1550 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY ment came Thomas W. Starr, and Archibald Stuart, when in 1897, Negley D. Cochran purchased the paper from Wm. Beatty, receiver, an ill advised political move being one of the causes of the paper's unpopularity. Then June 1, 1903, the Bee, Sunday Bee, The News, (a daily started by J. M. Bloomer, J. P. Coates and others in 1881) and the Morning Times, were bought by the Scripps-McRae organization and the papers became the News-Bee, Sunday Times-Bee and Morning Daily Times, the latter two being a little later purchased by George Dun of Columbus. The News-Bee occupied their present new building October 12, 1912. Mr. Cochran was editor of the paper during the early Scripps control. Harry J. Howard was the first managing editor of the News-Bee and held that position until his death in 1917, and was succeeded by Frank M. Heller who in turn was succeeded by Mr. Place who has established himself as a newspaperman of ability and progressive ideas. The Toledo Times Company-—The Toledo Times Company was reorganized in April, 1908, by Geo. W. Dun, who was its first president under the reorganization. The company took over the machinery and equipment of the Toledo Press and the Associated Press franchise held in the morning field by the Scripps-McRae league. In May, 1911, the Toledo Times Publishing Company was organized, which purchased the machinery, equipment, franchise and good will of the Toledo Times Company. The first officers were Geo. W. Dun, president, Clarence Brown, vice president; Charles N. O'Brien, secretary and R. C. Patterson, treasurer. In December, 1914, Geo. W. Dun, president of the company died and Clarence Brown was elected president. Upon the death of Mr. Brown in the summer of 1918, R. C. Patterson was elected president. The Toledo Times Publishing Company prints the Toledo Times, the only morning and Sunday paper in Toledo and Northwestern Ohio. In December, 1920, The Toledo Times Company which was then located at 234 Superior Street occupied their own well equipped building at the corner of Orange and Huron streets. The present staff is R. C. Patterson, president; Mrs. Clara C. Dun, vice president; John Dun, secretary and editor. The early history of The Toledo Times runs as follows: In March, 1849, the Commercial Republican was started wifh Charles R. Miller as editor, Miller & Company, publishers. Its policy was "Free Democratic," that is, Democratic with a leaning to the Free Soil doctrines of that period. In 1851 James Myers TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1551 and Josiah Riley purchased the paper and the latter assumed the editorial management. About the beginning of 1854 Silas W Wilder succeeded Mr. Myers. He was a native of Massachusetts and had been connected with several newspapers in that state. He died in November, 1854, and in 1855 the paper passed into the hands of Riley, Boyd & Company. In February, 1862, the name Toledo Commercial was adopted and in January, 1864, the Commercial Printing Company was organized. During the next two years and a half a dozen or more persons were connected with the paper, among them being Isaac R. Sherwood, J. W. Bailey, Joseph E. Marx and Stephen J. Meany. In September, 1866, the outfit was purchased by Clark Waggoner and his son, Ralph H. Waggoner, and the firm of Waggoner & Son continued to publish the Commercial until April, 1871. Then the Toledo Commercial Company was organized, with Clark Waggoner as president and editor; Ralph H. Waggoner, secretary and treasurer. This company was succeeded on March 1, 1877, by the Toledo Newspaper Company, the Waggoners having withdrawn early in 1876. S. D. Rich became the proprietor in November, 1878, and remained in control about a year, when he was succeeded by A. W. Search of Coshocton, who conducted the paper only a few weeks. The plant then reverted to the Toledo Company, who changed the name of the paper to the Toledo Telegram. James M. Comly, Alfred E. Lee and Andrew W. Francisco formed a partnership and purchased the establishment, changing the name back to the Commercial. Mr- Lee withdrew after a few months and Mr. Francisco sold his interest to A. D. Pelton in 1885. The firm of Comly & Company then published the paper until 1889, when the property again reverted to the Commercial Company. About a year later Patrick C. Boyle became president of the company and he controlled the editorial policy during the natural gas pipe line controversy and until 1892, when the paper again changed hands, Henry C. Vortriede becoming president and editor. On December 7, 1896, Levi A. Cass acquired a controlling interest and continued at the head of the company until 1899, when the paper was succeeded by the Toledo Times, published by the Toledo Times Company, of which H. P. Crouse was president; George P. Jones, vice president; H. A. Eoff, secretary and treasurer. The Toledo Express was launched as a German weekly, January 1, 1854, under the name of the Ohio Staats Zeitung. Marx & Hauschild were the founders, Mr. Hauschild being the editor. 1552 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Upon the retirement of the latter, Marx Brothers assumed control and in the fall of 1856 started a daily with the late Julius Vortriede as editor. It was at this time that the paper took the name of the Toledo Express. At the close of the World war the daily ceased to exist, but the weekly is published every Thursday by the Toledo German Publishing Company, 632 Southard Avenue. Henry C. Vortriede is editor, who at one time controlled the morning Commercial, now The Times. One of Toledo's prominent citizens is Mr. A. A. Paryski, who established the Gwiazda as a Polish newspaper in 1887 About two years later the name was changed to the Ameryka and published twice a week under that name until 1906. The Echo a a daily was launched by Mr. Paryski in 1902 and in 1906 the two papers were merged as the Ameryka-Echo with daily and weekly issues. The publication offices and printing plant are located a 1140 Nebraska Avenue. Kuryer Katoliki (Catholic Courier) a Polish religious weekly, which began publication in 1900 is also located on Nebraska Avenue, No. 1152. Adjoining is the office of the Nasze Zycle a monthly publication issued in the interests of the Polish Baptist Church in America. The Converted Roman Catholic and Protestant Missionary was established in 1911. As its name indicates it is devoted to religious subjects. The Toledo Israelite, a Jewish Weekly, was established in 1915. It is published every Thursday by the Israelite Publishing Company. The Toledo Record (Catholic) is published every Friday at 306 Nasby Building by the Record Publishing Company. The Toledo Legal News is the successor of the Toledo Daily Reporter, which was started in 1892 by George M. Luttrell. The next year Mr. Luttrell began publishing the Legal Bulletin, the name of which was later changed to the Toledo Bulletin. In 1903 the Reporter and the Bulletin were consolidated as the Legal News, which is issued daily by the Toledo Legal Printing Company, 436-442 Huron Street; John L. Corey, president; H. J. Chittenden, secretary and treasurer. The Toledo City Journal, is issued weekly by the Commission of Publicity and Efficiency of the city government. It publishes the proceedings of the city council and other items of interest fo the citizens of the city. The Union Leader, the organ of the Toledo Central Labor Union, was established in 1907. It is published every Saturday at 1103 Cherry Street by the Union Publishing Company. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1553 The West End Herald, an independent weekly devoted to the social and business welfare of West Toledo, was started in 1916, by the Herald Publishing Company, 1328 Detroit Avenue. The East Side Sun began its career in 1920- It is published every Thursday at 504 Main Street by James Toppin and gives the local news relating to East Toledo. American Flint, a monthly, is published in the interests of the glass workers' unions. It was established in 1909 and is edited by the secretary of the glass workers. Other publications are the Dental Summary, Family Grocer, Grocer and Butcher, The Headlight, the official organ of the Toledo Automobile Club, the Toledo Club Woman and some others. CHAPTER LXXIV TOLEDO PUBLIC SCHOOLS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT-EARLY HISTORY-PRESENT CONDITION- BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT-PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS Toledo is in the foremost rank of American cities in the magnificence and beauty of architecture of her public school buildings. Scott High, Waite High, Libbey High and Woodward High, in their delightful and picturesque settings, are monumental tributes to the deep interest and foresight of the thoughtful and public spirited citizens of Toledo concerning the education, development and welfare of her youth. It is also axiomatic that in keeping with their perspective and environment, the boards of education and superintendents, down through the army of instructors and school aids, for long years past have been wisely chosen, and consequently have planned broadly and labored zealously and conscientiously. The enrollment in Toledo of school age September, 1928, was high schools, 7,834; elementary, 33,733 ; continuation enrollment, 1845. The valuation of school property at cost, is land, $2,656,489.17; buildings, $14,624,707.09 ; equipment, $1,545,888.71; total $18,827,048.97. The actual value is approximately $21,000,000. The city, besides the four fine high schools, has one junior high at Broadway and Walbridge, one in process of construction at Grand Avenue and Waite, and forty-nine grade school buildings. Seventy-three per cent of the buildings are fireproof. For the 1927-1928 school year the operating expenses were $4,730,586.25. It is the observation of renowned and learned educators, that the youth of the nation who pass through well organized, properly systematized and properly conducted public schools, are better grounded and equipped for the practical experiences and social conditions they meet in the maturer years of life, than those ordinarily brought up under private tutorage and training. Thousands of Toledo's best citizens are counted among those who attended the public schools from the beginning to the four years training in high school. - 1554 - 1556 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY The first schools of Toledo were without special system or organization. It was in 1830 that a public school was opened in a crude log cabin which stood near the corner of present Adams and Michigan streets, in the block later occupied by the old Central High School. The teacher was Harriet Whitney, daughter of Noah A. Whitney, who figured prominently in the early history of the city. Her pupils, some fifteen in number, congregated from a wide distance, some attending whose homes were across the Maumee River, east side. There were no bridges or even ferries, and the river crossing was made in canoes or on the ice. As already noted, in January, 1834, Miss Whitney became the wife of Sanford L. Collins, whose early Toledo experiences have previously been related. In 1835, Miss Harriet Wright "kept school" for a short season in a little frame building on Erie Street near Swan Creek, which structure also became historically famous from the fact that the first session of Common Pleas Court was held there September 7, 1835, during the Ohio-Michigan boundary controversy. Miss Wright, a niece of Gov. Silas Wright of New York, was born in Vermont in May, 1812, came to Toledo in 1834, on January 25, 1835, was married to Munson H. Daniels, and was given lot 335 Port Lawrence by the proprietors as a wedding present, from the fact that she was Toledo's first bride—it being the first marriage here- She died July 20, 1842. October 1, 1838, Charles W. Hill, then city clerk, gave notice of an election to determine the question of leasing or purchasing a lot or lots, and leasing, purchasing or erecting school buildings, also the amount of money to be appropriated for that purpose. There is no record of the vote or its result. However, at the October term of the Court of Common Pleas, J. Baron Davis and John R. Osborn were appointed the first school examiners, for Lucas County, who also exercised supervision over the city and township schools. In 1837 the Council provided for school directors. The first district was that part of the city east of Locust Street; second district between Locust and Adams streets, and the third district all west of Adams Street. What schools were provided is indefinite. Tuition was in those days paid by the scholars or their parents. The teachers received nothing from the city but were paid entirely out of the tuition taxes- The city furnished only the buildings, or rooms and fuel. In April, 1839, John Berdan and E. S. Dodd inserted a nofice in the Toledo newspapers asking for "a gentleman qualified fo take charge of a limited number of scholars." It was evidently fo TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1557 a privately supported movement, and about the same time, John Berdan, Samuel B. Scott and Oliver Stevens were chosen school directors by the city council. About the middle of June, 1839, a "charity school" was opened in a room over Levi Snell's tailor shop on Lagrange Street. It was under the auspices of the Toledo Benevolent and Charitable Society and was for girls under fifteen and boys under eight years of age. Parents who could afford to pay a moderate tuition fee were expected to do so, but poor people "of good report" were permitted to send their children to the school free of charge. The society even furnished books and articles of clothing when necessary. Some thirty pupils were enrolled who paid little or no tuition fees. The school was evidently discontinued after the fall term in 1839. On December 20, 1840, the city council passed "an ordinance for the regulation of common schools in the City of Toledo." By this ordinance each ward was constituted a school district, and the council was authorized to elect three school directors for each district. The directors elected were as follows: First Ward—Samuel Allen, John Berdan, and Dr- Jacob Clark. Second Ward—Edward Bissell, Levi S. Lownsbury and Peter H. Shaw. Third Ward—William Hoskins, Coleman I. Keeler, Jr., and Joseph Turner- The directors were instructed by the ordinance to take charge of the public schools and "When public money shall be applied to the support of the schools, said schools shall be free for all the white children of the district, under such regulations as may be adopted to secure to each one equal participation therein." Schools were opened and operated from time to time, by private teachers. In 1841 Miss M. Howlett, established a school, corner Superior and Lagrange; the same year one was opened by Thomas Dunlap at the same place; in 1843 by Charles Dodge, corner Summit and Cherry, and in 1844 in the same building by Miss Jenks, a school for girls; by Levi S. Lownsbury, corner Summit and Monroe, a day and night school. There were three buildings, such as they were, furnished by the city. The General Assembly in 1848 passed an .act extending what was called the Akron school system to Toledo, provided the people voted to accept it. An election was held in May, 1849, by the qualified voters and the provisions of the act were accepted. As the Akron Law provided for a Board of Education, the first step was to select the members thereof. Ira L. Clark, Moron L. Collins, Simeon Fitch, Jr., John P. Freeman, Samuel B. 1558 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Scott and Decius Wadsworth were elected and the board organized by selecting Ira L. Clark as president. The board was without funds to purchase suitable school furniture, but the members advanced sufficient means from their private funds, trusting the city council to reimburse them when the new system was placed upon a secure footing. A room was rented for a central grammar school and steps were taken to establish a primary school in each of the four wards. At the opening of the school term in 1849 the enrollment of pupils reached 489, the largest in the city up to that time. Rev. Anson Smythe, then pastor of the First Congregational Church, was elected superintendent. He resigned his church connection and entered upon the duties of perfecting a school system. He remained until February, 1856, when he took his place as state superintendent, to which position he had been chosen. The Toledo Blade in 1852 in an editorial said : "We doubt if any schools in the state were in a worse condition than ours when Rev. Anson Smythe took charge of them, and we confidently challenge any superintendent in Ohio to make an exhibition of schools now in better condition-" At the time of opening the new system in 1849, and for several years thereafter, school was held in the basement of the First Congregational Church on St. Clair Street, between Madison and Jefferson, taught by Miss Fannie M. Deyo; later in a building erected on Superior Street between Madison and Jefferson streets, near what is known as the Northern National Bank Building. During the same period the high and grammar schools occupied a two-story frame building on Summit Street, nearly opposite what is designated as the Neuhausel Building. Then the grammar department was moved to a frame building on Superior Street between Adams and Jackson, and finally both departments moved into the high school building completed in 1853-54, with the wings afterwards added. The main building was three stories, containing twenty-six rooms, on the first and second floors. The third floor auditorium had a seating capacity for 1,500. The site was between Adams and present Madison, and Michigan and Tenth streets. A part of the property joining Adams Street was donated by Jessup W. Scott. The plan adopted in 1853 also provided for a tower on the building, in which was placed a clock with dials seven feet in diameter and a large bell, upon which was inscribed : "Toledo High School, May 1, 1854," on one side, and on the other "To Learning's 1560 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Fount the Youth I Call." This bell is still preserved as a momento at the Scott High School. The cornerstone of this, Toledo's first high school building, was laid August 11, 1853. The committee of arrangements consisted of E. B. Brown, Charles W. Hill and Matthew Johnson; John Fitch was master of ceremonies, and Gen. Joseph W. Brown was marshal of the day. A parade, in which the fire department, city officials, civic societies, etc., took part, moved through the principal streets to the building. The ceremony of laying the stone was performed by the grand master of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Addresses were delivered by Rev. H. B. Walbridge and Lorin Andrews, of the State Teachers' Association. The first graduates from the high school were W. H. H. Smith, Olive Parmelee and Amos W. Crane, in 1857. The Lagrange Street school, built in 1852, was the first important school building. Both of these buildings were erected while Rev. Anson Smythe was superintendent. The successor of Mr. Smythe as superintendent was John Eaton, who acted until 1859. He was succeeded by Moses T. Brown, who acted until April, 1864, when Daniel F. DeWolf was chosen as his successor, who served until 1876, and was succeeded by Almon A. McDonald, 1876 to 1880. John W. Dowd then served six years. To Anson Smythe and Charles W. Hill, said Judge Doyle, is due the gratitude of the city for their work in behalf of the public schools. Mr. Hill was a member of the board of education continually from 1850 for fifteen years and he made its success the great hobby of his life. After Mr. Dowd came the following Superintendents: Harvey W. N. Compton, term, June 14, 1886, to May 3, 1897; A. A. MacDonald, May 3, 1897, to January 28, 1898; C. G. Ballou, Supt. of High Schools, January 31, 1898, to May 31, 1898; J. I. Ward, Supt. of Ward Schools, January 31, 1898, to May 31, 1898; W. W. Chalmers, Superintendent of schools, May 31, 1898, to March 6, 1905; H. J. Eberth, Acting Supt. from March 6, 1905— appointed, May 17, 1905, to July 1, 1907; C. L. Van Cleve, July 1, 1907, to September 26, 1909; Dr. William B. Guitteau, October 18, 1909, who was succeeded by Mr. Charles S. Meek. It was under the superintendency of Doctor Guitteau that the era of building and school expansion began its greatest strides, and Toledo schools will long hold the effect of his able direction. Upon his retirement the board of education had a serious job to fill his place, and time has shown that in selecting Mr. Charles S. 1562 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Meek, the present (1929) superintendent Guitteau's successor, their decision was wise and most fortunate, for his work has been highly commendable and his progressive ideas without reproach. The 1929 board of education consisted of Gustavus Ohlinger, president; Robert C. Dunn, vice president; R. P. Daniells, S. D. Vinnedge, and D. H. Goodwillie. Miss Lillian Donat who died December 22, 1924 was for twenty years clerk of the board and treasurer, being succeeded by Miss May P. Foster. R. S. Wenzlau has filled the position of director of schools since 1923. All a most efficient force. When the old Central High School building was destroyed by fire in 1896, a new building was completed and occupied in 1898 on the same site, which was utilized until the completion of the fine Scott High structure. The Central High building was then taken over by the so-named Woodward Technical school and the Manual Training school, already located there, until the new Woodward building was completed. Toledo's Manual Training school was one of the first established in the country. By reason of the rapid growth of the city, the new era for Toledo schools began in 1908, when the board of education in October that year passed a resolution providing for a bond issue of $500,000 for the erection of two new high school buildings, one for Toledo East Side. The proposition was approved by the voters at the November election, 1908. With the bond sale proceeds, Scott High School, named in honor of Jessup W. Scott, and located on Collingwood Avenue between Machen and Winthrop streets, and Waite High named in honor of Morrison R. Waite and located on Second Street between Morrison Drive and Broadway, were built. At the November election, 1920, the voters of Toledo further authorized the board of education to issue bonds, as needed, to the total amount of $11,000,000 to establish and erect further new school buildings and provide equipment, to care for the youth of the city. The most important of the resultant proceedings was the erection of the South End Libbey High School, costing nearly a million and a quarter dollars, and named in honor of Edward Drummond Libbey. Other important new constructions and improvements followed rapidly and in 1928, a further bond issue of $5,000,000 was provided for. To provide new quarters for Woodward Technical High School, the old Central high school block was placed on the market, valued at $1,000,000 and since sold, and property for a technical school purchased at Monroe and 17th streets. However, it 1564 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY was decided to make Woodward a regular high school and other property, Wilson Park at Strucher and Otto streets, was purchased. Here the fine new Woodward building is located, the cost of the grounds and building being $1,636,936. Toledo high schools are provided with the finest of athletic fields and stadiums and athletics are stressed to a proper degree; and in foot ball, basket ball and other activities Toledo schools are known nationally. Lucas County Schools-—While this subject perhaps belongs to the story of Lucas County, it may be stated here that Lucas County has eleven high schools and fifty elementary schools outside of Toledo- The enumeration of school age was 10,637 in 1929. The high schools are located as follows: Burnham school, Sylvania; Whitmer, Washington township ; Clay, Oregon; Maumee, at Maumee; Waterville, at Waterville; Whitehouse, Monclova ; Holland, Point Place, Neapolis, and Richfield at Richfield Center. When the county superintendency law came into operation the well known educator, Prof- J- W- Zeller was county superintendent one year, followed by Prof. J. W. Whitmer who has since that time wisely superintended the public school system of Lucas. His assistant is A. N. Thurston of Maumee. The county board of education for 1929 were : A. F. Files, president, Maumee; George W. Peach, vice president, Curtice; G. A. Dedrich, Waterville; John Shanrock, Maumee, RR; James B. Gray, Sylvania. TEACHERS' COLLEGE OF ST. JOHN'S UNIVERSITY The Teachers' College of St. John's University is accredited by the Ohio Department of Education and has exclusive control of all teacher training work in the Diocese of Toledo. In the summer session of 1929 there were 34 instructors and an enrollment of 492 students. This institution was organized in the spring of 1922 in order to centralize all teacher training activities and to avoid duplication. Previous to 1922 teacher training courses had been conducted in the main building of St. John's University and in the Mother Houses of the various religious orders. In the spring of 1922, after consultation with the Ohio Department of Education, an agreement was entered into between the Bishop and the governing board of St. John's University by which the diocese would finance the Teachers' College and in return would have a major voice in its management. Rev. Francis J. Macelwane was appointed Dean and the in- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1565 stitution opened in the summer of 1922 with 10 instructors and an enrollment of 157 students. The Teachers' College offered Saturday classes for teachers in service and began an intensive organization of the full-time courses held in the various Mother Houses. The full-time classes could not be centralized owing to a lack of adequate space. During the school year 1928-1929 the Curtis residence on the front of the new high school property was remodeled to provide space for the Teachers' College. The library and full-time classes were then housed in this building while the Saturday and Summer sessions were held in the new high school. The Teachers' College has met with hearty support from the very beginning and the attendance has increased rapidly from year to year, until the combined enrollment at all sessions is now well over 800. THE CENTRAL CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL, TOLEDO The present Central Catholic high school developed from the advanced classes held for a number of years at St. Francis de Sales school on Superior Street. This school was opened in 1845 by Rev. Amadeus Rappe, later Bishop of Cleveland. The first teachers were the Notre Dame Sisters of Cincinnati. They suffered severely from malaria and were forced to withdraw. After the departure of the Notre Dame Sisters the school was conducted by lay teachers until 1854 when the Ursuline Sisters were engaged to teach the girls and the younger boys. The older boys were taught by a lay man. This arrangement continued until 1891 when the Christian Brothers were brought to Toledo as teachers for the boys. The Brothers not only taught the prescribed elementary subjects, but soon introduced advanced classes for those who had completed the elementary course. English, history and public speaking were taught in these advanced classes together with a particularly good program of commercial subjects. In 1895 Rev. John T. O'Connell was appointed pastor of St. Francis de Sales and through him much help and encouragement were given to the development of the school. In 1905 the Christian Brothers withdrew and the entire school was entrusted to the Ursuline Sisters. The Sisters enlarged on the program begun by the Brothers, introducing more academic subjects into the curriculum. During this period the school did splen- 1566 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY did work and many of the graduates have risen to prominence in various vocations in Toledo. A new era began in the development of the high school in 1913. The old building on Superior Street had become very much congested and work on a new school building on Collingwood Avenue was undertaken. With the prospect of larger quarters the curriculum was revised to provide a standard four year academic course. The new building was occupied in January of 1914. In it the high school was supplied with two laboratories, a library and four classrooms. There were sixty students at this time and a faculty of four Ursuline Sisters : Sister Elizabeth, Sister Catherine, Sister Dominic and Sister Patricia. The school became known as the Cathedral High School and the first graduation from the complete four year course took place in June of 1915. The prestige of the school increased and in consequence a large number of children from other parishes sought admission. When the Cathedral Chapel parish on Collingwood Avenue was separated from St. Francis de Sales in 1915, Rev. Anthony J. Dean was made pastor of the new parish. In September of 1916 he appointed Rev. Francis J. Macelwane principal of the high school. During the four years which followed both these men labored for the development of the high school, providing additional room and an increased faculty to keep pace with the growing student body. During the school year 1919-1920 about 200 students were enrolled and the applications for the following September were so numerous that it was apparent the existing facilities would be entirely inadequate. The matter was placed before Bishop Schrembs and in August 1920 he entered into a contract with the University of Toledo for the lease of the University building on Cherry Street. The high school was moved to the new quarters and opened in September of that year with an enrollment of 396. Rev. F. J. Macelwane was appointed principal and the faculty was enlarged to include Sisters of the following communities : Ursuline, Notre Dame, Franciscan and Mercy. In addition to the Sisters a number of priests were employed as part time teachers. The name of the institution was changed to Central Catholic high school. A financing plan was likewise put in operation by which all the parishes of the city contributed. In September of 1921 Rev. F. J. Macelwane was transferred 1568 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY to the office of Diocesan Superintendent and Rev. A. J. Sawkins was appointed principal of the high school. The administration of Father Sawkins was singularly successful. During his term of office the enrollment increased to 650 and the faculty had grown to thirty-one members. In the meantime an annex had been built in the rear of the University building and six portables erected on St. Mary's property. In 1921 Bishop Schrembs was transferred to Cleveland and Rt. Rev. Samuel A. Stritch was made Bishop of Toledo. Bishop Stritch took a deep interest in the progress of the high school and set about at once to secure a suitable site for a permanent building. In the spring of 1925 Father Sawkins resigned as principal of the high school to accept the pastorate of the Immaculate Conception parish. He was succeeded by Rev. Raymond G. Kirsch. Father Kirsch had been instructor in the high school from 1920 to 1922 and had been Assistant Diocesan Superintendent in 1922 to 1925. In April, 1926, the announcement was made that the Curtis Estate on Cherry Street had been purchased by the diocese for $185,000 as a site for the new building. At the same time plans were under way for raising funds. The campaign was held during the week of June 6-13, 1926. During this week 13,000 pledges were signed, promising $1,115,000. Father Kirsch was general secretary of the campaign. With the assurance of adequate financing, intensive study was begun on the plans. Perry & McMullen of Pittsburgh were architects for the building assisted by the Thos. D. McLaughlin Co., of Lima as consulting and supervising architects. The general contract was let to A. Bentley & Sons Co., and on March 5, 1928, actual construction began. The first floor was ready for occupancy in September, 1928, and the entire student body was moved into the new quarters in January, 1929. The building is designed to accommodate 1,500 students and embodies the most approved ideas in modern school construction. During the past three years Father Kirsch has been assisted by Rev. Norbert M. Shumaker and under their management the school has continued to grow rapidly. During the school year 1928-1929 the enrollment passed the 1100 mark and the faculty numbered more than fifty members. CHAPTER LXXV TOLEDO'S RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS EARLY CHURCH SOCIETIES—CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENT—PRESENT ORGANIZATIONS—THE CATHOLICS—COUNCIL OF CHURCHES —JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS Toledo being a young city, comparatively, there were earlier settlements in the Maumee and Sandusky valleys which had religious organizations before her time. The story of Toledo churches, consequently, must be read in connection with Chapter LIX, treating of religious activities in the Northwest section of Ohio, also the article on early missions. Again as Toledo has some two hundred churches and religious organizations, it can readily be understood that only an outline of the beginning and career of some of the pioneer societies can be set forth. In the advance pages is noted the possibility that Catholic priests with LaSalle (on the theory that this explorer after his discovery of the Ohio River in 1680 returned down the Maumee River) may have set foot on Toledo soil. The story of Father Potier and other Catholics in the lower lake region near the middle of the eighteenth century has been told, together with the work of the early Protestant missionaries Badger, Hughes and others Consequently, only the church organizations of Toledo proper will be spoken of here. METHODIST EPISCOPAL-—Supplementing the statement of Mrs. Callin concerning Toledo Methodism, it is related that when Rev. John A. Baughman was sent to now Toledo by the Ohio Conference in 1825, in his search through the wilderness for Methodists, he came upon Eli Hubbard chopping wood in the vicinity of Ten Mile Creek. Hubbard was not a Methodist but gave Baughman information concerning the location of the settlers and tendered the use of his own log cabin on the Tremainesville road near the Ten Mile Creek bridge as a place to preach. A Methodist class was organized in 1826 with William Wilkinson leader. The other members were Samuel and Sophronia Horton, Maria Whitney, wife of Noah A. Whitney, and Mary Keeler, daughter of Coleman I, Keeler. This was the origin of the present Collingwood Avenue - 1569 - 1570 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY M. E. Church. In 1865, the Tremainesville charge was organized and a frame meeting-house built on Detroit Avenue near Phillips. In 1874, it was reorganized as the Collingwood Methodist Episcopal Church. The cornerstone of the present edifice, Phillips and Vermaas avenues, was laid June 18, 1914. Later in 1826, Rev. Mr. Baughman organized another Methodist class with Mrs. Noah A. Whitney, leader, meetings being held at the Whitney residence. This was the origin of the Monroe Street Church, organized in 1833, by Rev. Elijah H. Pilcher, with Mr. and Mrs. Noah A. Whitney, Amasa Bishop, Eli Hubbard, Mary and Sarah Keeler the original members. In 1875, Monroe Street charge became a station and when the old brick church was destroyed by fire in 1891, it was replaced by the present house of worship, Monroe Street and Auburn Avenue, and a parsonage was built. St. Paul's Methodist Society was organized by Rev. Samuel Baumgardner in 1836. The first regular pastor was Rev. J. T. Caples and the first meeting-house was on Huron Street between Locust and Walnut. A new brick church was dedicated in 1851, located at Madison Avenue and Superior Street, site of the present Northern National Bank (Toledo Trust) Building. The building and grounds were sold in 1895, but services were held there until the present fine stone edifice at Madison Avenue and 13th Street was dedicated. Another strong organization is the Epworth M. E. Society which. occupies a fine Gothic style, stone church at Delaware Avenue and Parkwood. The first organization meeting was held January 24, 1894, and perfected by Rev. J. W. Donnan on February 11, following, at a gathering held in the First Unitarian Church. The original membership of sixty-eight came largely from the St. Paul's society and the first house of worship was built on Scottwood Avenue, near Bancroft- The first unit of the present church was occupied in 1907, and the nave, completing the original plans was constructed in 1921, dedicatory services taking place New Year's Day, 1922, under the direction of Dr. Stephen K. Mahon, who is still pastor (1929). With a membership of nearly 1,300 the growth of the society has been among the most rapid of the Toledo churches. A former pastor was Dr. John Bayne Ascham now of Cincinnati. Mrs. Callin's article mentions the other churches. Toledo has twenty-six Methodist churches, including the colored societies and the one at Rossford. They are St. Paul's, Ep- 1572 -STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY worth, Monroe Street, Asbury, Bethany, Broadway, Central, Clark Street, Collingwood, Euclid, Hamilton Memorial, Ironville, St. James, St. John's, Wesley, Western, Braden, Emanuel, Salem and Zion. The others are the African Episcopal Zion; Clinton Chapel and St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Zion; Phillips Chapel, Colored Episcopal Methodist; First Free Methodist, The present district superintendent is Rev. Chas. A. Rowand. The greatest recent building improvements have been the Monroe Street Church and Epworth. PRESBYTERIAN.—There are nine Presbyterian churches and societies in Toledo— Collingwood Avenue, East Side, First Westminster, Grace, Dodge Avenue, Northminster, Rosewood, Third and Upton ; the most important late building improvements being Collinwood Avenue and the Upton Avenue structures. Rev. W. C. Burns is the pastor-at-large. As has been noted, a Presbyterian society was organized in 1833 and afterwards changed to a Congregational church- As also noted in the general article on churches, on March 2, 1854, the Maumee Presbytery (Old School) appointed Rev. I. M. Crabb and Rev. D. S. Anderson as a special committee to organize a church in Toledo. After some missionary work, the First Westminster Church was organized on January 27, 1855, with twenty-seven members and Rev. J. M. Baird was installed as the first pastor. Services were held in Stickney Hall, on Summit Street, until the summer of 1860, when the Bethel on Lynn Street was leased. In 1865 the society purchased a lot on the corner of Huron and Orange streets, where the cornerstone of a church building was laid in 1868. The edifice was not completed until 1873 and this has since been the home of the congregation. Rev. Elwood A, Rowsey was installed as pastor June 12, 1922. It was late in the year 1865 that steps were taken to establish a Presbyterian Church in the then northern section of the city. A meeting was held on October 19, 1865, and the first sermon was preached on the 22nd by Rev. Henry M. Bacon, of Attica, Indiana, At the close of the sermon the Westminster Presbyterian Church was organized with forty-one members, thirty-eight of whom were from the First Congregational Church. Mr. Bacon was called as pastor and on November 7, 1865, the church was received by the Maumee Presbytery. On May 1, 1873, the church edifice on the corner of Locust and Superior streets was completed. This building was used as a house of worship until 1909, when it was sold to St. John's (Catholic) College and was afterward known TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1573 as Westminster Hall. The congregation then disbanded, most of the members uniting with the First Westminster Church. The germ of the large and prosperous Collingwood Avenue Presbyterian Society was a little Sunday School organized in 1893, which met in a vacant room on Ashland Avenue. Later regular Presbyterian services were held which culminated in the establishment of the church, in October, 1894, with 150 members to which Rev. A. W. Ringland was called as the first pastor. A chapel was built on Prescott Street, at a cost of $3,000, and the congregation worshiped there for several years. On November 30, 1902, the cornerstone of a handsome Gothic structure of Berea sandstone was laid and about two years later the church was completed, at a cost of $110,000. With the growing membership more room was needed and the capacity of the building was doubled with all modern facilities and the cost of the plant stands at a quarter of a million dollars. The pastor in 1929 was Doctor R. Lincoln Long. CONGREGATIONAL-—What is now known as the First Congregational Church Society, as has been stated, was organized as the First Presbyterian Church in 1833, and claims the distinction of being the oldest continuous church organization in Toledo. It was in 1841, under the pastorate of Rev. George R. Haswell, that the form of government was changed to Congregational from Presbyterian. Some of the members opposed the change and continued to worship as Presbyterians until July, 1844, when the two congregations were united under the name of the First Congregational Church. In 1845 a house of worship was built at a cost of $7,000. Ten years later this structure was enlarged to accommodate the growing congregation- In 1861 the building was destroyed by fire and the next year a new church was erected on St. Clair Street at a cost of $20,000 and dedicated February 22, 1863. The first edifice, completed and dedicated on May 3, 1838, was built largely at the expense of Edward Bissell and Herman Walbridge. It was occupied by the First Presbyterian Church, which was changed to a Congregational society as above stated. By reason of the financial panic of 1837, the congregation was unable to cancel the debt against the church and it was sold by the sheriff, later becoming the property of the Catholics and in 1929 was still in use as the schoolhouse in St. Francis De Sales parish. The story is told heretofore that when the matter of building anew church came up in 1844, after the two factions united as the First Congregational Church, two offers were made the society. 1574 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY William Oliver, as trustee of the Port Lawrence Company, offered to donate a lot on St. Clair Street, and Jessup W. Scott offered a lot on the corner of Adams and Huron streets. A committee of the church trustees visited the two proposed sites. To get to the one offered by Mr. Scott, they were compelled to pick their way through a swamp, jumping from log to log. The lot, when they reached it, proved to have enough ground above water for a church, but owing to the difficulty in getting to it, the committee decided to reject the offer. The St. Clair lot was then inspected. The street had not been opened but the lot was on higher ground and was chosen by the committee. The cornerstone of the new building on St. Clair Street between Madison and Jefferson was laid in September, 1844, and contained copies of the Toledo newspapers and a list of the subscribers to the building fund. The list of names were : Edwin Avery, Henry Bennett, Leverett Bissell, "Mayor" Brigham, Matthew Brown, Charles Butler, Ira L. Clark, Salter Cleveland, M. L. Collins, David Crane, W. J. Daniels, Charles M. Dorr, H. P. Espy, John Fitch, Leander Hill, Joseph Jones, Charles G. Keeler, Coleman I. Keeler, Jr., Levi Lindsley, L. I. Loomis, John Mosher, Daniel O. Morton, Richard Mott, James Myers, Osgood & Read, William H. Raymond, Calvin Smith, Thomas Southard, Calvin Stevens, J. W. Turner and J. D. Thomas. The building of 1844 was set back from the street to permit an addition of thirty-three feet, which was erected in 1856, when the box containing the above list was placed in the new cornerstone. It was again placed in the cornerstone of the structure built in 1863 and also in the cornerstone of the building erected in 1877. That building was eventually sold and is now occupied as a theatre, and the congregation built a new house of worship at Collingwood and Virginia. Central Congregational Church was organized in February, 1881, most of its members coming from the Westminster Presbyterian Church. Rev. Henry M. Bacon, who had been pastor of the latter church for several years, was chosen pastor of the new society. For some time services were held in the Unitarian Church, at Tenth and Adams streets. Then a fine stone church edifice was built at Collingwood and Acklin avenues. When the Central was merged into the First Congregational Church, this building was made one wing of a new structure, which cost a quarter of a million dollars. Rev, Allen A. Stockdale, the pastor of this church, tendered his resignation in June, 1922, to travel and study. The old portion of the church was destroyed by fire. 1576 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY On October 20, 1849, a Congregational Church was organized at the residence of Horace Howland, in Oregon township, with seven members. The first communion services were held at the home of William Consaul on December 9, 1849, and the society adopted the name of the First Congregational Church of Oregon township. Rev. Ezra Howland, a veteran Congregational minister, was called as pastor and served until the breaking out of the Civil war in 1861, when every male member of the congregation fit for military duty enlisted in the army. In September, 1868, the church was reorganized under the name of the Second Congregational Church of Toledo. A frame church was built on Fourth Street near Euclid Avenue and Rev. Robert Quaife was installed as pastor. In 1892 a brick church was dedicated, but it was destroyed by fire about seven or eight years later, when the present house of worship was erected. The pastor of this church in 1929 was Rev. Tellef C. Peterson. Shortly after the close of the Civil war a small Sunday School was opened on Erie Street, near the canal locks. This school soon became known as the "Point Mission." In 1873 it was removed to Washington Street, near Dorr, and the mission was reorganized as the Washington Street Congregational Church. This congregation now owns a comfortable house of worship at Lawrence and Woodruff avenues and is under the pastoral charge of Rev. Paul G. Macy. In July, 1867, a Sunday School was established at the Protestant Orphans' Home, with C. H. Buck as superintendent. After a few months the school developed into the Lagrange Street Mission. In April, 1875, a small building across the street was rented and services were held there for several years. On May 20, 1883, a new chapel building was dedicated and the following month Rev. P. S, Slevin was chosen chaplain. In January, 1888, the mission was organized into the Lagrange Congregational Church, with Rev. George Candee as pastor. The name was changed in September, 1893, when the society was incorporated under the name of the Plymouth Congregational Church. This church is located at Cherry Street and Vermont Avenue and the pastor in 1929 was Rev. J. A. Zimmerman. The other Congregational churches are Park, Pilgrim and Point Place. BAPTIST-—The story of the earlier Baptist societies of Toledo will be found in Chapter LIX of this history. Toledo has twenty Baptist organizations : Ashland Avenue, First, Bethlehem, Central, Emanuel, Friendship, Zion, Macedonia, Mt. Pilgrim, Mt TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1577 Zion, Memorial, New Hope, First Polish, Riverside, St. Mary's, St. Paul's, Second, South Side, Third and True Vine. Thus it will be seen that the Baptists are strongly entrenched in this city. Bethlehem, Central, Friendship, Zion, Macedonia, Mt. Pilgrim, Mt. Zion, New Hope, St. Mary's, St. Paul's, Third and True Vine are colored organizations. The Second Baptist Church sprang from an undenominational movement started in 1861. On Sunday, January 10, 1864, the society was reorganized as the Second Baptist Church. Early in 1866 Rev. S. G. Dawson dedicated a brick house of worship on the corner of Fourth and Victor streets, Toledo, East Side. The original members of this, church were : Amos W. Crane, Mrs. Gabriel Crane, Rev. S. G. Dawson (pastor) , Mrs. Anna M. Dawson, Mrs. Charles Jennison, Miss Louisa Jennison, Mrs. Louisa Jennison, Henry L. Phelps, Mrs. Louisa Phelps, George W. Wales, Mrs. Caroline Wales. Some years later a site was purchased at the corner of Main and Greenwood streets and a handsome edifice of Sandusky stone was erected, having a seating capacity of 1,200. In 1853 Oliver M. Brown organized a Union Sunday School in East Toledo, of which he was superintendent until the breaking out of the Civil war in 1861, when he entered the army. Henry L. Phelps was then superintendent until 1868. In the meantime a church was organized, under the name of the East Toledo Baptist Church, and a chapel was built at the corner of Oak and Fort (now Hathaway) streets. On March 3, 1885, the name was changed to the Memorial Baptist Church, in recognition of the work done by Rev. S. G. Dawson before he resigned to become superintendent of missions under the Ohio Baptist State Convention. EPISCOPAL-—The Episcopal churches in Toledo are Trinity, St. Paul's, St. Mark's, St. Andrew's, St. Alban's, Grace, All Saints and Mission of The Holy Spirit. The first Episcopal services in Toledo were held in the Lucas County court room, April 23, 1837, under the direction of Rev. Narcissus Lyster. No society was organized, but in 1838 an organization was perfected at Manhattan, which was soon disbanded. As related in the general history of Northwestern Ohio churches, in May, 1840, Bishop Mcllvaine visited Toledo and held services in the Congregational Church. An Episcopal Society had been established at Maumee and after the bishop's visit, Rev. Joseph S. Large, rector of the Maumee Church, came to Toledo on Sunday afternoon and held service in a frame building on Summit 1578 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Street, between Cherry and Walnut. In March, 1842, Bishop Mc. Ilvaine again visited Toledo, when Trinity Church was organized Among the early members of this church were : Leverett Bissell Egbert B. Brown, Theo. S. Daniels, Truman C. Everts, James L Fullerton, Daniel O. Morton, Andrew Palmer, Charles B. Phillips, Emery D. Potter, Charles I. Scott and Myron H. Tilden. In a letter written by Judge Emery D. Potter, at the time of the semi-centennial observance of the establishment of the church, the writer gives the following interesting account of its organization. "At that time the only house of worship in the town was a small wooden structure, located where St. Francis de Sales Church now stands. This was a Presbyterian Church. There was a Methodist society here, which held its meetings in a hall on Summit Street, between Cherry and Locust. These were the only places where religious services were dispensed. But the subject of a church was agitated, till finally a public meeting was called to discuss the matter. A mixed multitude of believers and people who had no belief at all assembled. Most of our leading men, those who were expected to contribute the means to erect the church were Unitarians, or professed to be; some were friends. After a lengthy discussion, a vote was taken as to whether it should be a Unitarian or an Episcopal Church. The Episcopalians carried the day by a small majority. The discussion, however, had waxed so warm between the Trinitarians anti. the Unitarians, that when the name of the church was to be agreed upon the Trinitarians, that no doubt should remain as the character of the church, christened it 'Trinity.' " At a meeting held on December 19, 1842, the church organization was completed by the election of Emery D. Potter, senior warden ; Andrew Palmer, junior warden; Leverett Bissell, Hiram C. Clark, Leander Hill, Levi S. Lownsbury, Daniel O. Morton, Alexander Ralston, Dwight F. Stow and Myron H. Tilden, vestrymen. Rev. Joseph S. Large was invited to continue his sermons and in April, 1843, he became rector of the church. In July, 1844, the American Land Company donated two lots (163 and 164 Port Lawrence) for a church site, on condition that the society erect thereon a building "and forever occupy the premises for a church and parsonage, and for no other purpose whatever." These lots, on the corner of Adams and St. Clair streets, were accepted by the society and a frame building was consecrated by Bishop Mcllvaine on November 16, 1845. Rev. D. J. Burger was then rector. He served until his death in June, 1847, after which several ministers declined the rectorship, and in March, TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1579 1848, Henry B. Walbridge accepted at a salary of $750 per year. He served as rector until 1868 and during his administration the present house of worship was erected. It was dedicated on April 5, 1866, the cost being $42,000. Several changes and improvements have been made since that time, among which was the installation of an organ, which cost $16,000. In 1929, Doctor C- C. Bentley was rector- The Church of St. John the Evangelist was started in 1860 as a mission of Trinity Church. In December, 1861, Rev. N. R. High, of Logansport, Indiana, came to Toledo as assistant rector of Trinity Parish and took charge of the mission. In April, 1863, the mission was organized as the Church of St. John. A frame chapel had previously been built on Eleventh Street, between Washington and Monroe, and in the spring of 1864 the rectory was built. Fire caused considerable damage to the church building in 1866, but it was immediately repaired and made larger. Rev. William C. Hopkins was rector of this church for several years during its existence. The story of Grace Church is this : Miss Anna Church, a member of Trinity Church, in 1868, resided on Erie Street, near Bush. In the spring of that year she invited a number of Episcopalians living in that part of the city to meet at her residence and the result of the meeting was the organization of a mission. A frame building for a chapel and a rectory were built on Stickney Avenue, near Huron, and the mission was organized as Grace Episcopal Church in February, 1873. F. L. Nichols was the first senior warden ; E. G. Peckham, junior warden, and the following were the vestrymen ; W. W. Backus, Henry Bennett, A. G. Clark, A. L. Kelsey, Irwin I. Millard, Emery D. Potter, Jr., William Shiell and Courtland Yardley. In the summer of 1869 Rev. James Mulcahey, rector of Trinity Church, began holding services in the Chamberlain Hall at Broadway and Segur Avenue. The result of these meetings was the organization of Calvary Mission about two years later. A chapel was built on Broadway for the new mission and Rev. E. T. Perkins was placed in charge. Under his ministrations Calvary Episcopal Church was organized. The burning of the chapel caused a temporary cessation in the work, but in 1878 a new house of worship, a substantial brick structure, was erected at Western Avenue and Broadway. The name was subsequently changed to St. Alban's Church, of which Rev. R. A. Evans was pastor in 1929. 1580 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY St. Paul's Episcopal Church, at Fourth Street and Euclid Avenue, was established as a mission of Trinity Church in 1883. It was organized as a separate parish in 1890, with Rev. E. R. Atwell as the first rector. A rectory was built in 1893. St. Mark's, though one of the youngest, is one of the strongest Episcopal parishes in the city. This society was organized early in 1900, and the church edifice, which cost $110,000, was dedicated on February 4, 1906. The church is located at the corner of Virginia Street and Collingwood Avenue. OLD ST. PAUL'S LUTHERAN CHURCH ON ERIE STREET, FACING COURTHOUSE SQUARE The picture was taken about 1874. This church cost $16,800, exclusive of tower, bell, organ and altar. It was dedicated Christmas day, 1868. LUTHERAN.— (By Synods). There are more Lutheran churches in Toledo than credited to any other Protestant denomination; the number of organizations in 1929 being thirty-seven. Those churches under control of the United Lutheran Synod are: Augsberg, Bethany, Christ, Divinity, First English, Glenwood, Grace, Olivet, Redeemer, Reformation, St. Lucas, St. Luke's, St. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1581 Mark's, St. Luke's Yondota, St. Matthews, Trinity, Messiah and Emanuel Hebrew Mission. F. E. Struble is Field Missionary. Those under control of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod are : Bethlehem, Epiphany, First St. John's, St. James, St. John's South Side, Salem, St. Petri, Lutheran Inner Mission, Bethel Mission, Faith, Peace, St. Mark's, St. Paul's, Immanuel, Apostle, Zion, Scandinavian (Norwegian), Independent, Martin Luther. Fine additions have been made to St. Paul's church and improvements added to Bethany, Redeemer, Faith and the Scandinavian.  ST. PAUL'S LUTHERAN CHURCH Erected on Erie Street, opposite Courthouse Square, 1923-24, at a cost- of $250,000. The oldest Lutheran society in Toledo is Salem, organized in 1842, under the auspices of the German Iowa Synod. The first pastor was the celebrated Rev. George Cronnenwett. About 1845 a frame church was built on the site of the present building on Huron Street between Elm and Chestnut. A new brick church was occupied in 1870. 1582 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY One of Toledo's landmarks is the old St. Paul's Lutheran Church on Erie Street facing the courthouse square. St. Paul’s society was organized in 1854 under the Joint Synod of Ohio. A. fine new auditorium and parish house has lately been occupied costing a half million dollars, and the church membership of St, Paul's is one of the largest in Toledo. The pastor is Rev. L. H. Schuh with Henry F. Schuh and Fred O. Schuh, assistants. In 1862 Rev. John Doerfler, a Lutheran minister under the German Iowa Synod, organized a small society in Oregon township. This was the First Lutheran church on the East Side. In September, 1862, Rev. Charles Beckel was installed as pastor an early the following year the church was incorporated under the name of the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of St. John. In 1876 the first house of worship was erected at a cost of $4,500, Rev. William Wacke has been pastor of this church for the past twenty years. St. Petri (Peter) Lutheran Church of the German Iowa Synod, was organized in 1873, with Rev. C. Markscheffel as pastor. The next year the house of worship on the corner of Hawley, Street and Nebraska Avenue was built. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, situated on the corner of Ewing and Vance streets, was organized in 1874 as a German society on the Synod of Missouri. CHRISTIAN CHURCH.—The Christian Church or Disciples of Christ have six societies in Toledo—Central, East Side, Miami, Norwood Avenue, South Church and West End at Detroit and West Central avenues. The oldest of the list is Central Christian Church, on Eleventh Street, between Jefferson and Madison avenues, organized in September, 1872, with Rev. F. M. Green the first pastor. The pastor for many years has been the Rev. Grant W. Speer and the membership exceeds one thousand. The Norwood Avenue Society was organized October 11, 1889, the South Church in January, 1899, and the East Side Society in 1901. The other organizations are still younger as to date of establishment. UNITED BRETHREN.—There are six United Brethren Church organizations in Toledo—the Colburn Street Church; East Broadway on the East Side; the First or Memorial Church at Palmwood and Lawrence avenues; Somerset at Wayne and Somerset; Upton Avenue at Upton and Mansfield avenues; and Oakdale at Oakdale and Pool avenues, East Side. What was known as Salem Church was organized in 1868 with a house of worship on Ham- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1583 ilton Street. The First U. B. Society was organized in 1894 by Rev. F. P. Rosseleau and occupies a new edifice at the location above mentioned. The Upton Avenue Society was organized in 1899 by Rev. R. M. Sconten. The Colburn Street Church was organized as a Mission in 1901 by Rev. S. W. Shoup and the East Broadway Church was organized the same year and their church, East Broadway and Navarre, was dedicated in 1910. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE-—There are two Christian Science Churches in Toledo, the societies rather, being known as the Church of Christ, Scientist. The First Church, Scientist, has a fine stone church edifice at the corner of Monroe Street and Grand Avenue and the Second Church of fine, dressed limestone, is located at Collingwood Avenue and West Bancroft. This society first worshipped in the Conservatory of Music, on Collingwood Avenue, but their new church was occupied in 1923. Both societies maintain "down town" reading rooms for members and others, where literature and reading material is available. EVANGELICAL AND REFORMED-—The Evangelical churches of Toledo are Calvary, Collingwood and Zion. The church of St. Paul's is under the jurisdiction of the Evangelical Synod of North America, and the Reformed Societies of Toledo are the First, Grace, the Hungarian, Memorial and Second Salem. It was in 1853 that a German Evangelical Reformed Church was established here, services being held at Scott Street and Canfon Avenue. This became the First Reformed Church with a place of worship at Cherry and Moor streets. Second Salem Reformed Church is located at Stebbins and Prouty streets. St. Paul's Evangelical mentioned is located at Phillips and Vermaas streets. The society was organized in 1909. The Hungarian Society was organized in 1903 for the benefit of the Magyars, who belonged to the Reformed Church. The church edifice of stone and parsonage, are located at Arm and Blackwell streets, East Side. Grace Reformed Church, corner of Fulton Street and Kenilworth Avenue, was organized as both a German and English congregation and services were divided between the two languages. Subsequently the German was dropped and it is now an English church. It has a good house of worship. UNITARIAN.—The first Unitarian Church of Toledo was organized in 1862 in a frame building on the corner of Adams and Superior streets which had formerly been used by the Christian denomination. Later, a fine brick church was built at Ashland 1584 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Avenue and Prescott Street. This building was sold by the congregation in the fall of 1921 to the Salesian Society, to be occupied as a club house, the church having obtained a fine site at the northeast corner of Collingwood and Bancroft. Here is now occupied a fine structure, of brick in Georgian style, with a beautifully modelled spire of that period, the main building facing Collingwood and a well appointed parish house at the rear facing Bancroft. June 18, 1922, Rev. Horace Westwood held services in the old building, for the last time. OTHER CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS.—The Church of God denomination has three organizations—Church of God, 1101 Woodstock Avenue; Church of God, Eastbrook Drive and Bellevue Road; Church of God (colored) 385 Vance Street. The First Church of The Brethren is located at Woodville and Madeline streets. There are two congregations of the Church of Nazarene—the First Church, located at Oliver and Harrison streets, and the East Side Church at Greenwood and Valleywood Drive. The Hellenic Orthodox Greek Church meets at 330 Walnut Street, and the Greek Orthodox Syrian Church at Elm and Erie streets; All Saints' Episcopal Mission (colored) , is located at City Park and Pinewood avenues; the Christian Faith Band meets at 1724 Canton Avenue. On the corner of Brown and Woodland avenues is the German Apostolic Church ; the New Thought Center of Truth meets in the Summit-Cherry Building; the Pentecostal Assembly, at 126 Michigan Street ; the Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) is located at 2530 Lawrence Avenue; and the Seventh Day Adventists have a chapel at 855 Orchard Avenue. The Salvation Army maintains its headquarters at 137 Erie Street; the Union Church is located on Point Place Road near Riverside Drive ; and services of various sects are held in Gospel Hall on Tenth Street, near Washington. MISSIONS.—A number of missions have been established in the city. The most important of these are the Adams Street Mission, 572 Ontario Street; Mission of the Holy Spirit, Lewis and Sylvania avenues; Toledo City Mission, and the Episcopal City Mission, which meets in the Trinity Parish House. TOLEDO COUNCIL OF CHURCHES The Toledo Council of Churches was organized in 1915, by the Evangelical Protestant denominations of Toledo. Since that time the work has been carried on with most beneficial results, 1586 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Each church is invited to join with others in carrying on a program upon which they can agree. Each cooperating church is entitled to representation in the Assembly of the Council which meets once a year by having the pastor and two delegates represent the church. Additional representation is given to larger churches so that an additional delegate may be named for every two hundred members or major fraction thereof above the first two hundred members. The assembly elects the officers and the executive committee. The president appoints the chairman of each department, subject to confirmation by the executive committee. The members of the department are nominated by the chairman of each department and confirmed by the executive committee. Each department is responsible for the work in its department and is supposed to present a monthly report to the executive committee. The officers, chairmen of departments and persons representing various denominational groups or other interests are members of the executive committee. The money is raised from churches and individuals. The Council of Churches is composed of about seventy Protesi ant Evangelical churches that work together along lines upon which they can agree. Its greatest value lies not in anything i does, but in being what it is—a clearing house for information and service and a tangible expression of unity. The Social Service Department voices the ideals of the Protest ant churches in regard to the great moral issues that make for: manhood and womanhood. It does not attempt to dictate to thy officers of the law or to meddle in things in which it has no con cern but it asks for an enforcement of those laws that tend t( make Toledo the kind of a place all want it to be. It has interested itself in getting out the vote for elections and without endorsing any candidate or party it has urged upor the people the importance of choosing for office, persons of un questioned integrity and ability. Much of its work is done it committee. The Comity Department seeks to prevent overlapping of churches by arrangement for the establishing of new churches and Sunday schools in needy districts or newly developed sections. of the city. The members of this department serve as a strategy board for the Christian forces of the city. It is their constant aim to avoid competition and to develop cooperation. It protects the city from being solicited for needless churches while it TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1587 strengthens the churches themselves by insuring them a more adequate field of service. Apparently, Toledo is not ready for organic union of all the denominations, but is moving in the direction of a consideration of the rights of the various denominations. The Religious Work Department seeks to help the pastors by drawing attention to materials and plans of proven value. It helps the churches by bringing to the city outstanding leaders it Christian thought. For example, Dr. S. Parkes Cadman, G. Campbell Morgan, Bishop Warren L. Rogers, Bishop Theodore S. Henderson, Dr. Charles L. Goodell, President Charles F. Wishart, Miss Margaret Slattery and Dr. Walter S. Athearn are among the prominent persons who have been here under its auspices. It conducts outdoor church services during the summer and in cooperation with the Catholic Diocese of Toledo, it seeks to promote the more reverent observance of Good Friday. It provides religious services in fourteen institutions, such as the infirmary, work house, etc. Last year under the direction of Mrs. Kate Anderson, who devotes herself to this work and secures the cooperation of the pastors in it, over eight hundred such services were held. As to Race Relations, an equal number of some of the most prominent white and colored citizens constitute this department and under their direction a program is carried on which tends to better understanding between the races, and which seeks to assure conditions which will provide for the colored, as well as the white people of the city, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Encouragement is being given the Negro people to improve their condition in matters pertaining to health, housing, industry, education and morals. During a Race Relations Week, an exchange of ministers between white and colored churches takes place and representatives of the colored people are used widely in story, speech and song, by many groups of white people throughout the city. The work of the department has become known so favorably throughout the country, that recently, Rev. James Myers, Secretary of the Industrial Commission of the Federal Council of Churches, came to Toledo to make an intensive study of the work being done here. Mr. Myers was much impressed with what he saw and learned while here. The Young People's Federation of the Toledo Council of Churches has this three-fold purpose : (a) To encourage sympa- 1588 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY thetic cooperation among the young people's organizations of the city; to provide for interdenominational fellowship ; (b) To focus attention and effort of the young people upon community projects of worth, which can only be accomplished by joint effort; (c) To eliminate conflict of dates and overlapping of programs in so far as possible. Membership in the federation is open to all Christian young people's organizations in the city. The Council says that Toledo's greatest asset is her growing boys and girls. The Week-Day Bible Schools, conducted by the Toledo Council of, Churches, seek to provide for the future wel fare of these children. By arrangement with the Board of Edu cation, several thousand boys and girls in Toledo and nearby towns meet in churches near school centers one hour each week, for systematic religious training. Over 200 classes are held each week, taught by fifty experienced teachers, now receiving special training and professional supervision in religious education. The pupils are of every class, color and creed. Superintendent of Schools, Charles S. Meek, says, "The Week-Day Bible Schools in Toledo are doing what the schools may not do. More inquiries come to the Superintendent's office concerning the Week-Day Bible Schools than concerning any other school activity. They are worthy of the cordial support of all citizens who wish that the child now in school may be made into a better man than his father was before him." Julius G. Lamson is president of the Council (1929) and Rev. Robert Bayne Blyth executive secretary, with the heads of departments as follows, when this was written: John D. Rhoades, Comity Department; Rev. Perry C. Hopper, Educational Department; Howard Lewis, Finance Department; Chas. E. Miller, Publicity Department; Rev. B. F. McWilliams, Race Relations Department; Rev. T. H. McDowell, Religious Work Department; Rev. Paul G. Macy, Social Service Department. CATHOLIC.—The history of the Catholic Churches of Toledo is covered by the able article on Catholicism in Chapter LIX, written by Rev. Francis J. Macelwane. THE JEWS OF TOLEDO AND ITS ENVIRONS Joseph S. Kornfeld The Jewish population, within a radius of 50 miles south east of Toledo is estimated at about 15,000, 12,000 residin Toledo. Already in 1860 Toledo gave promise of becoming the center TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1589 of Jewish life in this part of the state. Though the Jewish settlement was very small, it comprised names of families that have contributed materially to the upbuilding of Toledo. Among the Jewish pioneers one notes such names as Jacob Landman, Solomon Van Noorden, Guido Marx, Alexander Black, Abraham Goldberg, Jacob Friedman, William and Lehman Krauss, Sam and Henry Stettner, Joseph Roth; Joseph Koch and J. J. La Salle, founders of Toledo's largest department store. The first attempt at organization of the Jewish community took place in the fall of 1860, but owing to lack of sufficient num- JEWISH TEMPLE, TOLEDO bers, it failed. For some time the religiously disposed would come together for worship in the home of one or another; whereas for functions such as confirmations, marriages, and funerals, they had to depend upon the rabbis of the larger neighboring Jewish communities, chiefly Detroit. Congregation B'nai Israel.—The first Jewish public religious service held in Toledo was on the High Holy Days .in the fall of 1863 in Gitskey Hall on corner Summit and Monroe streets. About 1866 a congregation was organized at Clark's Hall on Cherry Street, where it continued to meet for worship for a num- 1590 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY ber of years. From there it moved to the old Bethel Church between Summit and Water streets, and incorporated under the name of B'nai Israel as an orthodox congregation. Solomon Van Noorden, a clothing merchant, father of Louis Van Noorden, was the first acting Rabbi. This procedure was quite consistent with Jewish belief and practice, there being no distinction between the clergy and laity in the Jewish religion, any man of learning and good character being eligible for the office of minister. In 1867 the congregation was sufficiently affluential to engage a rabbi by profession. Five years later a house of worship was built, corner of East Woodruff and. Union streets, now. Twelfth Street. In 1913 the congregation moved into its present edifice, corner Bancroft and Twelfth streets, and in 1924 it dedicated a social center known as the B'nai Israel Annex. The present membership of the congregation is 400. As in most Jewish congregations, the head of a family constitutes a member. Its president is Sol Edelstein, and its rabbi is Michael Lichtenstein. Among those who served the congregation most conspicuously are the late Isaac Gerson, a worthy leader of his people, who, on account of his integrity and fine intelligence, enjoyed the confidence of the entire community, and Henry Rosen, who for the past 25 years has been a pillar of strength to the institution. Affiliated with the congregation is the B'nai Israel Ladies Auxiliary organized for the purpose of giving financial assistance to the Sunday School and the Annex. It has a membership of two hundred. For the past two years Mrs. Jos. Feerer has been the president. Then there is the B'nai Israel Men's Club with a membership of 187 and Royal S. Binzer, president. And the B'nai Israel Boy Scouts, Troop 9, Dr. Louis Swaab, captain. B'nai Jacob, Sharai Zedeck, Anshai S'Fard.—Besides B'nai Israel there are three other orthodox congregations. B'nai Jacob, organized. in 1894, has a membership of 200. The president is William Cousin and the Rabbi, is Isaac M. Silverman. Sharai Zedeck was organized in 1905 and its first house of worship was on Spring Street. In 1925 it moved into its new synagogue at Moore and Mulberry streets. The congregation has a membership of about 110. Its president is Harry Blatterman. The Sharai Zedeck Ladies Auxiliary, formed six years ago, has a membership of eighty. Its president is Mrs. Harry Essak. The Anshai S'fard Congregation was incorporated in December, 1909, and has a membership of 375. Jacob Kaplan is the president, and Isaac M. Silverman is its rabbi. Daughters of Israel.—About 17 years ago a group of orthodox Jewish women organized under the name of Daughters of Israel, TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1591 the object being to assist in the maintenance of a Talmud Torah, or the Hebrew Free School. Its membership is 200, and the president is Mrs. B. Berkowitz. Collingwood Avenue Temple.—The Collingwood Avenue Temple is the only Reform Jewish congregation in Toledo. Of the earliest settlers there were only four families who belonged to what is known as the Reform wing of Judaism, all the rest being orthodox. In 1.870 the Reform element appeared to be sufficiently large to justify the organization of a separate congregation under the name of Shomer Emunim. After struggling for over four years to maintain itself, the congregation dissolved, not to be reorganized until 1884. The prime movers in its establishment were Gotthelf Bloch, Max M. Eppstein, and Simeon H. Frank, who is to be remembered for his distinguished service in the Civil war in the First Michigan Infantry, and as Captain in the Lamphere's Coldwater Battery Light Artillery. The Temple's first house of worship was located on Tenth Street. This was superseded by one 'on Scottwood Avenue, which in turn gave place in 1917 to the present edifice on Collingwood and Acklin avenues. The present membership of the congregation is 350. A. S. Cohen is its honorary president, Oscar J. Smith, the president, and Joseph S. Kornfeld, the rabbi. The Temple has the following auxiliary organizations : the Temple Sisterhood, with 350 members, Mrs. Joseph S. Kornfeld, president; the Temple Men's Club with 150 members, Milton F. Silverman, president; the Temple Boy Scouts, Troop 37, Jules Housman, captain ; and the Temple Girl Scouts, Troop 27, Mrs. Eugene Farber, captain. Council of Jewish Women.—This society was organized in 1896. The objects of the Council as defined in its Constitution are, "To further united efforts in behalf of Judaism by supplying means of study; by an organic union to bring about closer relations among Jewish women; to furnish a medium for interchange of thought and a means of communication and of prosecuting work of common interest; to further united efforts in the work of social betterment through religion, philanthropy, and education." The Toledo Section of the Council was established about twenty years ago. It has 300 members and its president is Mrs. Jack E. Bernstein. Junior Branch of the Council of Jewish Wonten.—The Junior Branch of the Council of Jewish Women has a membership of 38 and the president last year was Miss Ann Fineman. 17-VOL. 2 1592 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Toledo Zionists' Organization. — The Zionist organization whose object is the upbuilding of Palestine as the Jewish national homeland established its Toledo section about twelve years ago. The latter has a membership of 200 and Sam Kasle is its president. Hadassah.—The Hadassah is the women's Zionist organization of America. Its local branch was established in 1921 and has now a membership of 200. Mrs. Sam Kasle is its president. Junior Hadassah.—The Toledo section of the Junior Hadassah was organized in 1925. It has now a membership of forty and its president is Miss Ethel Jacobson. "The Zionists."—Another organization for helping the Zionist organization in Palestine was formed in 1928 under the name of "The Zionists." It has taken for its special task the care of children whose mothers are forced to work during the day. The Workman's Circle.—The Workman's Circle, or Arbeiterring, an organization for the welfare of Jewish workmen, has a membership of 100. Its secretary is Jake Lebowitz. The Toledo Hebrew Benevolent and Cemetery Association.— The oldest Jewish benevolent society, the Chevrah Kadishah B'nai Israel, was organized in 1869 and since 1870 is known as the Toledo Hebrew Benevolent and Cemetery Association. It was a mutual benefit society, taking care of its poor and sick. The a society purchased the Eagle Point Cemetery which is one of the most beautiful burial grounds in the city, and is the only orthodox Jewish cemetery not owned or controlled by any congregation. The president of this association is Louis Van Noorden, son of the late Solomon Van Noorden. His faithful service to the community covers a period of over 60 years. Independent Order B'nai B'rith, No. 183.—The Independent order, B'nai B'rith, has been rightly designated as the international order of Jewish benevolence. Its lodges are scattered all over the world. Toledo Lodge No. 183 was established in November, 1907. Its membership numbers about 875. For the size of the Jewish population, the Toledo Lodge is the largest in the United States and in actual numbers, the second largest in the state of Ohio. For this phenomenal growth, Lou M. Frank is chiefly responsible. The president of the lodge is Rabbi Michael Lichtenstein. Junior B'nai B'rith.—The Junior B'nai B'rith was formed in April, 1928. It has about twenty-two active members and its president is Harry Gittlen. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1593 Jewish Federation of Toledo.—Charity is one of the cardinal virtues of the Jewish people. For forty years Mrs. Simeon H. Frank, now a resident of Los Angeles, Calif., was the recognized leader in Jewish philanthropic endeavor in this city. The first important step in the consolidation of Jewish philanthropic work in Toledo was the organization of "The Jewish Charities of Toledo" in 1907. For this the community will always be deeply indebted to the late Nathan Kaufman and Chas. K. Friedman, the prime movers in this undertaking. At about the same time the Jewish Educational League was organized. In 1912 the latter, under the inspiration of Morris B. Lempert and Lou M. Frank, erected what, for that time, was a spacious community center on the corner of Linwood Street and Southard Avenue. These two organizations amalgamated in 1919 under the title of "The Jewish Federation of Toledo." The latter was the collecting as well as the spending agency of money contributed by the Jewish people for social service. In 1920 it became affiliated with the community chest and since then is obtaining its entire in-income from that source. The budget of the Jewish Federation at the present time is in excess of $33,000. Providing for every phase of social service for the Jewish community the Federation also gives financial assistance to a dozen or more institutions outside of our city, which Toledo couldn't possibly support for the few of its citizens who might be in need of the care these institutions furnish. Prior to 1920, the executive work of the Federation was done by a superintendent. In 1921 the position of executive director was created. Maurice Seivers occupied this position until 1927 when Jos. A. Woolf, the present incumbent succeeded him. The president of the Federation is Jos. H. Ringold. SOCIAL CLUBS The Progress Club.—The Toledo Jewish community mainns two social clubs, the Progress Club and Glengarry Country Club. The Progress Club was organized in 1885. Its first home was on Erie and Monroe streets. This it occupied for a number f years moving thence to 15th and Monroe streets. Subsequently t moved to its present home on Monroe Street and Parkwood Avenue. The club has a membership of 140, and its president is H. L. Keidan. Glengarry Country Club.—The Glengarry Country Club was 1594 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY organized six years ago. It has a beautiful course and club house on a tract of over two hundred acres located at the end of Hill Avenue. The club has 183 members, and its president is Sylvain Basch. CULTURAL GROUPS The Toledo Jews have a considerable number of circles of a purely cultural nature. Thus the women of Collingwood Avenue Temple have three study classes interested chiefly in general literature and in current world events. Another group is devoted to the study of Biblical literature. It has also a group of men who apply themselves to the study of Jewish history. All of these meet weekly. Then there is the Poale Zion Club whose aim is the study of Zionist literature. This club is presided over by Herman Paris. The Miamonides Club consists of young Jewish professional men with Dr. Louis Ginsburg as its president. Lastly, the Players Guild was organized in 1926, the guiding spirit being Mrs. Stanley Herzog. It has about twenty-two active members and about fifty associate members. In the very short time of its existence the Guild has given a number of creditable performances. Its president is Julius Zeckhauser. Considerable as has been the contribution of the Jewish institutions to the upbuilding of Toledo, individual Jews have also served the community faithfully and well. The commercial, political and professional life of the city owes much to the enterprize and vision of its Jewish citizens. In the early days of the Jewish settlement, Toledo had Jewish mayors, namely Guido Marx and William Krauss, and in recent years another, in Cornell Schreiber. Henry Stettner, one of the pioneers, was the chief of the volunteer fire department. Mrs. Jos. Steinem served as a member of the Board of Education of Toledo from 1905 to 1910, and for a number of years as g member of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. Sam Cohn was for many years superintendent of the State Free Employment Office, market master of city, for sixteen years chairman of the State Central Committee of the Republican party, and up to the time of his passing, tax commissioner of Lucas County. No one was more implicitly trusted and none was more trustworthy. At the time the latter exerted powerful influence in the Republican party, Sam Cohn, a lawyer of unimpeachable integrity was recognized as a leader in the Democratic party. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1595 Aaron Cohn, son of the late Sam Cohn, served nine years as judge of the Municipal Court, in its criminal and civil branches. Esther Antin served a short term as judge in the criminal branch of the Municipal Court. Sigmund Sanger has been for the last ten years the president of the Toledo Public Library Board. Joseph Eppstein served two years as a member of the Ohio State Legislature. Harry Levy was assistant United States attorney and now is deputy attorney general of the state of Ohio. Joseph Zimmerman is the present sheriff of Lucas County. An honored name among the Jews of Toledo is the late Nathan Kaufman. His influence for good was not limited to the Jewish community. He was one of the organizers of the Toledo Traveling Men's Association as a mutual benefit society, and it was largely through his instrumentality, that it was changed into an old line insurance company, the Toledo Travelers Life Insurance Company, of which he was one of the directors. Another is Dr. Louis Jacobson, a surgeon of note. He rendered conspicuous service as a member of the surgeon's staff at St. Vincent's Hospital from 1899 to the time of his death in 1918. Dr. Otto Landman is the dean among Jewish physicians and is internationally known as an authority in ophthalmology. Sam Davis has evinced a fine civic spirit by his liberal patronage of the Toledo Zoo of which he has been a trustee for a number of years and by giving the Sam Davis Children's Health Camp to the Toledo Public Health Association. TOLEDO ISRAELITE.—The Toledo Israelite is a monthly Jewish paper edited and published by Mrs. Aaron Gould since the year 1915. SURROUNDING COUNTIES Among the several thousand Jewish people scattered in the counties surrounding Toledo there is very little of organized communal life, though wherever Jews live in any appreciable number there is some voluntary agency for the care of the poor and needy. While these communities have no houses of worship, the families meet together for religious devotion on their holy days and volunteer teachers care for the religious education of the children. The recent creation of regional rabbis by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations gives promise of ameliorating the conditions that obtain in towns and hamlets where the Jews are not sufficiently numerous and affluential to maintain synagogues and schools of their own. CHAPTER LXXVI PUBLIC, PHILANTHROPIC, AND CHARITABLE SERVICE HOSPITALS—HUMANE SOCIETY—COUNTY HOME—WELFARE FARM —THE COMMUNITY CHEST—INSTITUTIONS SERVED. Toledo's great philanthropic institution is the "Community Chest." In 1918 and 1919, World War Chest funds were raised to aid the needy of Toledo, resulting from the great conflict. In the latter year a surplus was distributed to various worthy institutions resulting in the idea of the Community Chest. The purpose was to make one campaign for funds for all charitable, philanthropic and welfare purposes, thus preventing duplication as theretofore when each institution made a separate and independent campaign. In 1920 the first year of its campaign, the Community Chest raised $495,000 which was distributed to thirty-two organizations and institutions. Each year thereafter the amount was increased until 1929, when the budget was fixed at $865,000 to be distributed to forty institutions with amounts to each as stated below : EAST SIDE HOSPITAL.—Only 199 of the 859 patients in 1928 were full pay. There were 610 who paid only in part and 60 charity cases who received 816 days care. There were 127 babies born in the hospital during the year. Amount, $9,500. FLOWER HOSPITAL.—Of the 3,091 patients received during 1928, there were 1,963 part pay cases and 316 free cases for which the hospital received nothing. These free patients received 5,040 days care. Amount, $28,500. WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL.—Treated 2,047 patients in 1928, including 409 babies born. Pay patients numbered only 429. Part pay patients numbered 1,354 and free patients, 210. Amount, $38,500. ROBINWOOD HOSPITAL.—Of the 1,895 patients treated last year, 1,385 were either full charity or part pay cases which received 18,641 days of care. Only 510 of these patients were able to pay in full. Amount, $16,000. ST. VINCENT'S HOSPITAL.—This hospital treated 9,821 patients - 1596 - TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1597 in 1928. Of this number 3,012 could pay only in part and 1,471 were full charity patients who received 13,676 days of care. Amount, $42,600. TOLEDO HOSPITAL.—The annual report for 1928 shows a loss through handling of charity patients of $113,783.71. This includes both pay and part pay patients. Amount, $50,000. TOLEDO DENTAL DISPENSARY.—The work of this organization is playing a vital part in safeguarding the health of the young. It gave dental attention to 4,118 patients in 1928. Sixty-four per cent of the patients were children and 2,007 were unable to pay for the work even in part. Amount, $8,000. DISTRICT NURSE ASSOCIATION.—This great organization made a total of 92,568 visits in 1928 nursing the sick back to health, and extending a helping hand to the poor and unfortunate. It provided tuberculosis patients with 16,500 quarts of milk, 10,006 quarts going to babies. It gave free service to 10,979 patients. Amount, $62,500. PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION.—In addition to an extensive health educational program this organization conducted the Sam Davis Health Camp in which 144 white and 96 negro children were put back on the road to robust health. Amount, $4,000. COLORED WORKING GIRLS' HOME.—Homeless working girls found comforts and associations and protection here. In 1928 it provided a home for 250 girls. Amount, $1,800. CONVENT OF THE GOOD SHEPHERD.—Shelter for wayward and homeless girls. Grade schools maintained with classes in art, domestic science and other features. Cared for 68 girls in 1928 of an average of 161/2 years. Amount, $16,500. THE FLORENCE CRITTENTON HOME.—A shelter and haven for unmarried mothers which, in 1928, cared for 54 mothers and 45 babies. Protecting and uplifting influences thrown about these girls through classes in domestic science and in other ways. Amount $5,200. THE LUELLA CUMMINGS HOME.—A training school and home for girls. In 1928 the Association gave shelter and training to 110 girls. Amount, $15,351. THE TRAVELERS' AID SOCIETY.—Renders assistance to the traveling public. In 1928 it assisted 13,884 persons, looked after 335 children traveling alone, handled cases of 16 run-away children. Amount, $8,500. TOLEDO SAFETY COUNCIL—An organization devoted to saving life and limb and property damage through safety and educa- 1598 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY tional work. Child fatal accidents in 1928 reduced to 24, as compared to 33 the year previous. A reduction in home accidents from 50 deaths in 1926 to 30 in 1928. Amount, $7,000. WOMEN'S PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.—Operates Beach House, a temporary shelter for stranded women and girls, giving protection and care. Sheltered 731 girls in 1928, including 151 children with their mothers. Amount, $5,000. ADAMS STREET CITY MISSION.—Shelters children of mothers who must work. In 1928 this organization gave 6,042 days of care to such children. Obtained 844 days work for unemployed mothers. Amount, $8,400. LUTHERAN ORPHANS' AND OLD FOLKS' HOME.—In 1928, 113 children found a home here. Cared for 28 aged men and women, 14 of whom were charity residents. Amount, $16,500. ST. ANTHONY'S ORPHANAGE.—A home for orphaned and homeless children. In 1928, 143 children received 52,195 days of care and 105 children, part-time classification, received 17,785 days of care. Total children cared for was 248. Amount, $40,113. CHILDREN'S BUREAU, SOCIAL SERVICE FEDERATION. — There were 322 children in families cared for by this bureau. Of this number foster homes were found for 67, the care of 27 was assumed by relatives and 44 by other agencies. There are 84 foster homes under the supervision of the organization. Children's Bureau, $13,935. AMERICAN LEGION, LUCAS COUNTY COUNCIL.—Devotes its entire time to problems of the ex-soldier. In 1928, handled insurances cases, adjusted compensation, hospitalization, bonus problems, child welfare work and guardianship problems in 1,794 cases. Amount, $5,400. SALVATION ARMY.—In 1928, this organization cared for 1,400 persons in 251 families, giving material relief; distributed toys to 125 children, reached 32,694 persons with spiritual help in 474 meetings; made 60 visits to jail and hospitals; supplied cheap meals to 29,331 unfortunates, lodging to 9,132. Amount, $9,000. SOCIAL SERVICE FEDERATION.—A vital Chest organization, which, through investigation work, family service, confidential clearing house, distribution of city relief and its scientific study of the whole problem, is doing a great preventive work. In 1928, handled 1,841 major and 1,323 minor family cases; made 13,694 visits to families. Handled in actual relief $77,893.09. Amount of allotment, $57,065. TOLEDO CITY MISSION.—A haven for homeless men. In 1928, TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1599 obtained employment for 726 men, furnished 2,700 with free lodging, gave 1,012 medical treatments. Amount, $6,000. SOCIETY FOR THE BLIND.—Devoted to the cause of the sightless. In 1928 it registered 391 blind persons. Conducted vocational classes and sold the goods produced by the blind. Assists in collection of blind pensions. Amount, $5,400. VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA.—Furnished lodgings to 16,475 unfortunates of whom only 1,133 were able to pay in money and 1,377 in work. Medical aid given to 317 persons. Clothing furnished to 191. Amount, $7,000. OLD LADIES' HOME.—A home for homeless or unwanted old ladies, in which, in 1928, home comforts were provided for 26 aged women. It needs a larger home and in a private campaign has raised $200,000 for it. Amount, $3,150. TOLEDO COUNCIL BOY SCOUTS.—Character building and training in citizenship. It has 2,733 members and 1,067 adult leaders. Has its own reservation. Amount, $28,500. FREDERICK DOUGLASS CENTER.—Builds character and health through recreational and educational work among negro boys and girls. A great new building in which the work may be greatly enlarged is planned. Amount, $10,000. TOLEDO GIRL SCOUTS.—Builds health and character. It has 835 girls enrolled in troops. It maintains a summer camp which 145 girls attended for two weeks or more in 1928. Its members dressed 150 dolls for poor girls at Christmas. Amount, $8,000. THE JEWISH FEDERATION.—A community center where Americanization is taught, where vocational and other classes are maintained. In 1928 the Federation cared for 35 families and 480 transients with material and financial relief. Amount, $31,000. LEAGUE FOR HARD OF HEARING.—Obtains orders for sewing and other employment for the handicapped ; conducts reading classes. In 1928 found employment for 137 deaf persons. Amount, $2,500. NATIONAL CATHOLIC COMMUNITY HOUSE.—Furnishes room and board at minimum cost for homeless working girls, conducts classes in dressmaking and other instruction. Building also used as a community center. Had 246 residents during the year of which number 47 were permanent and 195 transient. Amount, S9,500. NEWSBOYS' SISTERS.—Gives three-year course in home making for girls and builds character through this and other classes. Has a monthly attendance of more than 600 girls. Amount, $2,142.