Allen, John Anderson, William Allen, Nor. N. Allen, James Burg, Robert Bates, Thomas Burdo, Noah Burritt, Wm. H. Burdo, R. D. Burge, Wm. Blaker, George H. Benedick, Horrace Burkert, Leonard Boliff, Jacob Burdo, George Bates, William Bumbum, Fred Burdo, Eli Burdo, Henry Benidick, William Blumberg, Joseph Bufor, Antwine	Benuaman, Harrison Bates, Reass Brown, Thomas Bender, George Brown, George Church, George E. Church, Robert H. Campball, Whiting Church, John Cobb. Nathaniel Cobb, John E. Carman, Eli Coffin, Admiral B. Clark, Leroy E. Commager, Henry S. Childs, Oliver Cobb, Oscar Charter, George Clark, James Conant, Austin B. Charter, Samuel Crepps, David
74 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE
Charter, Nelson Campbell, Sylvanus. Coarl, John Davenport, George Dale, Samuel Dalson, Homer D. Denny, John P. Dart, David Dix, William B. Dodds, George DeShanaway, Lafayette DeShanaway, John Davis, Abram Davis, Andrew J. Darling, Roy Davenport, Frank Ervin, Samuel Evenbeck, Bence Everit, Charles Ecklor, George Emery, Samuel Everett, Braton Eckert, Isaiah Eckert, John Eddey, James Fleck, Frank Frey, John Felt, Timothy Flowers, Peter Forsyth, Alex Fox, Jacob Fox, Lawson Felt, James S. Foley, Thomas Frey, Christian Frost, William B.	French, Frank H. Fambach, John Forsyth, Duncan Forsyth, William Gavett, Halsy Gesford, Jerry Gyor, Eli Gignac, Napoleon Gignac, Antwine Geer, Orlando Geer, Amos Granger, Joseph H. Glennon, Martin Gilbert, Uriah Gunn, Oscar Gilbert, Thomas W. Gilbert, Elias Gilbert, John Gilbert, Nuton Gilbert, Gust Groven, Mathias Genson, Syles Genson, Levi Gorsuch, Russell B. Guietti, Adolph Gillman, John Hooker, George Helt, John, Jr. Helt, George Helt, John, Sr. Hawks, Ira R. Holt, William Hamilton, Frank Hull, Lymon S. Horton, William Harbauer, Jacob
THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 75
Hamilton, Wiley Henderson, Edward Hamm, John Henderson, Oliver Henderson, Eli Henderson, William Henderson, George Hanes, John Hunt, John E. Hahn, Bennet Hooker, Lemuel H. House, Samuel Harrington, John Harrington, Daniel Irland, Mager Irland, Robert Irland, Henry Jones, Thomas Jones, James Keyes, Edward Kimbell, Joseph Klile, Fred Knapp, Adelbert Knuer, Christian Kaiser, Louis Knapp, Wilson B. Kountz, John S. Kimbell, Wm. Laflore, Oliver Lapoint, Joseph Laflore, Dominic Lonergan, Martin Lucas, George Lloyd, Edward Lonergan, Thomas Leach, David	Laflore, Antwine Lathrop, Elisha D. Lathrop, Joshua Litchfield, Thomas Limbrick, John Langenderfer, Joseph Lathrop, Walter Lahay, Frank Lucas, John T. Lucas, James Miller, Peter Miller, William McKinney, Allen Martin, Henry Merril, George Moore, Peter Murk, Anthony Merril, Levin M. Myer, Conrad Morris, George R. Meer, Abraham Munch, E. A. Martin, John Mitchell, Charles Mitchell, Francis Mollenkopf, John Martin, Ames Murk, George North, John L. Nely, Oscar Nelson, Noe Navarre, Isadore Navarre, David Navarre, Daniel Norton, Helon C. Nellis, Henry
76 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE
Nelson, David Neufer, Andrew Nellis, Gust Neveau, David Neufer, Jacob Norton, Philander Norton, George W. Neff, Jacob Neider, Phillip Nelles, Nicholas Norton, Henry Nelles, Louis Owen, John Orcut, Curtis J. Potter, Edgar Pelkey, Lewis Potter, Robert Perrin, David Perrin, William Pelky, William Phillips, Lymon Pero, John Phillips, Thomas L., Jr Phillips, Thomas H., Sr Phillips, William T. Phillips, Frank Perrin, James N. Perry, Ezra Phillips, Aaron Peck, George Perrin, Benjamin Phillips, Merritt Perry, William Perry, Francis Pelkey, John Pelkey, Edward	Richardson, Frank Ronau, John Ronau, Adam Robinette, Narcissus Rulapaugh, Aaron Rulapaugh, John Randall, William D. Randall, Orlin Randall, Willis Reynolds, Chauncy M. Rodd, Charles Riser, John Repass, Gerard A. Reed, Charles Reynolds, George W. Shugar, John Spaulding, Sumner Spaulding, William Spaulding, John Shinkey, Andrew Smith, John Stone, Homer B. Steva, William Scofield, William Snider, _____ Spangler, John E. Steffes, Mathias Southwick, Charles Schmidt, Carl Schmidt, William Schnider, John Shop, Frank Spangler, Daton Soudriett, Antwine Spangler, Calvin Shamberger, D. H.
THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 77
Starbird, Bennett Soudriett, Joseph Skinner, Ransom Trombla, Thomas Trombla, Fraser Trombla, William Tibbits, William Teal, John E. Trombla, Basail Thorne, Peter Thim, John Vasberg, L. P. Van Hauten, Archie Woods, Samuel Williams, Bert Winzler, Conrad Winters, John	Wilson, James Wolf, Hezekiah Wolcott, Henry Wolcott, James M. Wise, John West, Isaac B. Wolfinger, William Wolfinger, Thomas Williams, Owen T. Whitlock, Albert, Jr. Wescott, John Whitmore, Fred Whitlock, Albert, Sr. Winzler, John Winzler, Lawrence Zeller, Joseph

78 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE TERRIBLE HURRICANE AND ITS EFFECTS (Published in the Maumee City Express, Saturday, May 25, 1839.) On Thursday last, about noon, this place was visited by a tornado accompanied with rain, thunder and lightning, such as has never been known before in this section of country, and which in its destructive effects will not soon be forgotten. The storm appeared to come from the southwest in the direction of the valley of the river; its width has not been ascertained, though it was not great, nor have we learned how far in length its destructive ravages have been felt. Its principal force was probably expended upon this town, and though it did not continue longer than five or six minutes, the list of its doings will rank it among the most furious storms that have ever visited the northern portions of the United States. We give a list of the damage. So far as we have learned the Hotel building, a spacious brick edifice, 130 feet in length by over sixty in depth, and five stories high, with a wing 100 feet in length and three stories high, lies a ghastly heap of ruins. Whether a passage was opened by the lightning upon which the wind took effect, or whether the position of the building standing in a situation to feel the direct action of the wind upon both the center and wing was the cause, cannot be determined. A person who saw it fall states that the destruction commenced at the farthermost extremity of the wing and extended almost instantly through the whole of that part; then the wall at one corner of the main building began to crumble, the whole wall burst in, the cupola tottered and the whole lay a mass THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 79 of ruins in a moment. Only the lower story of the main building was finished and this was divided into a range of stores, of which but one was occupied, the tenants of several of the others having fortunately removed only a short time ago. In the store was the clerk, Mr. Charles Cook, who had almost miraculously escaped by means of the second story floor over almost one-half of the store sustaining the mountainous weight of the rubbish that fell upon it, while in every other place everything was swept from the cupola to the cellar. It was at first supposed that no loss of life had occurred, but towards evening it was discovered that two children of a Frenchman, whose name we have never learned, having taken refuge from the storm in front of the building, were crushed to death. Their mangled remains have been recovered. The cost of the hotel building is estimated at $40,000.00 in its unfinished state. It belonged to the proprietors of a large tract of land on which it stood. Its destruction will cause little pecuniary suffering, though we have lost in it the pride and ornament of our town. The Commercial Building, a large and most substantial three-story brick building, had a part of its gable end near the roof blown in, a portion of the roof torn off and blown completely over the building into the street, and several chimneys blown down. Loss three or four hundred dollars. The store of Robert A. Forsyth was struck by lightning, damage not known. Mr. Nitchie, the owner of the store in the Hotel building, has sustained much loss in damage done to his goods, though he will probably recover nearly all of them. (Situated at the S. W. corner of Jackson and Wayne Streets.) 80 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE The following notice appeared in the Maumee City Express November 2, 1839: AMERICAN HOUSE The subscriber would take this opportunity to inform his friends and the community in general, that he is now two hundred and four years old, and now keeps the above named establishment, which is beautifully situated on Wolcott Street, opposite the upper steamboat landing. It being the most convenient place for travelers to call at going to any part of the United States or Europe, by land or water, this side of the Rocky Mountains. He flatters himself that having one hundred and seven years experience in tavern keeping, and this establishment without rent, also his supplies on credit, he can afford his bills cheaper than any other man of his age. His liquors will be of the latest and most approved patterns, such as Arthur Tappans Percussion Wind, Old Monongahely, etc., and a small quantity of the surplus liquors from old Captain Noah's ship "Ark," the flavor of which is very fine in consequence of its great age. And further he would return his most sincere thanks to all those who have seen fit to favor him with a call and even to those that have gone by. Nov. 2, 1839.  Cyrus Tyrrel, Maumee City. BORROWING A WOMAN (Maumee City Express, Saturday, March 21, 1840) "Hello there, Mister, won't ye lend me one of them 'ere things?" This question was directed by a chap whose appearance gave strong testimony of soaplackism to a gen- THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 81 tleman who was crossing the Maumee River bridge with a lade on each arm on Sunday last. "Hello there, Stranger, I say, lend me one of them 'ere traps of yourn." "Stop your bawling there, what do you mean?" "I want to borry one of them 'ere wiming to cross this bridge. I'll take either for I ain't proud nor particular as to age nor looks, provided she ain't a nigger." "You scoundrel, what do you insult us for?" "No, no, no, no insult, no by no means; I only wanted to borrow one of these 'ere wiming to cross the bridge. You see this old case that sets at the receipt of custom don't charge meetin goin folks anythin on Sunday, and you look like a meetin goin man and will go clear as a whistle. I don't look like a meetiner and shall stick fast until I'm pried out with two cents. Now if I could borrow one of your wiming it would give me a sort of sanctimonious appearance like, and I could pull the wool over the eyes of old two-pence there, and go it as if I was greased." The gentleman was disposed to be angry, but the novelty of the proposition seemed to strike one of the ladies favorably, and she offered to walk beside the chap across the bridge, provided he would save her from the sin of aiding in a deception by going to meeting after lie was safe across the bridge. To this, after some demur, he assented, and the two pair proceeded onward toward their destination. But the Ceberus of the bridge had had an eye upon the whole proceedings. It struck him that they were not K. G. and he looked in his instructions and could not find any precedent for cases clandecent and onkarekicrous as these appeared to be. "Don't mean you no intranquillity," said the descendant of St. Mathey, slamming the gate in the faces of 82 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE Soaplack and his lady, "but I'll take four cents of yourn, mister." "No you don't, I'm a single gentleman and this lady's a meetinizer. So here's my two cents and open your port holes." "You can't come in no how. I seed the whole contraption. You two goes together for better or wus. If you don't like the terms you can go back and try the river. Four cents is my demand. So shell out the chink and go it genteel, like other gentlemens does when they waitsupon the ladies." Soaplack was nonplussed, but he couldn't do no better so he shelled out his four coppers, which happened to be all his funds on hand, and went off cursing the whole concern. BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS The battle of Fallen Timbers is recognized as the most important victory gained over the Indians. The honor won by General Anthony Wayne by means of this battle is enough to commemorate his name to lasting and grateful remembrance. It is a source of just pride with the inhabitants of Maumee City that the first and controlling success of General Wayne in that great struggle was achieved within its boundaries. The battle started at Presque Isle (Turkey Foot Rock) about two miles south of Maumee City, at about eight o'clock in the morning of the 20th clay of August, 1794. The savages were formed in three lines at right angles with the river. It was soon discovered from the weight of the fire and extent of their lines that the enemy was in full force and in possession of their favorite ground, but by a brisk charge the Indians were aroused from their coverts THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 83 at the point of the bayonet and driven in the course of one hour, more than two miles. From every account the enemy amounted to more than two thousand combatants. The troops actually engaged against them were short of nine hundred. This horde of savages with their allies were driven within the influence of the guns of the British Fort Miami. The loss of the enemy was more than that of the federal army. The woods were strewn with the dead bodies of Indians and their white allies. Wayne's army remained three clays and nights on the banks of the Maumee, on the field of battle in front of the British fort, during which time all the houses and corn fields were consumed and destroyed for a considerable distance above and below the fort, among which were the houses and stores of Colonel McKee, the British Indian agent and principal stimulator of the war then existing between the United States and the savages. When the broken remains of the Indian army were pursued under the British fort the soldiers could scarce be restrained from storming it. This would have been a desperate measure, as the fort mounted ten pieces of artillery and was garrisoned by four hundred and fifty men, while Wayne had no armament proper to attack such a strongly fortified place. The gates of the fort were closed against the savages and their rout and slaughter witnessed by the British with apparent indifference. That the Indians were astonished at the lukewarmness of their real allies, and regarded the fort in case of defeat as a place of refuge was evident. The near approach of the troops drew forth a letter of remonstrance from Major Campbell, the British corn- 84 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE mander, to General Wayne. A sharp correspondence ensued but without any special results. Although given the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony," he was as prudent as he was valorous, and if there had been reasonable hope of reducing the British fort, the attack would undoubtedly have been made. However, it became his happy privilege to take peaceful possession by authority of President Washington of this fort early in 1796, when the British Government surrendered the northern posts, including Fort Miami. This fort was erected in 1794 by the Canadian Governor Simcoe at the foot of the rapids of the Miami of the Lake. General Wayne's reception at this fort was one of his last official military acts, and occurred only a few months prior to his death. OLD FORT MIAMI OR CAMPBELL Within the original limits of Maumee City, as established in 1838, among the grim-faced relics of war was this British fort, which General Wayne in his splendid expedition in August, 1794, found occupied by the British Commander, Major Campbell, with a strong garrison. It was one of the important seats of the British power in the northwest for many years, and often provided shelter and protection for the renegade Girty, and it was near this fort that those notorious enemies of the Americans, Colonel McKee and Captain Eliot, had their residence, using the shelter of the fort during the Indian wars in the northwest. This old fort, situated at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee River (Miami of the Lake), and within the incorporated limits of Maumee City, is a single remnant of THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 85 pioneer days, a reminder of the resistance that was overcome by the early settler of this northwest territory. Fort Miami, or the more proper name, Fort Campbell, is situated on the west bank of theriver, on a high bluff bank overlooking the river, both east and west, for several miles, with deep ravines on two sides. This spot was peculiarly suitable for the purpose of protection. It was at this place where the first permanent settlement of the white man was established in Ohio. In 1680 a party of French traders found their way to this particular site and erected a small stockade and established there a trading post. This was an important trading point for several years. In 1748 French soldiers took possession of this spot and occupied it as a fort. Fifteen years later, in 1763, when France surrendered her American possessions to England, an English garrison, in command of Major Campbell, took possession and occupied this old French fort, rebuilt and fortified it in a regular manner, and called it Fort Campbell, named after the commanding officer, Major Campbell. This fort was again occupied by the British and once more under the command of Major Wm. Campbell, in August, 1794, when General Anthony Wayne won his splendid victory at Fallen Timbers, and the allied forces of Indians and British were driven within the protection of the British guns that were mounted at this fort. It appears to have been well equipped for defense, mounting fourteen guns; four nine-pounders were on the river side and six six-pounders on the land side, also two large howitzers and two swivels. This fort was rebuilt in 1794 by order of the 86 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE Canadian Governor Simco, in pursuance of the treaty negotiated by Chief Justice Jay in 1793. However it became the gratifying privilege of General Wayne to take peaceful possession of the fort in 1706, by authority of President Washington. The fort was known as Fort Campbell as late as 1813, and in the possession of the British. On the 5th day of May, 1813, after the defeat of Dudley's army, three hundred of Colonel Dudley's brave Kentuckians were taken as prisoners to this Fort Campbell (now known as FortMiamii), and were permitted by Proctor to be massacred. From a similarity of names it is often confused with Fort Miami at the head of the Maumee River, Fort Wayne, and some writers often describe transactions at one fort which actually occurred at the other. COLONEL DUDLEY The records of Maumee City would be incomplete if they failed to give an account of the illustrious Colonel Dudley, and of the magnificent courage displayed during the siege of Fort Meigs, when the garrison was besieged by more than two thousand Indians and fifteen hundred British. The British had their batteries located on the north bank of the river in a ravine forming a natural fortress, extending from White Street up the river to Kingsbury Street in Maumee City. On the 1st, 2nd and 3rd of May, 1813, the British kept up a continuous fire of ball and shell upon Fort Meigs from their batteries, and poured in a galling fire upon the garrison. This was the situation of General Harrison, when at 12 o'clock on the night of the 4th, Captain Wm. Oliver arrived at the fort with the information of THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 87 the approach of General Green Clay just above the Rapids, with twelve hundred Kentuckians for the relief of the garrison, that he could reach the fort within two hours and was awaiting orders. General Harrison at once directed General Clay to land eight hundred men on the north bank, take possession of the British battery, spike their cannon and return immediately to their boats and cross over to the American post. General Clay having received these instructions, proceeded to put them in operation. Colonel Dudley, being senior in command, was ordered to take twelve boats, about eight hundred men, and land on the north bank of the river and execute General Harrison's orders. He effected a landing at the place designated without difficulty. Gallantly his men charged the British artillerists and drove them from their guns. Had they been content with spiking the cannon and returning to their boats, all would have been well, but the Indians and British in large numbers, in the adjacent woods, were pouring a terrific fire into the American ranks. This, the brave Kentuckians could not stand without some resistance. Being possessed of the confidence and courage of a soldier, and exalted with their first success, they proceeded with lusty cheers to charge the savages and drove them nearly two miles into the depths of the forest. Colonel Dudley, fearing an ambuscade, sought to restrain the ardor of his troops, but in vain. At that moment victory was with Colonel Dudley and his men, but they had tasted victory and were intoxicated with the valor of American soldiers. Colonel Dudley ordered a retreat but, exalted with their success, the brave Kentuckians refused to obey the com- 88 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE mand. Seeing at last that his troops had lost all reason, and were drunk with their first success, he forced his way to the front and fought like a demon. The smoke of battle was in his nostrils and lust of slaughter was in his brain. The savages retreated until they reached a place suited to their tactics, where they promptly rallied and sought to outflank the Americans. The battle raged furiously on all sides. British reinforcements arrived upon the scene, retreat became impossible. Colonel Dudley fought on. He dealt blow after blow at the heads of his red assailants. He felt his strength gradually failing, but he grimly resolved to die fighting. They were finally surrounded by double their number, but the brave Dudley knew not the word surrender, and gave his life on the altar of American civilization. To him belongs the honor of wielding the master stroke that forever banished Toryism from American soil, and made it possible that the Stars and Stripes might shed its protecting waves over the inhabitants of a free land. Colonel Dudley was severely wounded in the action, and afterwards tomahawked and scalped by the Indians, but the undaunted courage of Dudley and his men was a sufficient demonstration of the fearlessness of the American soldier. They made charge after charge on the enemy as the orders were passed along the line, not a thought of surrender. At length the overwhelming force compelled a retreat, keeping up a continuous fire. Several times the officers succeeded in producing a temporary halt, but being without a leader, the soldiers soon became confused and made their way back towards the batteries until they had THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 89 arrived at the locality where the library now stands. There they were made prisoners and marched to the British Fort Miami, the Indians stripping them of their clothing and other articles. But the heroism displayed by the American soldiers soon demoralized the Indians and filled them with fear and consternation. Proctor, finding his Indians rapidly leaving him, raised the siege on the 9th and returned to Malden. The Indians, after all resistance had ceased, had about five hundred prisoners at their mercy, and began at once the work of massacre. And so died the brave Dudley and his men, but in dying wrote one of the most glorious pages of American history. The prisoners from Colonel Dudley's command were murdered in cold blood within the confines of the British Fort Miami. The butchery was finally ended by Chief Tecumseh, who proved himself to be more human than the British commander, Proctor. The Indian Chief Tecumseh sternly inquired of Proctor, "Why did you not put a stop to this inhuman massacre?" "Your Indians could not be controlled," replied Proctor, who trembled with fear. "Be gone," retorted Tecumseh in a manner that indicated his supreme contempt. "You are unfit to command, go and put on petticoats." This was the grossest insult an Indian could offer. ORLEANS OF THE NORTH IN 1817 Maumee City, at the foot of the Rapids, was situated on the north bank of the river, with Orleans of the North directly across the river, on the bottom land in front of Fort Meigs. At the close of the war with Great Britain in 1814, 90 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEEE and the declaration of peace in 1815, the inhabitants were once more secure in the possession of the country. The most sensational accounts of the fertility of the soil and the splendid opportunities of the Maumee River country, of the great forests with its giant timber, abounding with every kind and species of game, and the rivers with the finest of fish, were given by the soldiers on their return to their eastern homes. The attention of the public was generally directed toward the Maumee, because of its promising future. In the estimation of the most intelligent minds the territory adjacent to the foot of the rapids was destined to be the great metropolis of the western end of Lake Erie. Among the settlers who, when peace was restored, began to reclaim and repossess the valley, were Messrs. Stewart and Mclntyer, from Albany, N. Y. These gentlemen, with confidence in a prosperous future, purchased a tract of land at the foot of the rapids, including Fort Meigs, arid laid out a town site on the bottom land in front of the Fort, which they named Orleans of the North. Being at the head of navigation of the Maumee River, and the western termination of Lake Erie, the scheme offered hope that Orleans of the North would soon become a great commercial metropolis. There were at that time two taverns, several stores in operation and other accommodations necessary for the convenience of the inhabitants of the town. About the first of June, 1817, William and John Hollister arrived at Orleans of the North from Buffalo with a stock of merchandise and started a store, continuing in business until 1827. Hiram P. Barlow settled at Orleans of the North, where he taught school during the winter of 1816 and 1817. At that time THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 91 David Hull and Thomas McElrath were keeping tavern and trading with the Indians. In September, 1816, Captain Jacob Wilkinson erected a house there. Among those who had built homes at Orleans of the North and settled there with their families in 1815 and 1816 were Wm. Ewing, Elisha Martindale, Vance Prat, James Wilkinson, Capt. John Baldwin, George Allen, Amos Spafford, Ourora Spafford, Samuel Vance, Mr. Plum, Samuel Ewing, Isaac Hull and Seneca Allen, a Justice of the Peace in and for Logan County, and who lived at Orleans of the North in 1820. However, in that day a great many business ventures were liable to undergo disappointments, being subject to the natural elements and the changes of improvements a.nd trade. The former had special bearing on the destiny of Orleans of the North, for the breaking up of the ice in the river and high water in 1828 swept away nearly all of the pioneer town of the Maumee Valley, the once pretentious Orleans of the North. THE LIFE OF THE EARLY SETTLER At the time of the first settlement of the territory now embraced within the limits of the Village of Maumee, the land was at that time covered with a dense forest of the greatest variety of the finest timber. Wild animals of nearly every description were plentiful for supplying the early settler with food. The deer and bear provided the principal meat food. Wolves, foxes, raccoons, woodchucks, opossum and squirrels were very common. Wild turkeys, geese, duck, partridges, quail and pigeons were plenty. Hunting was one of the necessary employments of the early 92 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE settlers. Venison and other game was their chief reliance for supplying their subsistence. Fish were also in abundance in the Maumee River, and they were likewise a common resource of subsistence for the pioneer. A large variety of very excellent fish were taken, various devises being employed to catch them. Seines were used most successfully. Pike, pickerel, catfish, sturgeon, muscalunge and mullet were the principal fish taken for table use. Some were used fresh but many were salted for winter supply. It was not until after Wayne's treaty with the Indians at Fort Meigs in 1817 that the western reserve in northwestern Ohio became the first point of considerable permanent New England immigration in the west. These early settlers followed almost exclusively the pursuit of agriculture. The lives of the pioneers were of a romantic disposition. The spirit of adventure, with the abundance of game, and the desire for hunting, allured them into the wilderness. Land was the object which induced the majority of the people to endure the hardship of a pioneer's life. It was to be had here for taking it up. The selection of a suitable location, the building of a cabin and raising a crop of any kind entitled the settler to a land office warrant. Some of these early settlers would leave their families behind until a cabin-was erected, a crop grown, and then return to their homes and bring them out to their new settlement. Others with small families brought them along with them. The food consisted chiefly of Indian meal, brought with them, and wild meat. The earliest inhabitants had no other food until they had cleared the land and had grown a crop of vegetables. During the first year and until they had raised a crop THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 93 of corn and vegetables, some of them lived for weeks, before the corn and potatoes were ripe enough to eat, on wild meat. The lean venison and the breast of the wild turkey were the nearest things to bread to be had. The earliest settlers would live for weeks at a time without meal of any kind. After being compelled to live in this manner for such a long time, they would become sickly. For several years potatoes, pumpkin, squash, corn and wild meat constituted the greatest part of their diet. Sugar was derived by boiling the sap of the maple tree. Wild honey was also plenty. For a long time the meal was made by hand. In the early autumn and before the corn became hard it was made into meal by rubbing the corn on a tin grater, and until it became hard enough to pound in a morter until fine enough to make into Johnny cakes, this would be the only kind of bread to be had. The home, of the early settler consisted of a log cabin, very often not more than one room. The labor of the farmer in the Maumee territory, until after the War of 1812 and 1813, was performed with every danger imaginable. For this reason the population of a whole neighborhood would erect their cabins as near their little fort as possible. These forts were one of the most essential means of protection. It was not only a place of defense but consisted of a stockade, and cabins and block houses were erected with port holes at the proper height. The families would live on their farm until some one would give an alarm of danger, then the whole neighborhood would immediately move into their fort, sometimes to remain there for several days, and until the threatened danger had disappeared. 94 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE It was not the greatest portion of their trouble that they risked their lives in converting the forests into fruitful fields, but they were sometimes compelled to desert their homes in the summer season for weeks, and a great part of the fruits of their labor would be lost. The few domestic animals that they possessed, sheep and hogs, would be devoured by the wolves and other wild beasts of the forest, and their little corn crop would be destroyed by the squirrels and raccoons so that many families had but little left to carry them through the winter. These people were also driven by necessity to perform the work of mechanical skill, far beyond that which a person enjoying the advantages of civilization could expect. There were no mills for grinding the grain, nor smith's shops for making and repairing their farming implements; no shoe makers; every family was under the necessity of doing everything for themselves. A large block of wood was used for grinding the grain. This block was about two feet long and two feet in diameter with an excavation burned in one end in the shape of a bowl, so that the action of the pestle would crush the grain into meal. This did very well for making meal while the corn was soft, but was rather slow work when the corn became hard. Later on a hand mill was in use. It was made of two stones. These were placed in a hoop, the lower stone being stationery, and the upper stone having a hole in the center. A staff was placed into the hole and the other end in a joist above with a lever attached so that two persons could assist in turning the mill at the same time. The grain was put into the hole in the THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 95 center by hand, thus crushing the grain between the stones into a very good quality of meal. Cloth was also made by hand. It was made of flax and wool. This was worked out by hand. The women would manufacture it into yarn on a spinning wheel. Nearly every family had a hand loom for making cloth and nearly all the women of that day could operate a loom. Many of the most skilled would make a very good quality of cloth. Every family was compelled to tan their own leather. For this purpose a vat was made, usually out of a hollow sycamore tree. White oak bark was dried and pounded into small pieces on a block of wood with an ax or a mallet, and ashes were used in place of lime for taking the hair off the pelts or skins of animals. Bear's grease, lard or tallow was used to soften the skins. Blacking for the leather was made of soot and lard. Almost every family made their own shoes. Those who could not make shoes would make moccasins. With the few tools that were brought into the new country, there was almost in every neighborhood some one whose natural ingenuity enabled him to do many things for himself and neighbors, far more than could have been reasonably expected. For a long time after the settlement of this country there was no distinction of society, and very little of fortune. For this reason the first impression of love usually resulted in marriage. The establishing of a family cost but very little more than labor. The usual manner of settling a young couple for the beginning of a married life would be the selection of a location and the appointment of a day for the building of their cabin. The neighbors would be invited, 96 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE logs would be hauled to the place selected and be so placed as to form four walls. The door was made by sawing the logs so as to make an opening about three feet wide. This opening was secured by upright pieces split out of timber through which holes were bored into the end of the logs for the purpose of pinning them fast with wooden pins. A door was made with slabs split out of logs and pinned together with wooden pins. The hinges were also made of wood. Then a fire place would be constructed on one side of the building, with logs plastered on the inside with clay to protect them from the fire. The chimney would also be built of small split sticks and plastered on the inside with clay. The roof was made by splitting boards out of logs about four feet long, clapboards held in place by small logs being placed upon them to hold them in position. The floor of the cabin was constructed by splitting logs about sixteen or eighteen inches in diameter and half the length of the cabin. These were hewed on the upper surface with a broad ax until they resembled a plank two or three inches thick. The furniture consisted of a table made with a large slab split out of a log dressed on one side with a broad ax, and supported by four round legs set in auger holes. Some three-legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins were stuck in the side of the cabin and supported clapboards which provided shelves for the table utensils. A bedstead was constructed by placing a forked stick with the end in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a joist above; a pole was placed in the fork and the other end through a crack between the logs of the wall, then clapboards were put on which formed the bottom of the bed. A THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 97 few pegs around the walls composed the wardrobe. The tableware for several years after the settlement of this country consisted of a few pewter dishes, plates and spoons, but mostly of wooden bowls, trenches and noggins made by hand. Gourds served as dishes. Iron pots, knives and forks were brought with the salt from the east on pack horses. PETER MANOR Uncle Peter Manor, as he was generally known among the early settlers of the territory at the foot of the Rapids of the Maumee, came to the Maumee previous to 1800 and was adopted by Chief Tontogany. In 1808 he settled at Fort Miami and within the boundary of Maumee City, and in 1812 opened a trading house and carried on an extensive fur trade with the Indians. His trading house was located at the foot of the hill near the intersection of Kingsbury and Front Streets, and immediately on the trail travelled by the Indians when passing up and clown the river. During the early days of the War of 1812, Uncle Peter proved his bravery and his kindness to his fellowmen. There were at that time a number of white families settled on both sides of the river. Some of the families at first did not heed the warning of Manor to take their families to a place of safety, for the Indians were many of them friendly to the British, and it was only a question of time when they would strike the white settler. Finally one evening just about dark an Indian scout, a friend of Manor's, made his appearance at the cabin of Manor's and informed him quietly that in four days one thousand Pottawattamies would be there to scalp the palefaces, and would come to see him, but as 98 - THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE he was a friend to the Indians and had been made a chief and adopted into the tribe, that he and his family would be safe. As soon as the Indian scout had rolled himself in his blanket and gone to sleep, Uncle Peter went out in the dark and notified the white settlers to leave that night for the Indians would surely come. But after all he could urge of the necessity of leaving at once, they did not go. On the morning of the fourth day at daylight the friendly scout reappeared at the cabin of Manor's and told him that the Indians would be there at ten o'clock, pointing to the place where the sun would be at that hour. Uncle Peter was very anxious, knowing that all would be massacred that could be found when the Indians would arrive. He urged his wife to feed the scout bountifully, while he made excuses to the scout, and hurriedly crossed the river to urge his neighbors, many of whom were women and children, and who joined Manor in entreaties to fly at once. They succeeded in get- ting a start a little after sunrise. The Indians did not follow the families but contented themselves with feasting on beef and green corn. They killed the cattle which were left behind and destroyed the crops of Manor, as well as those of the other settlers; burned most of their houses, plundered his store and took his ponies. In fact plundered and destroyed everything within reach, but did not molest Manor or his family. The first information that war was declared in 1812 was communicated to the white settlers at the foot of the rapids and at Monclova by Peter Manor. These places then being the only white settlements between Lower Sandusky and Monroe, Mich. Peter Manor said that the first THE HISTORY OF MAUMEE - 99 intimation of Hull's surrender was given to the settlers at the foot of the rapids by a party of sixty or seventy Delaware Indians, who arrived there in advance of the main body of the army on their march to Ft. Wayne. Manor said that he with some of his neighbors were standing in front of Beaugrand's store at Maumee when the Indians came out of the woods, that they drew themselves up in line and each put his gun to his shoulders and took aim as if to fire at the little group of settlers. When Beaugrand came out of the store and waved a white handkerchief they at once dropped their muskets and approached the store on a run, remained a few minutes and then went on their way. An hour after their departure about one hundred British soldiers and as many Pottawotomies and Wyandotts came up. Their first inquiry was for guides. The officer in command pressed Manor into service and he was compelled to guide the company to the head of the rapids. On his return to Beaugrand's and finding the country was getting too hot for his sympathizing with the American cause, he left the rapids to join his family, which had previously removed to the dwelling of Robert Navarre, at the mouth of the river. After the war closed the Government paid all who lost property by this raid. The Indians gave Uncle Peter a section and a half of land for his kindness to them. This grant was located at the head of the rapids. There he and his good wife closed life's journey, and he lies buried on the farm, taking his last long sleep in the bosom of this historic soil. Peter Manor left quite a large family.