1450 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Grand Army of the Republic are rapidly thinning in numbers Many of the early Grand Army posts have been discontinued by reason of increasing age or death of the members. Northwestern Ohio had its full quota representative of the patriotism in the Maumee and Sandusky country in the cause of the Union. Considering Lucas County and Toledo, on May 9, 1866, Dr. B. F. Stephenson, commander of the Department of Illinois, commissioned Capt. Henry E. Howe to organize posts in the Tenth Congressional District of Ohio. Forsyth Post, No- 15, was instituted on November 19, 1866, and was the first post in Lucas County. It was named for Lieut. George D. Forsyth, who served as a private in the Fourteenth Ohio Infantry in the three months' service and was afterward second lieutenant in Company B, One Hundredth Ohio Infantry. The fourteen charter members of the post were: J. A. Chase, Frank Collins, William Corlett, C. A. Hall, J. K. Hamilton, Otto Klemm, J. S. Kountz, Henry G. Neubert, William E. Parmelee, Herman Rosenbaum, C. C. Starr, Albert E. Scott, J. W. White and R. D. Whittlesey, J. A. Chase was the first commander. Ford Post, No. 14, was organized under a charter dated January 21, 1867, with the following charter members : Augustus Brown, Charles L. Hurlburt, F. J. Kostack, Samuel McDonald, Arnold McMahon, Michael Mulrooney, Joseph A. Perry, George Scheets, William Secton, Joab Squire and Frank P. Wilson. This post was named for Capt. Hyatt G. Ford, of Company B, Sixty-seventh Ohio Infantry, who was killed at the battle of Winchester, Virginia, March 16, 1862. Charles B. Mitchell Post, No. 84, was organized at Maumee on June 9, 1881, with seventeen charter members and J. E. Wilcox as the first commander. It was named for Lieut. Charles B. Mitchell, Company E, Fourteenth Ohio Infantry, who was mortally wounded at Jonesboro, Georgia, September 1, 1864, and died on the 28th of the same month in the hospital in Atlanta. Brint and McBride Post, No. 225, located at Richfield Center, was organized on May 16, 1883, with twenty-six charter members. It was named for John Brint and William H. W. McBride, two volunteers from Richfield Township, Ray Heller Post, at Whitehouse, was organized on December 27, 1882, by Comrades Brown and Grover of Forsyth Post. Although it was instituted before the post at Richfield Center, it was given the number 284. O. P. Heller was the first commander. Quiggle Post, No. 289, was instituted at Swanton on January 3, 1883, with seventeen charter members and William Geyer as TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1451 the first commander. It was named for Oscar F. Quiggle, who enlisted in 1861 at the age of seventeen years as a musician in Company I, Fourteenth Ohio Infantry, and was killed in a skirmish near Milledgeville, Georgia, November 22, 1864. Ruckle Post, No. 335, at Monclova, was organized on July 28, 1883. It was named for six brothers—Daniel, David, George, John, Henry C. and Philip—who served in regiments from Ohio, Michigan and Iowa, and four of whom were killed in action. John W. Kerr was the first commander. Page Post, No. 471, was instituted at Sylvania on July 5, 1884, with William Bryan as the first commander. It was named for Private Harlan Page, of Company K,, Twenty-fifth Ohio Infantry, who was seriously wounded at Baldwin's Camp, West Virginia, in February, 1862. He was sent home but lived only about a week after reaching Sylvania. Albert Moore Post, No. 582, was organized in West Toledo on March 29, 1886, with twenty-one charter members and J. M. Stanbery as the first commander. It was named for Albert Moore, who entered the army as first lieutenant of Company A, Fourteenth Ohio Infantry, and rose to be lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. In Toledo there are now the Ford, Forsyth, Toledo and Volunteer Posts. Of the Woman's Relief organization, Forsyth Corps, No. 1, the first in the Department of Ohio, was organized on March 14, 1879, as an auxiliary to Forsyth Post. Mrs. Kate B. Sherwood was the first president and Mrs. Cora Day Young was the first secretary. This organization was originally known as the "Ladies' Aid Society." It was not chartered as a branch of the National Women's Relief Corps until in August, 1883. Volunteer Relief Corps, No. 89, was organized as an auxiliary of Volunteer Post; Toledo Corps as an auxliary of Toledo Post; Ford Circle, No. 28, Ladies of the Grand Army is an adjunct of Ford Post. Then there is Toledo Camp No. 133, Sons of Veterans; Egbert Camp, No. 10, United Spanish War Veterans; General Bates Camp, No. 64, Toledo, east side. The American Legion is an organization of World war veterans who served honorably in the armed forces of the United States. The first steps toward organization were taken at a caucus at Paris, France, March 15 to 17, 1919. A similar conference was held at Washington, D. C. A temporary constitution was 1452 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY adopted, temporary officers elected and general policies formulated at a caucus at St. Louis, Missouri, May 8 to 10, 1919. A national charter was granted by Act of Congress on September 16, 1919, Permanent organization was effected and a constitution and by-laws adopted at the first National Convention at Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 10 to 12, 1919. The Legion is organized by departments and posts. Membership is in the national organization by affiliation with a post- There are fifty-eight departments, one in every State in the Union and others in territorial possessions of the United States and in certain foreign countries. There are over 10,000 posts scattered in every part of the United States and throughout the world. The preamble to the constitution of the organization is as follows : "For God and country, we associate ourselves together for the following purposes : To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our association in the great war; to inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the community, state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness.' HOW IT IS CONDUCTED.—Activities of the national organization are carried on through the national convention, national officers, national committees and commissions, and the staff of national headquarters. Department and post activities are carried on through their officers and committees. The National Convention is the supreme governing body of the whole organization. Authority is vested between conventions in the National Executive Committee and the National Commander. Other officers and divisions of the national organization operate under their direction. There is no rank in the Legion and no distinction between home service and foreign service. The Legion is an organization of veterans run by veterans. Each one has a voice. WHAT THE LEGION DOES-—It maintains a National Americanization Commission. It promotes understanding of the principles of democratic government, developing interest in governmental problems and bringing more citizens to think seriously of the du- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1453 ties of citizenship. It encourages education in every way possible, presenting scholarship medals in thousands of schools, cooperating in National Education Week and promoting night schools for adult education- It takes the lead in disseminating knowledge of and promoting respect for the national flag and in bringing about a more fitting display of the flag throughout the country on national holidays. It does important work for the boys of America, sponsoring Boy Scout activities and promoting junior athletics on a large scale. It combats revolutionary radicalism and all movements which have for their aim the downfall of democracy in America- It works for the assimilation of aliens now here through schools of citizenship and other agencies, and stands for the restriction of immigration so that this assimilation may be made perfect- It strives for the maintenance of the national defenses at a strength sufficient to guarantee the security of the country from war until such a time as war is definitely eliminated as a fact in the world. It gives sound, practical service in ten thousand communities, working to make these communities better places in which to live. The posts of the country engage in scores of laudable and beneficial activities. The legion is neither militaristic nor pacifistic. It is not political and is non-sectarian. The American Legion Posts with their names and numbers in the counties of Northwestern Ohio are as follows : Defiance Co-—Herbert E. Anderson Post No. 117, Defiance; Edward C. Smart Post, No. 223, Hicksville. Fulton Co-—John Dale Post, No. 143, Fayette ; Robinson-Gibbs Post, No. 265, Wauseon; B. L. W. Post, No. 311, Archbold; A. E. E. E. W. Post, No. 373, Delta; Pettisville Post, No. 445, Pettisville; Murbach Siefert Post, No. 479, Swanton. Hancock Co.—John Hancock Post, No. 3, Findlay; Mulford-Butler Post, No. 511, McComb ; Tawa Post, No. 528, Benton Ridge. Henry Co-—Warren L. McIntire Post, No. 262, Hamler ; Burt G. Taylor Post, No. 300, Napoleon ; Deshler Post, No. 316, Deshler; Roberts-McMillen Post, No. 332, McClure; Wm. F. Helmke Post, No. 340, Holgate ; Frank F. Bevelhymer Post, No. 400, Malinta; Ward L. Adams Post, No. 454, Ridgeville ; Gilbert Laughman Post, No. 492, Liberty Center. Lucas Co-—Charter Cone Post, No. 320, Maumee; Christman-Dickinson Post, No. 384, Whitehouse; Clark Gourley Post, No. 463, Waterville ; Joseph W. Diehn Post, No. 468, Sylvania; Monclova Post, No- 556, Monclova. 1454 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Posts in Toledo--Tony Wroblewski Post, No. 18; Harry E. Kern Post, No. 93; Frank W. Frueauff Post, No. 99; Dean Horton Navy Post, No. 108; Vernon McCune Post, No. 132; Walter Weller Post, No. 135; Hyatt-Allen Post, No. 299; Joseph Baker Post, No. 319; Everett-Meinen Post, No. 321; Arthur Daly Post, No. 334; Toledo Post, No. 335; Waltz-Hodgins Post, No. 348; South Side Post, No. 531; Argonne Post, No. 545; Edward N. Davis Post, No. 546. Ottawa Co--Port Clinton Post, No. 113, Port Clinton; John A. Fader Post, No. 114, Oak Harbor; Community Post, No. 279, Elmore; Genoa Post, No. 324, Genoa; Scheible-Downing Post No. 542, Put-in-Bay; Louis Feuma Post, No. 555, Lakeside. Paulding Co.-Cottrell-Boylan Post, No. 253, Antwerp; Reuben J. Smith Post, No. 297, Payne; George H. Morris Post, No. 306, Paulding. Putnam Co--Kermer-Slusser Post, No. 63, Ottawa; Sylvester-Diemer, No. 172, Miller City; Chas J. Wagner, No. 287, Leipsic; Bowers-Slusser, No. 516, Columbus Grove; Harter-Williams, No. 536, Gilboa; Urban N. Winnow, No. 541, Continental. Sandusky Co--Welker Post, No. 17, Gibsonburg; Edgar Thurston, No. 121, Fremont; Orrin G. Franks, No. 122, Clyde; Clarence L. Nieman, No. 455, Woodville. Seneca Co--Earl Foust, No. 73, Fostoria; Tiffin Post, No. 169, Tiffin; Victory Post, No. 260, Attica; Marion H. Peck, No. 295, Greensprings; Wade Benfer, No. 404, Republic; Canfield, No. 434, Bloomfield; Blair Miller, No. 490, Bascom. Williams Co.-J. D. Smith Memorial, No. 10, Edgerton; Yackee Strong Memorial, No. 60, Stryker; Montpelier Post, No. 109, Montepelier; Chas. E. Arnold, No. 284, Bryan; Agnew-Shinnabarger, No. 307, Pioneer. Wood Co--Perrysburg Post, No. 28, Perrysburg; Carl Crowfoot, No. 36, Risingsun; Wood Co., No. 45, Bowling Green; Freedom Post, No, 183, Pemberville; Alva N. Sidle, No. 232, Grand Rapids; Troy-Webster, No. 240, Luckey; Terry D. Norcross, No. 305, Custar; Albert Bowe, No. 338, Bradner; Montgomery, No. 361, Wayne; Weston Post, No. 409, Weston; Lybarger Grim, No. 441, Tontogany; Rossford Post, No. 533, Rossford; No. Baltimore, No. 539, N. Baltimore. Wyandot Co--Wyandot, No. 225, Upper Sandusky; Sycamore, No. 250, Sycamore; Earl Green, No. 344, Carey; Nevada, No. 462, Nevada. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1455 A visit to the headquarters of the Lucas County Council, Toledo, Henry B. Herman, secretary (1929) will give an idea of the great work being accomplished by the Legion. Here from 200 to 300 cases are handled monthly, by the secretary and one assistant. CHAPTER LXVIII CITY GOVERNMENT NEW CITY CHARTER — TOLEDO MAYORS — FIRE DEPARTMENT —POLICE DEPARTMENT — WATER WORKS — PARKS AND BOULEVARDS—ZOO— STREETS AND SEWERS—CITY AND COUNTY PLANNING—ART MUSEUM— LIBRARY— HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Under the heading of "Toledo a Reality," Chapter LXIII, the story of early Toledo, from its birth, incorporation and development, has been carried through to 1908, when the affairs of the city were administered under the system provided for by the enactment of the "Paine revision of the (Ohio) Municipal Code." At the November 4th, 1913, election, a commission consisting of thirteen members was chosen to draft a new charter for the city, government. The commissioners selected were : John M. Killits, William B. Guitteau, Brand Whitlock, S. O. Richardson, Jr., Dr. W. A. Dickey, Frank H. Foster, Thomas L. Gifford, J. Kent Hamilton, George D. Hartman, Daniel H. James, Isaac Kinsey, Dr. James C. Price and John Ulmer. The commission organized by electing J. Kent Hamilton, president; Thomas L. Gifford, vice president; with Everett J. Snyder employed as secretary. On the appointment of Mr. Whitlock as minister to Belgium after attending a few meetings, Judge L. W. Morris was selected to take his place. However, under a ruling that no provision was made to fill any vacancies on the board, the work was completed by the twelve members. After laborious consideration for nearly ten months, the new charter was reported August 13, 1914, and when submitted to the electorate at the election on November 3, 1914, Was adopted by a vote of 21,028 to 16,466. That portion of the charter relating to the nomination and election of officers went into effect on January 1, 1915, and all the provisions of the charter became effective on January 1, 1916. In the meantime, the council then in existence was authorized to "pass any ordinance, to be operative after January 1, 1916, designed to carry out the provisions of this charter." The charter, considered a very able document, was designed to - 1456 - 1458 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY give the people "absolute Home Rule, so far as the constitution of the state of Ohio will permit." The general provisions are such as usually delegated to a city government, and as to the election of officers the charter provided for what is known as "the short ballot" in municipal elections, the voters expressing their choice for only three officers—mayor, vice mayor and councilman of the ward. All other officers were to be appointed by the mayor, with the consent of the council. Candidates were to be nominated by a nonpartisan primary on the Tuesday after the first Monday in September in the odd-numbered years. In this primary the charter gave the voters the privilege of expressing themselves for first and second choice, the object being to insure majority rule. Section 17 provided: "At primary elections, any candidate for nomination for any office, receiving a majority in number of first-choice votes for such nomination, shall be placed upon the ballot at the next regular municipal election, without consideration of his second-choice votes. In case of candidates who do not receive a majority of first-choice votes for such nomination, the second-choice votes received by each candidate respectively shall be added to his first-choice votes, and the candidates receiving the largest number of first and second-choice votes combined, shall be declared nominated," etc. The same method applied to elections. This method of choosing the mayor and other officials as provided for proved unsatisfactory and the charter was so amended that the "first and second choice" feature was eliminated. As to eligibility for the head offices, any elector who has resided in the city for three years shall be eligible for the office of mayor or vice mayor. These officers are elected for a term of two years, to begin on the 1st of January following the election. The mayor is the chief executive officer. The charter fixes his salary at $6,000 per annum. Wards and Council. Section 27 of the charter provided that "before June 1, 1915, the present council shall divide the city into sixteen wards, not less than three of which shall be on the east side of the Maumee River. After each recurring Federal census, and within three months after the proclamation by the secretary of state of the population of the cities of Ohio, the council shall re-divide the city into wards upon the basis of not less than ten thousand nor more than fifteen thousand persons in each ward etc- Each ward is entitled to one member of the council, elec for a term of two years. All ordinances are required to be sub- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1459 mitted to the mayor, who is clothed with the power of veto. If he fails to approve or veto an ordinance within ten days it becomes effective as though he had signed it. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES Besides the mayor and vice mayor, the administrative officer of the various divisions as provided by the charter are : Director of Law; Director of Finance, Director of Public Service; Director of Public Welfare; Director of Public Safety. With the exception of the law department the work of each is distributed to various divisions. The department of finance consists of the commissioner of accounts, commissioner of treasury, commissioner of purchases and supplies. Department of public service--commissioner of engineering, commissioner of streets, commissioner of water works, commissioner of markets. Department of public welfare—commissioner of health, commissioner of cemeteries, commissioner of charities and corrections, commissioner of parks and boulevards, commissioner of recreation, playgrounds and amusements. Department of public safety—chief of police and department, chief of fire and department, commissioner of inspection. The boards and commissions are : board of street railway control, publicity and efficiency commission, city plan commission, civil service commission, sinking fund commission, zoological board of managers and university board. Initiative and Referendum—Any proposed ordinance may be submitted to the council upon a petition signed by qualified electors equal in number to twenty per cent of the first-choice votes cast for mayor at the preceding election. Such petition shall be filed with the clerk, who shall certify it to the council, with the proposed ordinance, at the next meeting. If the council fails to act upon the ordinance within thirty days it may be submitted to a vote of the people ; or if the council should pass the ordinance with amendments changing its general tenor, the said ordinance in its original form shall be submitted to the voters of the city. If it receives a majority of the votes it become effective in the same manner as though passed by the council. Certain measures are required to be submitted to a referendum vote of the electors, such as resolutions for a public improvement to cost $500,000, or more, or for the granting of a general public utility franchise. Every ordinance passed by the council shall be subject to a referendum at any time within thirty days, provided a petition signed by electors equal in number of fifteen 1460 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY per cent of the first-choice votes cast for mayor at the preceding election be filed with the clerk, requesting such referendum vote on the ordinance. Amendments to the charter may be proposed by initiative petition, the same as ordinances, and all amendments proposed by the council shall be submitted to the voters before they become effective. Recall—Section 87 of the charter roads: "Any elective officer provided for in this charter shall be subject to recall by petition to be filed with the clerk of the council. In case of an officer elected from the city at large, the petition requesting a recall election shall be signed by electors equal in number to twenty-five per cent of the first-choice votes cast for mayor at the preceding election. If the recall petition is circulated against an officer elected from a ward, it shall be signed by electors equal in number to twenty-five per cent of those who voted in the ward at the last regular city election- But no recall petition shall be circulated against said officer until he shall have held his office for at least six months." When a recall petition complying with all the provisions of the charter is filled with the clerk, his first duty is to notify the officer against whom it is filed. If the officer resigns, the vacancy shall be filled according to the method prescribed by the charter and there the matter ends. If he refuse to resign, an election shall be ordered, at which the officer's name shall be placed on the ballot, with not more than two others, and if he receives a majority of the votes he shall not again be subjected to recall petition during the term for which he was at first elected. Miscellaneous-—The charter provided for a commission of publicity and efficiency, which shall publish weekly the "Toledo City Journal," containing the city's legal advertisements; notices and reports of the civil service commission; proceedings of the council, etc. The mayor is authorized to appoint a civil service commission of three members, which commission shall adopt and enforce a code of rules for the classification of all positions except elective offices and positions filled by the appointment by the mayor and heads of departments. Municipal ownership is provided for without qualification, and eight hours shall constitute a day's work, except in cases of extraordinary emergency. The 235 sections of the charter cover every phase of municipal government. Beginning with the incorporation of Toledo in 1837, the list of mayors with the year of election or when they took office is as fol- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1461 lows: John Berdan, 1837; Hezekiah D. Mason, 1839 ; Myron H. Tilden, 1840 (resigned soon after his fourth election in 1843, to accept the office of president judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and James Myers was elected to the vacancy) ; George B. Way, 1844; Richard Mott, 1845; Emery D. Potter, 1847; Daniel O. Morton, 1849 ; Caleb F. Abbott, 1850 ; Charles M. Dorr, 1851; Daniel McBain, Egbert B. Brown, Ira L. Clark and Mayor Brigham, 1852 (the several changes in this term were caused by resignations) ; Charles M. Dorr, 1853 ; Alexander B. Brownlee, 1857; Alexander H. Newcomb, 1860; John J. Manor, 1861; Charles M. Dorr, 1863 ; Charles A. King, 1867; William Kraus, 1869 ; William W. Jones, 1871; Guido Marx, 1875; William W. Jones, 1877; Jacob Romeis, 1879 ; Samuel F. Forbes, 1885; J. Kent Hamilton, 1887; Vincent J. Emmick, 1891; Guy G. Major, 1893; Samuel M. Jones, 1897; Robert H. Finch, 1904 (for the unexpired term caused by the death of Mayor Jones) ; Brand Whitlock, 1905 ; Carl Keller, 1913 ; Charles Milroy, 1915; Cornell Schreiber, 1917; Bernard F. Brough, 1921; Fred J. Mery, 1925; William T. Jackson, 1927. FIRE DEPARTMENT One of Toledo's best city controlled organizations is its Division of Fire. Despite the great increase in values and the city expansion, out of the past eleven years, only 1918, 1920, 1921 and 1924 showed a smaller fire loss than was sustained in 1928. During 1928 the Division responded to 2,235 alarms. Of these, 1,890 were fires inside the city limits, 37 were outside the city limits, 226 were false alarms, and 82 are classified as unnecessary. In this work the fire apparatus traveled 14,138 miles, worked 2,337 hours, raised 26,035 feet of ladder, laid 574,450 feet of hose, used 569 chemical tanks, and consumed 7,834 gallons of gasoline. Officers' automobiles and trucks, not included in the above figures, traveled 42,846 miles and used 5,848 gallons of gasoline. The per capita cost of the fire department operation during 1928 was $3.44. Under Fire Chief Fred J. Myers, at the end of 1928 there were 437 men on the fire payroll of which 314 were laddermen, hosemen and drivers. Toledo has nineteen fire stations the oldest of which, standing, No. 2 on Cherry Street near Superior. Fire-fighting equipent includes seven triple combination pumpers, six steam fire gines, 14 hose and chemical wagons, eight hook and ladder trucks, two aerial hook and ladder trucks, and water tower, nine 1462 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY automobiles, and has reserve apparatus amounting to four hose and chemical wagons, and one hook and ladder truck. The fire alarm boxes number 612. The total fire loss for 1928 was $745,393.27 of which loss the amount above insurance coverage was $67,433.79. The value of buildings and contents where the 1928 fires occurred was $12,284,714.50. The first motor apparatus placed in service was on November 14, 1914, and the last horse to make his official run to a fire was sent to the green pastures in 1915. Turning to the olden days, while Toledo before that time had a volunteer force of firemen, as noted in Chapter 63, the first official move toward providing fire protection in town was May 29, 1837, when a committee was appointed 'by the council to "ascertain the expense of procuring two fire engines for the use of the `city.' " The result was the purchase in Philadelphia not long after of two hand-power "engines." The cost was $1,909.05. On September 25, 1837, a bill was allowed Hoisington & Manning for $68 for building engine house No. 1, located on Cherry Street not far from the present No. 2 house, and soon after the same contractors were paid $13 for building engine house No. 2, evidently located not far from present No. 3 on Jefferson Avenue. The water supply was partly provided for by dug cisterns one of these old landmarks being lately unearthed under the old Boody house, while excavating for the new Ohio Bank Building. On November 27, 1827, the council passed a resolution stating that whenever forty or more citizens should form themselves into a fire company, such company should be placed in possession of an engine, hose, hose cart, hooks mild ladders, etc. The resolution also provided that the companies should be designated numbers, the first company formed to be No. 1, the second, No, 2, and so on. On December 11, 1837, an ordinance was passed which provided that: "Every owner or occupant of a building shall keep good fire buckets, made of leather, as follows: For a building with one or two fireplaces or stoves, one bucket; for building with more than two fireplaces or stoves, one bucket for every two such ; the buckets to hold three gallons each." The ordinance also provided for the appointment of fire wardens—one for each of the three wards—and on December 29th James M. Whitney, Worden N. Richardson and Daniel Segur were appointed. At a meeting of the council on November 30, 1840, Edward TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1463 Bissell was elected chief fire engineer; Richard Mott, first assistant; Walter Titus, second assistant; Junius Flagg, Peter H. Shaw and William Hoskins, fire wardens for the three wards, respectively. At the same session a resolution to organize two hook and ladder companies was adopted, and the engineer was directed "to procure two fire hooks and two ladders of sufficient length and strength for the purpose for which they are intended." It is evident that these volunteer fire companies served without pay and for lack of appreciation, their enthusiasm began to wane. On February 8, 1841, the council instructed the committee of fire department "to ascertain whether any fire companies do in fact exist at this time, and report upon the expediency of disbanding the same." The committee reported that the companies were inactive and a reorganization of the department was recommended. On the 22nd of the same month, C. W. Hill, W. N. Richardson and C. G. Shaw were authorized to organize a company, "to be known as Fire Engine and Hose Company No. 1, to be the successor of Engine Company No. 1, which is hereby disbanded." Two days later the company was organized with the following members : Edson Allen, Aldrice A. Belknap, C. H. Bentley, Leverett Bissell, S. S. Blanchard, Charles Border, Manly Bostwick, S. H. Bradford, George P. Clark, Henry Clark, H. G. Cozzens, Joel W. Crane, Samuel Eddy, W. H. Elder, A. W. Fairbanks, Junius Flagg, J. J. Fullerton, Elijah S. Hanks, C. W. Hill, Joseph Jones, Valentine H. Ketcham, R. N. Lawton, J. N. Mount, B. P. Peckham, W. H. Raymond, John Ream, George Redding, George H. Rich, W. N. Richardson, Erastus Roys, Daniel Segur, Cornelius G. Shaw, Thomas Southard and Walter Titus, Jr. J. J. Fullerton was elected foreman; Cornelius G. Shaw, first assistant; Leverett Bissell, second assistant; Erastus Roys, secretary; William R. Raymond, treasurer. Engine House No. 1 was remodeled and improved and the company was placed in possession. For some time this was the only fire company in the city. A No. 2 company was organized in the spring of 1842 and on May 3, 1842, the council passed a resolution directing the chief of the department (David Crane) to "organize a hook and ladder company and superintend the erection of a house for the same, located on Summit Street, between Adams and Cherry streets, for which he shall receive compensation at the rate of $1.50 per day." The structure was completed during the summer by Crane's first assistant named Brigham, whose first name was "Mayor." The city now had two engine companies and a hook and ladder company, as well 13-VOL. 2 1464 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY equipped as those in most cities of Toledo's population. During the next five years considerable progress was made by the department. A third company had been organized and on September 24, 1847, the council passed an ordinance providing for the purchase "of a portion of lot No. 161, Port Lawrence division, and the erection thereon df an engine house, the cost of which shall not exceed $2,500." This house was occupied by the No. 3 Engine and Hose Company. On March 20, 1848, provision was made for uniforming the department members and under the same ordinance all spectators at fires were to be subject to the orders of the mayor and aldermen, fire wardens or other officers, and were liable to arrest and a fine of $5.00 for refusing to obey such orders. Members of fire companies were required to meet at their respective houses on the first of each month for the purpose of exercise and for cleaning the apparatus. A reward of $10.00 was provided for the company which should first arrive at a fire with its apparatus ready for use, and $5.00 for each company arriving in ten minutes thereafter. The several companies were required to meet in joint convention in March of each year and nominate a chief engineer and two assistants, to be submitted to the council for confirmation. Sextons of churches provided with bells were required to ring the same for a period of twenty minutes, immediately upon an alarm of fire; failure to do so was punishable by a fine of $2.00. By the ordinance of June 14, 1851, the council directed that the foremen of Engine Companies No. 1 and No. 2, and Hook and Ladder Company No- 1, should each procure a key to the Episcopal Church and keep the same in the houses of said companies. In case of fire, any member of either company was authorized to open the church and ring the bell "until relieved by the sexton of the church, or until the bell of the Catholic Church shall begin to ring." To stimulate watchfulness, it was provided that the company whose member should be the first at the church and the first to ring the bell should receive a premium of $2.00, which the company might give to the member by vote. In 1852, what was known as the "Germania Fire Company" was organized. It was the fourth in the city and took its name from the fact that it was mostly made up of Germans. As the cit developed, the fire department kept pace with its expansion- The annual report of Robert Cummings, chief fire engineer, in March, 1863, says: "There have been during the past year 22 fires, involving a loss of $285,000, which was covered by insur- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1465 ance to the amount of $131,000, making a total loss over insurance of $154,000. Of this loss, $225,000 occurred at the burning of the Michigan Southern Elevators. The above returns of loss are as accurate as could be obtained. There are now connected with the fire department, two steam engines, three hand engines and one hook and ladder company, with their hose carriages and carts—all in good order with the exception of the hose carts, which are now being made ' At the close of my term of office, I wish again to mention the importance of having cisterns built at various points through the city for fire purposes. It is also important to have a coal cart to run to fires, to carry coal to the two steamers- The city should own the cart and make arrangements with a drayman to haul it to fires." It was about 1866 that the department was put upon a regular salary basis. POLICE DEPARTMENT As provided by the City Charter of 1915, the Police Division also functions under the direction of the Department of Public Safety. The charter provides that the chief of police shall have exclusive authority in the matter of stationing and transfer of patrolmen and includes the right to suspend any officer or employ of the department for incompetence, neglect of duty, immorality, intoxication, failure to obey orders and other infractions of the established rules. His ruling, however, may be sustained or reversed by the director of the department. The suspended alleged offender also has the right of appeal to the civil service commission, whose decision is final- In 1929, the organization consisted of a chief, inspector of police, inspector of detectives, inspector of traffic, four captains, seven lieutenants, seventeen sergeants, thirty-six detectives, 418 patrolmen, six matrons and six turnkeys. When Toledo was incorporated in 1837, the town or city marshal was the only police officer, although constables elected under the laws of the state exercised police powers to a certain extent. At certain times, especially in the canal building days the marshal was allowed one or two deputies to "hold down the exuberance of the Irish." Toledo's first marshal was Calvin Comstock. No police force was provided for until 1852, when on May 13 of that year, when Toledo had neared her fifteenth birthday, the council passed an ordinance providing for a volunteer organization. Under this ordinance, as soon as ten citizens or more, not exceeding fifty, offered to volunteer their services to preserve the 1466 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY peace and assist in the enforcemnt of the laws and ordinances, they should organize themselves into a company and elect a captain and a lieutenant for one year- Constant service was not demanded, but when called upon to act as police officers the members were invested with all the police powers then conferred upon the city marshal. The ordinance required the officers and members of the company "to hold themselves in readiness, by day and by night, to protect the city and the inhabitants thereof against injuries by thieves, robbers, burglars and other persons violating the public peace, and for the suppression of riots and other disorderly conduct." In July following the passage of the ordinance, a policing company was formed, consisting of the following members: Robert H. Bell, Peter F. Berdan, John R. Bond, Egbert B. Brown, Joseph W. Brown, I. N. Hathaway, W. W. Howe, Joel W. Kelsey, Henry Ketcham, William Kraus, Jacob Landman, I. R. Nelson, C. B. Phillips and Andrew Shurtz. There is no record of any great service rendered by this organization and like the volunteer fire company it soon lost its identity. It was in 1866, when Toledo became a city of the first class that the metropolitan police system was adopted. The office of city marshal was abolished and the governor appointed as police commissioners "Mayor" Brigham, Charles A. King, William Kraus, Joseph K. Secor and Dennison Steele. Upon these commissioners devolved the work of organizing a city police force. They appointed Henry Breed, superintendent, or chief; Michael O'Connor, captain, William P. Scott, sergeant, and the following patrolmen : Elijah S. Hanks, Cornelius Heline, Patrick Horan, Henry Nellis, John D- Nicely, William R. Osborn, Joseph A. Parker, Jacob Pfanner, Jacob Rudolph, Conrad Schilling, Henry Streicher, Jacob Winnie and George Wise. The superintendent was paid a salary of $1,500; the captain, $900, the sergeant, $800; patrolmen, $720, each, and George W. Kirk was appointed turnkey at a salary of $600. The cost of Toledo's metropolitan police force for the first year was therefore $13,160. In 1868 the police department passed under the control of a local board, of which Mayor Charles A. King was ex-officio president. The other members were : Bailey H. Hitchcock, George Meissner, Patrick Murray, Edward Malone, Horace S. Olds, William H. Smith and Horace S. Walbridge. H. K. Stephens was appointed secretary to the board and the force was reorganized. The TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1467 office of superintendent was abolished and William P. Scott was appointed captain; Patrick Horan and Henry Streicher, sergeants. By an act of the Ohio General Assembly early in the year 1881, the metropolitan police system for cities of the first class was reestablished. Gov. Charles Foster appointed as police commissioners for Toledo, Abner L. Backus, John Cummings, Guido Marx and George Milmine. The metropolitan system was succeeded by a system consisting of one police commissioner elected from each ward, who, with the mayor, constituted the police board. This system, with some changes, continued in operation until the adoption of the charter of 1915. Toledo's police protection is one officer to one and four-tenths per thousand of her population, which is less than any other city except two in the United States, and these cities have in a way other protection ; they are Oakland, California and Denver, Colorado. WATERWORKS Municipal ownership of public utilities is generally looked upon with disfavor. Experience has shown the doubtful practicability thereof- However, the matter of water supply is an exception, and as the case with most cities, Toledo's water plant is city owned and its municipal management has been a success. One great reason favoring city management is the matter of health, the question of pure water and control over the situation by the state board of health- Toledo's water is examined every hour and frcm all parts of the city and the analysis is reported to the state health board. The evolution of Toledo's water supply is an interesting story- In the earliest days, as with most germinating cities similarly situated, the inhabitants obtained their water supply from dug wells which received much of the surface drainage filtered through decaying vegetation. Little wonder that those were the days of fever epidemics and the "shakes"—ague. In times of drouth the conditions were worse. The first attempt at improvement was by sinking artesian wells to obtain purer water, but the success of the plan was doubtful. One of the earliest wells was sunk at Manhattan. In the spring of 1850, Lyman Wheeler had a well drilled near his store at the corner of Monroe and St. Clair streets, the Wheeler opera house site. A good supply of pure water which met the needs of 1468 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY a large section of the town was struck at a depth of less than sixty feet. The diameter of the bore was eight and three-fourths inches; the water rose to within six feet of the surface and seemingly the supply was inexhaustible. Drilling in other sections followed. A well was drilled on Jefferson Street between Summit and St. Clair; another at the car works of A. J. Field in the old fifth ward; one by I. N. Hathaway at the corner of Superior and Orange; Judge Myers bored a well in the basement of his block, corner of Monroe and Summit; there was a famous flowing well at the foot of Madison Street and one at Front and Oak, east side. On June 9, 1853, the city council made provision for four public wells—one at the corner of Summit and Adams streets, one at St. Clair and Washington, a third at Cherry and Summit and the fourth at the corner of Lagrange and Summit. This also indicates the centers of population or business at this time. However, as the city expanded other means were demanded and on August 16, 1855, the electors voted favorably upon a proposition to issue $25,000 in municipal bonds for a water supply system. Of this sum $5,000 was used for a test well to demonstrate that the artesian well system would solve the problem. After several years' experimenting this idea was abandoned. It was on March 10, 1868, that a definite move was made to establish Toledo's water supply on a modern plan. On this date, Charles A. King, mayor, Calvin Crane, city engineer, William C. Huffman and J. H. Whitaker were appointed to inspect the Holly system of water works in use at Lockport and Auburn, New York. A plan was submitted and voted upon providing for a system with 94,500 feet of mains and a Holly pumping engine, the total cost of the plant being estimated at $379,178. The bond issue was to be $500,000, but as it was not made clear where the water mains were to be located, the proposition was lost at the April, 1868, election by a vote of 2,695 to 567. Following this a proposition to install a fire protection system by pumping water from the canal, costing $100,000 was also defeated in March, 1869, by a vote of 2,673 to 1,000. October 3, 1870, the city council appointed Henry Phillips, J. G. Nolan, William St. John, Daniel Segur and Luther Whitney to investigate and report on the different system, including artesian wells. The committee employed A. R. Ketcham as an engineer to make estimates of the cost of various systems and on February 2, 1872, reported in favor of the Holly system, to include TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1469 twenty-five miles of mains, the necessary pumping machinery, etc., the estimated cost of which was $500,000. Again the proposition of issuing bonds was submitted to the voters and at an election on April 1, 1872, it was indorsed by a vote of 3,480 to 1,082. On June 11, 1872, pursuant to an ordinance passed on the 20th of May, John P. Freeman, Edward Malone and Carl Schon were appointed a board of waterworks trustees. They employed Moses Lane, of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as chief engineer of construction. On December 9, 1872, Mr. Lane presented his estimate of $555,987 for a stand-pipe system. This was not satisfactory to the council, which was in favor of the Holly system, and after delay and litigation a compromise was effected by the appointment of a special commission to visit a number of cities and report on the system it considered most applicable to Toledo. That commission was composed of H. A. Boyd, J. D. Cook, J. T. Maher and J. S. Norton. After inspecting the waterworks in a number of cities, the commission reported on March 31, 1873, in favor of the standpipe system. Immediately upon the submission of the report to the council, that body passed an ordinance providing for a stand-pipe system; J. D. Cook was employed as chief engineer and on December 29, 1873, water was turned into the mains. The initial cost of the plant was $444,908. As established in 1873, the waterworks were located on the west bank of the Maumee River, on lots 16 and 17, River Tract No. 9, between Broadway and the river. The supply was taken from the river, to which there was considerable objection, but an analysis of the water in 1875, by Professor Douglas, of the University of Michigan, showed the water to be far better than generally reported. The question of installing a city filtration plant was discussed for several years before the matter took definite form. In 1902 the waterworks commissioners—W. T. Davies, Heny Keller and William Kuhlman—appointed a "water purification commission" to make a complete investigation of the subject and recommend a plan adapted to Toledo's needs. That commission was composed of G. H. Benzenburg, of Cincinnati, William G. Clark, of Toledo, and Allen Hazen, of Milwaukee. At the same time Dr. W. C. Chapman, W. S. Brainard and Noah H. Swayne were appointed as an advisory board, to act in conjunction with the commission. After viewing the subject from every important angle, the commission reported in favor of obtaining a site somewhere above the city and using the Maumee River water as the source of supply. The 1470 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY mechanical system of filtration—that is by the use of chemicals—was favored instead of the slower process of filtering through sand, etc. The Board of Public Works secured the services of Charles L. Parmelee, an experienced engineer of New York, to advise local engineers in the development of the plan recommended by the commission, which plan was approved by the Ohio State Board of Health. Land was purchased of John Kumler and Judge John H. Doyle for the plant and work was commenced in December, 1905. The main contracts were let in May, 1907, to the Norwood Engineering Company, of Florence, Massachusetts, and at the same time William G. Clark succeeded Charles L. Parmelee as consulting engineer. Part of the work was sublet to Toledo firms, the A. Bentley & Sons Company building the pumping station and doing some other work. James Rooney installed the intake and the main conduit connecting the plant with the city mains was built by Watters & Tansey, McKinney Brothers and M. Rabbitt & Company. On February 24, 1910, the people of Toledo were supplied for the first time with what was pronounced pure filtered water. After the completion of the filtration plant numerous improvements were made in the waterworks system by the installation of new pumping machinery, the extension of the mains into new districts, etc. On May 22, 1922, the city council passed an ordinance authorizing a bond issue of $275,000 for the construction of a ten-million gallon coagulating basin and two and one-fourth miles of twenty-four inch feeder to the West Toledo district. Other improvements followed including the further development of the filtration plant approximating $6,000,000, and today with 700 miles of distribution mains water is furnished to Ottawa Hills, Trilby, Rossford in Wood County, Walbridge for railroad purposes, Cedar Point, Maumee and many other outlying districts. The average daily consumption is 45,000,000 gallons with 80,000,000 gallons the peak of the service. The number of city fire hydrants is 5,500. In 1915 a high pressure system was installed for fire protection to the business district including the territory from Walnut to Washington Street and from the river to Michigan Street- With this pumping station located at Water and Cherry streets Toledo has the best high pressure service of any city on the lakes, with 325 employees in this service, a bonded indebtedness of only $1,800,000 for water, a plant that is self-sustaining and the lowest TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1471 water rate in Ohio, costing less than three cents per cubic yard. A word as to the future. Every city including those on the great lakes is confronted with the question of a pure water supply and sewer outlets. Investigation is now under way for the construction of a filtration plant at some practical point in the lake, built on the unit plan so as to be enlarged in capacity with the growth of the city, and to start with a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons. And it was an epoch in Toledo's history when the old standpipe out Broadway was laid low in 1916.. PARKS AND BOULEVARDS Toledo has approximately 2,000 acres in parks and boulevards. What may be termed parks number 21, as follows: Acres Ottawa, at Bancroft and Parkside Boulevard - 311 Jermaine, between Beatty and Ottawa parks on Monroe - 90 Beatty, off Auburn Avenue - 64 Willys Park, Central Avenue and Ten Mile Creek - 103 City Park, City Park Avenue and Nebraska - 7 Collins, Consaul Street and Collins Avenue - 90 Highland, South Avenue and Champion - 54 Riverside, Summit and Galena - 53 Sterling Field between Swan Creek and Center Street - 17 Wilson, Mulberry Street and Streicher - 12 Ashley Play Ground, between Walbridge and southeast of Sumner Street (mostly under water) 12 Navarre, East Broadway, Navarre and Woodville - 53 Waite Play Ground - 7 Bay View, East end of Summit Street - 120 Prentice - 1 Close Memorial Home Acres, Bellevue and Castlewood - 6 Walbridge Park and Zoo (with 35 acres added) - 103 Ravine Park, between Consaul and E. Broadway - 162 1472 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY University Park, Nebraska, Hill and Faraday - 160 Long Island, opposite Walbridge Park - 10 Delaware Island, opposite Walbridge Park - 14 Total Park Acreage - 1,449 This total of parks proper of 1,449 acres, together with the boulevards and small plots not listed, brings the total acreage to 2,000- It was not until 1865 that public parks were seriously considered in Toledo, at which time Judge Noah H. Swanye, Sr., proposed to sell to the city 43 acres lying on Monroe Street between Woodruff and Collingwood avenues. His proposition was to take in payment $50,000 in twenty-year six per cent bonds. The offer was favorably considered, when opposition developed in sections "distant from the location" and their selfishness blocked the purchase- The price was exceedingly low and had the project gone through, it is difficult to say what effect it would have had on the development of that section of the city. The first unit of City Park was purchased from Peter Lenk in 1871 and added to in 1872 by the purchase of two lots from H. S. Walbridge. What was early known as the House of Refuge property, 47 acres of lot No. 9, Comstock's sub-division of River Tracts 12 and 13, valued at $80,000, was turned over to the city and opened up as a park in 1888. The house of refuge located there burned in 1886. It was in winter, the day or night was cold and severe, and the rescued inmates were housed in the institution's knitting works near at hand. Several died from exposure and pneumonia and six victims were buried near the present floral conservatory, their resting place being yet well cared for. Milton L. Moore, commissioner of parks, has after long investigation failed to learn the names of the burials- The knitting works was rebuilt as a keeper's residence and still stands on the park grounds near the river. This beautiful situation out Broadway took the name of Walbridge Park in honor of Horace S. Walbridge ; and later with 21 acres added made 68 acres, to which 35 acres has been added to the Zoo grounds, thus totaling 103 acres. Toledo Zoological Park-—The Toledo Zoo is the third largest in this country; as a municipal zoo the second, and had an interesting. beginning. In the fall of 1900 a farmer captured a young animal which he presented to Hildebrand Brothers. Possibly for publicity purposes, the animal was reported as a "cub bear." The TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1473 brothers turned over the quadruped, which was in fact a woodchuck, to Mr. Moore then superintendent of parks, who provided a cage for it at Walbridge Park. Visitors flocked to see the alleged "bear" and the interest manifested led to other animals being housed there, developing the idea of the Zoo. Two badgers were the gift from A. O. Hearn of Liberty Center and a golden eagle was presented by J. W. Ness. Then John Kuhlman added three real black bears purchased from the Detroit Zoo. The name. of the first elephant was "Josie" purchased from Ringling Brothers while the show was exhibiting in Toledo, with money raised by popular subscription. "Josie" was guaranteed as "gentle and trustworthy and affectionate." But when Mr. Moore and his assistant Mr. Gettins attempted to conduct her to her new quarters she trumpeted her objections to leaving her mates so strenuously that the aid of the showmen was necessary to settle the pachyderm in her new home. The reigning monarchs of the Zoo for years were the lions, King and Queen, purchased when cubs from an English army officer for $400. They were the noblest specimens of their kind. After being admired by literally millions of children and grownups, King succumbed to the ravages of time in June, 1929, at the age of 22 years. On account of his remarkable longevity and beauty, he now poses as in life in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Queen preceded King to the happy land of the Sotick some two years and the monarch of the Zoo is now the young beauty, "Jack" who arrived from the African jungles in 1926. One of the earlier calamities to the children, and adults as well, was the loss of Josie whose place was taken by York, another elephant, now better known as Babe, purchased by popular subscription for $2,000 in 1912. When he came to the Zoo, Babe weighed about 6,800 and now tips the beam at about five and a half tons, probably the largest elephant in captivity. He was 36 years old in 1929- Toots, a baby elephant of some 14 years in 1929, came to the Zoo in 1922, the gift of Sam Davis, one of the finest friends of the Zoological Garden. Both specimens are In-than elephants. Two of the rarest specimens are the two horned Massai giraffes, the ownership of which was also made possible by Sam Davis in June, 1928. They were captured.near the Mern Mountains and stand nearly 11 and 12 feet high, the female the taller. Two specimens which show great affection for each other are upid the hippopotamus and Sada, the rhinoceros. Cupid was 1474 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY about four years old in 1929, weighed 35 pounds when born at the Memphis, Tennessee Zoo, was purchased by pennies donated by Toledo school children and $2,000 furnished by the society. In two years Cupid gained 2,000 pounds. Sada the rhino, is one of two of the African two-horned kind in America. Purchased also by Sam Davis, it was secured when just nearing its first birthday, cost $8,000 and arrived direct from Africa. It is valued at $15,000 or more. It was in 1926 that the Toledo Zoo took on new vigor when such men as Percy C. Jones, Sam Davis, Dr. Reuben Hilty and others began to devote their time and thought to its betterment. With the new building plan in operation worth a half million dollars, the carnivora house the central building donated by twenty-two men, and with a Zoological collection of priceless value, including 120 reptile specimens, Toledo's fame has been spread from coast to coast by this valued enterprise of which the society officials for 1929 were as follows : President, Percy C. Jones; vice presidents, C. O. Miniger, Rathbun Fuller, Gordon M. Mather, C. L. Proctor; secretary, Frank L. Skelden; treasurer, Frank D. Butler; veterinarian, Dr. Reuben Hilty. The members of the board of managers are : W. T. Jackson, Percy C. Jones, J. B. Merrill, W. H. Schroeder, George A. Dennis, George Ritter, Dr. Reuben Hilty, F. L. Skelden, Albert P. Fall, and Sam Davis. From 128 species and 487 specimens in 1927, valued at $68,084 there has been a growth in 1929, to some 150 species, and approximately 600 specimens valued at $125,000. Willys Park-—Continuing as to Toledo parks, and playgrounds, Willys Park along Ten Mile Creek and near where is now located the great Willys-Overland Automobile Works, was originally known as Central Grove Park. After the location of the Willys factories in that section the name was changed as now designated in honor of one of America's great manufacturers. West of the park is Woodlawn cemetery, bordering eastward is Ten Mile Creek, on the north is Hillcrest Avenue and on the south is Central Avenue, where it joins Beatty Park. Wilson Park, acquired by the city in 1918 was named in honor of Woodrow Wilson then president of the United States. Most of the parks are equipped with playgrounds, many have base ball diamonds, several are provided with swimming pools and other forms of service and recreation such as tennis courts and even golf courses. The Boulevard System of Toledo, as now planned, if com- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1475 pleted would total a stretch of some forty miles. The project was started in 1898 with the purpose of connecting many of the larger parks. The right of way now opened totals some twenty miles, but experts have reported to the city planning commission that a revision of the plans is necessary to make the boulevard idea what it should be. As to neighborhood parks, it is the policy to enlist the cooperation of county authorities in Lucas, as well as in Wood and Ottawa counties and Monroe, Michigan. STREETS AND SEWERS The area of the City of Toledo is 36,774 square miles, its land area being 32,974 square miles. The total miles of dedicated streets is 551.62; alleys, 191.36 miles; total mileage of paved streets, 399.19. Of the paved streets, 110.67 miles is asphalt and 157.81 miles brick. These figures according to 1928 report. The development of the present sewer system of the City of Toledo began in the year 1869 when sewer No. 1 was constructed. That sewer which is still in use runs from the river at the foot of Monroe Street out Monroe, Huron and Jefferson to 20th Street, a distance of approximately 0-9 miles. The last sewer completed by the city is sewer No. 1588 bringing the city's total length of sanitary and combined sewers up to 430 miles of which about 23 miles are interceptors or main trunk collecting sewers. In addition to the above sewers which are strictly city sewers the county Sewer Districts in Lucas County contain a considerable mileage of sanitary sewers which are provided with outlets into the city's system. The interceptor sewer system comprises four main branches named after the localities which they serve. These system are known as Ten Mile Creek interceptor which lies in the valley of Ten Mile Creek, the Swan Creek interceptor which generally parallels Swan Creek and the West and East Side interceptors which lie respectively on the west and east sides of the Maumee River. The Swan Creek interceptor is tributary to the West Side interceptor which in turn discharges to the Bay View Park pumping station which is located on an island near the mouth of the river near Bay View Park. The flow through the Ten Mile Creek interceptor also reaches that pumping station. The East Side interceptor is tributary to the new East Side Pumping station at Lee and Gleason streets. The flow reaching that station will be pumped under the river through a new tunnel 72 inches in diameter and 3,000 feet in length. The tunnel ter- 1476 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY minates on the island on which the Bay View Park pumping station is located. The new East Side pumping station is equipped to pump 96 million gallons per day by means of four 24 million gallons per day units. The Bay View Park station has four 40 million gallon units and one 30 million gallon unit giving the station a capacity of 190 million gallons. The City has just received bids for the construction of a new sewage treatment plant which will be constructed on the island at Bay View Park. The plant will be of a modern type and will be ready for operation in 1931. The treatment to be provided at the plant will include grit removal, chlorination, the removal of suspended solids in mechanically cleaned settling tanks and separate digestion of the removed solids. In connection with the digestion of solids, heat treatment and gas collection will be practiced. The plant effluent will be discharged into the river at its mouth and the digested solids or sludge will be dried on artificial filters and used for fill or fertilizer. PLANNING COMMISSIONS There is no section of America with greater natural scenic beauties, of a character and individuality all their own, than are found within the Maumee and Sandusky valleys. The great value and necessity of retaining, maintaining and perpetuating these delightful gifts of Nature in the interests of the people is of vital concern. The same is true as to the scores of historical situations, of priceless memories. National, state and local legislative enactments of late years looking to this end have been passed and in accordance therewith boards formed and commissions named. Concerning Toledo, there is the City Planning Commission, as provided by the new city charter. This commission appointed by the mayor, has gone about its work in a businesslike manner, caused surveys to be made by experts, and has formulated a City Plan System wisely looking to the future when Toledo will be double or perhaps treble its present population. One vital feature is the "Civic Center," where public buildings are grouped in harmonious co-ordination as shown by the illustration displayed to the public- Surveys have also been made of streets, parks, boulevards, and recreational centers, as well as railroad transportation, ports and other lines. The jurisdiction of this City Commission extends to three miles beyond the city limits, and additions and subdivisions must TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1477 be projected upon plans subject to their approval and in conformity to the adopted system. Under the city wide major street plan adopted by the council as an amendment to the zoning ordinance and providing for the widening of certain streets, all new buildings on these major streets must be located and set back in conformity with the street widening plan. The commission also looks after and protects the interests of the private land and home owner against the construction of buildings or the location of such institutions as are damaging and detrimental to individual interests or communities. The members of the County Planning Commission are the appointees of the county commissioners and serve them in an advisory capacity. In the county major highway plan, all improvements in the county must conform to the adopted system, and an extensive line of major highways and parkways have been outlined. The city plan promotes an orderly and scientific urban development; a regional plan correlates the development of urban and suburban centers, prepares the groundwork for future city growth and ties city and country together for the most advantageous and beautiful country life. One advantage is that in projecting new subdivisions, the highway expense is shared by the projectors and lessens the county tax burdens for roads. The third division, and to the whole Maumee River territory the most important in its functioning, is the Metropolitan Park Board, which is provided for by a state law, the three members of which with the advisory members, are appointed by the probate judge. The Metropolitan Board is a corporate body. It can, purchase, lease, condemn or sell lands for park or reservation purposes, and under certain conditions its jurisdiction may extend to other counties or sections outside of Lucas. As an example, under a proper form of procedure, points like the old Mission Farm in Wood County on the Maumee River, and other valuable beauty spots of historical significance can be purchased and the expense distributed so as to fall on Wood County only in part. The three boards, the Toledo City Planning Commission, the Lucas County Planning Commission and The Metropolitan Park Board, by cooperative understanding and co-ordination, can develop untold good on the lines for which they were created. And by also working with the various local organizations and historical societies formed for the preservation of the scenic and historical situations, future historians will write wonderingly of their accomplishments. 1478 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY As noted heretofore, the city of Toledo has purchased from the state the lands and right of way of the old Miami & Erie Canal, from its Toledo terminus to Maumee City. It is the plan to eliminate or readjust the steam and interurban electric tracks along this route in order to construct the first section of a boulevard which will eventually reach the head of the Maumee River. A bill was prepared for the purchase by Toledo of the canal lands from Maumee to Grand Rapids, Wood County, but the price, including the water rights, was found prohibitive. It is now the plan to lease this section of the waterway from the state and connect the Toledo section with the boulevard above already partly constructed through Henry County, and to Defiance. In the project to beautify the Maumee River border and open up parks and recreation grounds, it is planned from above Maumee City and to the brow of Presque Isle Hill (Turkey Foot Rock) to run the boulevard on the old canal right of way back of the low Fallen Timbers battle ground- However, there are points on the present river road above Waterville where the route of the boule- yard will run on the high elevation with the canal just below and between the road and the river. The river scenery here is greatly enhanced by the graceful curving water thread of the canal and the beauties of the changing views are unsurpassed. Consequently it is planned to retain the canal intact here with its water flow, beautified by lagoons and landscaping and to preserve some of the old sepulchral canal locks. Inland in Lucas County there are also delightful natural situations on Swan Creek and Ten Mile Creek, where parks will be established and recreation centers located. What is true of the developments described can well apply to the entire Sandusky River section and many points on the Portage River in Wood and Ottawa counties; including of course the highway on the east side of the Maumee River from Fort Meigs to Grand Rapids on to Napoleon and to the river's head. Another organization of a wider scope, the purpose of which is to preserve the historical situations and scenic loveliness of the Maumee section for the benefit of the people is the Maumee Scenic and Historic Association, with a large membership, which will work in harmony with these other organizations where their interests are mutual. CIVIC CENTER PLAN Toledo's fine new Safety Building of stone, costing a million and a quarter dollars, is one of the units of the city's new Civic 1480 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Center plan and was occupied in 1926. It contains at present the offices of most of the city departments, including mayor's offices, police headquarters, police courtrooms, and other city connections. The group includes in the future development of the idea, a large auditorium, city hall, federal building, civic arts building and some others. It is an idea of great importance to Toledo's future go. TOLEDO MUSEUM OF ART The Toledo Museum of Art was organized in 1901, by a group of prominent Toledo business men headed by Edward Drummond Libbey. For a time it functioned by holding temporary exhibitions in rented quarters in a downtown building. It then secured a remodelled residence at the corner of Madison Avenue and 13th Street. In 1903, George W. Stevens became the first Director of the institution, at that time an organization without collections, funds, a building or any permanent means of support. In his first annual report, President Edward Drummond Libbey had proclaimed a policy of education for the Toledo Museum, With Mr. Stevens' assumption of the Directorship, this policy was put into effect. Mr. Libbey and Mr. Stevens believed that a museum's work was not only the preservation of those objects which have come down to us from antiquity, and of fine paintings and sculpture, but to serve the best interests of the community in a cultural and educational way. They believed that a museum could be and should be just as important an educational institution as a university, a college or even the public schools. To this end a carefully planned program was put into effect immediately- The plan included improved temporary exhibitions, lecture courses, an art reference library, a bureau of art information, the formation of a women's art club,—the Athena Society,—a Camera Club, sketch classes, an Art Students' Guild, Saturday morning classes in drawing and modelling for children, gallery talks for clubs, adults and public school classes, together with classes in art history. In addition, Mr. and Mrs. Stevens talked on art throughout the city, in clubs, churches, schools, and at the noon hour in factories, stores and shops. To induce people to come to art, they first carried art to the people. Thus, within the first few days of their directorship, Mr. and Mrs. Stevens inaugurated the educational policy which, with but very slight changes, prevails today in The Toledo Museum of Art. The response to this educational policy was so great that Museum quarters in the old residence were soon outgrown. Pres- 1482 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY ident Libbey offered to give a substantial sum for the erection of a Museum building provided the people of Toledo would subscribe an equal amount. This offer was so readily met that President and Mrs. Libbey gave in addition, the site for the new building, so that the entire fund which had been raised might be used for actual construction. In January 1912, the fine new building on Monroe Street and Scottwood Avenue was opened with a magnificent Inaugural Exhibition. The collections already formed, which included paintings, prints, ceramics, Oriental and Egyptian Art, were installed in the galleries, and some space reserved for temporary exhibitions. Within four years the development of the Museum had reached the limits of its space, the collections had grown to such an extent that the building was no longer adequate and plans were made for an addition to more than double its size. Building operations commenced in the spring of 1924 and the opening of the completed Museum took place in January, 1926. This addition, the gift of President Libbey, made Toledo's Museum equal in size to that in Cleveland and larger than those in Cincinnati, Buffalo, Minneapolis, Milwaukee and many other cities as large as or larger than Toledo. When opened, it was completely filled with the permanent collections of The Toledo Museum of Art, portions of them having to be placed in storage later, to make room for temporary exhibitions. The Museum building is of white marble with a frontage of two hundred feet, the style being Greek Ionic of the Periclean period. The main floor contains a sculpture court, Gothic Hall, seventeen large exhibition galleries, an Art Reference Library, the business offices, and a beautiful auditorium seating eight hundred and fifty people. On the ground floor are the class rooms of the Museum School of Design, a lecture hall seating two hundred and fifty, a Swiss Room, and spacious corridors for exhibition purposes. In 1927, a magnificent pipe organ was installed in the auditorium, the gift of Alice Libbey Walbridge and Sarah Miller Libbey in honor of their brother, the Founder of the Museum, Edward Drummond Libbey. The collections of the Toledo Museum are being developed along carefully worked out lines. It is planned to show the evolution of art, the universal language and expression of all people from the rudest scratchings of the cave man which have artistic form to the most modern schools of significant art. An attempt to educate the community in art necessarily requires that only the TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1483 best art objects that have been or are being produced should be shown, and consequently a museum which makes art education its chief business will exercise the greatest care in securing for its collections only the finest and most representative works of each period. The Toledo Museum of Art's collections include a representative group of Egyptian antiquities presented by Mr. Libbey and augmented by other donors; Assyrian cuneiform tablets, including the famous Nebuchadnezzar cylinder; Greek vases, ancient medieval and modern glass comprising what is regarded as one of the finest collections of glass in the world, the gift of Edward Drummond Libbey; a group of American paintings showing the development of that art in this country from its beginning to the present time, installed in the Maurice A. Scott Gallery by Florence Scott Libbey; the splendid collections of old masters and modern Dutch and French painting presented by Edward Drummond Libbey; the collection formed by President Arthur J. Secor and presented to the Museum in 1922, which includes fine works by French Barbizon, Dutch and American artists; the George W. Stevens Gallery of early printed books and manuscripts, perhaps the best exposition of the art of writing and printing in this country; an Oriental collection given by Mr. and Mrs. Libbey, together with fine groups of etchings, drawings, engravings and block prints, pottery, porcelain and faience, and other examples of European and American painting. The Museum's educational activities include lectures on Art, Art Appreciation and Art History for adults and children, concerts for adults, classes in Music Appreciation for adults and children, and classes in design, applied design, drawing, lettering, and other allied subjects for adults and children. All of the educational activities of the Museum are free, and admission to the Museum is free at all times. The Museum is open daily from nine A. M. until five P. M, and on Sunday and Holidays from one until five P. M. The attendance at the Toledo Museum in 1928 was 179,915. Arthur J. Secor is President of The Toledo Museum of Art, and Blake-More Godwin, its able Director. TOLEDO PUBLIC LIBRARY In the year 1838, just one year after the village of Toledo was incorporated, there was organized "The Toledo Young Men's Association," under a charter granted by the Legislature, the declared object of which was to establish "a lyceum and public li- 1484 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY brary in Toledo." The constitution had on it the signatures of sixty-six men, most of whom became prominent in the future growth of the city. In 1845 there were 500 volumes in its library and ten periodicals were kept on file. In 1864, during the acrimonious contest between Lincoln and McClellan, politics were injected into the organization, and the McClellan followers elected a ticket of candidates made up wholly of democrats. The majority of the members withdrew and organized the Toledo Library Association, and then proceeded to start a new library. Charles A. King was elected president, and ELIZA M. KENT BRANCH OF THE TOLEDO PUBLIC LIBRARY One of Toledo's many branch libraries two rooms were rented in the second story of the building on the northwest corner of Summit and Madison streets, which was torn down in the onward march of improvements in 1916. After a few years the old association proposed to turn its books over to the new, which proposition was accepted- All the books, amounting to 4,878 volumes, and some property, were given to the Toledo Public Library, chartered by the Legislature in 1873, by which the city was authorized to make an annual levy for its support It was opened to the public on November 3rd of that year. Toledo is credited with being the first city in Ohio to provide a free library for its citizens, and one of the very first in the western TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1485 states. The old quarters were retained until the present main library building was erected and occupied in 1890. Much credit is due to Mrs. Frances D. Germain, who was connected with the library for twenty-eight years, and for almost ten of which she was the librarian. The growth of the Library has been steady and continuous- Its scope has been broadened to include the Toledo School District, and its governing board are now appointed by the Board of Education. From the small beginning it has expanded until about 275,000 volumes are on its shelves, and the circulation today is approaching a milion and three-quarters annually. In 1916 five branch buildings were built from funds contributed by the Carnegie Foundation—Locke, Jermain, Mott, Kent and South. In 1925 the Birmingham Branch was opened and a fine new West Toledo Branch was built in 1929. A branch is maintained at Toledo Heights (Air Line Junction) and in the following schools : Nathan Hale, Lagrange, McKinley, Navarre, Oakdale and Webster- New branches are in contemplation. Plans are now maturing for the erection of a new main library, which is greatly needed. By the will of the late Edward Drummond Libbey $100,000 was given to the Library, the income of which was to be spent for books of permanent value. Small endowments were left by Eliza M. Kent and Anna C. Mott. A Library School is conducted each year to train applicants for the junior positions on the staff. Definite standards have also been established for applicants for the various positions. In every way there is concerted effort to give Toledoans valuable and increasingly better service. Carl Vitz has been Librarian since 1922 and he also serves as Secretary-Treasurer of the Board. Miss Jessie Welles is Assistant Librarian. The Toledo Public Library has been fortunate in having had many distinguished citizens upon its board of trustees. William Scott, John H. Doyle and Charles A. King were active in the early days of its formation. Among the later trustees, some of whom served many years, were Robinson Locke, Noah H. Swayne, Harvey Scribner, Brand Whitlock, Emery D. Potter Jr., and Grove Patterson. The present Board is constituted as follows : Sigund Sanger, president, Nevin O. Winter, vice president, William F. Donovan, George W. Pearson, Joseph A. Yager, Mrs. E. F. Brucker and Mrs. Ben W. Johnson. The efficient heads of main library in 1929 were as follows : Carl Vitz, librarian, Jessie Welles, assistant librarian and head of circulating department; 1486 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Elizabeth Gassaway, head of reference department; Ethel C. Wright, supervisor of work with children; Marguerite Ainsworth, head of order department; Winifred Riggs, head of catalog department; Marie A. Newberry, director of library training class; Charles Mohart, head of technology department; Effie Graham, head of catalog department. HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO The Historical Society of Northwestern Ohio, of Toledo, was organized and incorporated in 1918 to collect and preserve the historical records of the Maumee Valley and surrounding region, so rich in pioneer history. The late John H. Doyle was largely instrumental in its organization and served as its first president and Nevin O. Winter was its first secretary. It has already done much to arouse interest in local history through lectures and newspaper publicity, and its members are active in every movement to stimulate such interest and to erect monuments or memorials of historic events. Formed along the lines of the older historical societies of our large eastern cities, it is the purpose to gather historical materials and to establish a large historical library, and especially of Ohio and the old Northwestern Territory as well of the Indian tribes once resident here- Several hundred volumes and many rare maps are already owned by it and they are at present housed in the main branch of the Toledo Public Library. It is the hope and expectation at some time in the not-distant future to build and maintain a building of its own for the housing of its library and a museum of historical objects, with rooms for the activities of the society. Walter J- Sherman is president, Glenn D. Bradley, secretary and Nevin O. Winter, librarian. The other directors are Morrison W. Young, Thomas H. Walbridge, Walter A. Eversman, S. P. Jermain, Richard D. Logan, William C. Carr, R. H. Baker, William A. Gosline, William W. Knight, Julian H. Tyler, Edmund T. Collins and George H. Beckwith. CHAPTER LXIX PUBLIC UTILITIES STREET RAILWAYS-LIGHTING AND HEATING-POWER SERVICE-TELEPHONES Like all cities, Toledo's street railway development and service, has passed through a long transition. Radicalism at times creeps into city government which for protection of their interests causes equally radical measures to be adopted by public utility corporations. With the adoption of fair business methods on both sides in their negotiations such as are carried on by large private interests, millions of dollars could be saved both to city governments and corporations in the adjustment of public utilities. Some radical steps taken in the history of Toledo's street railway development will be passed over as not pertinent to a history of Toledo. The first step to establish a street railway in Toledo was on November 20, 1860, when the Toledo Street Railroad was incorporated. The board of directors was composed of William Baker, James C. Hall, Silas Merchant (of Cleveland), John T. Newton, C. B. Phillips, William H. Raymond and Morrison R. Waite. On February 11, 1861, the city council granted the company a franchise to construct and operate a street railway from the boundary line between Toledo and Manhattan, along Summit Street to the bridge over the canal, thence by Ottawa Street and Broadway to the bridge of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. Cars began running on May 27, 1862, between Bush and Cherry streets, making trips every half hour. In September, 1865, the company was re-organized, several stockholders who lived in Cleveland then disposing of their interest to citizens of Toledo. Charles B. Roff was elected president and Josiah D. Cook secretary and treasurer. Early in 1882 the franchise was extended to permit the company to construct a line from the intersection of Summit and Cherry streets across the bridge to Starr Avenue. The first car crossed the river on September 5, 1882. In April, 1869, the Adams Street Railway Company was organized by R. H. Bell, T. M. Book, E. H. Fitch, W. H. Machen and Henry Phillips, who made up the first board of directors. - 1487 - 1488 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Some thirty days later a contract was let to build a line from Summit, over Adams Street and Ashland Avenue to Bancroft. Owing to financial trouble the road was not placed in operation until 1872. In 1873 the line was extended through to and along Collingwood Avenue. Another company organized in 1869 was the Toledo Union Street Rairoad Company, which built a line from Summit Street over Monroe, Ontario, Washington and Dorr streets to Detroit Avenue. Theophilus P. Brown was chosen as president. In 1875 the company was re-organized as the Monroe & Dorr Street Railway Company. Mr. Brown was continued as president, and new capital was injected. On May 31, 1872, William Baker, E. H. Van Hoesen, E. D. Moore, A. E. Macomber, H. S. Walbridge and Wagner Swayne incorporated the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, to construct a line from Summit Street along Lagrange Street to the Manhattan road. The line was placed in operation in October, 1873. Permission was obtained early in 1879 for an extension from Lagrange Street over Bancroft, Cherry and St. Clair to Madison, and cars began running over the new line in November. In 1881 the road was extended along St. Clair Street south of Swan Creek. Two years later the Cherry Street line was extended to West Toledo. In 1884 the system passed into the hands of Cleveland parties and was operated by them until merged into the general system. The Monroe Street Railroad Company was organized in 1873. It built the line from Summit Street out Monroe to Auburndale, terminating at Auburn Avenue. The Toledo Central Passenger Railroad was organized in 1875 as the Erie Street & North Toledo Railroad Company. The first line of this company occupied Summit Street from North Toledo (Manhattan) to the old city line, thence by way of Erie to Cherry and Summit streets. In 1878 it was extended along Superior Street between Cherry and Monroe, thence by way of Monroe, Erie, Lafayette and Division streets and Nebraska Avenue to City Park Avenue. Later extensions were to Hawley Street and to Brown Avenue, with a branch down Erie to Field Avenue an thence to Air Line Junction by way of Western. Consequently, in the early '80s there was in operation, six dependent horse railways. Consolidation was obviously practica and was started through the incorporation, in 1884, of The Toled Consolidated Street Railway Company, and the Monroe and Dorr TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1489 Street, the Toledo, the Monroe and the Adams were brought under the control and ownership of the new company. Five years later the Consolidated purchased the Central and the Metropolitan but did not effect a complete consolidation of operations with the other four until 1895. First Electric Operation-—When electricity began to be utilized as a motive power, two new companies were formed in 1889. The first was The Toledo Electric Railway, called the "Glassboro Line" a short connection or spur leading to the Libbey Glass Plant. The later Michigan Street route was a part of it. Then came The Toledo Electric Street Railway Company organized by what was known as the "Robison interests" authorized for street transportation and to furnish electric light and power. While it took in unoccupied territory it also included the business and populated districts already served by the Consolidated lines and competition became sharp. The service included the Bancroft Belt, IndianaStickney, and South Street, originally the Huron-South. In 1890 a street railway was built on the East Side from Main Street along Front to Ironville, by The Ironville Street Railway Company. Then came Oak Street and East Broadway. In 1892 all of the Consolidated Lines were electrified and the last horse to draw a street car was turned out to pasture. The situation was certainly chaotic and when a new company took over the entire system in 1901, it was operating under ninety ordinances or council resolutions, and regulations adopted by the county commissioners. No attempt will be made to unravel the situation only to say that in 1894 the Consolidated Company became The Toledo Consolidated Electric Company. In 1895 The Toledo Traction Company was organized, effecting a merger of all the lines except those of The Toledo Electric Street Railway Company—The Robison Lines. In 1896 the Traction Company brought about the final merger of all interests by the purchase of the Robison Lines. Howver, the territory of the Robison Company was held intact by the two systems being operated separately, without reciprocity. The lines were grouped as follows : The Indiana, Stickney, Bancroft Belt and Huron-South lines formed one group known as the Robison Lines. These lines transferred to each other. The other lines known as Long. Belt, Short Belt, Oak Street, Ironville, East Broadway, Cherry, Dorr, Nebraska and Lagrange, Western Avenue and Summit-Broadway formed the other group and transferred to each other. The men were distinguished by the numbers 1490 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY on their badges. All numbers above 700 were those who had worked for the Robison interests, all others belonged to the Traction Company. By 1901, the various lines were so compounded that the record franchise contracts thereof were in the following named companies and individuals : The Toledo Consolidated Street Railway Company; The Metropolitan Street Railway Company; The Central Street Railway Company; Christopher W- McLean, Trustee; David Robison, Jr., Trustee; William A. Collins, Trustee; The Toledo Electric Street Railway Company and The Toledo Traction Company, all owned, however, by the last named- Five cents cash fare was the general requirement, but the Traction lines were allowed to collect fifty cents for eleven tickets, while the Robisons were required to sell six tickets for twenty-five cents, with a three cent fare from 6 to 8 a. m., and from four to six p. m. No transfers were allowed between cars of the two systems. This difference in fare rates was maintained until December 31, 1911. Final Consolidation-—June 29, 1901, The Toledo Railways & Light Company, a corporation organized for the purpose, and known as the "Big Con," consolidated all the street railway lines, and in 1907 acquired The Toledo Gas, Electric and Heating Company, the latter a merger of several old gas and electric companies. The new company, with its acquirement of the artificial gas, electric and heating utilities, possessed a capitalization of over $13,000,000 with a bonded indebtedness nearly as large. Expansions followed not necessary to detail here, including the acquisition of The Toledo, Waterville & Southern Railway, later abandoned, and The Maumee Valley Railway & Light Company, (The Maumee-Perrysburg Belt) later purchased by Marion Miller at a receiver's sale and in 1923 changed into a bus system. Several matters such as the street car strike of 1919, are not necessary to this story which now comes down to the situation in 1929. THE COMMUNITY TRACTION COMPANY The Street Railway Transportation System of the City of ledo in 1929 is owned and operated by The Community Traction Company under a franchise granted by the electors of the city, November 2, 1920 for a period of twenty-five years, which was renewal of an expired franchise previously granted to and ope ated by The Toledo Railways and Light Company. This franchise is to be found in Ordinance No. 1927 of the City TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1491 of Toledo, and is generally known as The Milner Ordinance or franchise in honor of Mr. W. L. Milner who was chairman of a committee of citizens in all of the negotiations and conferences ad with the representatives of The Street Railway Company in the preparation of the terms and provisions of the ordinance, in all of which the late Mr. Milner took a very active and prominent art, and whose views of the subject are generally reflected in the ordinance. For many years before the adoption of the Milner Ordinance, the citizens of Toledo were involved in a more or less continuous and bitter controversy with The Street Railway Company over the renewal of the old franchise, the principal part of which expired in March, 1914. Municipal ownership was urged so strongly during the period of agitation, as the best solution of The Street Railway problem, that in July, 1914, at a special election, it was approved by a majority vote of the electors of the city who voted on the proposition, but fortunately it never became effective as no way was provided for acquiring the property from the company- The most notable effort made during this period to solve The Street Railway problem was made in 1915, when a five cent fare franchise proposal, known as the Dotson Franchise, as the proposal had been prepared by and under the direction of F. M. Dotson, then a councilman at large, was submitted to a vote of the people at the election in November, 1915, but failed of adoption. The outstanding feature of the Milner Ordinance is known as the Service at Cost Plan, that is to say, that the plan prescribed by the ordinance provides for the operation of the system at a cost to the car rider of a fare just sufficient to cover the actual cost of operation, plus certain designated charges against the incomes of the company derived from the fare charged, and including all other incomes of the company. By the Service at Cost, no net profits are derived by the corny from its incomes. To effectuate this plan the capital value the company was fixed at $8,000,000, represented by the first tgage bonds of the company bearing six per cent interest, plus king capital of $100,000, Depreciation Fund of $500,000, Stabilizing Fund $400,000 and $1,000,000 to provide for a re-argement of The Street Railway System. The latter fund of $1,000 was to be furnished upon demand of the city, if made thin two and one-half years after the effective date of the ordinance. All of the above funds were furnished by the company, 1492 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY except the last fund of $1,000,000; the city failing to make the demand for the use of the fund within the time designated by the ordinance. All capital value is represented by bonds and preferred stock, the bonds drawing six per cent interest and the preferred stock eight per cent cumulative dividends. The plan prescribed certain funds, created by the ordinance to which all of the revenues and incomes of the company were assigned, as follows : 1. "The payment of all necessary expenses of management and operation, including salaries, compensation and services of employees, liabilities for personal injuries and damages to property accruing subsequent to the date of taking effect of the ordinance, insurance, taxes, interest on floating debt and public charges of every kind and character against the company, its property or stock, or against any income or interest of the stockholders by reason of their ownership thereof, if the company is legally liable for the payment thereof, and all other lawful expenses incurred by the company under the provisions of the ordinance not specifically payable from any other fund." 2. "To create and maintain a Maintenance and Repair Fund as provided by the ordinance, from which fund shall be paid all expenses necessary to repair, maintain, and preserve its property, and every part thereof and all improvements hereafter made pursuant hereto, in good condition through repair and working order." 3. "To create and maintain a Depreciation Fund as provided in the ordinance, from which funds shall be paid all expenses incurred in the renewal or replacement of the Company's property or in the making of minor betterments or improvements." 4. "To create and maintain a Sinking Fund as provided by the ordinance." 5. "The remainder of the gross income of the company, after meeting the foregoing requirements shall be paid monthly into the Stabilizing Fund, as provided by the ordinance." The ordinance also creates a Board of Control consisting of three members appointed by the mayor of the city, and a Street Railway Commissioner appointed by the mayor upon the recommendation of the Board of Control, whose duties are prescribed by the ordinance in representing the interests of the city in the active operations of the transportation system. This Board of Control and Street Railway Commissioner participate in determining the   TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1493 amount to be set apart to, used and expended in the several funds established by the ordinance- The ordinance provides for municipal ownership, to be acquired by the city during the franchise period, through the operation of the sinking fund, which permits the city, out of the Sinking Fund, to retire the bonds and preferred stock of the company, and when bonds and preferred stock are thus redeemed and retired, there is surrendered and transferred to the city an equivalent amount of the capital stock of the company. This plan seeks to make effective the complete municipal ownership of the property during the franchise period, by providing, that at the expiration of the first ten years of the franchise period, if no renewal of the franchise is then granted by the city to the company, there shall be each year, during the rest of the franchise period deducted from the earnings and incomes of the company, and paid to the company a sum equal to one-fifteenth of its capital value. This fifteen year period is known as the amortizing period under the ordinance. The Stabilizing Fund is a barometer for determining the amount of fare to be charged the car rider from time to time, and from these funds the interest upon the bonded indebtedness and dividends on preferred stock are paid, which by the way, represents the only income the company derives upon its investment from the operation of The Street Railway System. The Stabilizing Fund was fixed at $400,000 when the ordinance became effective, and it was to be thereafter maintained from the revenues of the company, and the fare to be charged increased or diminished, from time to time as the Stabilizing Fund fluctuates from $300,000 to $500,000; that is to say, that when the Stabilizing Fund decreases to $300,000, then according to the provisions of the ordinance, the company increases the fare sufficient to restore and maintain the Stabilizing Fund above $300,000 and if the incomes of the company increase the Stabilizing Fund to $500,000, the fare must be decreased to an amount that will reduce the incomes sufficient to keep the Stabilizing Fund below $500,000. The ordinance provides a Schedule of Fares according to which the increase and decrease of fare shall, from time to time, be fixed. Upon the taking effect of the Milner Ordinance the company put into operation the rate of six cents cash fare, five tickets for thirty cents, one cent for transfer which remained in force for six months and thereafter the fare was changed from time to time according to the fluctuations of the Stabilizing Fund. The exper- 1494 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY ience has been that the Stabilizing Fund gradually decreased and the fare was increased from time to time until the present rate of three tickets for twenty-five cents and ten cents cash fare was reached, which at no time has been sufficient to maintain the Stabilizing Fund as intended by the ordinance. The fund has entirely disappeared and a large deficit exists at the present time, and by reason of this existing deficit, The Community Traction Company is greatly in arrears in payment of the dividends upon its preferred stock. It is found from experience, that the increase of fare above a certain point, failed to increase the revenues of the company, but on the contrary reduced the revenues of the company, hence the present existing fare is the maximum fare that has been fixed under the ordinance. Since the Milner Ordinance went into effect several factors have contributed to the reductions of car riding and the consequent reduction of car revenue. One of the outstanding factors of this nature was the use of the private automobile and the independently owned bus competition- July 5, 1928, bus competition was eliminated by a traffic arrangement entered into between the city and The Street Railway Company whereby the exclusive right of transportation was given to The Street Railway Company. By reason of this, car riding has increased, and a material increase of the incomes of the company has resulted. Under the present traffic arrangements the company has added bus lines, some of which are direct lines from the business section of the city to outlying sections and others are feeder lines for existing street railway routes. In accordance with the present arrangement, the company has extended the Railway System and service by use of busses at a considerable expenditure of money. This expenditure is added to the capital value that will be retired from the incomes during a designated period or during the amortizing period prescribed in the Milner Ordinance. It is of interest to note that prior to the existing arrangements with the company, a tentative renewal franchise, with an exclusive provision for a period of ten years, was prepared by F. M. Dotson, then director of law of the city, which provided for the expenditure by the company of over $1,000,000 for re-arrangement and improvement of The Railway System and service under the direction of the city, and provided an additional sum for working capital, none of which was to be added to the capital account nor ever refunded to the company. It was provided that the TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1495 deficit existing in the Stabilizing Fund, of over $600,000 at that time, should be canceled and forfeited by the company. Under the present arrangement the deficit is suspended for a period of ten years. The ultimate result from the operation of The Street Railway System, under the Milner Ordinance, depends upon its operation during the last fifteen years of the franchise period, when the property, for the purpose of acquiring municipal ownership, will be amortized in the manner described. It may be stated that at this junction the transportation service of Toledo is in better working order than has been experienced for years. Some twenty miles of competing service of the old Robison System on Huron Street, Indiana Avenue, Bancroft Belt and Michigan streets have been abandoned and the company has in good working service 103 miles of trackage- The company operates fifty-five miles of bus service with 124 busses, the fare being the same as upon street cars. Service includes Ottawa Hills and Point Place. The report for the year ending July 1, 1929, showed 52,596,000 passengers carried, of which 41,347,000 rode on street cars and 11,249,000 on busses. The cars of course operate on the heavier lines of traffic and the busses more in the outer residential districts. With the board of control made up of such men as W. W. Knight, Chairman, D. H. Goodwillie and H. C. Truesdall, and with E. L. Graumlich who has been commissioner since 1924, it is believed that the vital problem of city transportation will be worked out in the interests of the people and the protection of the company. ELECTRIC POWER AND LIGHT SERVICE Toledo's electric lighting and power service is furnished by The Toledo Edison Company. It was about 1882 that various enterprises for electric lighting were inaugurated in the city with little success, including a small plant located at the corner of Monroe and Erie streets built by C. C. Warren. In 1887, The Western Electric Light & Power Company was organized as a component part of the consolidated artificial gas companies and which was the first move to furnish Toledo with electric light on a large scale. Then in 1889, the Toledo Electric Railway Company entered the electric lighting field as did the Robison Company, The Toledo Electric Street Railway Company. The next step was in 1896, when The Toledo Consolidated Electric Company obtained the franchise of The Western and 14-VOL. 2 1496 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY bought the light and power privileges of The Toledo Electric Railway Company. Then practically all the electric light and power interests were divided between two companies, the Consolidated and the Robison. In 1898 these interests were consolidated in the Robison branch of The Toledo Traction Company which had absorbed the Robison interests in 1896, without, however, destroying the entity of the Robison corporation. There remained yet as a competitor in the electrical field The Toledo Heating and Lighting Company. This company, having combined with the artificial gas companies, in 1905 became The Toledo Gas, Electric and Heating Company. The last named company's electric service was to residences in the western part of the city. This company was acquired by the Robison interests, which again became a competitor in the electric field. By arrangement with the independent telephone company, enabling it to use the downtown conduits of the latter, the new Robinson Company entered the business district. In 1907, competition ceased through the acquisition of the Robinson company by The Toledo Railways and Light Company, now The Toledo Edison Company. In 1916 The Acme Power Company was incorporated by Henry L. Doherty and associates. A high tension power plant was erected on the east river bank at the foot of Licking Street, and high tension lines were carried on high steel towers across the river to the plant on Water Street between Adams and Madison and thence distributed. The extensions of the high tension system since 1916 have been rapid and compatible to the growth of the city. In 1922 twelve miles of belt line were constructed, carrying two 250,000 C. M. circuits on seventy foot steel towers along the north side of the city, occupying the Terminal Railroad right of way, and crossing the river at the Terminal Bridge. At the close of 1929 the Edison Company, which had acquired the Acme Company, had over 175 miles of high tension lines, over 1,000 miles of distribution and forty miles of hot water mains. The conduit carrying power to The Willys-Overland plant was the largest of its kind in the world. As noted elsewhere the name of the Toledo Railways & Light Company was changed in 1921 to The Toledo Edison Company, which March 1, 1928, disposed of its gas interests to The Ohio Fuel Gas Company which is a subsidiary of the Columbia Gas & Electrical Corporation. With the large Acme station which has installed a new 35,000 K. W. turbine and the Water Street station, the Toledo Edison in TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1497 1929 had a 132,130 K. W. capacity. The number of customers at this period was approximately 95,000 and of the large factory customers, the Willys-Overland is the most important. The number of city street lights of all characters is about 8,000. GAS COMPANIES In the rapid changes and mergers of great corporations, a statement of affairs written today may be out of date tomorrow. At this time in 1929, natural gas for Toledo, and several Northwestern Ohio municipalities, is furnished by The Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Company of which C. W. Wallace is general manager, succeeding J. W. McMahon, who succeeded M. B. Daly. The origin of this company was at Fostoria, where in July, 1886, Hon. Charles Foster, John Wilkinson, William M. Day, W. C. Brown and M. M. Miller formed the company and first supplied their home town from wells sunk in Wood and Hancock counties. The gas field of this section developing to large proportions, the company on September 6, 1886, obtained a franchise to furnish natural gas to Toledo. On the same date an organization known as The Toledo Natural Gas Company also obtained a franchise and both concerns laid mains and established Toledo service. The officials of the Toledo company were L. H. Smith, president, John. Cummings, vice president, and W. F. Crane, secretary and treasurer. In 1889, the Toledo company was absorbed by the Northwestern Company which has been in successful operation ever since then, but some change was apprehended when this was written. Natural gas is decreasing, and to save the situation, and prolong the service, mixed natural and artificial gas, which is much better than the artificial product will eventually be in use. The Northwestern at one time attempted to procure a supply of gas from Canada, later a line was run into the Fairfield (Ohio) County field, but in 1902 the West Virginia field was tapped and new main lines have since been laid. A disastrous attempt at municipal ownership of public utilities was experienced by Toledo, when on January 22, 1889, the Ohio legislature authorized the city to bond itself in the sum of $750,000 to equip and operate a natural gas plant, provided the people approved. By a vote of 7,002 for and 4,199 against the proposition, it was approved at the April, 1889, election. The story is better told in few words. What was known as the Standard Oil interests joined the opposition to the project, the morning newspain Toledo was purchased and run in the interests of the oppo- 1498 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY sition. The dispute involved other important questions whereby Toledo lost heavily by her antagonism to the oil and gas interests, not considering the money sunk in the municipal gas experiment. By 1900 the city's investment in the plant totaled $1,217,046 of which $850,000 was represented by municipal bonds, $300,000 by the negotiation of certificates of indebtedness, and $67,046 spent from receipts. Operations of the municipal plant opened late in 1891 and closed in 1900. During this period of something over nine years $663,614.14 was the receipts from the sale of gas with additions which totaled $673,826-79- Between 1892 and 1894, $100,000 out of the revenues was paid into the city sinking fund. The balance of receipts were consumed by maintenance and extensions for service. In the end the city realized $83,000 by the sale of the pipe lines outside the city for scrap, much of which when dug for was found missing; and some $125,000 for the lines within the city limits, sold to the Atlas Chemical Company, after they had been leased for twenty years to the Toledo Gas Light & Coke Company at a yearly rental of $6,500. There is yet a hangover of the experiment included in Toledo's present indebtedness, which experience has cost the city including interest, well over two million dollars. Artificial Gas-—Toledo streets were first lighted by artificial gas late in the year 1854. The Toledo Gas, Light & Coke Company was incorporated September 25, 1853, by Valentine H. Ketcham, Denison B. Smith, James Deveau, Thomas H. Hough and Matthew Johnson. The capital stock was $100,000. The organization was completed April 4, 1854, by the election of Matthew Johnson, president; Denison B. Smith, secretary; John H. Whitaker, treasurer. These officers with Morrison R. Waite and William Baker made up the first board of directors. The mains we laid and gas works constructed under contract by Lemuel H. Davis. What was known as The Citizens Gas Light Company was organized in 1873, but was soon absorbed by the older company. In 1901 The Toledo Gas, Light & Coke Company as noted leased the municipal natural gas lines. In 1905 the artificial gas business came into the hands of The Toledo Gas, Electric & Heating Company and in 1907 passed by purchase to The Toledo Railways Light Company, the name of which was changed in Novemb 1921, to The Toledo Edison Company. In 1922 The Toledo E son Company laid some twenty-two miles of new gas mains that year served some 7,300 customers. March 1, 1928, the gas business of the Toledo Edison Co TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1499 pany was taken over by The Ohio Fuel Gas Company operating out of Columbus, which, with the Northwestern operates under one holding company, The Northwestern and The Ohio Fuel Company, in 1929 were serving well some 82,000 customers with gas in what is termed the metropolitan district, which includes besides Toledo, Ottawa Hills, Point Place, Maumee, Rossford and Perrysburg. At Wheeling and Front streets, East Side is one of the largest gas holders in the state. It was built in 1928 and holds 600,000 cubic feet of gas. TELEPHONE OPERATORS The telephone service for Toledo and Northwestern Ohio is furnished by The Ohio Bell Telephone Company. Interest in telephone service for Toledo was aroused when the first telephone in the city was placed in operation January 20, 1878, between the Western Union telegraph office then at the corner of Adams and Summit streets and the railroad ticket office in the Boody House, long known afterwards as the Gates Ticket Office. The next service was put in operation by F. W. Preston, connecting his two stores—one at the corner of Summit and Walnut, and the other on Monroe Street. The length of this line was about three-quarters of a mile. Later in this same year, 1878, both the Bell and Edison companies installed exchanges in Toledo. The Edison interests were represented by James M. McNamar, and the Bell company by S. C. Schenck and John M. Wheeler. Within a few months the two interests were consolidated under the name of The Midland Telephone Company, and later the Toledo exchange became the property of the Central Union Telephone Company, which eventually became The Ohio Bell Telephone Company, of which Andrew J. Mellen who has been in the service in 1929 for 25 years, is division commercial manager. The first long distance service for Toledo was established with Detroit, sixty miles away, August 25, 1882. Newspapers of that date pronounced the event a "great achievement." Then came the era of establishing independent telephone lines and several companies sprang up in this part of the state. Upon its organization, The Ohio State Telephone Company, better known as the Home, established their first telephone in Toledo July 26, 1902. Exchanges were installed in several nearby towns and for years Toledo had double service. However, in 1921 steps