200 - Battle of the Thames thing above three thousand. † No disposition of an army, opposed to an Indian force, can be safe unless it is secured on the flanks in the rear. I had, therefore, no difficulty in arranging the infan conformably to my general order of battle. General Trotter brigade of five hundred men, formed the front line, his right upon the road, and his left upon the swamp. General King's brigade as a second line, one hundred and fifty yards in the rear of Trotter's and Chiles's 'brigades, as a corps of reserve in the rear of it. These three brigades formed the command of Major General Henry ; the whole of General Desha's division, consisting of two brigades, were formed en potence upon the left of Trotter. " Whilst I was engaged in forming the infantry, I had directed Colonel Johnson's regiment, which was still in front, to be formed in two lines opposite to the enemy, and upon the advance of the infantry, to take ground to the left, and forming upon that flank to endeavor to turn the right of the Indians. A moment's reflec- tion, however, convinced me that from the thickness of the woods and swampiness of the ground, they would be unable to do anything on horseback, and there was no time to dismount them and place their horses in security; I therefore determined to refuse my left to the Indians, and to break the British lines at once, by a charge of the mounted infantry; the measure was not sanctioned by anything that I had seen or heard of, but I was fully convinced that it would succeed. The American backwoodsmen ride better in the woods than any other people. A musket or rifle. is no impediment to them, being accustomed to carry them on horseback from their earliest youth. I was persuaded, too, that the enemy would be quite unprepared for the shock, and that they could not resist it. Conformably to this idea, I directed the regiment to be drawn up in close column, with its right at the distance of fifty yards fronr the road, (that it might be in some measure protected by the trees from the artillery,) its left upon the swamp, and to charge at full speed as soon as the enemy delivered their fire. The few regular troops of the 27th regiment, under their Colonel (Paul), occupied, in column of sections of four, the small space between the road and the river, for the purpose of seizing the enemy's artillery, and some ten or twelve friendly Indians were directed to move under the bank. The crotchet formed by the front line, and General Deslia's † This estimate was too high, there were not more than 2,500. The British were nearly as numerous. See McAfee, Dawson, &c. Tecumseh Killed by Johnson - 201 division was an important point. At that place, the venerable Governor of Kentucky was posted, who at age of 66 preserves all the virgor of youth the ardent zeal which distinguished him in the Revolutionary War, and the undaunted bravery which he manifested at King’s Mountain. With my aids-de-camp, the Acting Assistant Adjutant General, Captain Butler, my gallant friend Commodore Perry, who did me the honor to serve as my volunteer aid-de-camp, and Brigadier General Cass, who, having no command, tendered me his assistance, I placed myself at the head of the front line of infantry, to direct the movements of -the cavalry, and give them the necessary support. The army had moved on in this order but a short distance, when the mounted men received the fire of the British line, and were ordered to charge ; the horses in the front of the column recoiled from the fire ; another was given by the enemy, and our column at length getting in motion, broke through the enemy with irresistible force. In one minute the contest in front was over. The British officers seeing no hopes of reduCing their disordered ranks to order, and our mounted men wheeling upon them, and pouring in a destructive fire, immediately surrendered. It is certain that three only of our troops were wounded in this charge. Upon the left, however, the contest was more severe with the Indians. Colonel Johnson, who commanded on that flank of his regiment, received a most galling fire from them, which was returned with great effect. The Indians still further to the right advanced and fell in with our front line of infantry, near its junction with Desha's division, and for a moment made an impression upon it. His Excellency Governer Shelby, however, brought up a regiment to its support, and the enemy receiving a severe fire in front, and a part of Johnson's regiment having gained their rear, retreated with precipitation. Their loss was very considerable in the action, and many were killed in their retreat." The question relative to the death of Tecumseh having been mooted, B. F. H. Witherell, Esq., of Detroit, on the 28th of September, 1853, addressed a letter to General Lewis Cass, which was published in Volume 3 of the collections of the State. Historical Society of Wisconsin, extracts from which are here given : The affidavit of Captain James Knaggs, with whom, as with nearly all our old citizens, I believe, you are acquainted, will, I think, set the question at rest. Being at the river Raisin a few day since, I called on Captain 202 - Tecumseh, Killed by Johnson Knaggs, who was a brave and intrepid soldier, in the Ranger service. He stated to me all the circumstances of the battle on the Thames so far as they came within his knowledge, and at my request, made an affidavit, (a copy of which I herewith send you,) narrating so much of the action as is connected with the death of the great chief. Colonel Johnson stated at the time, and afterwards often reiterate d it, that he killed an Indian with his pistol, who was advancing upon him at the time his horse fell under him. The testimony of Captain Knaggs shows conclusively, that it could have been no other than Tecumseh. Colonel Johnson, when last here, saw and recognized Captain Knaggs and Mr. Labadie as the men who bore him from the field in his blanket. The transaction is of some little importance in history, as the ball that bore with it the fate of the great warrior, dissolved at once the last great Indian Confederacy, and gave peace to our frontier. I am, respectfully yours, &c B. F. H. WITHERELL. STATE OF MICHIGAN, County of Monroe, ss James Knaggs deposeth and saith, as follows : I was attached to a company of mounted men called Rangers, at the battle of the Thames in tipper Canada, in the year 1813. During the battle we charged into the swamp, where several of our horses mired down, and an order was given to retire to the hard ground in our rear, which we did. The Indians in front, believing, that we were retreating, immediately advanced upon us, with Tecumseh at their head. I distinctly heard his voice, with which I was perfectly familiar. He yelled like a tiger, and urged on his braves to the attack. We were then but a few yards apart. We halted on the hard ground, and continued our fire- After a few minutes of very severe fighting, I discovered Colonel Johnson lying near, on the ground, with one leg confined by the body of his white mare, whrch had been killed, and had fallen upon him. My friend Medard Labadie was with me. We went up to the Colonel, with whom we were previously acquainted, and found him badly wounded, lying on his side, with one of his pistols lying in his hand. I saw Tecumseh at the same time, lying on his face, dead, and about fifteen or twenty feet from the Colonel. He was stretched at full length, and was shot through the body, I think near the heart. The ball went out through his back. He held his tomahawk in his right hand, (it had a brass pipe on the head of it,) his arm was extended as if strikrng, and the edge of the tomahawk was stuck in the ground. Tecumseh was dressed in red speckled leggings, and a fringed hunting shrrt; he lay stretched directly towards Colonel Johnson. When we went up to the Colonel we offered to help him. He replied with Tecumseh, Killed by Johnson - 203 with great animation, “Knaggs, let me lay here, and push on and take Proctor.” However, we liberated him from his dead horse, took his blanket from hrs saddle, placed him in it, and bore him off the field. I had known Tecumseh from my boyhood ; we were boys together. There was no other Indian killed immediately around where Colonel Johnson or Tecumseh lay, though there were many near the creek, a few rods back of where Tecumseh fell I had no doubt then, and have none now, that Tecumseh fell by the hand of Colonel Johnson. JAMES KNAGGS. Sworn to, before me, this 22d day of September, 1853. B. F. H. WITHERELL, Notary Public The Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Mr. Draper, adds the following to the deposition of Mr. Knaggs " Colonel Johnson was invaribly modest about claiming the honor of having slain Tecumseh. When I paid him a visit, at his residence at the Great Crossings, in Kentucky, in 1844, while collecting facts and materials illustrative of the career of Clark, Boone, Kenton and other Western pioneers, he exhibited to me the horse pistols he used in the battle of the Thames, and modestly remarked, that with them he shot the chief who had confronted and wounded him in the engagement." Alluding to Captain Knaggs' statement, the Louisville Journal remarked: "A new witness has appeared in the newspapers testifying to facts which tend to show that Colonel R. M. Johnson killed Tecumseh. The Colonel was certainly brave enough to meet and kill a dozen Indians, and if he didn't kill Tecumseh, he no doubt would have done it if he had had a chance. He himself was often interrogated upon the subject, and his reply upon at least one occasion was capital : ' They say I killed him ; bow could I tell ? I was in too much of a hurry, when he was advancing upon me, to ask him his name, or inquire after the health of his family. I fired as quick as convenient, and he fell. If it had been Tecumseh or the Prophet, it would have been all the same.' Shortly after the foregoing publication, Mr. Witherell communicated the following to a Detroit journal: "Captain Knaggs, who is spoken of in that communication, is a highly respectable citizen of Monroe, and was one of the most active and useful partisans in service during the war of 1812. Almost in- 204 - Noble Qualities in Tecumseh numerable and miraculous were his "hairbreadth 'stapes" from the savages. " He related to me, when I last saw him, several anecdotes of Tecumseh, which will illustrate his character. Amongst others, he states that while the enemy was in full possession of the country, Tecumseh, with a large band of his warriors, visited the Raisin. The inhabitants along that river had been stripped of nearly every means of subsistence. Old Mr. Rivard, who was lame, and unable to labor to procure a living for himself and family, had contrived to keep out of sight of the wandering bandy of savages, a pair of oxen, with which his son was able to procure a scanty support for the family. It so happened that, while at labor with the oxen, Tecumseh, who had came over from Malden, met him in the road, and walking up to him; said, My friend, I must have those oxen. My young men are very hungry; they have had nothing to eat. We must have the oxen.' " Young Rivard remonstrated. He told the chief that if he took the oxen his father would starve to death. " ‘Well,' said Tecumseh, we are the conquerors, and every thing we want is ours. I must have the oxen ; my people must not starve but I will not be so mean as to rob you of them. I will pay you one hundred dollars for them, and that is far more than they a worth ; but we must have them.' " Tecumseh got a white man to write an order on the British Indian Agent, Colonel Elliot, who was on the river some distance below, for the money. The oxen were killed, large fires built, and the forest warriors were soon feasting on their flesh. Young Rivard took the order to Colonel Elliott, who promptly refused to pay it, saying, We are entitled to our support from the country we have conquered. I will not pay it. The young man, with a sorrowful heart, returned with the answer to Tecumseh, who said, won't pay it, will he ? Stay all night, and tomorrow we will go and see. On the next morning, he took young Rivard, and went down to see the Colonel. On meeting him, he said, Do you refuse to pay for/the oxen I bought ?" Yes,' said the Colonel, and he reiterated the reason for refusal. I bought them,' said the chief, for my young men were very hungry. I promised to pay for them, and they shall be paid for. I have always heard that white nations went to war with each other, and not with peaceful individuals; that they did not rob and plunder poor people. I will not.' Well,' said the Colonel, Noble Qualities in Tecumseh - 205 ‘I will not pay for them." You can do as you please,' said the chief; ‘but before Tecumseh and his warriors came to fight the battles of the great Kings they had enough to eat, for which they had only to thank the Master of Life and their good rifles. Their hunting grounds supplied them with food enough ; to them they can return.' This threat produced a change in the Colonel's mind. The defection of the great chief, he well knew, would immediately withdraw all the nations of the Red Men from the British service ; and with- out them they were nearly powerless on the frontier. Well,' said the Colonel, if I must pay, I will.' Give me hard money,' said Tecumseh, not rag money,' (army bills.) The Colonel then counted out a hundred dollars, in coin, and gave them to him. The chief handed the money to young Rivard, and then said to the Colonel, 'Give me one dollar more.' It was given ; and handing that also to Rivard, he said, Take that ; it will pay for the time you have lost in getting your money.' " How many white warriors have such notions of justice ? " Before the commencement of the war, when his hunting parties approached the white settlements, horses and cattle were occasionally stolen ; but notice to the chief failed not to produce instant redress. "The character of Tecumseh was that of a gallant and intrepid warrior, an honest and honorable man ; and his memory is respected by all our old citizens who personally knew him?' The following letter from the venerable General Combs, of Kentucky, who bore so gallant a part in the defense of the Ohio and the Maumee Valley. has both local and general interest: Editor Historical Record : You ask me for a description of the celebrated Indian warrior, Tecumseh, from my personal observation. I answer that I never saw the great chief but once, and then under rather exciting circumstances, but I have a vivid recollection of from his appearance, and intercourse with his personal friends, I am possessed of accurate knowledge of his character. I was, as you know, one of the prisoners taken at what is known as Dudley's defeat on the banks of the Maumee River, opposite Fort Meigs, early in May, 1813. Tecumseh had fallen upon our rear, and we were compelled to surrender. We were marched down to the old Fort Miami or Maumee, in squads, where a terrible scene awaited us. 206 - General Combs' Estimate of Tec'umseh. The Indians, fully armed with guns, war clubs and tomahawks—to say nothing of scalping knives, had formed themselves into two lines in front of the gateway between which all of us were bound to pass. Many were killed or wounded in running the gauntlet. Shortly after the prisoners had entered, the Indians rushed over the walls and again surrounded ns, and raised the war-whoop, at the same time making unmistakable demonstrations of violence. We all ex- petted to be massacred, and the small British guard around us were utterly unable to afford protection. They called loudly for General Proctor and Colonel Elliot to come to our relief. At this critical moment Tecumseh came rushing in, deeply excited, and denouced the murderers of prisoners as cowards. Thus our lives were spared and we were sent down to the fleet at the mouth of Swan Creek, (now Toledo) and from that place across the end of the lake to Huron and paroled. I shall never forget the noble countenance, gallant bearing and sonorous voice of that remarkable man, while addressing his warriors in our behalf. He was then between forty and forty-five years of age. His frame was vigorous and robust, but he was not fat, weighing about One hundred and seventy pounds. Five feet ten inches was his height. He had a high, projecting forehead, and broad, open countenance; and there was something noble and commanding in all his actions. He was brave, humane and generous, and never allowed a prisoner to be massacred if he could prevent it. At Fort Miami he saved the lives of all of us who had survived running the gauntlet. He afterwards released seven Shawanese belonging to my command, and sent them home on parole. Tecumseh was a Shawanese. His name signified in their language, Shooting Star. At the time when I saw him he held the commission of a Brigadier General in the British Army. I am satisfied that he deserved all that was said of him by General Cass and Governor Harrison, previous to his death. Lexington, Ky., October, 1871. LESLIE COMBS. In the foregoing is presented all that is deemed proper in a history of the Maumee Valley relating to events connected with the war of 1812-15. The chapter is concluded by a publication, for the first time, of the following communications, some of which possess more than a local interest CAMP MEIGS, June 20th, 1813. Dear Sir :—Two men, one a Frenchman and the other a private in the late Colonel Dudley's regiment, have jest arrived from Detrort, and from whom we have the important intelligence that the enemy contemplate another attack upon this garrison. General Clay to General Harrison - 207 The Frenchman states that the Indians had for some time been urging General Proctor to renew the attack. A council of war was held a few days since, in which it was determined to renew the attack on Fort Meigs, and the combined forces were to set out on this day, or tomorrow at farthest, with that view. From every information, the Indians would be about four thousand strong, with the expectation of additional reinforcements of more. The British regulars from Fort George and Erie had been sent for, and were expected at Malden, about one thousand six hundred strong. The Canadian militia had been paraded on the 4th of June, (the King's birthday,) and after a speech by the General had been ordered to yield up their arms, being deemed unworthy of his Majesty's service. Tecumseh was encamped at the river Souge, near its mouth. The prisoner, Thomas Lowe, of Captain Kerr's company Kentucky see. militia, states that, " on' the 5th of May, he was taken prisoner by the Indians and carried about one hundred and fifty miles above Detroit, to the Sagana tribe, where he remained with two other prisoners until a few days past, when all three attempted their escape. They were discovered by the Indians, fired on and scattered, but neither of them killed. He made his way good to the neighborhood of Detroit, where he fell in with the Frenchman, whose statement precedes, and who agreed to accompany him to this place. That a small distance from Detroit he was met or overtaken by a large, portly man of fair complexion, who told him to hurry on to this place with all possible speed, and inform the commanding officer here that this place would be again besieged. The enemy would consist of about four thousand Indians, one thousand five hundred or one thousand six hundred regulars, (a reinforcement just arrived at Malden,) and the whole of the regular force from that post; and that the enemy would set out for this place by to-morrow, or Monday at farthest. He also states that previous to his leaving the Indians, nearly all the women of the Sagana tribe had left their towns for Detroit ; that the person who gave him this information states, as his opinion, that the enemy intended an attack on the posts in the rear of this and that his opinion was founded on information received from a squaw. The officers of the garrison have been generally consulted, and they give the fullest confidence to the belief that the enemy contemplate another attack on this fort ; nor do I hesitate to join in the belief. The importance of this communication to you needs no comment from me. We shall be prepared to give our enemy a warm reception, come when they will. I have every confidence in your exertions, and feel that it is through you this army looks for triumph over our enemies. 208 - J. Van Horne to Governor Meigs. I have sent expresses in different routes and to different posts, to meet you, and enclosed copies of this communrcatron to Governors Meigs and Shelby, and have taken the liberty to order Colonel Johnston's regiment of mounted men from Foit Winchester to this place immediately. By different detachments sent from this place, we have received from Fort Winchester about one thousand two hundred barrels flour, including that escorted from Amanda by Ensign Gray. I am, with high consideration and respect, Your most obedient servant, GREEN CLAY. To Major General Harrison ZANESVILLE, 7th August, 1813. Sir :—The communication of Mr. Beard, of the 31st of July, announcing the marching and arrival of so many troops for the relief of Fort Meigs, has been duly received. I forwarded to General McConnell, and also to General Paul' brigade, the orders for two hundred men each. Captain Buell, the bearer hereof, is on his way with a large company of mounted men from Marietta. I furnished him with a few cartridges. Having sent nearly all the lead on hand to the order of Colonel Enos, some time ago, I shall have to purchase lead to work up the powder. News from headquarters has been so various and contradictory these few days past, that we have been in great anxiety. At length, however, it seems to have gained belief that the enemy have been repulsed at Lower Sandusky, with the loss of some two hundred men, and fled. Calculations are making here, that with so large a body of men, they will, when concentrated, move on, without waiting to be transported by Commodore Perry, perhaps to Detroit and Malden, and restore Michigan to its rightful sovereignty. May your progress be such as to raise the siege of Fort Meigs, and put to rout the hordes of red and white savages who infest the frontiers. It would be very gratifying to be informed, from time to time, of the real state of things in camp, and what progress (if anv) the Northwestern army is making. The various and contradictory reports afloat here (perhaps designed to sport with and harass our feelings) leaves the mind in a perpetual state of anxiety and pain. I am, sir, your Excellency's obedient and humble servant, J. VAN HORNE To Governor R. J. Meigs. Correspondence, 1813 - 209 UPPER SANDUSKY, 22d July, 1813, 10 o'clock, P. M. Dear Sir' :—Mr. Oliver this moment arrived from Fort Meigs with a verbal message from General Clay to Major General Harrison, informing him that the British and Indians have again besieged that place. They were discovered on the opposite side of the river yesterday morning, 21st instant, after reveille. The Indians had crossed over in the night, and had succeeded in killing and taking off seven of of the picket guard. The force landed from the gunboats, and in view of fort, was estimated at one thousand five hundred British troops, besides those that had taken their position in the night. Early last night the enemy took possession of the point on this side of the river, two hundred yards below the fort, where they were erecting batteries. Our batteries opened. yesterday morning, and we heard several guns this evening. Ten or twelve boats, four of them rigged, were in view of the fort when Mr. Oliver left there. I left General Harrison this morning, at Lower Sandusky. He has five thousand regulars and one hundred militia with him, and Colonel Paul is within twenty-two miles of headquarters, with five hundred regulars,. and there are one hundred of the twenty-fourth regiment at Fort Ball. I am, sir, with great respect, Your most obedient servant, J. C. BARTLETT, Q. M. G. To Brigadier General Lewis Cass. To His Excellency R. J. Meigs, Governor of the State of Ohio : May it please your Exccllency :—The undersigned inhabitants and settlers on the plains of Lower Sandusky, on the reservation made by the official agents of the United States, sanctioned by government, beg leave to humbly represent their present situation, and their future hopes. In the first instance, B. F. Stickney, Esq., as Indian Agent, has denied us the right or privilege of settling on this ground, and he has even proceeded so far that he has actually instructed General Gano, our present commandant, to dispossess us of our present inheritance. Many of us whose signatures are annexed to this, have been severe sufferers since the commencement of the present war, and even prior to the declaration thereof. Without reflection on the past, and willing to undergo and encounter any difficulty which may ensue, we humbly beg leave to remain as we now do, in the peaceable possession of our cabins, unmolested by the interference of any man save him who at present Commands us, and to whose .orders we pledge ourselves at all times, and in any emergency, to be subservient. The adyantages resulting - 15 - 210 - Correspondence, 1813 from a settlement of this kind, and at a time, too, when the fruits of our labor cannot be wanting, need not be recited for your Excellency's information. We do not, neither can we, attempt to claim any legal right to the ground or spot of earth on which we have each and individually settled. But the improvements which we have made, and the buildings which we have erected, we trust will not be taken from us without the interference of legal authority. To you, sir, as our friend, our benefactor, and our Governor, we have made this appeal in the hope and expectation that it may merit your Excellency's attention, by a set of subjects whose hearts are warmed towards you, and whose breasts will be unbared for you at our country's call. Permission to build has been granted by General Gano to those who have erected cabins since hrs arrival, and with pride and pleasure we acknowledge his favor and friendship. We remain your Excellency's most obedient and very humble servants, GEORGE BEAN, GEO. ERMATINGTON, R. E. POST, ASA STODDARD, ISRAEL HARRINGTON, MORRIS A. NEWMAN. R. Looms, JESSE SKINNER, WILLIAM LEACH, WALTER BRABROOK, LOUIS MOSHELLE, WN. HAMILTON, LEWIS GEANEAU, PATRICK CHESS. LOWER SANDUSKY, December 21st, 1813. HEADQUARTERS OHIO MILITIA, LOWER SANDUSKY, January 16th, 1814 Dear Sir :—I have the pleasure to inform you that after repeated solicitations, and much delay, the paymaster has succeeded in obtaining two months' pay for the troops under my command. I have sent him on to Detroit, as the men there are in great want of money to purchase necessaries, etc. Yesterday the Lieutenant and Surgeon of the Navy, Champlain and Eastman, left this post for Put-in-Bay. They arrived the evening before, and report they have everything arranged to give the enemy a warm reception, should they visit them. About forty pieces cannon can be brought to play upon them at any point. Itiencde-s, however, they want men. I shall send in the regulars from Seneca, Correspondence, 1813 - 211 as soon as possible, to reinforce them, which is absolutely necessary from the Lreutenant's representations to me. We have not had the detailed account from Buffalo, etc. Majors Vance and Meek have just arrived from Detroit, and give me a favorable account from that quarter as to the exertions of Colonel Butler, to whom I sent Major Vance as an express. There is a detachment under Major Smiley, up the river Thames, who will, I hope, fare better than Larwell. The militia are very tired of the service there, and all are beginning to count days. They have had an immense deal of fatigue and severe duty to perform. The fort at Portage is progressing, and is the best piece of work in the Western country as to strength. The men draw the timber to admiration- eighty or are useless for want of forage. The greastest part have actually died. I wrote in November to Quartermaster Gardiner for funds to be sent to the Quartermaster's assistant here to .purchase forage, which could have been obtained two or three hundred miles from here. If three hundred dollars could have been sent on, I think it world have saved the United States three thousand ; and I assure you I have used every exertion to preserve and protect the public property. As I before observed, nothing will induce the militia to remain after their term of service expires, which will be the last of next month. Is there any information from General Harrison or the Secretary of War oh this subject ? I am only anxious on account of the public property that may be left exposed. I have this post in a tolerable state of defence, as well as all the posts I command; which, you know, are scattered from Dan to Beersheba; and each must rely on its own strength for its defence. I have had an immense detail business in communication, etc. Flour is very scarce at all the frontier posts. I have been between " hawk and buzzard "—the commissary and contractor; and between the two, as is usual, must fail. What a wretched system of warfare I From the best information I can collect, it is my opinion we shall have a warm spring. have in reserve much to say when we have an interview. I have had some severe chills and fevers, but have recovered, and make it a point to have the men attended to as well as Possible. It is allowed that the troops here exercise and maneuvre equal to the regulars, and are very orderly. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most obedient and humble servant, JOHN S. GANG. To His Excellency R. J. Meigs. P. S. - Six o'clock, P. M.—An express by a naval officer has just arrived from Erie. Lieutenant Packet has given me a full account of the loss of the posts below, at Niagara. The enemy Possessed themselves of the artillery, military stores, etc., etc., to a large amount;. and there is no 'doubt but an attempt to take or destroy the vessels at Put-in-Bay will be attempted, and Captain 212 - Correspondence, 1814. Elliott has requested a reinforcement of two hundred men to Sew to the Island, which I have not the power to furnish. I have ordered about thirty regulars from Seneca, and will send a few militia. My troops are so scattered, I have no disposable force without evacuating some of the posts that contain considerable military stores. I wrote some time since to General Harrison, recommending him to send on the recruits. They certainly will be wanted as soon as the British can move on the ice or by water to Detroit or the Islands. I fear we shall lose all that has been gained, unless great exertions are used to reinforce ; and supply of provi- sions is much wanted. JOHN. N. GANO. [Confidential-] CHILLICOTHE, December 13th, 1814. Sir :—With serious concern for the safety of the Northwestern frontier, I have the honor to submit to your consideration, and that of the Legislature of Ohio, a statement in relation to the situation of affairs in this district. The contractor failed in November to supply the troops at Detroit with the flour part of the ration, and they are now subsisting upon the immediate resources of the adjacent country. The advanced state of the season precludes the hope that any flour can be forwarded by lake transportation, should it have been collected at Erie, of which there is no authentic account. A considerable supply is reported by the contractor to be in readiness, to be taken down the St. Mary's and Miami of the lake as soon as practicable, of which there can be no certainty until April. Three or four thousand hogs are reported by the con tractor to be in readiness to proceed to Detroit by the route of the Auglaize, and Hull's road. Subsequent information as to the number collected, and the price allowed to sub-contractors, induces a belief that not more than one thousand will reach that place. These facts have been communicated to the government, with a request that funds might be transmitted to this place to enable a special commissary fo endeavor to supply the troops of the frontier. There is reason to presume that a delay for an arrangement of this kind would be fatal; more especially as it is the intention of the government to increase the military force of the Northwestern frontier. I have, therefore, to request of your Excellency to solicit the Legislature of Ohio to ant the United States in effecting this important object in such a man-tier as they, in their wisdom, may deem most expedient. The loan of thirty thousand dollars would probably enable a Per" son duly authorized to forward to Detroit, by the way of Sandwich five hundred barrels of flour, and fifteen hundred hogs. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, DUNCAN MCARTHUR,  Brig- Gen. U. S. Army Coma His Excellency Thomas Worthington, Governor of Ohio. Correspondence, 1814 - 213 CHILLICOTHE, December 13th, 1814. had the honor to receive this evening your confidential communication of even date herewith, and will to-morrow morning communicate copies of it to both branches of the Legislature. Very respectfully T. WORTHINGTON. General McArthur, commanding 8th Military District. [Confidential.] CHILLICOTHE, 14th December, 1814. Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: I send you copies of a confidential communication of, Brigadier General Duncan McArthur, commanding the 8th Military District, from which you will perceive the situation of the posts on the Northwestern frontier. Should the United States fail to supply these posts, and no other provision be made to support them, they must inevitably fall into the hands of the enemy before the opening of the next campaign. Such a state of things would lay the whole frontier of Ohio open to the incursions of the enemy. With this view of the subjec\ I cannot hesitate to recommend, to the Legislature to furnish, with the least possible delay, the means to supply these posts, believing they will in this way save both the blood and treasure of the State. I cannot hesitate in believing the General Government will take the earliest opportunity to refund the amount which may be advanced for the contemplated object. Very respectfully, T. WORTHINGTON. As a fitting close of this chapter, it is not deemed inappropriate to again introduce, by way of most pleasant corroborative testimony regarding the sieges of Fort Meigs, the name of the brave and patriofic Kentuckian, General Leslie Coombs, who,in a speech made at a pioneer celebration at Cincinnati, on the 4th of July, 1871, said : In commencing his address, the speaker referred to having received a letter from the Secretary of the Pioneer Association, requesting him to attend their meeting on the Fourth of July, and deliver an address before them. In ancient Rome, when a man has served his country for a term of twenty years, he was adjudged a veteran, and discharged from further service, but here he had been serving his hearers and the public, as a man and boy, for fifty-eight years, with- out either pay or promotion, and yet he could not obtain a discharge from serving them, still, but had been asked to speak to-day before 214 - Speech of General Leslie Coombs. these young ladies and gentlemen, who call themselves Pioneers, and have organized themselves into a society for reminiscences. [Laughter.] And some of us have already begun to show marks of time Upon us. Even this boy (turning to the venerable Major Gano has grown up to a man and has become slightly gray since I knew him, now fifty years ago, [laughter], while I retain without dye the black hair I had in my youth, and still eat my food with a good appetite, using the set of teeth unimpaired with which I was endowed by nature The speaker then said that he would refer in the course of his address to occurrences which took place fifty-eight years ago, at the time the war of 1812-13 was in progress between this country and Great Britain. In its cause, we people of the West had but little interest. It was, a war waged for free trade and sailors' rights, and we people here had little or no interest in either. The matter of free trade or high tariff affected the cost of our merchandise by the time it got here, after being packed across the Alleghenies on the backs of mules and pack-horses, while as to sailors' rights, here, on our inland river, we never saw a sailor, and scarce knew what one looked like. However, when the tocsin of war was sounded, the West responded promptly and nobly. War was declared on the 18th of June, 1812. At that time our northern frontier was defended by three regiments of Ohio volunteers, serving under Generals McArthur Findlay and Cass, while a fourth one of auxiliary forces was under the command of General Tupper. Kentucky speedily raised five thousand five hundred volunteers, part of whom had their rendezvous at Georgetown. On the 16th of August, the very day that Hull made his disgraceful surrender of Detroit, they were addressed by Governor Scott and Henry Clay and set out from Georgetown o their road to Canada, stopping first at Cincinnati. Here the news reached them of Hull's surrender. They then at once set out for the Northwest, making Detroit their first point for an attack. The Ohio troops had but a line of small forts along the route they had traversed, and it was the intention of the officers to make them stopping points on the journey northward. We then had a small garrison at Mackinac, another at Detroit, and still another at a point on Lake Michigan, where the speaker had been told that a tolerably-sized village, called Chicago, had since been built. Since its occupation at that time the place had grown somewhat famous as a point whence considerable wheat is shipped. Besides this, we had Forts Wayne and Harrison, both of them feebly protected only by small garrisons. Piqua was then on the frontier of the Northwest, while the most northeasterly point was Mansfield. Beyond there the country was an unbroken wilderness. The Shawanee Indians had a town where Waupaughkonnetta now stands. That was the town of Tecumseh and of Logan. It was while General Harrison was encamped here that a young man of Speech of General Leslie Coombs - 215 this city, who had a store in Fort Wayne, came to him. It appears be had heard of Hull's surrender, and asked Harrison to notify the Fort Wayne garrison of the occurrence and send it reinforcements. General Harrison urged that no one could be got to undertake a journey so hazardous. "I'll go," said the man, "if any one man will go with me." Logan, the Indian chief, went with him through that one hundred miles of trackless wilderness, and when they got there they found "E Pluribus Unum" still floating from the flag-staff. Harrison speedily came to their relief. That man who went through the trackless forest with Logan was Major William Oliver, of Cincinnati. But all this was before the speaker had taken an active part in the war. He was the baby boy at home, and his mother was reluctant to let him go, as he had already two brothers in the service. And it was not until Hull's surrender had taken place that he finally obtained her consent and started out. When he reached Piqua he found a small detachment of Kentucky militia. In company with four companies he started for Fort Wayne. ThiS was at a time when there were no railroads, and the roads over which our packhorses had to transport our supplies were so bad that the next spring you could trace them by the turkey-buzzards feeding on the horses which had died from exhaustion. Once we went, for fifteen days without a morsel of bread. We had meat-pork that was not so fat as it grows now—and beef from cattle that were so delicate in body that it was a standing joke with our butcher to ask the boys to come and hold up a steer while he shot him. [Laughter.] When he got there he was appointed as a cadet under the command of Colonel Scott, and as such served during the first campaign. It was after this, while we were encamped below Fort Defiance, that Logan came into camp one morning with two other Indians. Some one had told him that the white men doubted him and thought he was the friend of the British. He said: " You shall doubt me no more. I will go to the Rapids to-morrow, and bring back with me either a prisoner or a scalp, or else I shall lose my own." They then passed out between the speaker and his fellow-guardsmen. The next night about midnight they returned, and Logan was wounded by a ball. They had been toward the Rapids and returned. We sent Logan up to the quarters, where the ball was extracted from his body, but he shortly died. We had but one horse in the entire camp at that time, so we fixed up -a rude sled, and laying Logan's body on it, six officers dragged it over the snow up to Port Defiance, where they buried him, to keep him from being dug up and scalped by the hostile Indians. On the 20th of December our troops were without their winter clothing. But few of them had shoes of any kind, and the only kind any of them had were moccasins made from the skins of anrmals With the hair left inside. General Winchester had decided to move Over to the Rapids, where Fort Meigs was afterwards situated, and 216 - Speech, of General Leslie Coombs wanted to notify General Harrison of his departure to enable him to send troops and supplies to him at his new head-quarters. This information it was necessary should be borne to General Harrison and a young man who was with General Winchester volunteered to bear it. That young man now stands before you, and tells the story. [Cheers.] It was a terrible trip. Accompanied by a guide, we were nine days on the, road, plodding through the rough snow two feet deep, and for three of those days we were without a mouthful of food. General Winchester had given a verbal message to your speaker, fearing that he might be taken prisoner or killed, and if written messages were found upon him their plans be revealed. That message was to the effect that General Winchester had on that very day started down to the Rapids, where he would fortifv himself and remain until reinforced. The speaker then recounted at some length his return to the Rapids, and the reception of the new of the first and second battles of the Raisin—the former a victory, the latter a defeat, and his subsequent visit to his home for the-purpose, as he told his mother, of procuring a clean shirt ! His return and the interview with General Clay at Dayton, Ohio, were next referred to. While they were at Old Defiance, on the Auglaize, an express reached them that General Harrison was at Fort Meigs, and daily expecting an attack. General Clay at once called a council of officers, and it was decided that some one should set out at once to inform Harrison that they were on the road to relieve him. The speaker was captain of the spies by appointment, and he thought it was his duty to go on this errand. So he said if they would give him a good canoe he would undertake to go. He had four white men—two men named Walker, and Paxton and Johnson—and a young Shawanee Indian named Black Fish, as his companions in the undertaking. As they started off, Major Shelby said : " Remember, Captain Coombs, if we ever meet again, that it was just six o'clock when you left.". The progress down the Rapids they found by no means difficult. " It was," said the speaker, " rather like catching a man by the heels and pulling him down stairs." Black Fish was in the stern with a steering oar, he was in the bow looking out for the course of the stream and watching for any surprise, while the other four took turns of two each with the side oars. They had gone down the stream some fifty. miles, part of the way in imminent danger of being swallowed in the rapids, and were approaching Roche Debceuf, a. small fall about seven or eight miles from the fort, when Jo. Paxton said, " Captain, let us land and take it afoot. I would rather be scalped by the Indians than drowned in this d—d river." They did not take this advice, however, but kept on in the canoe. It was morning before they reached the last bend of the river; and when it had been passed, and they saw the fort before them, and floating from its mast, not the white rag of disgrace, but "E Speech, of General Leslie Coombs - 217 Pluribus Union," with the seventeen stars, they gave a grand cheer. [Applause,] At first they saw only a solitary Indian on our side of the river, but a moment later the woods seemed to swarm with them. At once they commenced to fire upon him, and Johnson was shot through the body, mortally wounded, and Jo. Paxton wounded. At last the Indians cut off all hope of their reaching Harrison, and they turned the canoe to the British shore. Here Paxton was taken prisoner, and the speaker set out on foot and reached Fort Defiance on the ad of May. Afterward when he met Paxton, and was talking the event over with him, Jo. Paxton said it would have taken a peck of bullets to kill him when he saw the flag flying over Fort Meigs that morning When General Clay arrived at the head of the rapids, he found Oliver, the Cincinnati man he had spoken of, now a Captain, ready to start out on the same errand from which he had just returned. He did this, and brought back order's from General Harrison to land on the British side, spike their guns, run the gun carriages down the bank, and when this was accomplished, make a general assault. The speaker, with his company of spies, was sent out as soon as they landed, and the first music be heard was the whistling of bullets from the Indians, when, forming into line, they charged upon their dusky foes and soon put them to rout. Following them some distance, they were reinforced, and the company was forced to retire, with orders to form again at the batteries. But the batteries had been taken by the British, and they soon found themselves prisoners. On their making a surrender, they were marched off to Old Fort Maumee, in front of which the Indians were ranged, and where the captives were compelled to run the gauntlet to reach their place of imprisonment. Here it was that he first saw the gallant Tecumseh, who came at their hour of peril and saved them all from massacre. Alter being released on parole by the British, he returned home by the Scioto to the Ohio river. CHAPTER III INDIAN TREATIES. It is deemed a matter of importance to embody such provision of the Indian treaties as embrace lands within the valley of the Maumee and regions immediately adjacent. They constitute such valuable landmarks in Western history, and bear such close relations to the Indian wars, and the efforts of European races to establish their religion and civilization among the aboriginal tribes, that they find a proper place in a work of this character. Among these treaties, the one made at Greenville in 1795 will attract marked attention. In this negotiation, General Wayne. exhibited that he possessed traits of diplomacy and statesmanship which shone as conspicuously as his achievements at the head of armies—brilliant as those achievements were. His sagacity led him. to include within the sixteen cessions, located from each other at immense distances, and distributed over an extensive area of wilderness country, the lands upon which are now established those great centres of commerce, Chicago, Detroit, Toledo and Fort Wayne. His foresight was also manifest in securing a free passage, by land and by water, through the Indian country, that communication might not be. interrupted. By the articles of a treaty concluded at Fort McIntosh, 21st of January, 1785, between United States "Commissioners Plenipotentiary, of the one part, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa Nations of the other," the United States granted peace to said tribes on certain conditions; among which were those mentioned in the following: SIX MILES SQUARE AT THE MOUTH OF THE MAUMEE, AND SANDUSKY RESERVATIONS. " ARTICLE IV. The United States allot all the lands contained within the said lines to the Wiandot and Delaware nations, to live and to hunt on, and to such of the Ottawa nation as now live Treaty at Fort McIntosh, 1785 - 219 thereon; saving and reserving for the establishment of trading posts, six miles square at the mouth of Miami or Omee river, and the same at the portage on that branch of the Big Miami, which runs into the Ohio, and the same on the lake of Sanduske, where the fort formerly stood, and also two miles square on each side of the lower rapids of Sanduske river, which posts and the lands annexed to them, shall be to the use and under the government of the United States." DETROIT DISTRICT RESERVED. ART. VII. The post of Detroit, with a district beginning at the mouth of the river Rosine, on the west end of Lake Erie, and running west six miles up the southern bank of the said river ; thence northerly, and always .six miles west of the strait, till it strikes the Lake St. Clair, shall be also reserved to the sole use of the United States." A treaty was made at Fort Harmar, January 9th, 1789, between Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Pottawatima and Sac Nations or the other part. By the terms of this treaty, the boundary line between the United Sfates and said nations was bounded as follows : " Beginning at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, and running thence up the said river to the portage between that and the Tuscarawa branch of the Muskingum; then down the said branch to the forks at the crossing place above Fort Lawrence; thence westerly to the portage on that branch of the Big Miami river which runs into the Ohio, at the mouth of which branch the fort stood, which was taken by the French in the year A. D. 1752 ; thence along the said portage to the Great Miami or ()we river, and down the southeast side of the same to its mouth ; I hence along the southern shore of Lake Erie to the mouth of Cuyahoga, where it began." ART. X renewed the reservations " heretofore made in the before-mentioned treaty of Fort McIntosh, for the establishment of trading Posts, in manner and form following; that is to say : Six miles Square at the mouth of the Miami or Omee river ; six miles square at the portage upon that branch of the Miami which runs into the Ohio; six miles square upon the Lake Sandusky, where the fort formerly stood; and two miles square upon each side of the lower 220 - Treaty at Fort Harman 1789. rapids on Sandusky river; which posts, and the lands annexed to them, shall be for the use and under the government of the United States." ART- XI reaffirmed the provisions of the seventh article of the treaty of Fort McIntosh, which reserved the district of Detroit, beginning at the mouth of the river "Rosine," at the west end of Lake Erie, etc. Appended to this treaty is the following declaration: " Be it remembered, that the Wyandots have laid claim to the lands that were granted to the Shawanese, at the treaty held at the Miami, and have declared that as the Shawanese have been so rest less, and caused so much trouble, both to them and the United States, if they will not now be at peace, they will dispossess them, and take the country into their own hands ; for that the country is theirs of right, and the Shawanese are only living upon it by their permission. They further lay claim to all the country west of th Miami boundary, from the village to Lake Erie, and declare that it is now under their management and direction." And a " separate article" in the same treaty is in the following words: " Whereas, the Wyandots have represented, that within the reservation from the river Rosine along the strait, they have two villages, from which they cannot with any convenience remove ; it is agreed that they shall remain in possession of the same, and shall not be in any manner disturbed therein." A Treaty of Peace Between the United States of America, and the Tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanoes, Ottawas, Chippewas, Putawatimes, Miamis, Eel River, Weeas, Kickapoos, Piankashaws, and Kaskaskias. To put an end to a destructive war, to settle all controversies, and to restore harmony and friendly intercourse between the said United States and Indian tribes ;—ANTHONY WAYNE, Major General commanding the army of the United States, and sole commissioner for the good purposes above-mentioned, and the said tribes of Indians, by their Sachems, Chiefs and Warriors, met together at Greenville, the headquarters of the said army, have agreed on the following articles, which, when ratified by the President, with, the advice and Treaty at Fort Greenville, 1795. - 221 consent of the Senate of the United States, shall be binding on them and the said Indian tribes. ARTICLE I. Henceforth all hostilities shall cease ; peace is hereby established, and shall be perpetual ; end a friendly intercourse shall take place between the said United States and Indian tribes. ART. II. All prisoners shall on both sides be restored. The Indians, prisoners to the United States, shall immediately be set at liberty. The people of the United States, still remaining prisoners among the Indians, shall be' delivered np in ninety days from the date hereof, to the general or commanding officer at Greenville, Fort Wayne or Fort Defiance; and ten chiefs of the said tribes shall remain at Greenville as hostages until the delivery of the prisoners shall be effected. ART. III. The general boundary line between the lands of the United States, and the lands of said Indian tribes, shall begin at the mouth of Cuyahoga river, and run thence up the same to the portage between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum ; thence down that branch to the crossing place above Fort Lawrence ; thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the Great Miami river running into the Ohio, at or near which fork stood Loromie's store, and where commences the portage between the Miami of tle Ohio and St. Mary's river, which is a branch of the Miami which runs into Lake Erie; thence a westerly course to Fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of the Wabash ; thence southwesterly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the mouth of Ken Woke or Cuttawa river. And in consideration of the peace now established; of the goods formerly received from the United States ; of those now to be delivered, and of the yearly delivery of goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to indemnify the United States for the injuries and expenses they have sustained during the war ; the said Indian tribes do hereby cede and relinquish forever, all their claims to the lands lying eastwardly and southwardly of the general boundary line now described ; and these lands, or any part of them, shall never hereafter be made a cause or pretence, on the part of the said tribes or any of them, of war or injury to the United States, or any of the people thereof. And for the same considerations, and as an evidence of the returning friendship of the said Indian tribes, of their confidence in the United States, and desire to provide for their accommodation, 222 - Treaty at Fort Greewville, 1795. and for that convenient intercourse, which will be beneficial to both parties, the said Indian tribes do also cede to the United States the following pieces of land, to-wit : 1. One piece of land six nines square at or near Loromie's store before-mentioned. 2. One Piece two miles square at the head of the navigable water or landing on the St. Mary's river, near Girty's town. 3. Ono piece six miles square at the head of the navigable water of the Au-Glaize river. 4. One piece six miles square at the confluence of the Au-Glaize and Miami rivers; where Fort Defiance now stands. 5. One piece six miles square at or near the confluence of the rivers St, Mary's and St. Joseph's, where Fort Wayne now stands, or near it. 6. One piece two miles square on the Wabash river, at the end of the portage from the Miami of the Lake, and about eight miles westward from Fort Wayne. 7. One piece six miles square at the Ouatanon or old Weea towns, on the Wabash river. 8. One piece twelve miles square at the British fort on the Miami of the Lake, at the foot of the rapids. 9. One piece six miles square at the mouth of said river, where it empties into the lake. 10. One piece six miles square upon Sandusky Lake, where a fort formerly stood. 11. One piece two miles square at the lower rapids of Sandusky river. 12. The post of Detroit, and all the land to the north, the west and the south of it, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or English governments ; and so much more land to be annexed to the district of Detroit as shall be comprehended between the river Rosine on the south, Lake St. Clair on the north, and a line, the general course whereof shall be six miles distant from the west end of Lake Erie and Detroit river. 13. The of post Michillimackinac, and all the land on the island on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, of which the English title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or English governments; and a piece of land on the main to the north of the island, to measure six miles on Lake Huron, or the strait between Lakes- Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water of the lake or strait, and also the island of De Bois Blanc, being an extra or voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation. 14. One piece of land six miles square at the mouth of Chikago river, emptying into the southwest end of Lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood. 15. One piece twelve miles square at or near the month of the Illinois river, emptying into the Mississippi. 16. One piece six miles square at the old Piorias Fort Treaty at Fort Greenville, 1795 - 223 and village, near the south end of the Illinois Lake on said Illinois river: And whenever the United States shall think proper to survey mark the boundaries of the lands hereby ceded to them, they ad shall giye timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, that they may appoint some of their wise chiefs to attend and see that the lines are run according to the terms of this treaty. And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United States a free passage by land and by water, as one and the other shall be found convenient, through their country, along the chain of posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid at or near Loromie's store, thence along said portage to the St. Mary's, and down, the same to Fort Wayne, and then down the Miami to Lake Erie: again from the commencement of the portage at or near Loromie's store along the portage from thence to the river Au-Glaize, and down the same to its junction with the Miami at Fort Defiance : again from the commencement of the portage, aforesaid, to Sandusky river, and down the same to Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the the post which shall be taken at or near the foot of the rapids of the Miami of the Lake : and from thence to Detroit. Again, from the mouth of the Chikago to the commencement of the portage between that river and the Illinois, and down the Illinois river to the Missis- sippi ; also from Fort Wayne along the portage aforesaid, which leads to t e Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the Ohio. And the said Indian tribes will also allow to the people of the United States the free use of the harbors and mouths of rivers along the lakes adjoining the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats, and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for their safety. ART: IV. In consideration of the peace now established, and of the cessions and relinquishments of lands made in the preceding article by the said tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United States, as the great means of rendering this peace strong and perpetual ; the United States relinquish their claims to all other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and southward of the great lakes and the waters uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed upon by the United States and the King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made between them in the year 1783. But from this relinquishment by the United States, the following tracts of land are explicitly excepted: 1st. The tract of one hundred and fity thou- 224 - Treaty at Fort. Greenville, 1795. sand acres near the rapids of the Ohio river, which has been assigned to General Clark, for the use of himself and his warriors. 2d. The post of St. Vincennes, on the river Wabash, and the lands adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished. 3d. The lands at all other places in possession of the French people and other white settlers among them, of which the Indian title has been extinguished, as mentioned in the third article; and 4th. The post of Fort Massac towards the mouth of the Ohio. To which several parcels of land so accepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title and claim which they or any of them may have. And for the same considerations, and with the same views as above mentioned, the United States now deliver to the said Indian tribes a quantity of goods to the value of $20,000, the receipt whereof they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward every year forever the United States will deliver at some convenient place northward of the river Ohio, like useful goods, suited to the circumstances of the Indians, of the value of $9,500; reckoning that value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the United States where they shall be procured. The tribes to which those goods are to be annually delivered, and the proportions in which they are to be delivered, are the following: [This clause, not deemed essential here, is omitted.] Provided, that if either of the said tribes shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of the goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, and in compensation to useful artificers who may reside with or near them, and be employed for their benefit, thc same shall, at the subsequent annual deliveries, be furnished accordingly. ART. V. To prevent any misunderstanding about the Indian lands relinquished by the United States, in the fourth article, it is explicitly declared, that the meaning of that relinquishment is this : The Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to enjoy them, hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon so long as they please, without any molestation from the United States ; but when those tribes, or any of them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, 0 any part of them, they are to be sold only to the United States; and until such sale, the United States will protect all the said Indian tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the United States, and against all other white persons who intrude