1300 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY in favor of its location, nearness to the lake, and consequently more ready accessibility for sailing vessels, which would not be liable to the tedious delays from head winds in the narrow channel of the river, to the towns above it. At this time, most of the freight was carried in sailing vessels of 60 to 120 tons, and tugs were unknown and unthought of ; so that it would often take as much or more time for sailing vessels, with head winds, or none at all, to get from or to the mouth of the river to the foot of the rapids, as for the voyage to Buffalo. Toledo held that her better harbor, deeper water,—nearness enough to the lake to be reached by sailing craft, even with head wind, at any time,—placed her ahead of Manhattan, as did the rock bar near, Maumee, and the general shoaling of the river, in that direction, place her ahead of the latter place, and of Perrysburg. * * * "One of the objections operating strongly against Manhattan, was the fact that the channel of the river ran along near the opposite bank. So, to obviate this objection some of the believers in the theory that great cities, like New York, grew up near the entrance of rivers, made a map of Lucas City, supposed to have stood where the Manhattan Iron Works now are,—the said map being the only existence it ever knew. Yet, here, too, many lots were sold, the purchasers doubtless indulging in the Micawber like hope that something might turn up from them." This was the situation as related by Mr. Mott. But in the struggle for the canal terminal, as has already been told, it became necessary for Toledo and Manhattan to make common cause against their up-river rivals. Toledo investors believing that the superiority of their location would "eventually absorb the whole business and their faith in this respect has been fully justified," observed Mr. Mott, who concluded his story by saying that "it was believed by many at the time, that money was used by the down-river parties, in this matter,—that this ring, perhaps, brought to bear more potent arguments than the upriver ring produced ; but this may be placed in the category of the many charges of British gold as having been used by, successful political parties, often made after election, by the defeated." Mr, Mott was for four years in Congress. STORY OF JESSUP W. SCOTT Jessup W. Scott visited Toledo's situation in 1832. His "Recollections" of this trip, he wrote about in 1844, and continued his account in 1857, thirteen years later. In his first installment, TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1301 after some introductory remarks, he says : "In June, 1832, I visited the country at the mouth of the Maumee. My residence was then temporarily at Florence, then in Huron, now in Erie County, Ohio. Although I had for years held in high estimation some indefinite good place for a city on the harbor formed by the entrance of the Maumee into the lake, I had not taken the trouble to visit it, until I read in the National Intelligences, .an article from the pen of Maj. Benjamin F. Stickney, in which it was stated that the plan of a town—indeed of a city—had been laid out by some enterprising gentlemen from the State of New York,' and setting JESSUP W. SCOTT Founder of the first lower Maumee Valley newspaper and founder of Toledo University forth the advantages of its position. This called up the desire to see the site of a city that might one day be great; and I accordingly mounted my horse, and, passing through Milan, then one of the largest places in Northern Ohio, Lower Sandusky (now Fremont, and then a place of some promise, and some 300 or 400 people), and thence along the thirty-one miles of road through the swamp to Perrysburg, thence crossing, by ford, the Maumee, above the old town of the same name, I, with some difficulty, found my way along the Monroe turnpike, and thence from Section 16, T. 3, U. S. R., by a rude path through the openings and woods to the mouth of Swan Creek, and thence down along the river bank, mostly through the forest, to the new town of Vistula; and below to the residence of Major Stickney. 1302 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY "A few board shanties had been put up on Summit Street, near Lagrange, and some men were at work grading down what is now the foot of Lagrange Street, preparing a wharf for the landing of vessels. At the gate of the 'brick house now standing (1844)—I overtook Major Stickney and Samuel Allen (known as Captain Allen), the Major's associate in laying out the new town. The Major received my address in his own courteous, grave manner, and Mr. Allen in that prompt business style, and with an air that might have become one of the solid men of Boston, accustomed to shake State Street by his stately tread. I told them my errand was to see where the mighty city site of the Maumee should be, and to write about it—perhaps to make some purchase, if I should be satisfied that this was the right spot. Mr. Allen kept, as a boarding house, temporarily, the residence of the Major for the accommodation of the persons coming to settle or purchase in the new plat, or in the neighborhood. There I domiciled myself for a few days to look about. "Mrs. Allen, a Quaker lady, exhibited remarkable talent and tact in pleasing those of her guests who might forward the growth of the city in embryo. In appearance and address, she was no less remarkable than her husband. He was rather short, thick set, straight, and with a quick, firm movement, like one born to lead. No one could be better fitted to lead a forlorn hope in battle, or in city building. His benevolence was high, his organ of hope large, and his caution small, with a back head of sufficient capacity for ample motive power. Major Stickney, as having had more to do with this city and region, and as a character not less marked, I design to describe more fully hereafter.” In the resumption of his story in 1857, Mr. Scott, continuing his "Recollections of Toledo," writes: "When these notes were commenced, Toledo was a city, to be sure on paper, and by act of incorporation; but according to an estimate carefully made, the entire population out of the city, on which its commerce depended, did not exceed 200 families of farmers. There were probably living, within the limits, about 2,000 people—many of them holding on with a view to the business that was expected to flow in on the completion of the Wabash and Erie, and the Miami and Erie canals, then being constructed. Now (1857) the population is not less than 12,000, with abundance of business for a good support to all who are willing to work. I now resume the narrative. "On my way to the new Vistula (1833), I passed through Perrysbuig and Maumee—small, but, as it seemed to me, beautifully TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1303 situated hamlets, at the head of navigation on the Maumee River, and each claiming to be the best position for the chief town. The principal men were fur traders, or, as they were more generally designated, Indian traders; and their expectation of future greatness was quite limited. The commerce, by lake, of these places, was carried on by two schooners, named Eagle and Gueriere, of about 60 tons burthen, and commanded by two brothers named David and James Wilkinson,—hardy, bluff, and strong-minded men, whose position as friends or enemies no one could long doubt. The principal owner was John Hollister, of Perrysburg, from Pittsfield, Massachusetts, an Indian trader and man of mark, one of nature's noblemen, whose influence was felt in the councils of the State, and in the commercial struggle for the supremacy between the towns at the foot of the rapids, and the new city below. "The Indian trade, in furs and the fisheries, with corn grow-g on the bottom lands, constituted the business on which these amlets relied for support; and, with few exceptions, the inhabtants failed to anticipate any considerable change from that condition. There was one man, however, then living in Perrysburg, amiliarly known as Judge Rice—Ambrose Rice—who, in native gacity and foresight, seemed to me, and seems now to me, to ave been before any man I have ever known. * * * "The few days at Major Stickney's were spent in looking bout and coming to an opinion as to the relative advantages of a qty site of the places eight miles above, and the present position f Toledo. What is now partially built over, and laid out into eets (1857), being nearly all in a wild state then, seemed a 'de extent of land admitting room for a choice of location for veral towns. The two tracts, Nos. 1 and 2, of the 12 miles uare reservation, which embraced the mouth of Swan Creek, ad been selected as the best point, and purchased at the sale of reserve lands in 1817, by Maj. William Oliver and associates. ut, as the adjoining lands, for several years after, were still in ossession of the Indians, who were then the sole tenants of all e northwest quarter of Ohio, except a few reservations; and, as the collapse of the credit currency of the country occurred soon after, this effort to start a city at the west end of Lake Erie, proved abortive. "After being taken up the river as far as Delaware Flats (where she got aground) , by the little steamer Pioneer, which had been chartered by Stickney and Allen to run between Sandusky City and their Vistula; and turning over in my mind the 8-VOL. 2 1304 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY advantages relatively to each other, of the up-river and down river claimants, I decided that the down-river had the preponder- ance of advantages, and that the best position for the centre of the down-river town, was just below the entrance of Swan Cree into the river. At this point, there was then a log warehouse, and rude wharf, nearly rotten. Believing in the high destiny of the future city, wherever it should be, and having brought m mind to a satisfactory state as to its precise location, I beam anxious to have an interest in it. My means were quite limited so that it was necessary to make the most of my opportunity t buy in the right place. "The only possible chance that I found, was a very wild an rude piece of ground, then possessed by Doctor Sutphen, being the S. W. fr. 1/4 of sec. 36, T. 9 S. R. 7 E., embracing with it small piece of sec. 35. Of this, I bargained for seventy acres, a $12 per acre. I also wrote to Major Oliver, who resided in Cin- cinnati, offering to become part owner of his tracts, and to b come agent for their management. When my letter reached t Major, there was an applicant with him, having the same obi in view, Dr. D. 0. Comstock, who bought one-fourth of trac and 2, and, with his brother, S. B. Comstock, became agent what was called the Port Lawrence Company— owning river tracts 1 and 2. "At the time I bought the seventy acres, I could have bou the whole fractional quarter of eighty-six acres, by giving per acre for what remained; but, as I thought the part bou was worth more by the acre than what was left, I declined to b Having, as I thought, got a fair chance to participate in the vantages of the future rapid growth of a great city, I embar with my horse on the steamer Pioneer for Sandusky City, ela with high hopes of future profit from my purchase. On steamer I fell in with a man who had just come from the w shore of Lake Michigan, where he had pre-empted, or rat bought the pre-emption of an 80-acre lot at the mouth of the waukee River. This was the first time I had heard the na I think the land had cost him $6 per acre; and, as he could hard spare so much money as it had cost, he offered to let me joint purchaser, I think, but am not certain, at the cost pr I declined, telling him that he would do better to make the town of Vistula the theatre of speculation, as it might, and p ably would, become a considerable city before settlements to extent would reach as far west as Milwaukee. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1305 "On my return to Florence, I told my wife, and one or two other persons, that the seventy acres I had bought would, in twenty years, be worth $20,000. They laughed at my sanguine calculation, and they would have been still more merry, if they had been told the real extent of my hopes. In 1852, the twenty years had passed. Toledo then possessed a population of over five thousand, and the seventy acres, if I had owned it all, in one piece, would probably had been marketable at something near, but not much over, twenty thousand dollars. I had, however, in 1835, about three years after the purchase, sold an undivided half of the tract for six thousand dollars, to Edward Bissell, then the largest owner of property in what was then the united village of Toledo—Vistula and Port Lawrence having yielded their separate existence, and become one. "In 1835, commenced that memorable speculation in wild lands, and wild cities, which culminated in 1836. The whole Maumee Valley was filled with eastern fortune-hunters. Congress and State lands were raced for entry, and the shores of the river from Fort Wayne to the Maumee Bay, were alive with city-builders. From the foot of the rapids to the bay, land was all that was considered necessary for three-story brick blocks; and, after the canal was located on the north side, all the shore from Waterville to Manhattan was held as city property. Jackson's specie circular soon brought their airy fabric into ruin, which was completed by the failure of the United States Bank of Pennsylvania, in 1839. "Under the auspices of Bissell and his associates, Toledo had been pushed forward to be a considerable place—numbering, at one time, probably, over fifteen hundred inhabitants. Most of the buildings of any note, had been erected by the speculative owners, and when money ceased to flow west for investment, and men, from devoting themselves to speculation, turned their attention to earning their daily bread, Toledo was a young city in the wilderness, with high expectations, but with nothing, or next to nothing, to live upon. The great body of lands which surrounded it; had been entered for speculation; so that, up to the time of the canal being completed to Toledo, in 1843, there were not over 200 families out of the city, which resorted to it as their principal place of trade. These families, too, were but little advanced in farming operations; and many of them too deeply in debt to have much means to buy even necessaries. This estimate of the number of families out of Toledo, who could be relied upon to do their 1306 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY business with its citizens, was made by me in 1844, when I was editor of the Toledo Blade." Mr. Scott concluded his observations by "balancing Toledo's commercial and industrial power in 1861, domestic and foreign," with that of prospective cities, east and west, north and south, with its great harbor facilities and declared in favor of Toledo, Mr. Scott, in moving to this section, first located his family at Perrysburg in May, 1833, and in the December following, with Henry Darling, established in that village the Miami of the Lake, a weekly publication and the first newspaper in this Northwest section. It was intended to make the paper of broader influence than the Maumee country. In his first issue of December 11 1833, in referring to the Maumee Valley he said : "Of this section we shall endeavor to make our journal a faithful and impartial representative organ; in effecting which, it will become our duty to disabuse the public mind at the East, if our sheet shall have the fortune to circulate there, of the numberless false impressions in regard to this section, with which it is imbued. This we shall endeavor to do, by giving, as far as we are able, a faithful picture of the country, neither brightened by the false glare of undeserved praise, nor darkened by the somber hues of causeless reproach; of which, we regret to say, the sup. posed interests of rival points of trade have occasioned it to re ceive an unwonted share." The seventy acre purchase of land made by Mr. Scott which he referred to, is now within the central part of Toledo, and bounded by Jackson Avenue and Erie, Jefferson and Fifteenth streets. It is yet known on the maps Of Toledo as "the 70 Acre Tract." It includes Court House Square; and one foot of land in one of the principal blocks would now, in instances, be worth nearly as much as Scott paid for his whole purchase. As to the founding of the Toledo University by Mr. Scott, the story will be told elsewhere. But here is an extract from the Toledo Morning Commercial of October 24, 1872: "A TOLEDO UNIVERSITY MUNIFICENT DONATIONS FOR AN IMPORTANT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION-SOMETHING FOR TOLEDO'S FUTURE. "It has for some days been known to us, that our worthy fel low citizen, Jessup W. Scott, Esq., was maturing the plan of movement which promised much for Toledo and the cause TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1307 education; but we thought best to defer mention of it until it should assume definite and complete shape. This was reached yesterday afternoon, and we take the earliest opportunity to present the facts to the readers of the Commercial. The plan is for the establishment of an institution of learning, to be known as `The Toledo University of Arts and Trades,' and to embrace the objects more particularly set forth in Mr. Scott's deed of trust. "The Trustees of the corporation met on the 23d of October (1872) in the Boody House, His Honor, Mayor Jones, in the chair, where they organized, by the choice of Hon. Richard Mott as President, and Col. D. F. DeWolf, Superintendent of Public Schools, as Secretary. "Jessup W. Scott, Esq., being present, then delivered to the Board of Trustees the deed of trust of 160 acres of land, described therein, and located about three miles from the post office, together with a plat of the same, which were formally accepted and adopted by the Board on the conditions therein set forth. A committee was appointed to draft by-laws and plan of work, and to call a meeting of the Board when ready to report." STORY OF JOHN E. HUNT. At the time this sketch of Gen. John E. Hunt was written (in 1873) he was the oldest native citizen of the Maumee Valley, for he was born within the enclosure of Fort Wayne, at the head of the Maumee River, April 11, 1798. His earlier years were chiefly spent with his older brother, Henry Hunt, a merchant at Detroit. He was in Detroit at the time of General Hull's surrender and as a boy of fourteen years was a witness of the humiliating proceedings. His father was Col. Thomas Hunt of the, First Regiment, U. S. Infantry, took part in the battle of Lexington, and .at Bunker Hill where he was wounded. He was commissioned by President Washington as Major and then by President Jefferson as Lieutenant-Colonel and then Colonel of the regiment named. It is stated that General St. Clair maintained that if he had had Hunt's well disciplined regiment in his army in his campaign against the Indians, the disaster to his forces would not have occurred. Colonel Hunt was in command of Fort Defiance eighteen months after the battle of Fallen Timbers. In 1796 he was ordered to the command of Fort Wayne, which post he held for two years, when he was transferred to Detroit to succeed Colonel 1308 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Hamtramck after the latter's death. In June, 1803, Colonel Hunt was ordered with his regiment from Detroit to St. Louis. It was on this transfer that with his troops he landed at Fort Industry at the mouth of Swan Creek, where they passed the June night where is now Toledo, a memorable time in the life of the Colonel. General Hunt, the son, married a Miss Sophia Spencer of Connecticut, the ceremony taking place in Detroit, at the home of Governor Lewis Cass. For twenty years Hunt was engaged in the mercantile business, embarking in trade first at Maumee City in 1816, as a partner of Robert A. Forsythe. This was a year before the celebrated Indian treaty made at Maumee. Many who later became wealthy business men, bankers, farmers, or engaged in other pursuits, owed their start to Hunt, who gave them needed credit at a most critical period. No one was more prominent than he in efforts to hasten the development of the Maumee Valley, Every scheme of importance, having this object in view, could not fail to have his powerful support. A banking and internal improvement project, originated with him in 1833, which, at the time, evinced a correct idea of the future commercial value of some point on the lower Maumee. This was a proposition to obtain, from the Territorial Legislature of Michigan, a charter authorizing a company to construct a railroad from Adrian to Toledo—conferring, also, upon the company banking powers. The General enlisted in his enterprise, Mr. E. C. Winters, then a school teacher at Maumee City, but afterwards a resident of Adrian, whom he persuaded to visit Detroit, and use his efforts to obtain from the Legislature a charter. Mr. Winters was successful in his mission, and this, really, was the origin of the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad. The Kalamazoo bank also derived its authority from this charter. It was the design of General Hunt to tap this road of a bend four miles east of Sylvania, by a branch leading into Maumee City, under the conviction that the branch would ultimately constitute part of the main line. In 1835, having received the Democratic nomination, he wa elected to the State Senate over Patrick G. Goode, his Whig oppon ent, in a district that gave, at the preceding election, a Whi majority of 1,600. His majority in this contest was 180. I 1839, he was reelected by a yet larger majority. In 1849, a Democratic Convention for the Senatorial District composed of the counties of Lucas, Wood, Henry, Ottawa, an Sandusky, was called, to be held at Woodville, for the purpose o nominating a candidate for the Convention, to frame a new Co 1310 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY stitution for Ohio. General Hunt had no wish or desire to be a candidate. On the other hand, he had freely expressed to friends to his preference for the nomination of the late D. O. Morton, of Toledo. Upon the assembling of the Convention at Woodville, General Hunt was made chairman. The candidates presented to the Convention, were D. O. Morton, of Lucas; W. V. Way, of Wood, and Samuel Hollinshead, of Ottawa. An obstinate contest, continuing through several hours, between the friend of these gentlemen, failed to make a choice. The convention and the candidates became impatient, and anxious to conclude the business they were assembled to perform. In this temper, pervading all, I. K. Seaman, of Sandusky, without consultation, or prompting, took the floor, and moved that Gen. John E. Hunt be nominated by acclamation. The chairman promptly declared the motion out of order. Mr. Seaman appeared to falter for an instant, but General Brown, of Toledo, came to his aid—seconded his motion, and insisted that it was competent for the convention to rescind or suspend its own rules;—and that, therefore, as a Mass Convention, the chairman being temporarily deposed he would himself put the question, "Shall Gen. John E. Hunt he declared, by this convention, the nominee of the Democratic party, of this District, for a seat in the Constitutional Convention? Those in favor of this motion say aye.” And the shout of "aye" was unanimous—joined in by delegates and the late candidates alike. From General Hunt's published "Reminiscences," is taken the following : "Jack Brandy (a Shawnee Indian), while conveying General Winchester, as his prisoner, to Proctor's camp (on the River Raisin, War of 1812) captured Whittmore Knaggs, the old Pottamatomie agent, and father of George and James Knaggs (elsewhere mentioned). Some time before the war, Knaggs had caused Jack to be flogged for some offence, and ascertaining who had taken him, supposed, as a matter of course, that he would be slain. Jack reassured him with promises of safety. Before they arrived at the camp, they were met by a band of Pottawatomies who, with upraised tomahawks, rushed towards Knaggs. Jack stepped between them and his prisoner—told them they must kill him before they killed Knaggs, and thus saved him from massacre. "This same Jack Brandy, a few days before the massacre of Raisin, in conversation with Harry Hunt, of Detroit (brother of TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1311 General Hunt), told him, that, if occasion ever offered, he would be kind to the Yankees, and bring any that might fall into his hands safely to Detroit. This promise he so far fulfilled, as to drag from the buildings at the River Raisin massacre, a large Kentuckian, named John Green, who had been wounded in the engagement. Wrapping him carefully in his blanket, he laid him in his carryall, and started on a trot for Detroit. The next morning, Hunt saw Jack drive up in front of the town, and with one or two friends went to see him. "Well, Jack,' he enquired, 'have you brought us some venison, today?' " 'Yes, Harry Hunt,' replied the Indian, throwing the blanket off his captive ; 'good Yankee venison. I told you Jack Brandy cannot lie.' "Mr. Hunt purchased the liberty of Green, took him to his house, and afterwards restored him to his friends, who, supposing he was slain, enlisted under Harrison to avenge his death. "Some time before the close of the war, Harry Hunt bought a fine horse, which was stolen soon after by a band of Pottawatomies. On entering his store a day or two afterwards, Hunt encountered Jack Brandy, who, observing the seriousness of his countenance, enquired as to the cause. On being informed, Jack replied: 'may be me get him again,' mounted his pony, and started in pursuit. He soon struck the trail of the Pottawatomies, and came up with them two days afterwards, and camped with them, and told them he had a special mission to the Indians near Chicago, which had an important bearing upon the war. This pleased his entertainers, and they told him about the fine horse they had. Jack, upon the plea of urgent business, bantered them for a trade, promising if on trial, the horse proved to be good, to pay the difference between him and his pony. At daylight, the horse, with saddle and bridle, was brought up for Jack to prove. He bestrode him, rode a short distance in the direction of Chicago, struck into the woods, and that was the last his Indian friends saw of him. The next day he rode into Detroit at top of speed, and surrendering the horse to his owner, repeated, most emphatically: " 'There, Harry Hunt, I tell you once more, Jack Brandy cannot lie !' "The horse was afterwards sold to General Proctor for one hundred guineas, and on this beast this representative of the `chivalry' of Great Britain made his escape at the Thames." 1312 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Hunt was one of the early settlers to examine the situation of Fort Industry, the stockade at the time being in good condition, The remains were not entirely obliterated until as late as 1836. Richard Mott also saw the fort in the above year. In 1872, Samuel Andrews of the Toledo Blade and Charles A. Crane, then of the East Side, with many others living at that time, had distinct recollections of the old fort which stood on a bluff, near the east side of present Summit Street, between Jefferson and Monroe. There seems to have been a conflict there at some period, as leaden bullets were gathered in profusion from the grounds about the fort with other evidences of battle. The enemy apparently made a stand near where is now the Trinity Church building, as the same indications of a conflict were found in that vicinity. WILLARD J. DANIELS. Willard J. Daniels, arrived at Toledo at the age of nineteen years, in 1832, and began the mercantile trade with his brother Munson H. Daniels in a building at the corner of Summit and Lagrange streets. In 1833, he paid twenty-five dollars in goods for one-half of lot ten, Port Lawrence, with several other lo His desire was to get as near the mouth of Swan Creek as possible as a business center. With his brother he built a three-story brick store on lot twelve, corner of Summit and Monroe streets—later the Lenk block site. W. J. and M. H. Daniels built the first wooden store in Toledo, next to the old Toledo House. During the first presidential contest between General Harrison and Van Buren, 1836, W. J. Daniels and Judge E. D. Potter, Sr., were joint proprietors of the Toledo Blade and it was their money that saved the paper from suspension at this period and the plant then became the property of two young printers Fairbanks & Willar from Detroit. The first schoolhouse in Toledo was built in 1834 at the expense of Willard J. Daniels in the vicinity of now the uptown old Toledo University buildings. The first teacher was Mrs. Munson H. Daniels, whose maiden name was Harris Wright. It was in this building on Washington Street near the old canal that the clandestine and first session of court in Lucas County was held, a little after midnight on September 7, 1835. SANFORD L. COLLINS. While as he says, Sanford L. Collins was early connected wi the settlement on Ten Mile Creek, or Tremainesville, his "Rem iscences" (written in 1873) gave a review of the whole list TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1313 early settlements comprising early Toledo—Port Lawrence, istula and Manhattan. His story in the main is as follows: "My residence in the Vistula section was from December, 831, to February 1833, in the employ of Lewis Godard, Esq., of Detroit, whose interest, under his instructions, both in merandise and real estate, I closed out, in February, 1833, then returned to Detroit. During this time, however, I had, in connection with Mr. Godard, purchased lands at Ten Mile Creek, afterward Tremainesville, to which place I came from Detroit, and July following, (1833) erected a store; went to New York for goods, returned in October, and commenced improvements in land clearing, selling goods, &c., at which place I have since resided. "The resident heads of families, January 1, 1832, embraced within the limits of what was then Port Lawrence township, comprising what is now the city, Washington township, Manhattan, Oregon, and a part of Adams township, were as follows : In the city limits, north side of the river, Maj. B. F. Stickney, William Wilson, Wm. Riley (brother of Capt. James Riley, the old sea navigator), Hiram Bartlett, Dr. J. V. D. Sutphen, Michael T. Whitney, Sen., and Peter Bertholf. "In what is now (1872) Washington township, were in 1832 Major Coleman I. Keeler, Deacon Samuel J. Keeler (father of almon Keeler, Esq.), Charles G. Keeler, Noah A. Whitney, Jr., Milton D. Whitney, Eli Hubbard, Cyrus Fisher, John Phillips, P. J. Phillips, John and Joseph Roop, Capt. A. Evans, W. R. Merritt, Charles Evans, Peter, David and Wm. Lewis, Caleb Horton, Samuel Horton, Widow Holmes, Wm. Sibley, Andrew Jacobs, Christian Roop, Philip and Abel Mattoon, Dr. Wordon, Wm. Wilkinson, Moody Mills, John Leybourn, Peter Corno and Alexander Bernard. In what was afterwards Manhattan, were Tibbles Baldwin, Francis Loveway, Joseph Trombley, N. Guoir and Peter, Robert, Alexander, and James Navarre. "In Oregon were Joseph Prentice (father of Frederick rentice, Esq.), Ebenezer Ward, Robert Gardner, Mr. Whitmore nd Mr. Crane. "In what is now Adams, were Ezra Goodsell and Oliver P. tevens. "The winter of 1831-32 was employed by Capt. Hiram Brown and Capt. John and Tibbles Baldwin in establishing a fishery on a large scale—in season using a seine near the place now covered by the T. T. and Eastern Railway, that swept the river from shore to shore. 1314 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY "The commencement of Toledo, starting out with two names, Port Lawrence and Vistula, may, I think, fairly be dated January 1, 1832, at which time Capt. Samuel Allen and Otis Hathaway came on from Lockport, N. Y., to commence improvements in Vistula in accordance with a contract made with Major Stickney in September or October previous. Mr. Lewis Godard, of Detroit, above mentioned, and also a former Lockport man, came down and made a further contract with Major Stickney for some three acres of ground, to be selected after the same should have been platted, under which agreement Mr. Godard was to send here a stock of goods, which goods were sent in the month of December, 1831, under my charge, I being then in his (Mr. Godard's) employ, and were put up in an old deserted block-house, which Philo Bennett, also from Lockport, had put in condition for their reception, having come down from Detroit for that purpose, and who became a settler here, purchasing the tract on the opposite side of the river, next below the Yondota plat. This block-house into which the goods were placed, was built by William Wilson, Esq., (afterwards Judge Wilson) , at the same time that the town of Port Lawrence was first originated by the Cincinnati Company, in 1816—and had been so long deserted that it was perfectly surrounded with an undergrowth of timber of considerable size. "Why I say that the commencement of Toledo may fairly be dated on the 1st of January, 1832, is, that the contractors, with Major Stickney, concerning Vistula, were then on the ground to commence the performance of their contract. Mr. Godard, on his part, had sent the stock of goods, which were then opened and for sale. These demonstrations on the part of Messrs. Allen, Hathaway & Godard, in the way of town building, as well as their presence, were made the occasion of a grand ball to be holden in the old log warehouse then standing at the mouth of Swan Creek, occupying a portion of ground now (1872) in use by the Messrs. Roff, for their hardware store. This building, together with the old Vistula block-house, now occupied for the store, were about all that existed of the improvements at the time the Cincinnati Company attempted to build up a town here in 1816. "The old log warehouse, at this time, notwithstanding its antiquity, was really a building of great convenience. While a portion served for what was then considered a comfortable dwelling, occupied by Capt. John Baldwin, the upper part afforded the room for the grand ball upon the occasion before referred to, and which was participated in by the citizens generally (old as well TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1315 as young) of old Port Lawrence township, as well as with fair representations from Maumee, Perrysburg, Bay Settlement and Monroe; and as, upon all occasions of this kind in the then new settlement of the country, the best of feeling was manifested, especially among the residents of old Port Lawrence, who seemed to think that a new order of things was about to be inaugurated ; that improvements they had so long and so anxiously waited for were now about to be commenced. "The Vistula part of the city was then laid off and platted, and the clearing of the plat of brush and timber commenced; also, the putting in of a long line of docking in front of the property at the foot of Lagrange Street, extending down toward Elm Street some forty rods or thereabouts. This line of docking was built upon the ice, and notwithstanding its great weight, it being some nine feet high, it did not break through until the ice began to give way in the spring; and of course, while kept up by the ice, presented a very formidable appearance; so much so, that it attracted the attention of our enterprising neighbors of Perrysburg, who came down upon the ice with a large party to pay their respects to the new proprietors and witness the new mode of building docks without piling. After examining carefully, they said it looked very well, but thought it would disappear with the ice in the spring, and perhaps the same might be the case with many of the new inhabitants in the coming months of July and August, with fevers and agues, which they most assuredly would have. The spring came, and contrary to the predictions of our Perrysburg neighbors, the dock did not disappear, but became greatly displaced; and so with the new settlers, they did not disappear, but had any amount of shaking. "After the opening of navigation that year, an attempt was made on the part of the proprietors, in connection with Mr. Godard, to make an arrangement with some one of the boats then running in the regular line from Buffalo to Detroit, to come in here on her up trip, thereby having one boat a week. In this, however, they did not succeed, but made an arrangement with the steamer Pioneer to run between here and Sandusky, meeting the regular boats at Sandusky, and bringing passengers and immigrants destined for the Maumee Valley and Southern Michigan, direct to Vistula. To aid in this matter, Two Stickney was sent as the agent of the proprietors to Buffalo, to change the tide of immigration or immigrant travel, so far as it was possible, to this route, by giving the necessary assurance that a boat would be 1316 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY in readiness at Sandusky to take them to Vistula. Under this arrangement, the steamer Pioneer performed a few trips, and then abandoned it, as not paying. During this time, however, the fine schooner Eagle, with its gallant Captain, David Wilkinson, made her regular trips from Perrysburg to Buffalo. Also the regular weekly trips of the steamer General Gratiot, Capt. Arthur Edwards, from Detroit to Maumee, touched at Vistula and afforded a communication with Buffalo by way of Detroit. "During that spring and summer, (1832) there came, as settlers, Capt. Samuel Allen and family, Otis Hathaway, Munson H. Daniels, Daniel Washburn, C. G. Shaw and family, Oliver Stevens and family, James Maddocks, Stephen B. Comstock, Philander Wales, Dr. Fassett (who with Stevens, Wales and Mad-docks, and other families, settled on the opposite side of the river) and Richard Greenwood, I think, came in that year. Oliver Spaulding and Daniel 0. Comstock came in the fall. "Among the improvements that were made that year, and the most important in the way of building, was the erection of a store under instructions from Mr. Godard, on the southeast corner of Summit and Lagrange streets, being on the property embraced in the purchase by him of Major Stickney, before referred to, which purchase covered the whole front on Summit from Lagrange to Elm streets, running to the river, covering the line of docking mentioned. On the front, on the northwesterly side of Summit, from Lagrange to Elm, except two lots, the consideration was the payment of $300, and the sending down of the stock of goods, put up in the old block-house heretofore mentioned; during the summer, and while the store was being erected, Mr. Godard formed a co-partnership with Elkanah Briggs, from the vicinity of Albany, N. Y., Mr. Briggs purchasing the undivided one-half of that portion of the real estate already referred to, above Cedar Street, including the store, which was afterwards completed and supplied with goods by the purchases of Mr. Godard, and sent here for Briggs & Godard. In October, Mr. Briggs came here with his family, occupying for a dwelling the upper part of the store, which had been fitted up for that purpose. On the arrival of the goods for Briggs & Godard, the remaining stock in the old block-house was sold to Capt. John Baldwin of Port Lawrence, who fitted up a small unoccupied building, into which they were put, together with purchases from other sources, making a very respectable store. (This Baldwin building stood on Summit Street, between Perry and Monroe, and TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1317 was known in after years as the old Saux' grocery) ; so that in the fall of 1832 both the upper and lower town (the old town of Port Lawrence having been revived under the agency of Stephen B. Comstock) could each boast of a store of some credit, especially that of Briggs & Godard, both in its building as well as in its stock. Mr. Godard's interest in the store and real estate of Briggs & Godard, was sold to Briggs in January, 1833, he (Briggs) selling to Edward Bissell, I think, in the fall of 1833; this store was then occupied by Flagg & Bissell, then by M. L. Collins & Co., then by Clark & Bennett, then by Dr. Jacob Clark, then by Ketcham & Snell, and finally burned while being occupied by Elijah S. Hanks, in 1845 or 1846. "During the year 1832, notwithstanding the importance of the two rival towns (Vistula and Port Lawrence), they were yet without any mail facilities, their post office nearly three miles distant, at Ten Mile Creek (later Tremainesville) on the line of the old United States Turnpike (so called). Cyrus Fisher, Esq., P. M., resided in a blockphouse of some considerable size, kept as a tavern and store, standing on the ground now occupied by Mr. Sharer's old tavern house, the mail being carried through for the supply of the offices along the line, from Fremont to Detroit, on horseback, some three times a week. The name of this post office was the same as that of the township, Port Lawrence. Mr. Fisher, the then P. M. leaving the neighborhood, Mr. Calvin Tremaine a very worthy man from Vermont, settling there with a small store of goods, was appointed P. M. in the place of Mr. Fisher. Mr. John P. Converse, the Mail Contractor, on the route from Fremont to Detroit, changed the horseback mail to a daily line of coaches. This was at that time a very great convenience, affording an opportunity by public conveyance of reaching Detroit, or east to Buffalo, during the winter months. "About this time the question of petitioning for a post office was talked about, and of course each locality wanted not only the office on account of the name, but the postmaster also. The lower town wanted the name of Vistula, and the upper, Port Lawrence. A meeting of the citizens of both towns was called, and a strong effort made to agree upon some one for P. M., also, the name of the office; and to at once petition for its establishment. "Among the reasons for prompt action in this matter, aside from the long distance we were compelled to travel for mail accommodations, were, that sometimes when one was commis- 1318 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY sioned to bring in the mail for all the neighborhood, and happening not to be supplied with the ready money necessary (which unfortunate circumstance would sometimes occur, in spite of us), the P. M., although a worthy man, but not sufficiently appreciating the efforts that were being made in building up, not only one, but two towns, would decline parting with the mail until the money was forthcoming, so that, in some instances, the second journey would have to be performed for the same mail. "Some time during the winter of 1832-3, a post office was established, taking the name of the Ten Mile Creek office (Port Lawrence) , and giving to that office the name of Tremainesville, adding the "s" and ville to the name of its then P. M., (Tremaine). Stephen B. Comstock had the appointment of P. M. at the Port Lawrence office. The post-office department also established a new mail route from Tremainesville to Toledo, or Port Lawrence. Major B. F. Stickney had the contract for carrying the mail upon this route, supplying the Port Lawrence office with its mail from the Tremainesville office three times a week for the net proceeds of the Port Lawrence office, provided the same did not exceed $15 per quarter. Under this arrangement Tremainesville became the distributing office for Port Lawrence and Vistula, instead of their delivery office as theretofore. This state of things, however, did not last always. During the fall and winter of 1834-5, the Manhattanites, a most enterprising people, opened up a new road in the direction of Monroe, intersecting the old Turnpike near the state line, while Vistula and Port Lawrence, anxious to improve their mail facilities, had opened a road along the bank of the river to Fort Miami, thereby making a very passable road from the old Turnpike at Fort Miami, by way of Port Lawrence, Vistula and Manhattan, intersecting the old Turnpike at the state line, as before stated. "The mail upon the old Turnpike route was then changed to this new route, and the writer (S. L. Collins) who was then Postmaster at Tremainesville, was advised of that change March 3, 1835, and also that thereafter the post office at Tremainesville would be supplied with its mail from the Port Lawrence office, and instructed to give to Major Stickney for such mail service the same compensation allowed in the supplying of the Port Lawrence office, to wit : the net proceeds of the Tremainesville office, provided the same did not exceed the sum of fifteen dollars per quarter ! The office was continued until the change in the rates of postage, and then abandoned." TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1319 MR. AND MRS. SAMUEL ALLEN. Prominent among the early builders of Toledo was Capt. Samuel Allen. Mrs. Allen, his wife, who after the Captain's death made her home with her son-in-law, the late and well known Judge Thomas Dunlap, while living there told the following: "When my husband, Captain Allen, visited the Maumee Valley in October, 1831, the principal Ottawa Indian village was located on the west or Manhattan side of the river near the bay and where the government made its payments to the tribe. Their hunting grounds were on the opposite side of the river. I remember well the beautiful road leading from Vistula to the Indian village. It was winding, and shaded by magnificent trees. We frequently rode thither with Major Stickney in his one horse wagon; and as we passed through the village, the little Indians would run out calling him—`Father ! Father!' which would please Mr. Stickney greatly. What is now (1872) chiefly the track of Summit Street, formed then a charming ride through a delightful forest. The banks of the river, at some sections, were bold, high bluffs, and the graceful little fawns and flocks of wild turkey, in season, often crossed our path as we were riding, and would disappear in the deep woods back from the river. I had two fawns for my especial playmates; each having a bell attached to its neck, and they were my daily companions in my many woods rambles. "The Vistula division of the town was surveyed by Seneca Allen. The streets bear the names originally given them—myself naming La Grange in memory of the home, in France, of Lafayette. Major Stickney gave Summit Street its name ; and Captain Allen suggested the names of all the others. During the autumn of 1831 our family returned to Lockport, and in the winter following Captain Allen re-appeared with a force of hands and built the first wharf in the new town (Vistula) at the foot of Lagrange Street. After the opening of Lake navigation in the spring of 1832, our whole family removed to Vistula. At Buffalo my husband chartered a steamboat, the Pioneer and freighted her with the family, servants, workmen, goods and provisions; and on the last day of May, 1832, passengers and goods were landed at Vistula. "The Indians were uniformly kind and hospitable. Their title was extinguished by treaty made on the part of the United States by the Territorial Governor of Michigan, in 1833. The Canadian French were also courteous and obliging, and many of their suggestions regarding the diseases then peculiar to the coun- 1320 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY try, and means to avoid them, were ascertained to be valuable. Venison, wild geese, turkeys, duck, &c., were abundant. In the summer and autumn of 1833, the feeble colony, as well as the French and Indians, suffered much from sickness. The first weeping willow transplanted on this soil, was brought from Columbus by myself, and the slip had been used on the route as a riding whip." The willow tree referred to by Mrs. Allen, which sprang from the branch placed in the ground by her own hands in 1832, attained a large growth, and, having lived forty years, was destroyed by a storm, in 1872, the same year that her own death occurred. It occupied a corner of. Lagrange and Superior streets. The remains of Captain Allen and wife now rest in Forest Cemetery. Mr. and Mrs. Judge Dunlap, who passed their youthful and maturer days here, and their children, who were born in Toledo, were the only descendants of the family so prominent in the early history of the place. In 1824, Noah Ashley Whitney, Sr., entered eighty acres of land from the Government within the heart of Toledo, of which the junction of Adams Street and Collingwood is practically the center. His son Noah A. Whitney, Jr., in 1825, entered 160 acres also within later the city limits. The wife of Noah, Jr., was the first class leader of the Methodist Church Society of Toledo, under the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. Baughman the pioneer Methodist minister of that region, whose circuit at the time took in also Detroit, and east to Lower Sandusky (Fremont). It required an entire month for the pastor to complete one full round of his circuit. Samuel I. Keeler removed in 1830 with his family from Onondaga County, New York, to the place owned in 1872 by Mr. Machen, Adams Street. Mr. Keeler, with Dr. Conant, Maumee, and a clergyman, from the River Raisin, organized the first Presbyterian Church in Toledo, in June, 1833. Among the members were Mr. Keeler, his wife and one daughter. The first church meeting was held at Mr. Keeler's house, which remained the only place for public worship during a period of four years; and meetings were then held in a schoolhouse, where later stood the African Church, between Monroe and Washington streets. They were not at first enabled to procure wine for sacramental uses, but Mr. Keeler obtained some raisins from Monroe, and, with these and sugar, an article was produced that was made to sub- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1321 serve the purpose. Mr. Keeler died in 1868, at the age of eightyfour years. Doctor Horatio Conant, one of the earliest physicians of the Maumee Valley has already been spoken of. In the Toledo area in 1873, Doctor Jacob Clark was the only survivor of the heroic and self-sacrificing, old time physicians in that section. He estabplished himself in Vistula in 1834, and besides his professional duties, engaged in the mercantile trade some five years. In 1841 he was elected state senator, from the district then comprised of Lucas, Henry, Williams, Putnam, Paulding, Van Wert and Allen counties. His medical duties carried him through a practice of some forty years. Among the contemporaries of Doctor Clark were Doctors Fassett, Bowman, Sutphen, Mosher, Perkins, Ackley, Bostwick, Brush, McLain and Smith. Doctor Oscar White, a veteran physician of the Maumee Valley, who was also quite prominent in real estate operations in Toledo, wrote this: "I came on to this river in August, 1828, and settled at Maumee, then the principal place of business in Wood County. In 1833, I vaccinated the Ottawa tribe of Indians for the Governpment, then numbering about 800. The first corn I bought (in 1829) to feed my horse, I paid 121/, cents per bushel for. The horse I paid $31 for, and he was a pretty good horse. I practiced medicine and went to Findlay, and nearly to Defiance, and nearly to Adrian, in Michigan, to see patients. There were few people here in 1828, but the men and women who were here, had distinct individual characters; were independent and outspoken, and knew how to take care of themselves in a frontier life. In autumn, the country was beautiful beyond any which I have ever beheld, and abounded in cranberries, venison, and wild honey." Thomas Daniels came to Toledo in 1837, and in 1838 engaged as clerk and apothecary student in the office of Dr. Charles McLean, and subsequently was a medical student in the office of one who was a hero in his profession, the late Dr. Calvin Smith, whom he attended in his last hours, during the cholera visitation in 1852. In 1846, Mr. Daniels engaged in the drug business on his own account, in which he continued, corner of Summit and Cherry streets, until the late '70s. In regard to the Crane family, prominent in the early history of Toledo and Northwestern Ohio, is found the following notation: 1322 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY "Gabriel Crane, with a younger brother, Josiah L., born in Orange County, New York, March 30, 1800, travelled to Ohio on foot, leaving their native place December, 1821. On New Year's day, 1822, they walked forty miles, each carrying with him a knapsack weighing between thirty and forty pounds; arrived at Dayton, after several stoppages near Worthington, Franklinton, and in Ross County, March, 1822. At Dayton they remained about four years, and in December, 1826, removed to Perrysburg. In 1835, Gabriel Crane removed to his present (1872) residence in Oregon township, and built the first frame house between Perrysburg and the mouth of the river. Part of his place is now within the corporate limits of Toledo." Regarding some of the old lake captains and sailors: Capt. B. G. Sweet in 1873, was in the coal business, the firm being Sweet & Standart. He was one of the old navigators of the lakes. He began his career as a sailor on board the schooner Hannah, fitted out at Dunkirk, N. Y., in the spring of 1822. His first command was the North Star, which ran eight years as an excursion steamer to the head of Lake Superior. He was commander of the side-wheel steamer, The Northerner, the first to pass through the Sault Ste. Marie canal. His last boat was the propeller S. D. Caldwell, when he quit the marine service in 1868. Capt. James W. Deneal, yet living in Toledo, East Side, in 1873, began his seafaring life on salt water in 1811, as cabin boy on the ship Century, of Alexandria, Va., under Capt. Oliver P. Findley. During the War of 1812, Deneal served as quartermaster on board the American privateer brig Rino of Boston, Capt. William White. In 1818, Captain Deneal began his career as a Great Lakes navigator as mate of the schooner Genesee Packet, of Ogdensburg, N. Y. During a period of seven years, he sailed on Lake Ontario in command of different vessels. In 1827, he was mate of the schooner General Houston, built and owned by business interests where Toledo was developed, and evidently the first boat launched in now Toledo Harbor. Subsequently, Captain Deneal had command of the schooner Whittlesey, a vessel built by himself, but chartered by the U. S. Government and employed in the revenue service. After sailing this ship two seasons, Captain Deneal in 1847, had command of the propeller B. F. Bruce of Detroit; in 1850 commanded the schooner Atlas; in 1852 the schooner Richards; in 1853 the schooner Jennie; in 1856 the scow TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1323 Temperance; and from 1862 to 1866 inclusive, had command of the North Star. In the latter year he terminated his marine service, and finding inactivity irksome, took the position of patrolman on the Toledo police force. And when the material from which this information was taken was written (1873) at the age of 81 years he was an efficient officer. The following valuable information concerning early days on the Maumee River was written of a prominent character also in 1873; "Henry T. Williams, now of Archbold, Fulton County, in 1834 removed to Maumee City. In 1835 he built a horse ferry boat for Gen. J. E. Hunt and Jonathan Wood; and then went up the river to Fort Defiance and Brunersburg (mouth of Tiffin River). The latter, town was then growing very rapidly. In addition to mills, stores, etc., sixty other buildings were erected during a period of three years; but scarcely a trace of these impprovements now remains. At that time the water in Bean Creek (now by some known as Tiffin River) was considered an important stream; and Samuel A. Sargeant, of Maumee City, bought out Mr. Bruner's town, and owned the only craft that undertook steam navigation above the head of the rapids. This boat was built by Captain Williams, and commanded by him; and, in 1836 or '37, ran down to the head of the rapids and took freight for Fort Wayne; and the water being high, ascended the river without difficulty. The citizens of Fort Wayne were delighted with the appearance of a steamboat in their waters, and an excursion was projected up the St. Marys River from their town; but a bridge arrested the course of the steamboat. Three trips were made by the boat between Providence (Lucas County) and Fort Wayne, and in each instance expenses were well paid. But the water failed, and daily trips of the boat could only be made the distance of 22 miles, between Providence and the mouth of Flat Rock (Florida)." Coming down to what might be classed as the second generation of prominent men of early Toledo, there were M. D. Carrington, Samuel M. Young, Daniel F. Cook, Frederick Eaton, Valentine H. Ketcham, Elias Fassett, Gen. John W. Fuller, Sheldon C. Reynolds, Aaron L. Kelsey, Calvin Bronson, A. L. Backus, L. S. Baumgardner, R. A. Bartley, Charles A. Crane, Oliver S. Bond, George W. Davis, George Emerson, George R. Haynes, Charles A. King, David R. Locke, Guido Marx, George E. Pomeroy, 1324 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Emery D. Potter, Denison B. Smith, Minot I. Wilcox and many more of the same period. Valentine H. Ketcham in 1843, cut the brush and undergrowth and cleared the ground where now stands the old Produce Exchange Building, corner of Madison Avenue and St. Clair Street, and on the site built a brick dwelling house. At the time there was but one other home within sight of that point, that of Charles G. Keeler on the southeast corner of the same square, where is now the U. S. Government Building. Mr. Ketcham paid one thousand dollars for his lot, later sold it to John Poag for $4,700, who in turn sold it to The Produce Exchange for $55,000. The value of this location now would run high into the six figures. In 1852, Mr. Ketcham bought the west sixty feet of the ground where now stands the Government Building for $1,200; and in 1864 sold the same piece for $4,500. In 1880 the U. S. Government paid $27,000 for this sixty feet. Mr. Ketcham was from New York State, born in 1815, and spent his earliest years on a farm. His mercantile education started with J. F. Cropsey, dry goods, Canal Street, New York City. Landing from a steamer over Lake Erie, at Detroit, in 1836, he purchased eighty acres of land in Oakland County, Michigan. He soon visited Toledo, and in 1836 opened up a stock of goods at the head of Perry Street on St. Clair, where later was the old Merchants Hotel, renting the room from Coleman I. Keeler, Jr. This was the germ of the present house of Berdan & Company. In 1837, he moved his store to Summit Street, adjoining the then Indiana House, corner of Perry. The next year he moved his stock to the corner of Summit and Lagrange, taking a location occupied by Dr. Jacob Clark and Philo Bennett as merchants. In 1841 Ketcham again moved, to 32-34 Summit Street, where he began a wholesale trade, being benefited by the opening of the Miami Canal, connecting Toledo and Cincinnati. In 1846 Joseph K. Secor joined Ketcham, the firm being Ketcham & Secor, which continued until 1851, when Mr. Ketcham withdrew and devoted his whole attention to the banking business, begun in 1847 and continued in 1850, when he with John Poag opened a private bank. In 1853 John Berdan and S. S. Hubbard became associated with Mr. Ketcham in this banking company as Ketcham, Berdan & Company. This firm continued until it was merged into the First National Bank of Toledo, organized in September, 1863, of which institution Mr. Ketcham was president until his death July 30, 1887. He was succeeded as president by Sheldon C. Reynolds, of which solid TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1325 organization, in 1929, Harold S. Reynolds, a grandson of S. C. Reynolds, is president, succeeding his father, Frederick J. Reynolds, in that capacity. Mr. Ketcham's business activities were prolonged by his outdoor life and farming interests in his later years, and the mile of distance between his Cherry Street home and the bank on Summit Street was rarely passed except on foot, and that sometimes three or four times daily. Samuel M. Young was the son of a leading architect and builder of New Hampshire, and was born at Lebanon, in that state, in 1806. He came to Lucas County in 1835, just at the time the Ohio-Michigan boundary dispute was settled, and located at Maumee City in the practice of law. He was then twentypnine years of age. Upon the organization of the County of Lucas he was appointed its first auditor. Three years later, in 1838, a young Yale graduate also arrived at Maumee, named Morrison R. Waite, from Lyme, Conn. He selected the law as his profession and entered the office of Mr. Young, where he pursued the one year's study requisite for admission to the bar under the then laws of Ohio. The firm of Young & Waite, attorneys, was then formed, which continued until 1852. In the meantime Mr. Waite, two years before, had opened an office in Toledo, and upon the dissolution of the partnership Mr. Young retired from practice and turned his attention to banking. In 1855, with others, he purchased the Bank of Toledo, a branch of the State Bank of Ohio, with which he was actively identified until it was reorganized in 1865, under the national banking laws, as The Toledo National Bank. Of the new institution he was made president and was active in that capacity until his death in 1897. In July, 1907, the National Bank of Toledo was absorbed by the National Bank of Commerce. Mr. Young was active in the early railroad affairs of Toledo, and in 1862, with Abner L. Backus, built the then giant grain elevators on Water Street, near Adams, then designed in a large measure for the canal trade. Mr. Young for several years was owner of the old toll bridge across the Maumee River between Perrysburg and Maumee, which in 1877 was purpchased by the counties of Lucas and Wood. This old wooden affair would not compare well with the magnificent concrete and steel structure which now spans the Maumee at that point. Mr. Mott W. Young, chairman of the board of The Toledo Trust Company and prominent in Toledo financial circles, is the surviving and youngest son of Samuel M. Young. 1326 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY John Berdan, the first mayor- of Toledo, born in New York City in 1798, came from Medina County, Ohio, with his family and located in the future great city in September, 1835. Like the arrival of many prominent characters who figured conspicupously in the development of Toledo, it was at the height of the OhiopMichigan boundary controversy. Mr. Berdan soon engaged in the forwarding and commission business with B. H. Peckham, the firm name being Peckham & Company. Their warehouse was located at the foot of Lagrange Street. They carried on the bulk of the business of that character in Toledo, the steamboats generally stopping at their docks. Besides being mayor two terms, Mr. Berdan in 1839 was chosen associate judge, which position he held until his death October 11, 1841. Peter Berdan, his son, was only thirteen years old when he entered the store of Titus & Company, Toledo, as clerk, at a salary of $75 per year. In 1845 he was given the same position with the firm of Ketcham & Secor (V. H. Ketcham and Joseph K. Secor) , where he remained three years. In 1848 Mr. Peter Berdan and Salmon H. Keeler organized the firm of Berdan & Keeler, general merchants. Berdan contributed $156, and Keeler $132, their savings as clerks. Six years later, in 1854, the firm of Secor, Berdan & Company was organized, with which Mr. Berdan was connected until his retirement from active business in 1877. Besides being prominently identified with other business activities, one of Mr. Berdan's great prides was the early Toledo Fire Department. He was for years foreman of the old "No. One Engine Company" and entered the volunteer fire service when but a boy. The early fire protection of Toledo, such as it was, was due largely to his interest and energy. John Berdan, a brother of Peter, was long associated with him in trade, and the great wholesale grocery house of Berdan & Company, the beginning of which, as said, was estabplished by Valentine H. Ketcham in 1834, and with which the Secors and Berdans were prominently connected, is today the outgrowth of the various early interests of the Berdans and Secors. For nearly a century now the name of Secor has been conpnected with the development of Toledo and its numerous ideals. Benjamin Secor, by occupation a farmer, brought his family, of which there were twelve children in all, from the upper Hudson River section of 'York State to Lenawee County, Michigan, in 1844. Joseph K. Secor, a son, born in September, 1822, had preceded the family and arrived at Toledo in 1840. Here he entered TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1327 the employ of Valentine H. Ketcham; then in the grocery trade. Industry and thrift soon brought him a partnership agreement as Ketcham & Secor. In 1850 Peter F. Berdan succeeded Mr. Ketcham and the firm became Secor, Berdan & Company, the company being George Secor. The firm then also operated as a private banking house. As elsewhere stated, this was merged into the First National Bank when organized in 1863, Mr. Secor becoming vice president. Mr. Secor's wife, who was Elizabeth Ketcham, first visited Toledo in 1844. Mr. Secor died in Toledo, April 16, 1892. James Secor, a younger brother of Joseph K., was a boy ten years old when he arrived in the West with his parents. He came to Toledo to cast his lot in 1854, and began work with Secor, Berdan & Company. Only four years later he became a member of the firm and then its general manager. At this time John B. Ketcham and Maro Wheeler were also admitted into the partnership. After the rapid and successful growth of this wholesale grocery, with which he continued for thirty years, Mr. James Secor retired therefrom in 1888. Turning his attention to banking more especially, Mr. Secor was one of the organizers of the Union Savings Bank and later the Union Safe Deposit & Trust Company, and was then president of both institutions. He was also one of the incorporators of the old Merchants & Clerks Savings Bank and was a leading spirit in the organization of the Security Trust Company. He was for an important period president of the Woolson Spice Company and vice president of the old Northern National Bank. Mr. Secor died December 11, 1901. His son, the late Jay K. Secor, was for several years also prominent in the affairs of Toledo. In the lobby of the Hotel Secor hang fine portraits in oil of Joseph K. and James Secor, the work of the artist, William Funke. The painting of Joseph K. Secor was presented by Mrs. Secor and her son, Arthur Secor, while that of James Secor was given by the late Jay K. Secor and the latter's mother. Although Dresden W. H. Howard was not, strictly speaking, connected with Toledo interests, he was in his long career closely identified with the Lower Maumee Valley. With his grandfather, Thomas Howard, and the latter's sons, Edward, Robert A. and Richard and their wives (D. W. H. being a son of Edward Howard), he reached Fort Meigs just as dusk was enveloping the scene on June 17, 1821. The caravan left their home on the 1328 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY banks of Seneca Lake, near Geneva, N. Y., May 22nd of that year. The grandfather rode on horseback, the families, with their small supplies of clothing and household goods, being loaded into two two-horse covered wagons. Over almost impassable roads the party reached the then Village of Buffalo. Here the grandfather, with the women and children, including Dresden, embarked upon a thirtypton schooner, Capt. Anson Reed, skipper, for the Maumee. The voyage was stormy and perilous. After a journey consuming twenty-six days in all, they arrived at Fort Meigs, where they were kindly received by the white residents of Orleans, the little hamlet under the fort. The scene on entering the mouth of the Maumee ever remained clear in the mind of the then boy of six years. It was 10 o'clock in the forenoon (June 17, 1821). The dark color of the river water was in strange contrast with the shadowy green of the clear lake. The tents of the Indians on the west side of the Maumee stood out in bold relief. The red men were there on annuity affairs with Major Stickney, then Indian Agent, and their camp extended from the major's residence, near then Bush Street, up to the mouth of Swan Creek. The Indians were actively engaged in racing and enjoying other sports. Upon noting the little schooner they gave one wild, "unearthly yell" and ran down to the bank of the stream to get as close to the ship as possible. The boy Dresden was greatly interested, but the women crouched in fear on the deck. Farther uppstream from Swan Creek "there was nothing to be seen but the primeval forest which lined the banks, except now and then a deer or fawn which had sought protection in the water from the swarms of mosquitoes or from some hungry wolf." The teams were many days behind the arrival of the boat, the Black Swamp being almost impossible to cross. The real destination of the caravan was Anpau-baAnn Arbor, Mich. But the persuasion of the Hollisters, Spaffords, Forsythes, General Hunt and other settlers induced them to remain, and they took quarters in little cabins of barkpcovered walls. A little space of ground was soon cleared, where they planted small patches of corn, potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, etc. With "dog days" came ague and fever, gladly relieved by the October frosts and the abundance of fish and cornppone it brought. Thomas Howard, the grandfather, first entered 160 acres of Government land where now is the thriving and prosperous Village of Woodville, surrounded by its great lime industries. The then dismal Black Swamp was too much of a handicap and, after   TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1329 selling his land to Amos E. Wood, the founder of Woodville, Howard looked about for another location. In 1822 lands were purchased at Gilead site, now Grand Rapids, Wood County, where cabins were built for Edward, Robert A. and Richard Howard. In the spring of 1823 they cut a road from the Indian Mission which had just been located at the mouth of Tontogany Creek (now on land-1929--owned by B. H. Urschel) through a dense wilderness to their opening eight miles above. The Howards, at the head of the Maumee Rapids, founded their settlement immediately opposite the reservation of Peter Manor, where the latter later laid out the Village of Providence, Lucas County. About later Providence and directly across the river from the Howards was the Ottawa Indian Village of Kin-jai-no. The Howard families, except Robert A., cleared away the woods and made of their locations comfortable homes. Edward Howard, Dresden's father, was a soldier in the War of 1812, the grandfather being in the American Revolution. Coming to the valley as a child and with Indian playmates, Dresden learned the language of several of the tribes and became much attached to Indian life and their problems. He was in demand by the early traders, and when the late treaties were made he did valuable service in collecting the wandering Indian bands for their removal beyond the Mississippi, from 1832 to 1838. In the later years of his life, D. W. H. Howard took up his residence in now Fulton County, on the site of the old Indian Village of Winameg, where many of the tribe found their last resting place, as did Mr. Howard himself, and where he now lies buried. It was in the spring of 1827, when a lad of ten, that Mr. Howard. first visited this village and there ate his first bowl of hominy and roast venison and took his first drink from the cooling spring that flowed from a shaded spot at the foot of the hill. The Indians had just returned from their winter hunts and the squaws from their maple sugar camps in now the rich territory of the State of Michigan. They were having their annual dance and feast, and their worship of the Great Spirit (Chi Manitoo), to which they returned thanks for their successful hunt and asked for a successful season to follow. Corn, beans and pumpkins are still raised there, but not by the faithful and patient squaws of bygone days. On the walls of the home of the old Howard place yet hang two most valuable historical paintings in oil. In 1873, or thereabouts, Mr. W. H. Machen, a Toledo artist, painted these subjects for Mr. Howard. They are of great interest. One is of the old 1330 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Maumee River Howard home, near now Grand Rapids, made from a description of the old log house and surroundings, with the rapids in the middle foreground, flanked by an almost unbroken forest and with deep woods in the background. Three islands are shown in the river, one of which has since been completely washed away. On the opposite bank from the cabin are shown several Indian wigwams with the figures of their habitants. Up the river at the water's edge stand several deer, held at bay by the sight of civilization they knew not of ; while yet above are skulking wolves, evidently with designs upon their coveted prey. The second painting represents the same scene a half century later, made from the actual situation then. The dense forests have melted away, the Indian wigwams and their occupants are gone, the wolves have disappeared, the log cabin has been supplanted by a stone dwelling, civilization is shown on every hand, including the river dam and the canal, with Gilead (Grand Rapids) and Providence in the distance. The companion pieces are striking illustrations of the progress of civilization. Besides these, Mr. Machen also painted two scenes of Mr. Howard's Fulton County home. Frederick Eaton, the pioneer merchant of the second era of Toledo, began his mercantile career in his native state of New Hampshire, where he clerked three years for the total sum of $150. He arrived in Toledo early in 1857 and first engaged in the same capacity for Hobart & Gleason and then Keeler & Hunt. In September, 1857, he established the dry goods firm of F. Eaton & Company, John Eaton, Jr., being the company. The location was 115 Summit Street, west side, between Monroe and Jefferson. Their capital was their savings as clerks. The following year they took a double room at 77-79 Summit, and in August, 1859, Asa Backus, from Connecticut, succeeded John Eaton, Jr., and the firm became Eaton & Backus. In 1863 C. A. King, under an arrangement with the firm, erected, for that period, a fine building, corner Summit and Madison, which they occupied as the "Palace Store." In 1866 they moved to 169p171 Summit Street, which store in 1872 was destroyed with heavy loss. A new building there, including in all 165p171 Summit, was soon occupied and Mr. Backus withdrew from the firm. When he first opened business in Toledo, Mr. Eaton had one clerk, and at night "slept upon his counter as a protection from burglaries and to save fire insurance policies." In 1887 he had the largest wholesale and TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1331 retail dry goods establishment in Ohio outside of Cincinnati, with a force of over 200 salesmen, clerks and helpers, and a business that year of a million and a quarter dollars. The Lion Dry Goods Company is the continuation of the Eaton establishment. Mr. Eaton was one of the founders of the old Milburn Wagon Company, the Gendron Wheel Company, the old Merchants National Bank, the Merchants & Clerks Savings Bank, the old TripState Fair Association, and many other institutions of prominence. Clark Waggoner wrote the following further story in 1888, told by Dr. Jacob Clark as he saw the "city" of Toledo in 1834 : In 1877 the First Ward, Toledo, was represented in the City Council by two pioneer physicians, each of whom, at that time, had resided within the territory of the ward for over forty years. One of these was Dr. Jacob Clark. In the spring of 1834 he set out for Toledo. His attention was first called to Toledo, then known as Port Lawrence, by an article from Capt. Samuel Allen, and published in a Detroit paper, in which was set forth the peculiar advantages of the place as a market for Northern Ohio and Indiana, and Southern Michigan. An examination of a map gave Doctor Clark a highly favorable impression of the town, and April 10, 1834, he left Canton, St. Lawrence County, New York, with the intention of locating at Toledo. At Cleveland he was compelled to wait for forty-eight hours for an uppbound steamer for Detroit—no boat then running direct to the Maumee River, for the reason, as alleged at Cleveland, that there was not there sufficient water or trade to justify the connection, the town being in the midst of a great marsh and its inhabitants Indians, muskrats and frogs. Hence, he was compelled to reach his destination' via Detroit. At that place he remained two days, being meantime regaled with the Cleveland description of Toledo, materially emphasized. Altogether, the prospect thus presented was anything but inviting to a stranger seeking a home. Yet, it did not prevent his coming to judge for himself as to the facts of the case. About the 20th of April, in company with a Mr. Ward and an attorney from New York, on his way to Fort Wayne, Ind., the doctor took the small steamer General Brady, Capt. S. F. Atwood, the three constituting the passengers. On arriving at his destination, he found the situation essentially different, so far as topography was concerned. Both banks of the river were high and well stocked with vigorous timber, and altogether his hopes were materially strengthened. The steamer 1332 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY landed at the foot of Monroe Street. The only persons at the landing were John and Henry Goettel (two Germans). The warehouse there consisted of an old log building of many years' standing and contained a few boxes and old chairs, with a counter about eight feet in length, behind which was Andrew Palmer and a few shelves. Doctor Clark went to the hotel of the place, at the corner of Summit and Perry streets, then kept by Capt. Ezra Dodd. He could be kept over night, though he might not be able to get a bed. Upon inquiry, he learned that that was the only hotel in the place. Accepting the situation, he spent the night with a blanket between himself and the floor. There was a cot in the house, then occupied by Stephen Porter, to which Doctor Clark fortunately succeeded the next night. Early the following morning the doctor started out for a survey of the premises and the "town." Climbing a steep bank of about twentypfive feet at the foot of Monroe Street, corner of Summit, he had a fine view of the river for miles up and down the stream. There was an open space for about forty rods along the bank to the north, beyond which was nothing but an Indian trail until Lagrange Street was reached. The sun shone brightly, and the impression made by the fine shading oaks, with ample branches, was very pleasing, and confirmed his purpose to remain. Doctor Clark learned that Toledo was divided into "Upper," "Middle" and "Lower" towns. The first named consisted of that part extending from now Jefferson Street to Perry and up Swan Creek as far as the old city limits. At the corner of Jefferson and Summit stood an old Government block-house, between which and the river was old Fort Industry. Where Fort Industry block now stands (northeast corner of Summit and Monroe streets) was a sharp point of land, about twenty-five feet high, formed by the river bank on one side and a curve of a bank which ran back to near what is now the old canal bed. At that point was an opening of 200 or 300 feet, the banks then continuing up to where the canal aqueduct subsequently crossed Swan Creek, and forming nearly a semipcircle. The low grounds from Monroe Street to Swan Creek had the appearance of the bed of an old bay, the waters from which passed through the opening referred to, to Mud Creek below, and thence to the bay and lake. The topography of the route of Mud Creek yet strongly corroborated the view that it was at one time the bed of a considerable stream. Besides the hotel already referred to, there were in "Upper TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1333 Town" a frame house across Perry Street, where the Burnet House now stands (1888) , and occupied by Oliver Stevens (yet a resident of Toledo) ; a small brick building in the woods, almost under the bank and about twenty-five rods back from Summit Street, and occupied by Clement Bodette ; together with a few shanties, scattered along down the river. But one road led out of the "settlement." It was out Monroe Street, and passed the present residence of Judge Fitch, and on to Tremainesville. About half way to that place lived Dr. J. V. D. Sutphen, who there kept the only post office in this section. "Middle Town" consisted of a log house, located about sixty rods from Monroe Street, down the river, which was occupied by a washerwoman, by the name of Whitten, whose husband sailed some small eraft. "Lower Town" extended from Oak to Magnolia Street. It contained one store—that of Theodore Bissell and Junius Flagg, at the corner of Summit and Lagrange streets, who also had a small frame warehouse at the foot of Lagrange Street. On the corner opposite their store was a small one-story house, owned and occupied by Elkanah Briggs. On the west side of Lagrange lived Capt. Samuel Allen, one of the proprietors of the town,: whose office was opposite. At the corner of Summit and Elm streets was a frame house occupied and owned by Ira Smith, who there kept a boarding-house for men employed in erecting a steam sawmill for Edward Bissell, at the corner of Elm and Water streets. About half way between Locust and Lagrange, on Summit Street, lived Cornelius G. Shaw, who the following summer made an addition to his story-and-a-half house, and opened the second hotel in Toledo, naming it the Mansion House, afterwards called the Franklin House. In August, Mr. Shaw turned the house over to M. G. Sweet, from Southern Ohio, who added a small livery stable to the establishment, the first of the kind in Toledo. The balance of that portion of the town consisted of shanties, as far down the river as Bush Street, where lived the old Indian Agent, Maj. B. F. Stickney. About a half mile below was Colonel Wilkinson ; and below that, in the forest, was yet the settlement of the Ottawa Indians, where Manhattan subsequently was built. A sawmill, located on Summit Street, between Elm and Chestnut (owned and run by Edward Bissell) , commenced operations in July, 1834. The first foundry in Toledo occupied the present site of the 1334 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Lagrange Street school building. For such purpose the ground was cleared of a dense forest, the work of preparation beginning. in June, 1834. Samuel McDowell was the builder. The location then seemed a great way into the wilderness from the little settlement near the river. Hotels in 1834—The Port Lawrence (afterwards the Indiana) House, corner of Summit and Perry, kept by Capt. E. S. Dodd; and the Mansion House, between Lagrange and Locust, by C. G. Shaw; afterwards by M. G. Sweet. During the summer of 1834 the firm of Smith & Macy, of Buffalo, purchased or was given an interest in the town. They controlled several steamboats on the lake, and the arrangement was that two of these should stop at Toledo each week. They usually carried good loads of passengers, but did not come as regularly as was expected. By May, 1834, the arrivals had so far exceeded the accommodations of the town that boardingpplaces were very scarce. Under such state of things, Doctor Clark, J. Irvine Browne, J. Baron Davis and J. W. Fellows (the latter two from Troy, N. Y.), united for the establishment of a "Bachelor's Hall:" the object being mutual protection and care in sickness, no less than in the supply of food. For such purpose they had to provide quarters. To do this they were compelled, by the scarcity of lumber, to go to the only sawmill in this section, located on Swan Creek, where the Maumee and Monroe Pike crossed that stream, about three miles distant from Lagrange Street. Taking a scow up Swan Creek to the mill, they were able to pick up boards and slabs sufficient for a shanty 12x12 feet in size, which were brought down the creek in the scow, the propelling force for which consisted of poles moved by hand-power. The sawmill was run by a man named Goodale, and driven at brief and very uncertain periods by a scanty supply of water from the creek. With such materials the four partners proceeded to erect their home, about 150 feet west of Summit Street, and half way between Locust and Walnut. That completed, they got a cook-stove; bought a cow; sent to Detroit for a stock of provisions, consisting of hams, dried meat, crackers, flour, etc. Their bedsteads were made of round poles, and so constructed that they could be leaned up against the sides of the shanty when not in use—an arrangement which was found to be very convenient, not only during the day, but often at night also, when, in cases of rain, owing to the flow of water through their slab-roof, they found it necessary to vacate TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1335 their beds, raise them up against the wall, and themselves stand up as straight as possible where the fall of water was the least. Their beds consisted of straw, the ticks being manufactured for them of cotton cloth by Mrs. Sam. Allen. To these were added a few blankets picked up at different places. Their dishes and cooking utensils corresponded with the other appointments named. Thus provided, they applied to Mrs. Allen for instrucptions in the art of "housekeeping," and more especially in bread-making, in which art they came to be adepts, their bread being the envy of the neighborhood. Having little else to do, they spent most of their time in providing for and conducting their house-, hold affairs. They were enabled to obtain a good supply of game for their table, in which they were much assisted by a Mr. Crane, who afterwards kept a hardware store on Perry Street. In this shanty the "Bachelor" household remained for the balance of the summer and into the fall. It was within the privacy of this rude shanty, and by the young men its inmates, that was concocted the plan (elsewhere referred to) for inducing the renewed and more vigorous action taken by the Ohio authorities in the enforcement of the state's claim as to the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan. Meantime, there was a great extent of malarial disease among the settlers of the town, the larger portion of whom remained but a short time, and left to give room for succeeding arrivals. Doctor Clark remained until October, when, the "fever and ague" becoming too much for him, he returned to the East, remaining there until the following April (1835) when he came back to make his permanent home in Toledo, and to live to see the rude scene of his early experiences on the Maumee become the site of a large and thriving city, active with every description of industry and trade. Doctor Clark is able to settle one point in Toledo history which has not been definitely understood, but which is important, towit : The establishment of the first newspaper at this point. As else-here mentioned, he states that the first paper issued here was not the Gazette, as heretofore accepted, but the Toledo Herald. Doctor Clark and Mr. Browne, the conductor of the paper, were young adventurers together; co-owners and co-occupants of the board shanty already described; warm friends, "living together and sicking together." 9 - VOL. 2 CHAPTER LXV OLD FORTS INDUSTRY AND MIAMI Of the several posts or forts called Miami, the Fort Miami on the lower Maumee River, the site of which is within present Maumee City, was the most important. History shows this fact and reference is made to it all through the story of the early days of the Northwest. But the date of its establishment seems, like that of Fort Industry, in doubt. Mention of this fact appears in this publication at more than one point. One of the most definite statements as to when it was built was made by H. S. Knapp in 1873-1877, when he penned his "History of the Maumee Valley." Knapp wrote as follows: "During the year 1679, the Count de Frontenac, Governor of Canada, urged upon the French monarch the importance of erecting forts and trading posts in the Western country, along the chain of the Great Lakes. Though no assistance came from the profligate King, Frontenac, who was a man of great energy and spirit, sent out a number of trading parties, with authority to erect stores or posts and to take possession of all the country visited, in the name of the government of France." Under quotation marks Knapp further writes: " 'One of these parties found their way to the Miami or Maumee River, and in 1680, built a small stockade just below the site of Maumee City. This was an important trading point for several years, and in 1694 was under the command of Sieur Courthemanche; but was finally abandoned for a more eligible location at the head of the Maumee River, near where the City of Fort Wayne now stands. On the very spot where the fort of Maumee stood, the British, in 1794, erected Fort Miami.' " Knapp continues by saying that "this statement," (that within the double quotation marks) "is made upon the authority of the late A. T. Goodman, Esq., Secretary of the Western Re-1 serve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, who obtained the data upon which it is based from French records at Montreal and Quebec and papers at Albany and Harrisburg. Hence the occu- - 1336 - TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1337 pation of the Maumee ante-dated that sought to be established on the Detroit; the first effort at French settlement being made on the last named river in 1683." Therefore, Knapp obtains his authority for the statement, that the lower Maumee River Fort Miami was built in 1680, from A. T. Goodman, who claimed to have the information from the "French records at Montreal and Quebec and papers at Alpbany and Harrisburg." Unfortunately, no records found at any of these points show any such claim as made by the late and venerable Mr. Goodman. As stated elsewhere, it is fully established, however, that when explorer La Salle sailed westward over Lake Erie and to the entrance of Green Bay in the Grif fin in 1679, after he had started the Griffin back on her return voyage, never to .reach her destination, that with his expedition of eight canoes and in all thirty-three followers (including Hennepin, Tonty and several Indians) he paddled along the shore of Lake Michigan to the mouth of the St. Joseph or Miami River entering that lake. Here his men built a "rude log fort" named Fort Miami. As the Maumee River was then known as the "Miami of the Lake," it is readily seen how the confusion could arise, and how local historians, writing of the Fort Miami later established, and which they knew about on the lower Maumee, would assume that this was the Miami post built in 1679 or 1680, on Lake Michigan. It is not within reason that two Forts Miami were built in the Northwest at the same time, thus early in history-1680. The matter of the construction of Fort Miami is discussed in the chapter in this publication, dealing with La Salle. Again, the claim made that this Fort Miami or post on the lower Maumee was built in 1680 and later abandoned and rebuilt by the English Governor Simcoe in. 1794 is hardly tenable. As 114 years, much over a century, intervened between these dates, there certainly would be nothing left of the crude timbers of the fort to rebuild. There was nothing left of Fort Industry after one-fifth of that period. Of course there were French traders along the Maumee River at a very early date, but not sufficiently established to require a fortified post as early as 1680. When the Celoron expedition in 1749 came down the Maumee River, in their journals relating detailed accounts of their movements, both Celoron and Father Bonnecamps, as has been said, make extended mention of the Fort Miami built at the head of that river (Fort Wayne) and 1338 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY of their voyage down the Maumee, to the bay and Lake Erie, but neither one writes a single word about a fort or post on the lower Maumee. Reference is also made here to Alexander McKee's account of Fort Miami, which appears in Chapter XXXV of this work. McKee, who had a trading post near where is now Fort Meigs, was in a position to know the history of the Northwest from a very early date, although his claims of course would be colored by British prejudice. By reading what McKee says, it will be noted that he claims that Fort Miami was "built by the British Captain Pots in the year 1781," and "that the British flag has been flying every year during the summer months," while he McKee was waiting the arrival of the different Indian nations to deliver to them their presents "directed by his (British) Majesty." This was written by McKee July 26, 1794, while Wayne was advancing with his army down the Maumee. Other writers evidently base their statement that Fort Miami on the lower Maumee was established as a trading post in 1680, upon the writings of Parkman, who says in his "Count Frontenac and New France," that "La Mothe-Cadillac commanded Michilimac, Courthemanche was stationed at Fort Miami, Tonty and La Foret at the fortified rock of St. Louis on the Illinois" (16941696). This declaration of Parkman's does not locate the Fort Miami he speaks of as on the Miami of the Lake (the Maumee) or at any other point. But it is positively known that before this date, there was a Fort Miami on the St. Joseph or Miami River of Lake Michigan, so it is more probable Parkman referred to the Lake Michigan Fort Miami, built in 1679 or 1680. As to Toledo, there were block-houses, or perhaps trading posts within its present boundaries at an early period in its history. A block-house stood at the foot of now Lagrange Street, there was another where was established Tremainesville, and there was at the mouth of Swan Creek the elusive Fort Industry. It is evident that the first definite mention of a fortified post at the mouth of the Maumee and apparently within the vicinity of where stood. Fort Industry, is or was concerning the British Commodore Grant, who in blockading the lower Maumee against the threatened attack upon Detroit by the Americans, in 17811782, "built a rough blockphouse (for lodgement of provisions) which may be defended by ten men against a hundred." All through the story of Swan Creek, the depot for prow- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1339 sions and Indian supplies was on that stream, and all attendant facts would warrant the statement that the Grant block-house was at the mouth of Swan Creek, which was kept intact during the years following, and probably sufficiently repaired to be occupied definitely by a detachment of United States troops a short time before 1800, and up to 1803 or 1804, and also positively occupied by the officials and others engaged in the Indian Treaty "made at Fort Industry" in 1805. Had Wayne built the post, some definite official mention would certainly have been made of the fact that could be found, even with the early records at Washington destroyed. Richard Mott, one of the very early arrivals in Toledo and who knew as much concerning the early conditions about the mouth of Swan Creek as any man of his day, in his "Reminiscences," wrote regarding Fort Industry, that "on the bluff was a block-house" probably as far back as the time when the British government held possession of the river, which they did as late as 1796." And further that soon after the digging down of the bluff for building "two skeletons were found, which, from remnants of sleeves and buttons, were supposed to have been soldiers belonging to the little garrison." From this statement of Mott, it was therefore the belief in the early days of Toledo, that Fort Industry had a block-house "probably as far back as the time when the British held possession of the (Maumee) River" which they did have when Commodore Grant built his works. By reason of the subject of Fort Industry and Fort Miami being of great historical importance, especially to this section, Mr. Walter J. Sherman was requested by the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society to write an article upon "Old Fort Industry" and incidentally Fort Miami. Toledo and the Maumee Valley and the State of Ohio, for that matter, owe much to Mr. Sherman for his philanthropic interest in its history. He has devoted much valuable time and energy on behalf of the memorial to General Anthony Wayne overlooking the battle ground of Fallen Timbers. Mr. Sherman acceded to the request of the Society and his article shows a great amount of research and careful preparation. As Mr. Sherman indicates, when one historian makes an improper deduction, later writers copy his erroneous statements without making proper research for original facts themselves, and finally these errors obtain current belief, as the case in point. As Toledo has adopted a design of Old Fort Industry as her 1340 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY emblem or trade mark, it is important that all be set forth that can be known about this post, military or otherwise. Therefore, by permission of Mr. Sherman and the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society, his able and valuable paper upon the subject is appended in full as follows: FORT INDUSTRY-AN HISTORICAL MYSTERY Upon the south wall of an old brick mercantile building, a the northeast corner of Monroe and Summit streets, Toledo, hangs a faded inscription reading as follows, viz : "This building stands on the site of Fort Industry, a stockade erected by Gen. Anthony Wayne, in the year 1794, as a safeguard against the British, who then held Fort Miami. It was garrisoned by a company of United States troops, under the command of Capt. J. Rhea, who held it until after the evacuation of all the British Posts in the northwest in the year 1796, an Act which was brought about by the operations of Jay's treaty with Great Britain. In July 1805 the treaty was negotiated at Fort Industry by which was extinguished the Indian title to all the western part of the reserve known as the Fire Lands, a tract of about 500,000 acres, granted by the State of Connecticut to the sufferers by fire from the British troops in the incursions into that state during the War of the Revolution. Evidences of the Fort were not entirely obliterated as late as 1836. A bluff twenty feet high was leveled and Fort Industry Block erected 1842-43 by Richard Mott." This brief and tersely expressed account of the time and occasion for the building, occupancy and abandonment of Fort Industry and its final disappearance should, and ordinarily would, satisfy students of local history who seek only the essential facts concerning this, at one time, rather important frontier post. However, a review of the numerous authorities who have, in their works, referred to Fort Industry by name or location, discloses the fact that the above inscription does not in several respects harmonize with their account, nor are the writers in accord among themselves. Because of these conflicting accounts, and with the object of endeavoring to clarify the history of Fort Industry as much as possible, the writer, during leisure moments of recent years, has undertaken to assemble in convenient form for reference, all the information obtainable from available authorities and to deduct therefrom a plausible narration of facts concerning this early Post. The result of these researches and the conclusions reached will follow. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1341 Before proceeding farther, and on the assumption that this Post may have been established or at least occupied at a much earlier date than that given in the Richard Mott inscription (1794), it may be profitable to recall a few of the most important events in the history of the lower lake region and the Valley of the St. Lawrence River. Historical Notes: In 1535 Jacque Cartier, a French Navigator, entered the St. Lawrence River and took nominal possession of North America, in the name of his King, Francis I. In 1623 De Champlain built Fort St. Louis, at Quebec, and from this strong fortification, for a period of 150 years, France ruled a vast region, including the Great Lakes and the Valley of the St. Lawrence, and later that of the Mississippi River. The Recollet and Jesuit Missionaries traversed the country in all directions, and became the pioneers of civilization in the Far West. In 1679, La Salle in the Grif fin sailed the waters of Lake Erie, bearing a Royal Commission to establish a line of Forts along the Great Lakes and to hold for France this rich domain, which Frenchmen had discovered. He looked forward to a chain of forts and trading Posts, stretching from Quebec along the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi to its mouth. In 1680 Lieutenant-Governor Frontenac caused Fort Miami to be built as a French military trading post. In 1694 this Post was under the command of Sieur Courtemarche. It was abanpdoned shortly thereafter, (probably about 1719) for a location farther west on the present site of Fort Wayne. [NOTE—In Brice's "History of Fort Wayne," page 11, we read "It is probable that before the close of the year 1719, temporary trading posts were erected at the sites of Fort Wayne, Ouiatenon and Vinpcennes."] Fort Miami was rebuilt by the English Governor Simcoe in 1794, abandoned in 1796, after the treaty of Greenville, occupied and abandoned by the American forces a little later. It was reoccupied and re-abandoned by the British General Procptor in the War of 1812. This ancient Fortress has the distinction of being not only the oldest in the state, but as having tripumphantly floated the flags of three nations. As further proof of the antiquity of this Post we extract the following from a research report by the Deputy Minister in charge of the Public Archives of Canada under date of January 1342 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY 3, 1925, addressed to the Right Hon. Sir George E. Foster and transmitted by Mr. Foster to the writer, viz : "In answer to the letter of Mr. Sherman, dated the 2nd of December, which you transferred to this office some time later, I beg to say that I have had a search made and found there is a great deal of information on the subject of Fort Miami. There are, however, on the early maps of 1680 two Forts bearing the same name, one of them I think no doubt was LaSalle's Fort, as they were both on the Miami River, it is possible that one of these may have been called Fort Industry. We do not find the name of Fort Industry on any document nor on any plan. One map we have shows a third Fort of Miami, but a long distance away, but these two Forts near the Lake, I should think are the two referred to by Mr. Sherman. I enclose herewith a copy of the document, dated the 26th of July, 1794, which gives the summary of the history of the Fort which may be of interest to your correspondent, viz : Fort Miamis Maps show five general locations of Fort of this name three of which may be dismissed as irrelevant to this inquiry * * * Of the other two locations, the one about where the present Fort Wayne stands is fairly definite * * * The last location which seems at all definite is the Fort at the Foot of the Rapids. In the MS document many letters are thus dated. The name Miami being understood * * * The map of Nouvelle, France, etc. (1690 shewing "Port des Miami" on the north bank of the present Maumee River is the earliest for this location, or any post bearing the name * * * Two of the 1794 MS plans shew "Fort Miamis as proposed" and "Mimias Fort established in 1794," both on the north bank of the river—the first of these being the one referred to as making the distance fifteen miles from Turkey Point. One 1794 and one 1795 MS plan each shew "Site of the Post in 1783" on the south shore directly opposite this. It seems probable that this south shore site is the one established by Captain Potts as referred to by Colonel McKee, and may have been maintained until the north shore site was used in 1794 * * * Regarding Fort Industry, there is no map shelving a fort of this name, and so far as learned, no record of it in the Manuscripts. There is evidence that General Wayne in 1795 had intentions of building a fort at the mouth of the Miamis River at Point au Chene, should he be enabled to push that far to the northeast. There is no indication that he did so. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1343 From a recent letter from Prof. Louis C. Karpinski of the University of Michigan in reference to the ancient maps of this region in their library I quote as follows "I do not find Fort Industry on any map. I do find Fort des Miamis on the 1746 Amerique by D'Anville published at Paris. Also on his Canada Louisiane at Paris 1755. It appears on the left bank but looks thirty miles from the Lake. On the Mitchell maps, various ediptions, 1755-1776, etc. it appears on the right bank." In 1701 the site of Detroit was permanently settled by French colonists under De la Mott Cadillac and Fort Pontchartrain was built as a defense against the Indians. In 1745 a Colony of English traders from Pennsylvania built Fort Sandowski, on the north side of Sandusky Bay. By the terms of the treaty of Paris (1763) France surrendered her possession in the Ohio country to the British who remained in possession until after Wayne's victory over the Indians, at Fallen Timbers August 20, 1794, when in accordance with the provision of the treaty between the United States and Great Britain signed November 17, 1794, all of the military posts held by the British south of the Great Lakes were surrendered to the Americans. Prior to the arrival of the French and long thereafter, the Valley of the Maumee was the abode of the Miami Indians, the boundaries of whose lands were so graphically described by Chief Little Turtle (See Toledo and Lucas County, Vol. I, Page 61). At the Council of Greenville in August, 1795, in these words : "My fathers kindled the first fires at Detroit; from there they extended their lines to the head waters of the Scioto; from there to its mouth; then down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wabash ; then to Chicago and over Lake Michigan. These are the bounwhere to be seen." The river itself was the favorite route between the tribes of the north and those living along the Ohio and daries within which the prints of my ancestors' houses are every-Mississippi rivers. We think therefore it is safe to assume that the site of Fort Industry was at least a convenient rendezvous for both the Indians and the authorities and traders from the beginning of the French (1680) to the end of the British occuppation, (1796). With this brief historical review before us, we can now note a little more intelligently what the various authorities have to say as to the origin of Fort Industry. We have already the 1344 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Richard Mott inscription from which it would appear that Anthony Wayne built the Fort in 1794. "Public Archives of Canada" The Deputy Minister in charge of these Archives writes under date of January 23, 1925, "Regarding Fort Industry, there is no map showing a fort of this name. No record in the manuscripts. There is evidence that General Wayne in 1795 had intentions of building a fort at the mouth of the Miamis River at Point au Chene (probably Bay View Park) should he be enabled to push that far to the Northeast (See extracts from C. Series, Vol. 673). There is no indication that he did so * * * " From C. Series, Vol. 673, Page 45, we extract from a letter from Major Steele to Colonel England, dated "Fort Miamis, August 20, 1795 * * * Mr. Godfroy * * * brings the same reports respecting the intentions of General Wayne to advance and build a Fort at Sandusky, and another at the mouth of this river * * * All reports say that a fort is certainly to be built immediately at Sandusky and another at the entrance to this river. Whatever General Wayne may do at Sandusky, I can hardly think he will send any party below the Glaize." From Series Q., Vol. 50, Part 1, Page 21. Extract of letter from Lord Dorchester to Mr. Grenville, No. 79 * * * "Supposing no attempt should be made upon Detroit itself, its importance will be much diminished and the effects upon our trade nearly the same if establishments are formed by the States at the mouth of the Miamis on Lake Erie through which our trade to that part of the country passes." Series C., Vol. 673, Page 50. Extract from information of Charles Tillier, dated "Detroit, October 20th, 1795, the information says * * * and he heard from some of the officers that he (Wayne) would build a fort this Fall at Point aux Chenes, provided Perroques with merchandise and stores were prevented from passing the British post of the Miamis. N. B. Point aux Chene is shown on the 1795 MS. Plan (from Q 74) as being on north shore of Miamis Bay, opposite Turkey Point. (This is probably a point on what is now Bay View Park). "Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections." Vol. 20, Page 272, "Upper (British) Posts Prior to the W of the Revolution." TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1345 * * *   "For the year 1774 and before the war, the King's or Eighth Regiment occupied the upper posts, viz : Michilemackinac 23 men Detroit 68 “ Fort Erie 29 “ Fort Schlosser 14 “ Landing 7 “ Niagara 100 “ Total - 241 men Vol. 20, Page 55, "Copy of a letter from Captain Burnet (British) to Brigadier-General Powell, dated, Detroit, 5th September, 1782, received the 10th, Sir : Captain Grant being ill desires me to acquaint you that not doubting Major DePeyster gave you every information from the Indian Country, he declined troubling you on his return from the Miami River; that finding the provisions at the mercy of the weather anIndians, he built a rough block-house for its lodgement which may be defended by 10 men against 100 '"* * * " Vol. 20, Page 119m Extract from a report—letter from Brig.-Gen. Allen McLean to General Frederick Haldimand, dated "Niagara 18tmanagepment. Sir—In obedience to your Excellency's command, I paid every attention in my power to the management and conduct of the Indians and with the assistance of Col. Butler, have endeavored to get every information possible, respecting their ideas and opinions of the Peace * * * They (the Indians) added, that many years ago, their ancestors had granted permission to the French King to build trading houses or small forts on the water communication between Canada and the Western Indians in the heart of this country for the convenience of traders only, without granting one inch of land, but what these forts stood upon * * *" Vol. 20, Page 149, Copy of a letter. from Capt. Joseph Chew to Thomas Aston Coffin, dated "Montreal 3rd September, 1795—Dear Sir—I have your letter of Monday last. The goods for the Indians at Gaspe will be sent from Lachine and a requisition shall be forwarded for them. Having wrote to requisition the 22nd ult. that if I did not hear from him in the course of eight days, I would make a requisitiOn for 35,000 rations of provisns and 1,000 gallons of rum as an additional supply for the Indians at Swan Creek and Detroit, etc. '"* * * " 1346 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Vol. 20, Page 269—The policy of the British Government in the matter of surrendering to the United States possession of the upper posts is disclosed in the following letter written by Gen. Fred Haldimand from Quebec dated 14th November, 1784, and unaddressed, viz : "Sir,— Different attempts having been made by the American States to get possession of the posts in the upper country in consequence of the Treaty of Peace (Jay's Treaty, 1794) I have thought it my duty uniformly to oppose the same until His Majesty's orders for that purpose shall be received Vol. 20, Page 441--Copy of a letter from Joseph Chew to Thomas Aston Coffin, dated "Montreal 12th May, 1796—Dear Sir : Late yesterday afternoon, I received a number of letters from Detroit * * * also two letters from Col. McKee dated 19th, 21st, April, that of the 19th respecting mode of paying the Department at Detroit, the other concerning flour, wanted for the Indians at Swan Creek, likewise two letters from Mr. Selby of the 19th and 22nd April, the first relating to the postage of letters sent by Col. McKee and the latter saying that Col. England had given orders for the flour being supplied for the Indians at Swan Creek, etc. * * * " Vol. 34, Page 546—From Boyer's Daily Journal of Wayne's Campaign, we quote as follows, viz : "After the troops had taken some refreshments, the Legion continued their route down the river and encamped in site of the British Garrison (Fort Miami) * * * " and continuing from "Camp Foot of the Rapids 22nd August, 1794, we have destroyed all the property within 100 yards of the Garrison. The volunteers were sent down eight miles below the fort and have destroyed and burned all the possessions belonging to the Canadians and savages * * * a small party of dragoons were sent over the river to burn and destroy all of the houses, corn, etc. that were under cover of the fort (Miami) which was effected." Continuing on Page 547, the Journal says "The Indians, to all appearances have totally abandoned their settlements, quite to the mouth of the river and their villages and corn fields being consumed and destroyed in every direction, even under the influence of the guns of Fort Miami." On Page 547, Boyer writes from "Camp Deposit, 23rd August, 1794. Having burned and destroyed everything contiguous to the Fort without opposition, the Legion took up the line of TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1347 march in the evening and camped on this ground, being the same they marched from on the 20th." Vol. 20, Page 546, extract from a letter from Col. Alexander McKee to Joseph Chew, dated "Detroit 20, June, 1796, Dear Sir —Having this day received a report from Swan Creek that messengers have arrived from the Spanish Governor or his agents to draw away the Indians from thence (Swan Creek) to their frontier on the Mississippi, by urgent representations of the conduct of the British Government toward (the Indians) I judge it immediately necessary to dispatch one of the interpreters from hence to counteract, etc." Vol. 20, Page 406, extract from a letter from the Rev. Edwin Burke to Brigade Major Littlehale, Military Secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe of the Province of Upper Canada, dated "River Raisin, June 17, 1795 * * * In my last I said the Yankees were either at Sandusky or were hourly expected * * * The Iroquis have left the Village and are at Swan Creek." "Journal of Wayne's Campaign"-1794 Lieutenant Boyer, in his official journal of Wayne's Camppaign, makes no mention of Fort Industry. "The Wayne Papers." We located the original private and official Wayne papers in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, his native state. There are eleven volumes of 125 pages each, covering the period from the date of the Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 20, 1794), to the time of Wayne's death at Fort Erie (December 15, 1796). There were many volumes in addition to the above referring to an earlier period in his career. The writer arranged for the careful examination of each paper in the entire eleven volumes. The reader's report says : "I have examined eleven volumes of Wayne's papers, covering the period from August 1794 to December 1796, and am sorry to say found no reference to Fort Industry by that name. Enclosed you will find extracts from the Wayne letters relating to Forts, Stockades, and Block-houses erected in Ohio; whether any of these extracts refer to Fort Industry, you are better able to judge than I am. You will notice there are several references to orders for provisioning various Forts, and that Fort Industry is not in- 1348 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY eluded in the list * * * " (Following is from enclosures). "Greenville Headquarters, December 1, 1795, Col. Kilpatrick—you will furnish the Posts herein mentioned up to the first of April, 1796, with the following complete rations * * * viz: Forts Washington, Hamilton, St. Clair, Jefferson, Greenville, Recovery, the Post at the old Pique Town, at Loramies, St. Marys, Forts at Adams, Wayne, Defiance, Knox, Steuben and Massac (fifteen in all) (Signed) Anthony Wayne." Vol. 43, Page 69. Among the Wayne papers is the following letter written by Wayne to Isaac Williams, Agent, etc. of the Wyandotte at Sandusky, viz : "Headquarters Greenville 31 May, 1795, Sir * * * Bluejacket assures me that all the Indians from Swan Creek, etc. will undoubtedly attend the treaty and he has accordingly gone back to bring them on and to counteract McKee, etc. * * * This will be handed you by Capt. Reid, a Shawnee Chief, who is accompanied by Mr. MacLean, a man whom you probably know. Reid left Swan Creek on the 15th of this month and says that the Indians at that place were preparing to come to the treaty * * * " One of the readers of this collection of Wayne papers says: "I do not think from what I found that Fort Industry was ever Fortress or a Military Fort. Its very name would preclude that, I think Howe is nearly correct in placing it 1799 or 1800, as a stockade fort. It seems reasonable that after Wayne had cleared Ohio of the Indians and the settlers flocked in there as they did, or went back to their abandoned farms, they naturally built a stockade fort naming it Industry, for that name to my mind could never for any reason that I can see be given to a garrisoned fort." "Biography of Anthony Wayne." On page 228 of his "Biography of Anthony Wayne," Spear says—"After clearing the ground about Fort Miami, Wayn went down the river and built a wooden fort, called Fort Indus try, on land that now forms the easterly quarter of Summit an Monroe streets, Toledo." "American Biography"-1853 From "American Biographies" under the caption, "Anthony Wayne," we extract the following from Wayne's official report of the campaign against the Indians in the Maumee Valley, viz: TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1349 "We remained three days and nights on the banks of the Maumee, in front of the Field of Battle." There is no mention of Fort Industry. "The War Department at Washington" From Robert C. Davis, Acting Adjutant General, comes the following, viz : "War Department A. 9.0. May 1, 1922, to Mr. W. J. Sherman, 302 Produce Exchange, Toledo, Ohio—A search of the records on file in the War Department, deemed likely to afford information relative to old Fort Industry on the site of the present City of Toledo, Ohio, has resulted in failure to disclose any original official data on the subject. The records of the War Department during which that post was maintained are far from complete * * * I find on file here one unofficial memorandum stating that Fort Industry was built under General Wayne's orders in 1794 ; another that it was built in 1800, and another that the First Regiment of the United States Infantry under Col. Thomas Hunt landed there in June, 1803. (Enroute to St. Louis). "Annals of the West"-1846 James H. Perkins on page 409-10, prints Wayne's report to the Secretary of War in which he makes no mention of Fort Industry. "Notes of the Survey of the Twelve Mile Square at the Foot of the Rapids" In the office of the State Auditor at Columbus, is filed a report by Jared Mansfield, Surveyor General of the United States, entitled "Notes of the Survey of the Twelve Mile Square at the Foot of the Rapids of the Miami River of the Lakes, made under the direction of Jared Mansfield, Surveyor General of the United States and signed by him." These notes contain the following reference, viz : " * * * to the mouth of Swan Creek * * *    where is kept a small garrison by the United States," dated September 8, 1805. (Note : name of fort not given). "Sketches of the War Between the United States and the British Isles" This quaint old volume published by Fay & Davison in Vermont in 1815, contains on Page 15, the following, viz : "There was also a small settlement on Swan Creek on the Michigan side,