt. Burnside, Chitwood, and Jacksboro. From Pt. Burnside forward the way was so rough and uncivilized that all transportation was by pack-mules, wagons being an impossibility. Arrived at Knoxville, March 7, 1864.

In the spring of 1865 the regiment was brigaded with the Fourth Tennessee Infantry, First United States Colored Heavy Artillery, First and Second North Carolina Infantry, Fortieth United States Colored Infantry and Wilder's Independent Battery, as the First Brigade, Fourth Division, Army of the Cumberland, Colonel C. G. Hawley, commanding the brigade. This brigade, about 7,000 strong, remained in East Tennessee and North Carolina, occupying mountain passes, to prevent escape of retreating rebels from Virginia.

The regiment was mustered out, the old One Hundred and Seventeenth men on July 20, and the rest July 25, 1865.

The following are the Jackson County men who died in service :

James Winters, Company El, Carthage, Ky., Sept. 1, 1863; David Crabtree, Company H, Ashland, Ky., Dec. 2, 1862; John S. Jones, Company H, Covington, Ky., Aug. 26, 1863; Parkason Shumate, Company H, Camp Nelson, Ky., March 9, 1864; Wm. W. McCune, Company A, Covington, Ky., March 10, 1863; Wm. Brooks, Company A, Covington, Ky., Feb. 24, 1864; John W. Donahey, Company A, Portsmouth, Ohio, Oct. 29, 1862; Amos Garrett, Company A, at home, March 22, 1865; Moses Hawkins, Company A, Covington, Ky., April 15, 1863; Harrison Toland, Company A, Cleveland, Tenn., Nov. 1, 1864; Geo. W. Ross, Com-

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pany H, Camp Nelson, Ky., Dec. 2, 1863; Wm. W. Tanner, Company H, Knoxville, Tenn., 1864; Edwin H. Tutten, Company H, Holston Hospital, Knoxville, Tenn., 1864.

SECOND OHIO HEAVY ARTILLERY.

This regiment was authorized and organized in the summer of 1863. It contained twelve companies, and when full consisted of 2,400 men, rank and file. It was recruited for garrison duty, and the men were drilled in infantry and artillery tactics, and armed with." Enfield rifles." The rendezvous was at Covington (Ky.) barracks. It did effective service in Kentucky and East Tennessee. Jackson County had a fair representation in this regiment, twenty-five men in Company F having enlisted under Lieutenant Jno. Q. Gibson, who was subsequently Chaplain of the regiment. The regiment was mustered out of service Aug. 23, 1865.

SEVENTY-THIRD OHIO INFANTRY.

This regiment was raised at Camp Logan, near Chillicothe, Ohio, and was mustered in December, 1861, with Colonel Orland Smith in command. Jackson County had a squad of forty men in this regiment, who went into Captain Silas Iron's Company (G), and enlisted at Chillicothe. These men were from the vicinity of Raysville, in this county. John Hildenbrand, late Infirmary Superintendent of this county, was a First Lieutenant in this regiment. This was a brave regiment and was badly used up by the war. There were very few of the Jackson County men who returned without injury by wounds or impaired health. The regiment went into active service in West Virginia, and passed through a hard campaign in Virginia in 1862; and in the hottest year of the war (1863) was at Gettysburg, and moved south and joined Hooker's command in the vicinity of Chattanooga. Participated in all the fights of that terrible campaign and moved on to Atlanta and went with Sherman to the sea and right on through the Carolinas to the great victories that ended the war.

The following is a list of the principal battles in which this regiment was engaged:

Cross Keys, Second Bull Run, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, Chickamauga, New Hope Church, Kennesaw, Peachtree Creek, Averysboro, Cedar Mountain, Fredericksburg, Chattanooga, Mission Ridge, Resaca, Marietta, Atlanta, Savannah, Bentonville, and was present at the closing scenes of the war; marched through Richmond and to Washington; passed in grand review, and was honorably discharged July 20, 1865.

It served three years and eight months, always in active service. It marched several thousand miles, and participated in twenty battles and many skirmishes. As proof of its gallantry and services, out of 1,200 men (including recruits), 285 sleep beneath the sod, and 586 were wounded.

The following is a list of the Jackson County boys who died in service: William Burns, killed at Kennesaw Mountain; Isaac Willis, killed at Gettysburg; Benjamin Fitzgerald, died of wounds; Mason Brown, killed at second Bull Run; Enoch M. Detty, died of wounds at Gettysburg; Elisha Leake, killed at Gettysburg; James Ray, killed at Gettysburg; William Radcliff, died June, 1863; Alexander Speakman, died at Fairfax Hospital, 1862; Jacob Sigler, died in hospital near Atlanta; James P. Wellman, died of wounds, November, 1862.

ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH OHIO INFANTRY.

This regiment was organized at Camp Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 10, 1863, and was a six months' organization. It was placed under Colonel H. D. John, and was brigaded with the Eighty-sixth Ohio, Twenty-second Ohio Battery, and a regiment of Tennessee mounted infantry, and placed under General

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De Courcey, and moved to Cumberland Gap, in which vicinity it served to the close of its term, and was mustered at Cleveland, Ohio, in March, 1864. There were thirty-two men in this regiment from Jackson County, under Captain Oliver S. Miller.

ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SECOND OHIO INFANTRY, O. N. G.

The Ohio National Guard was authorized by the Governor in 1864, and into that organization went two companies from Jackson County, as follows:

Company A, sixty-nine men; Captain, Samuel White; First Lieutenant, Andrew Miler; Second Lieutenant, V. B. Johnson. Company B, eighty-four men; Captain, T. J. Evans; First Lieutenant, J. W. Vaughn; Second Lieutenant, William Claar. These men served for 100 days within the State of Ohio, doing guard duty at Gallipolis, Ohio. It was mustered out at Gallipolis, Ohio, Aug. 24, 1864.

ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-THIRD OHIO INFANTRY.

This was a one-year regiment recruited in the Eleventh Congressional District of Ohio, in September, 1864. Colonel J. R. Hurd commanded it. It was assigned to duty at Nashville, and was there when the rebel General Hood invaded Tennessee and invested Nashville. From thence it moved to Columbia and Johnsonville, Tenn. lts principal duties were, guarding prisoners and trains on military railroads, and its duties were well performed. Jackson County was represented in this regiment by a squad of sixteen men under Lieutenant Charles Hunt, and were assigned to Company C, commanded by Captain Coleman Gilliland. There was also a squad of men in Company D, of this regiment, under Lieutenant Moses Morgan, of Jackson County. There was also a squad of twenty men in this regiment (Company F) under Lieutenant

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James N. Hanna, company commanded by Captain Miles Blake, making an aggregate of fifty men in the regiment from Jackson County. The regiment was discharged and paid off at Camp Dennison, July 5, 1866.

These are the names of the dead from Jackson County from Company C, to-wit : James McCulgan, drowned July 1, 1865; George P. Price, died at Nashville, Jan. 17, 1865; Ward W. Kessinger, died at Nashville, March 12, 1865.

ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-NINTH OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY.

This regiment was organized at Camp Chase, Ohio, in September, 1864. It moved to Nashville and reported to General John F. Miller. It was assigned to the Second Brigade, Fourth Division, Twentieth Army Corps, and was present at the battle of Nashville on the 15th and 16th of December, 1864. It served there until June 18, 1865, when it was ordered to Columbus, and discharged. The regiment was composed of 700 men, and was commanded by Colonel H. H. Sage. Jackson County had a full company (C) of ninety-five men in this regiment, under Captain D. J. Jenkins and Lieutenant Eben Jones and Lieutenant Evan E. Edwards. There were also eleven men in Company D, under Lieutenant Vinton Evans, in Captain James Grafton's company, and a number of men were also in Captain Stephen Morgan's company, E, making an aggregate number of men from this county in this regiment of 126 men.

ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FOURTH OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY.

This was a one-year regiment, going out from Camp Chase on March 14, 1865. It went to Charleston, Va., and reported to Major-General Egan. After a thorough drilling the surrender of Lee caused a breaking-up of the division, and this regiment was ordered to Washington City, where it remained, doing

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garrison duty, until Oct. 24, 1865, when it was mustered out of service. Jackson County had a representation in this regiment, a company of fifty men, under Lieutenant W. W. Buckley, and it was the last body of men that went out from this county, recruiting being stopped on account of the close of the war soon after.

SECOND WEST VIRGINIA CAVALRY.

This organization was completed at Parkersburg in the fall of 1861, and was composed wholly of Ohio men. At the time the men were ready for muster Ohio was not receiving any more cavalry regiments and hence the companies went over to West Virginia, Governor Pierpont offering inducements, and having gone to Washington to get an order to enable him to raise a regiment of cavalry. The regiment was mustered in under Colonel John J. Hoffman. Many of the men of Captain Hoffman's old company in the three months' service had re-enlisted for three years, and went into this regiment. Company H was composed wholly of Jackson County men and was officered as follows: Captain, David Dove ; First Lieutenant, John Walden; Second Lieutenant, James Umpleby, and had eighty men in it. Captain Dove was promoted and became Colonel of the regiment. He was a ver brave man, and was severely wounded, and died, after discharge at Jackson, in 1868. Lieutenants Walden and Umpleby were each promoted to Captains.

Later in the war, Orderly Sergeant J. A. Smith was commissioned to go home and recruit men for the regiment, and took out a full company of ninety-five men, which was called Company G. This made an aggregate number of 175 men in this regiment from Jackson County. It was a brave, dashing regiment and rendered effective service for the Government in West Virginia. It began its career by a fight at Prestonsburg, Ky., Jan. 10, 1862, and after that entered upon a series of battles in West Virginia, as follows: Lew- isburg, May 230862; Sinking Creek, Nov. 26, 1862; Lewisburg, May 2, 1863; Charles. ton, Dec. 20, 1862; Wytheville, July 18, 1863; Buchanan, June 14, 1864; Lexington, June 10, 1864; Buford's Gap, June 21, 1864; Lynchburg, June 17, 1864; Liberty, June 20, 1864; Bunker Hill, July 17, 1864; Kernstown, July 23, 1864; Stevenson's Depot, July 20, 1864; Moorfield, Aug. 7, 1864. Winchester, July 20 and 24, Aug. 17, Sept. 19, 1864; Darkesville, July 19 and Sept. 3, 1864; Fisher's Hill, Aug. 15, Sept. 27, Oct. 9, 1864; Cedar Creek, Oct. 19, 1864; Brown's Gap, Sept. 26, 1864; Waynesboro', Sept. 28, Oct. 2,1864; Five Forks, April 1, 1865; Sailor Creek, April 6, 1865; Deep Creek, April 8, 1865; Appomattox, the end of the war, April 9, 1865, and many other skirmishes, making in all a total of more than fifty times that the men of this regiment were under fire. In addition to those named, there were the following named commissioned officers from Jackson County in this regiment: Captain, J. A. Smith; First Lieutenants, J. W. Ricker, Milton McMillin and S. S. Hawk; Second Lieutenants, Martin Cramer, Emerson McMillin and William J. Kirkendall. The following is the death roll of Jackson County men of this regiment: Killed-George W. Hale, Scott Gard, William A. Garvin, Wesley B. Hutchinson, Marion McMillin, James if Smith, Benjamin Prim, George A. Simpson, Griffy Zin, Josiah Harding. Died-Jacob Millhuff, William Brooks, Andrew Weed, Samuel Claar, John Hooley, Ripley James, Harrison Burnside, Jonas Smith, John Collard, William Dawson, David Smith and Elias N. J. Moreland. The regiment was mustered out at Wheeling in the summer of 1865, after nearly four years' service. Its record is a noble one.

COLORED TROOPS.

In the year 1863 the Government decided to employ colored troops in the suppression of the Rebellion. Jackson County was ready

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to do her full share in this department of recruitments, and forthwith a company of fully 100 men was raised and went into the Fifth United States Colored Troops and was sent east to the Army of the Potomac, and fought like tigers to the end of the war. The rebels were much incensed at the action of the United States in sending their own slaves against them, and " no quarters" was the rebel order as to colored troops. These troops were officered by white men. Robert H. Jones, of Jackson County, now Representative of the county in the Ohio Legislature, was a Captain of Company A, of the Fifth Regiment. There were also a number of men from this county who went to Massachusetts to enlist before there was an opportunity given here. And a squad of men from here also went into the Eighty-eighth United States Cavalry Troops, which was changed to the Ninth United States Heavy Artillery. And a few men went out as recruits in 1864 to the Fourth Regiment, United States Cavalry Troops. And a few went into the Twenty-seventh United States Cavalry Troops. It is estimated that an aggregate number of 150 colored soldiers from Jackson County fought for the Union in different organizations during the late war. They were brave, and since it was death to become a prisoner, they fought for their lives, and for the freedom of their race. Their valor was rewarded, and slavery abolished forever. No class of people were benefited more by the war than the negroes of the South; and no class of troops fought harder than did the colored soldiers. They deserve all that was achieved for them.

MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS.

In addition to those already named, it is known that Jackson County had men in the following organizations: Twelfth Ohio Cavalry, Sixty seventh Ohio Infantry, Sixty-third Ohio Infantry, Fifth Ohio Battery and Eighth Ohio Sharp-Shooters, aggregating a number of 140 men.

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

The men of Jackson County were so generally distributed through the United States army that it has been said that no great battle was fought during the late War in which there Was not a representation from this county. The following are the number of men who went to war from Jackson County, from 1861-'65, by townships: Lick Township sent 266; Hamilton, 172; Jackson, 98, Scioto, 132; Franklin, 232; Jefferson, 345; Madison, 211; Milton, 246; Washington, 90; Liberty, 130; Bloomfield, 203; total, 2,125.

RECAPITULATION.

Number of men in different organizations from Jackson County during the late war: First Ohio Heavy Artillery, 275; Second Ohio Heavy Artillery, 25; Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, 50; Eighteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry (three months), 104; Twenty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 163; Thirty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 19; Thirty-sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 179; Fifty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 200; Fifty-sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 95; Seventy-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 41; Eighty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 40; Ninety-first Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 103; One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 32; One Hundred and Seventy-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 50; One Hundred and Seventy-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 153; One Hundred and Seventy-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 126; One Hundred and Ninety-fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 50; Second West Virginia Cavalry, 175; colored troops, 150; miscellaneous organizations, 90; total, 2,125.

At a public meeting held in the Masonic Hall in Jackson, April 10, 1862, it was unanimously resolved that it was the imperative

516 - HISTORY OF LOWER SCIOTO VALLEY.

duty of the citizens of Jackson and vicinity, that three suitable persons, including one physician, be selected to proceed to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., for the purpose of rendering assistance to the wounded soldiers from this place in the battle there on the 6th and 7th inst. The commissioners on this suggestion, held a special meeting, at which $150 were voted for the purpose of defraying in part the expense of a committee appointed at said meeting. Order drawn in favor of Dr. 0. C. Miller. The township trustees had been made a committee to look after the needs and relief of the families of volunteers. This arrangement was revoked Oct. 11, 1861, and the following agents were appointed: For Jefferson and Madison, William J. Evans; Franklin and Bloomfield, George Poor; Scioto and Hamilton, Solomon Vooris; Milton and Washington, John Fowler; Lick and Jackson Corporation, H. H. Fullerton, Liberty and Jackson, John Stinson. The county made apportionments of large sums during the war for the relief of the families of volunteers in the several townships: June 8, 1864, $2,000 were apportioned; June 6, 1865, $3,000; Sept. 6, 1865, $1,000.

THE MORGAN RAID.

On the the 16th of July, 1863, the rebel John Morgan, with his force of several thousand cavalry and a battery of artillery, invaded Jackson County, coming in from the west, and crossing the line near Beaver, Pike Co., Ohio. This was a little speck o' war that our people were unused to, and for which they were not prepared. It was 9 o'clock in the evening when the advance guard of the rebel army entered the town of Jackson. Our people had heard that Morgan was in Ohio and coming this way; but yet they hardly believed it until the sharp crack of a few revolvers and the cries of " Halt dar, sir!" and "Put down dat window!" compelled us to acknowledge that a real rebel invasion was at hand. The rebel forces arrested a large number of citizens who were out on the streets, and took them to the Fair Ground, and kept them under guard until noon next day, when they were paroled and set free, just as the rebels were leaving town. During the night the depot of the M. & C. R. R. (Portsmouth Branch) was burned by the rebels, and sev- eral railroad bridges were also fired; and dur. ing the forenoon of the 17th the Standard printing office was destroyed, and the stores of the town robbed and pillaged. A portion of the force went east to the town of Berlin, in this county, and burned the large flouring mill belonging to Rufus Hunsinger & Co. The rebel army left town and moved out on the Gallipolis road about noon, and by 2 o'clock there was not an armed rebel in the town. A short distance out of town an inoffensive citizen named Harvey Hamilton Burris, familiarly known as Doc. Burris, was shot down dead by the side of the road by a drunken rebel soldier. The rebels took a large number of horses from the citizens. and a vast amount of other property, much of which they wasted and destroyed. The State of Ohio sent out a commission in 1864 to examine and audit the claims for property taken by both the rebel army and the Union army in pursuit of it, but no payment was ever made by the State. Some of these claims have been collected from the United States Government, where it could be proven that the property taken and used by the United States, or where it was taken by the rebels and subsequently recaptured by the Uuited States army and recognized in the use of the United States army.

In the evening of the 17th of July, 1863, the advance of the United States army in pursuit of Morgan entered the town of Jackson. Although the rebels had apparently eaten up about everything, it was remarkable what quantity of provisions the loyal citizens brought out to feed these tired, hungry Federal

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soldiers, as the army passed through the town that night. One of the first things Colonel Carpenter (who commanded the advance) did, was to pitch the Express, a Democratic newspaper office, out at the window, in retaliation for the destruction of the Standard office by the rebels.

The result of Morgan's retreat through Ohio (for it was a retreat rather than a raid) is generally known. His whole force was captured in Ohio, and the chief sent to the Ohio Penitentiary, from which place be escaped and reorganized his army, and raided through Kentucky and into East Tennessee, where he was killed in September, 1864, at Greenville.

FRANCIS SMITH.

There lived in Jackson County, long before the war of the Rebellion broke out, in the days when the slave power was dominant and defiant, a man who believed with his whole heart that slavery was wrong and who had the courage to say so. He was called an Abolitionist, and he was rather proud of the title, though it was not a popular name then. This man was "Old Frank Smith." He lived at Middleton, in this county, and moved into Jackson shortly before the war began. He talked a great deal about slavery and predicted its downfall, and when the clouds began to gather for war, and politicians said it would all blow over, he insisted that it was but the sure beginning of a terrible war by the South to hold its slave power and extend it farther; but he foresaw, he thought, the end of the struggle, and the doom of tyranny and the victory for freedom; and in such a war he wanted to fight and die, if necessary. He was then (in 1861) over sixty-two years of age; and when the call came for 75,000 men, and the first drum beat for volunteers, Francis Smith was the first man to enlist in Captain J. J. Hoffman's Company for three months, in the Eighteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. When his short term was out, he again enlisted in Company F, of the Fifty-third Ohio Regiment, and went into the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and was the first man killed from Jackson by the rebels. According to his own request, he was buried on the field where he fell.

The following appeared in the Jackson Standard of April 24, 1862:

" OBITUARY OF FRANCIS SMITH.

" Last week we briefly announced the death of Francis Smith, of our town, who was killed at the recent battle of Pittsburg Landing. When the pro-slavery Rebellion broke out, and the President called for 75,000 men for three months, Mr. Smith at once volunteered, although he was then over sixty-two years of age. He served his time under Captain Hoffman in Western Virginia, and was honorably discharged. He again volunteered in Captain Percy's Company, Fifty-third Regiment, for the war. He was sick from the time he arrived in Tennessee up to the time of his death, and was just able to get around in camp. He was killed early in the battle, but his body was not recovered until after the rebels had been driven out of our camp on Monday evening. He was shot in the head, and in the breast and right hand. The rebels stole his boots, watch and spectacles.

" He hated slavery and intemperance, and never let an opportunity escape to strike a blow at either. He possessed a considerable fund of native wit, and his keen sarcasm and ultra anti-slavery principles often brought upon himself the curses of those who worship slavery as their god.

" Mr. Smith had been a member of the M. E. church for some eighteen years. We heard him speak in the watch meeting at the M. E. church, in this place, on last New Year's eve. He said it might be the last time he would ever be permitted to speak in that building; but he felt that it was his duty to defend his country, and if he fell in battle, he had a bright hope of immortality."

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ROBERT W. CALDWELL.

It is but simple justice to a soldier, whom I believe, after a full investigation of the matter, to have been unjustly condemned, to use a page of this history in his vindication.

When the war began, one of the first men to spring to action was Robert W. Caldwell. He was a man of strong feelings, very positive and fearless in the expression of his sentiments, and unquestionably brave and loyal. He assisted in raising the first company for the three months' service in the spring of 1861, and was tendered the Captaincy, which he declined in favor of Captain Hoffman. In 1862 he raised a company and went into the One Hundred and Seventeenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which was, in 1863, changed to the First Ohio Heavy Artillery, and Captain Caldwell was made a Major. He had charge of the recruiting in Jackson County when the regiment was enlarged. About this time persecution began, and was kept up by those who seemed to have -determined upon the destruction of Major Caldwell's military career. The mustering and disbursing officer at Cincinnati, to whom Major Caldwell reported his bills for subsistence of recruits, requested the signing of blank accounts by Major Caldwell (a dangerous practice, prevalent in the army), and these accounts appear to have been filled afterward with figures greater in amount than should have been. Who did it, I do not know, but, after a time, charges were preferred against Major Caldwell, who was charged with "presenting claims against the Government of the United States, knowing the same to be false and fraudulent." A court-martial convened at Cincinnati in March, 1864, and convicted Major Caldwell, and sentenced him to pay a fine of $2,000 and work two years on fortifications, and be dismissed the service. The labor portion of the sentence was remitted, and Major Caldwell was set at liberty.

Recently, the following letter and order I were received from the Secretary of War which explain themselves:

WAR DEPARTMENT,

Washington City, Jan. 30, 1880.

SIR: Referring to the application for pardon of R. W. Caldwell, late Major First Ohio Heavy Artillery, I have the honor to inform you—the case having been referred by the President of this department—that the Judge Advocate General reports that no disability was incurred under any law of the United States by the sentence or conviction in this case, and that there remains, therefore nothing therein upon which the pardoning power can act, except the unpaid fine of $2,000. An order declaring the remission of said fine has accordingly been issued this date, and the same is herewith enclosed.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant.

(Signed) ALEX RAMSEY,

Secretary of War.

WAR DEPARTMENT,

Jan. 30, 1880.

By order of the President, the fine of $2,000 imposed upon R. W. Caldwell, late Major First Ohio Heavy Artillery, by the sentence of General Court-Martial, of which proceedings are published in General Court-Martial, Order 131, War Department, May 30, 1864, is hereby fully remitted, and the said Caldwell is declared to be henceforth free and discharged of the same.

(Signed) ALEX RAMSEY,

Secretary of War.

This is but a short account of a long story, but it contains the essence of the whole, and from it all we find that partial justice seems to have dawned upon a loyal heart who was for d long period under clouds of cold ingratitude:

PENSIONS AND PENSIONERS.

The nation has been kind to its defenders, and the widows, orphans, and dependent

519 - HISTORY OF LOWER SCIOTO VALLEY.

parents of the fallen heroes. Through the kindness of the magistrates who prepare quarterly vouchers of the pensioners of Jackson County. The following figures are accurate, as far as they go; but a few magistrates fail to report, and hence no doubt some pensioners have been omitted, which would make the aggregate a trifle larger. The following table gives the number of each class of pensioners, and the amount drawn per month, quarter and year. [Pensions are now paid quarterly by checks sent from Columbus, by mail, direct to the pensioners.] As space is limited a full list of names, numbers of certificates, and other details cannot be printed, but the table will contain the essence of the matter.

Averaging for eighteen years, since close of war, would aggregate the large sum of $279,072.00.

And it will be remembered that many pensioners have been dropped from the rolls in these eighteen years, from death, re-marriage, children passing sixteen years of age, change of residence, recovery, forfeiture, etc., which, being considered, would swell 'the amount, according to careful estimates, to near or quite $400,000 paid to Jackson County pensioners from 1865 to 1883. And these pensions will go on during the lives of the pensioners.

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC.

Francis Smith Post, No. 365, Jackson., Ohio.—Commander, T. W. Patterson; Senior Vice-Commander, H. C. Miller; Junior Vice-Commander, George Pugh; Adjutant, John M. Ewing; Quartermaster, Robert H. Jones; Chaplain, G. A. Ewing.

Colonel David Dove Post, .No. 301, Coalton, Jackson, County, Ohio.—Commander, Samuel Llewellyn; Senior Vice-Commander, T. J. Evans; Junior Vice-Commander, Newton Kessinger; Adjutant, Joseph Smith ; Quartermaster, George Reese; Chaplain, Nicholas D. Oaks.

Lieutenant Fellers Post, No.194, Raysville, Jackson County, Ohio.—Commander, Isaiah H. McCormick; Senior Vice-Commander, H. H. Thacker; Junior Vice-Commander, Isaac Clark; Adjutant, J. A. Shephard, Quartermaster, Samuel Ray; Chaplain, Thomas Dearth; Surgeon, E. J. McCormick.

James Smith Post. No. .337, Wellston., Jackson County, Ohio.—Commander, E. B. Bingham; Senior Vice-Commander, W. H. Lewis; Junior Vice-Commander, William Montgomery; Adjutant, Thomas McGuire; Quartermaster, Harvey Wells; Chaplain, L. H. Bingham; Surgeon, William Sylvester.

CHAPTER XXVII.

CITY OF JACKSON-ITS RUGGED FEATURES IN 1823-ITS CULTURE, REFINEMENT AND WEALTH IN 1883.

CAPITAL CITY OF THE SALT CREEK VALLEY.

Jackson, the capital of Jackson County, is very pleasantly situated on a rising plateau in the valley of Salt Creek. The ground descends from every direction, the city being located on the crest. It cannot in the true acceptation of the term be called a handsome city, but with its surroundings and the gentle slope in all directions, its straight and cleanly streets, Jackson Court-House is a very pleasant city to look upon and to reside in. But there is another view of Jackson that, to the eye of the true and energetic business man, is really beautiful. This is the evidence practically seen on every hand, of the immense mineral resources which lie under and within the city limits and cover the hills and valley surrounding her. Furnaces in full blast, with coal shafts to furnish the coal necessary for the blast at their door, ore of fine quality contiguous, and these evidences of wealth inexhaustible, as it has been shown, give an evidence of beauty that can be realized with a wonderful amount of pleasure by the business man and the capitalist. She is therefore very pleasantly situated, nothing to offend the eye, and in her natural resources, which give material wealth and continued prosperity, she is really beautiful. The city lies within a mile of the geographical center of the county. It is located on the salt reservation on the southwest side of Salt Creek, the valley of which almost completely surrounds it. And therefore the great beauty of the capital city lies in her hills of coal and iron ore, of her splendid sandstone, in the wealth of timber, in her salt licks which are doubtless as valuable as others in the State, if depth enough is given to reach the real brine, and the wealth of the agricultural productions of the county, which find a market among her enterprising business men.

WHEN LAID OUT.

The town of Jackson was laid out May 8, 1817, and a Mr. Fletcher, of Gallia County, was called upon to survey the town site. This was what was afterward called the " north half." The south half, so called, was laid out in 1819 by Dr. Gabriel McNeel, a prominent physician of the county at that day, and who afterward, or rather at the time, was the first surveyor of Jackson County. This last half was finished by the surveyor Nov. 4, 1819. The streets run south, fifty degrees east, and south, forty degrees west; are wide, and from the county court-house, which stands on the crest of the town site, the streets gradually slope in every direction. This gives the city an excellent drainage. The streets are kept clean. There are gutters of brick on each side; good brick sidewalks with here and there a flagstone. This makes Jackson one of the healthiest, as well as one of the most enterprising and solid towns in the State. It lies seventy-three miles southeast from Columbus, the capital of the State, forty-four miles from Portsmouth, on the Ohio River, twenty-six

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miles from Waverly and thirty-two miles from Chillicothe, by present railroad route. The first Director of the town was Joseph Armstrong, and he was succeeded by A. Miller, David Hoffman, and he again succeeded the latter in 1832 and '33.

PROGRESSIVE.

The land upon which the town of Jackson was located was ordered sold, being part of the State Salt Reservation, by an act of the Legislature passed Jan. 14, 1817. Thirty years after she was laid out or in 1847, she could boast of a population of only about 400 people. At that time it had one each Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist and Protestant Episcopal church; eight stores, one newspaper, one blacksmith shop, one tailor shop, one shoe shop, one hotel, the Isham House, two carpenters and one saloon. The cemetery was laid out in the north part of the town in the year 1818, and the first death, or rather burial, known was Charles O'Niel, whose gravestone was dated May 16, 1819.

As Jackson was a flourishing town, the people decided to become an incorporated village, and this was effected early in 1847. The act of incorporation reads as follows :

“ACT INCORPORATING THE TOWN OF JACKSON.

" SECTION 6. That so much of the township in the county of Jackson as now is or may hereafter be included in the recorded plat of the town of Jackson is hereby erected a town corporate, to be known and designated by the name of the Town of Jackson, and by that name shall be a body corporate and politic, with perpetual succession.

"SEC. 7. That the town named in the preceding section of this act shall severally, be entitled to all the privileges and subject to all restrictions of the act entitled An act for the regulation of incorporate towns, passed Feb. 17, 1839, and the act amendatory thereto.'

" SEC. 8. This act shall take effect from its passage, Feb. 8, 1847."

The first election for town officers was held April 17, 1847, at the court-house, at which election sixty-seven votes were cast. The following officers were elected, viz.: Mayor, George M. Adams; Recorder, John J. Hoffman; Trustees, Jacob Westfall, Elias Long, John Hatton, William Ott and James Fauar. On the 24th of the same month the above officers were sworn into office by William Trago, Justice of the Peace, and entered upon the discharge of their duties. At the meeting of May 7, 1847, a code of by-laws was reported by Jacob Westfall, John Hatton and J. J. Hoffman, committee, and in that was provided the, annual election of one mayor, one recorder and five trustees; also the election by the council of a town marshal, town treasurer and three street commissioners, each to hold office one year. These officers first chosen were : Marshal, Wm. McKinnis; Treasurer, Philip P. Price; Street Commissioners, Daniel Hoffman, Banister Brown and Wm. Trago.

In 1850 Jackson Court-House contained a population of 577. About this time the railroad fever broke out, and Jackson, by energy and liberal subscription, succeeded in getting what is now known as the Portsmouth & Jackson Branch of the Washington, Baltimore & Cincinnati Railroad. This gave her an upward impetus, and a local census taken in May, 1853, showed a population of 900, a gain of 323 persons in three years, and 132 families in place of ninety taken at the previous census. This was a rapid gain, and the groundwork was then laid for her solid progress. There was advance in every department of trade, and to the census figures above taken was that of her business interests and general progress. Thus in the various departments of business, etc., there were eight dry-goods stores, one wholesale and retail

522 - HISTORY OF LOWER SCIOTO VALLEY.

drug and grocery store, one retail drug and grocery store, one wholesale and retail clothing store, two boot and shoe stores, one book store, one jewelry store, one wholesale and retail grocery store, seven retail groceries (all without license to retail spirituous liquors), two coach and carriage manufactories, four saddle and harness manufactories, six boot and shoe manufactories, one hardware store and gunsmith shop, one stove store and tin manufactory, three tailor shops, two carpenter shops, one cabinet manufactory, two milliners and mantua makers, one bakery, two tanneries, two steam mills, four hotels, four churches—one Presbyterian, one Methodist, one Baptist, and one Episcopal Methodist—five practicing physicians, and the lawyers. This, compared with the business of 1847, shows a wonderful increase. The assessed valuation of chattel property in the city reached the sum of $81,000, which was but $2,000 less than the whole of Lick Township was assessed the year before. In fact, this rapid growth was nearly all within the preceding eighteen months from July, 1853. The feature of the year 1853 was the completion to Jackson, on Aug. 18, of the railroad above mentioned. A grand jubilee was held; speeches, a free dinner, and about 5,000 persons were on hand to welcome the " Iron Horse," and take charge of the edibles so freely and hospitably extended to all. The same year the steam flouring mill enterprise took shape. The mill was owned by Walter-house & Bunn; was a frame building, four stories high, in dimensions 36 x 48, and had three run of French burrs. J. J. Hoffman had been elected Mayor, but resigned in May, and J. W. Laird, Recorder, was appointed in his place, and John S. Taylor succeeded to the Recordership. The next greatest move in Jackson's progress was also in this same year of 1853, when the lots in the Jamestown addition were offered for sale in July. July 28, 1853, a motley crowd greeted the auctioneer, ready to purchase the lots offered. Twenty-four in-lots sold for $2,568, averaging over $100 per lot, and three out-lots sold for $648, over $200 per lot. The sales of the day amounted to over $3,000. The Isham House was then owned by C. Isham, who in the following year, 1854, sold it to A. French for $7,500. In 1855 Smith & Sons became the landlords by lease, and kept it for two years, when Mr. French took it again. In 1856 the Union School-house was erected, with six rooms.

The first steam engine in the county was put up in Jackson City.

The first daily stage line connected Jackson with the Cincinnati & Marietta Railroad, at Byer's Station, in July, 1855.

The city's progress was steady up to the time of the civil war. It met with a slight loss in July, 1863, by the Morgan raiders, but little besides public property was destroyed, if we may except the Standard office and railroad buildings.

The population of Jackson increased from 900 in 1853 to 1,473 in 1861. The decade between 1850 and 1860 showed an increase of 200 per cent., and the next ending in 1870, notwithstanding the war and the draft upon her able-bodied men, she rose to 2,016, about thirty-three and one-third per cent., aud the past decade, which came to a close in 1880, gave Jackson a population of 3,021, within a very small fraction of fifty per cent., for that decade, This was a rapid as well as a substantial growth, and she may now be said to have a population of at least 3,500 at this time, Oct. 1, 1883.

SEVERAL ITEMS.

The Jackson Union was printed in 1848 by Alonzo Hard. He sold the office Feb. 24, 1849, to Jacob Westfall and Martin Owens, to be delivered April 29, 1849, the end of his first year. The price paid was $225. It was not heard of afterward.

HISTORY OF LOWER SCIOTO VALLEY - 523

In August, 1870, the city council rented a council room of the township trustees to hold their meetings, at $75 per year.

Dec. 10, 1870, the city also rented of the township trustees a part of lot 9, for jail purposes, at a rental of $2 per annum. Nothing was said by the trustees about security for the rent, having, it is supposed, full confidence in the financial standing of the city. A jail was to be erected within one year.

The present city council chamber is in Jones's Music Hall; formerly for awhile it was in Gratton's Block.

The first railroad train to Jackson, now the Portsmouth branch of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore, (C., W. & B.) Railroad, arrived in July, 1853.

The narrow gauge railroad was completed from Waverly to Jackson May 31, 1877. The gauge was changed to standard and the first train arrived from Springfield to Jackson Jan. 1, 1880. The road was then called the " Ohio Southern," its present name.

A market house was erected in 1856, J. B. Wood contractor.

A weighmaster was appointed in the person of D. W. Winfough, his duty being to see to the weighing of coal, hay, etc.

The chattel property of the city was placed by the assessor in 1880 at the value of $299, 087. The assessed value of real estate in 1882 was $505, 549. The assessed value of personal, $375,087. Total real and personal of Jackson $880,636. This gives a gain in personal property in two years of $75,395.

The telephone opened for business in Jackson Aug. 11, 1882.

The town clock in the court-house tower was put up in the fall of 1868.

In political matters the town of Jackson votes a majority for the Republican ticket.

The first Mayor of Jackson was George M. Adams. He was sworn into office April 24, 1847.

NEWSPAPERS.

Jackson Standard.—The first newspaper published in Jackson County was commenced in the summer of 1846, under the name of the Jackson Aurora. It was published by by & Hubbard. It was at first neutral in politics, and subsequently Democratic for a short time, until purchased by Colonel Thomas Hughes in March, 1847, when it became Whig. At the same time the name was changed to the Jackson Standard, which it has since borne. It remained Whig in politics until the formation of the Republican party, since which time it has supported those principles. Hughes was succeeded by J. W. Laird, afterward by Laird & Mathews, then by Thomas B. Mathews, and again by Mathews & Laird in 1854. In about 1856 Hoffman & Mackley became the owners, and in 1861 Davis Mackley, the present owner, became editor and proprietor. Since he became the sole owner Mr. Mackley has given his entire attention to the publication of the Standard and intends to, so he says, to the end of his life. The old press was broken and a large amount of damage done to the plates and type in 1863 by John Morgan and his troops in their raid through Ohio. Since that time a new steam press with all the modern improvements has been purchased by the enterprising editor, and at this time the Standard press ranks among the best in Southern Ohio. The Standard has a circulation of about 1,300. It is noted for its random thoughts and early recollections. The author of this sketch is under many obligations to the editor for information contained therein.

Davis Nackley, editor of the Jackson Standard,' was born Dec. 11, 1818, in Gallia County, Ohio. His, early educational advantages were very much limited, both by the character of the schools at that time and the lack of means in thelfamily to enable him to

524 - HISTORY OF LOWER SCIOTO VALLEY.

attend a higher school. He found an alternative in private study, and having purchased a few books gave them his diligent attention until he became able to teach. He entered upon this profession in 1837 and followed it until 1854, when he entered a store at Oak Hill, as salesman. He had studied law some and was admitted to the bar. After remaining in the store two years, during which period he also looked after the legal business of his employer, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Jackson County and removed to Jackson. After the expiration of his term he followed up the practice of law for twenty-five years. Having become connected with the Standard in 1856,and sole owner in 1861, he gradually transferred his entire attention to the paper to the neglect of his opportunities as a lawyer.

He was Mayor of Jackson in 1857, and held the position of Assistant Internal Revenue Assessor for four years, when he resigned.

He has been twice married; first, in July, 1842, to Mary Steece, a member of one of the earliest families in Athens County, whose father, Henry Steece, served in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1824. In 1858 he married Mrs. Eliza Hawk, a widow lady of Columbus, Ohio. Mr. Mackley is the father of seven children, only four of whom are now living.

Jackson Herald.—The Iron Valley Express was started by a Mr. Turner in -1856. Mr. Turner was the editor but the capital was furnished by a large company, prominent among whom was John Sanders, who still resides in Jackson. Mr. Turner was succeeded as editor by John C. Stephenson, and he was succeeded by J. W. Bowen in November, 1862. It was a Democratic paper, the organ of that party in the county, but was very small and barely kept alive. In 1863, after the barbarous destruction of the Standard office by General Morgan's rebel troops, this office was attacked and pillaged in a scarcely less barbarous man ner by the Union troops, under General Hobson. After this the editor became discouraged and abandoned the press. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to revive the paper, but it remained of little force until 1866, when Mr. Mackley of the Standard took hold of it. The subscription list was largely increased. In 1868 Smith To wsley purchased the paper, and ran it until he sold to the present owners and editor, W. C. Gould. Mr. Gould purchased a half interest in July, 1875, and took charge of the editorial work. In October, 1879, he purchased the other one-half interest, and has since been the proprietor and editor. The name was changed to the Jackson Herald. It is Democratic in politics.

William C. Gould, editor of the Jackson Herald, was born in Carlisle, Pa., April 13, 1824. His father, Henry Gould, of American birth, resided in Carlisle where young Gould received his education in the public schools. He entered the printing office of the American Volunteer at Carlisle in August, 1838, as office boy, and remained in the office seven years and learned the trade of a printer. He afterward published a paper for one year at Littlestown, Adams Co., Pa. He removed to Ohio in May, 1848, and began the publication of the Democrat at Eaton, Preble County. He was there six years, holding the position of Postmaster two years under President Pierce. He resigned the position, sold the paper to his brother and went to Lebanon, Ohio, in 1855, and published the Lebanon Citizen four years. From there he went to Logan, Ohio, in May, 1859, and, in connection with his brother, C. M. Gould,published the Hocking Sentinel until April, 1865, when he sold his interest to his brother and went to Washington C. H., Ohio, and bought the Ohio State Register. While in charge of this paper he was Message clerk in the Ohio House of Representatives in the session of 1867-'68. He sold the Register in the fall of 1874, and in the following winter helped to

Township	Wheat		Corn
Township	Acres Sown	Bushels produc'd	Acres planted	Bushels produced
Bloomfield Milton Washington Jackson Liberty Scioto Hamilton Jefferson Madison Franklin Lick	1,3471 900 829 481 1,069 2,371, 906 1,074 1,774 1,7851 879	13 765 7 986 8,744 4,530 10,641 23,981 7,273 11,091 18 576 17,404 8,579	1,242 1,459 995 1,105 1,209 2.012 1,008 1,174 1,836 1,995 874	32,895 44 935 21,935 24,363 27,295 51,098 16,560 18.450 32,755 53,817 20,456
Total	13,415	132.570	14,910	344,609

	Number	Drawn per month
Soldier pensioners, last war Soldier pensioners, war of 1812 Widow pensioners, last war Widow pensioners, war of 1812 Mother pensioners, last war Guardian pensioners, last war	117 2 32 10 10 3	$801.00 ______ 368.00 _____ 95.00 28.00
Totals	174	$1,292.00
Total amount drawn per quarter		$ 3,876.00
Total amount drawn per year		15,504.00