1600 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY NORTH TOLEDO COMMUNITY HOUSE.—Open to residents of neighborhood. A community laundry and shower baths are unusual features. The Institution had a total attendance in 1928 in organized groups of 48,552. Amount, $9,500. OHIO NEIGHBORHOOD INSTITUTE.—A community center with supervised play, classes for boys and girls and educational lectures are given. Amount, $6,500. THE TOLEDO NEWSBOYS' ASSOCIATION.—Its character building work has been supplemented by vocational training. Promotes healthful athletic activities, entertainment and teaches citizenship through self-government. Amount, $12,000. THE Y. M. C. A.—Recreational, educational, social and spiritual. Operates central office and five branches in various parts of the city. Provided room and board for 640 young men in 1928. In the year, 357,457 participated in 11,093 events originating in this institution. Amount, $61,000. THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.—Houses only girls whose salaries are less than $75 per month. In 1928 the Association handled 12,294 persons, cared for 1,741 transients, placed 295 girls in investigated rooms. Amount, $39,000. Added, was $25,000 for office, collection and publicity expenses; campaign expenses, $15,000; shrinkage, $69,200 and emergencies, $17,910, making a total of $865,000. Owing to the efficient organization and excellent work of previous years, the campaign in April, 1929, went over more successfully than ever before, with several thousand dollars more than named in the budget. The chairmen of various campaigns were : Percy C. Jones, 1920; M. J. Riggs, 1921; Thos. A. DeVilbiss, 1922; Henry Theobald, 1923; Alfred B. Koch, 1924 William M. Booker, 1925; C. 0. Miniger, 1926; Wm. F. Broer, 1927; W. W. Knight, 1928; Al E. Reuben, 1929. The chairman is W. M. Booker ; treasurer, Henry Truesdall ; secretary, James Dunn. TOLEDO HUMANE SOCIETY In December, 1883, the following citizens met at the home of Hon. Richard Mott and his daughter Miss Carrie Mott, on Monroe Street, to discuss the advisability of organizing a Humane Society for Lucas County: Mr. and Mrs. R. G. Bacon, Mrs. M. P. Hubble, Mrs. M. C. Barnes, Mr. and Mrs. Oliver S. Bond, Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Macomber, Mr. Clarence Brown, Mr. B. A. Stevens, Mr. James M. Brown, Asa C. Clark, and Daughter, Hon. Kent Ham- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1601 ilton, Mr. Daniel Shaw, Mr. W. Y. Walker, Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Lenderson. After discussing the advisability of forming a society or organization of this kind, a committee was appointed to draft constitution and by-laws whereupon the meeting adjourned to meet on January 29, 1884, at which time the society was organized and Mr. Clarence Brown in a masterly address nominated Hon. James M. Brown to act as president, which office he filled until 1909, the time of his death. He was also president for several years of the American Humane Association, which organization is composed of the different Humane Societies of the world, and the larger portion of the laws both State and National which appear on the statute books today for the protection and care of those who are unable to care for and protect themselves, are largely due to his personal acts and labors. He was succeeded by his son Mr. Walter F. Brown, who is still president of the Toledo Humane Society. The objects of the society are : "To provide for the care and support of innocent children; for the protection of helpless children from the brutal-minded; for the care, comfort and support of aged parents; for the over-worked, under-fed and abused horses; for the protection of all dumb creatures." The first building of the society was located at St. Clair and Orange streets. The work was divided into the "Department of Children," the "Department of Animals" and the "Lodge and Woodyard," where persons temporarily out of employment could find a home until they could find work. The present home of the society, at 418 Erie Street, was made possible largely through a bequest of the late John T. Newton. It was completed and occupied in 1914, and is five stories in height, exclusive of the basement, The main floor is used as the general offices of the society and the upper floors for the Juvenile Court Detention Home. The report of the society from May 1, 1928, to May 1, 1929, shows the following : Cases investigated, in the Children's Department, 1,314; children involved, 2,166; complaints against fathers for abandonment and neglect, 286; cases against mothers for the same cause, 20; arrest of fathers for abandonment and neglect, 132; convictions on this charge, 59; complaints for children's neglect of parents, 63; amount received from parents for support of children, $272,460.91; received for families of prisoners, $5,433.24; received for alimony, $3,445.65; received from children for support of parents, $1,686.60; fines received imposed by court for abandonment, cruelty and neglect, $1,800; office calls 1602 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY during year, 42,210; telephone calls during year, 24,390. Animal Department : cases coming under society's care, 1,747; dogs received, 507; cats brought in, 967; horses, cattle, sheep inspected by agent, 71,617; chickens, 600. Besides this were hundreds of other humane reports and inspections and animal relief. The society does not receive one cent from the Community Chest, and is supported by gifts, rentals and by limited property investments. One of the great benefactors was the late agent of the society Charles C. Ware, who labored conscientiously in the cause for some 35 years. Walter F. Brown continues the good work of his father, the late Hon. James M. Brown, the society's first president. The other first officers being : Dennison B. Smith, first vice president; W. Y. Walker, second vice president; Hon. Harry Kahlo, third vice president; Miss Carrie Mott, fourth vice president; Mrs. E. H. Van Hoesen, fifth vice president; E. W. Lenderson, treasurer; J. W. Erwin, secretary; Clarence Brown, attorney. The society during its life has investigated cases running into six figures and has effected hundreds of reconciliations between husband and wife, and by so doing aided children in retaining homes. LUCAS COUNTY CHILDREN'S HOME. It was in August, 1860, that the German Lutheran Church opened St. John's Orphan Home on a tract of forty acres on Seaman Street, near St. John's Lutheran Church, with Rev. John Doerfler as superintendent. Later an Old Folks' Home was established in connection. This institution is now known as the Lutheran Orphans' and Old Folks' Home. On January 11, 1867, a number of women met at the residence of Dr. S. H. Bergen and organized the Protestant Orphans' Home, to be managed by a board of thirteen directors composed of women, with an advisory committee of eight men. The first board was composed of Mrs. E. B. Atherton, Mrs. George Baker, Mrs. S. H. Camp, Mrs. M. D. Carrington, Mrs. Robert Cummings, Mrs. M. P. ‘Ewing, Mrs. Thomas Hamilton, Mrs. Vincent Hamilton, Mrs. T. H. Hoag, Mrs. Almon Hopkins, Miss Louise Kuper, Miss Carrie Mott and Mrs. H. L. Phelps. The first advisory committee consisted of William Baker, Dr. S. H. Bergen, Matthew Brown, William Cummings, W. C. Earl, D. D. Mather, Morrison R. Waite and Horace S. Walbridge. The home was opened on April 22, 1867, in quarters donated by William Baker, where it continued until the following Novem- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1603 ber, when it was removed to Lagrange Street. Although known as the Protestant Orphans' Home, it was nonsectarian. It continued in existence for more than twenty years. These orphan's homes led the county authorities to take an interest in caring for the unfortunate children of the county. A tract of land containing about fifty acres, located on the river at the lower end of the Village of Maumee, was purchased and the Lucas County Children's Home was established. The situation below historic old Fort Miami is most delightful, and some three to four hundred boys are schooled and cared for there annually in the most thoughtful manner. The institution has an administration building, dormitories, school building, work rooms and other equipment. A fine new hospital building has just been added and across the highway, connected by a tunnel to avoid the dangers to the boys of the home in crossing, are spacious play grounds. The city officers of the institution are located in the Humane Society Building, 418 Erie Street. LUCAS COUNTY HOME Toledo made early provision for the infirm, poor and unfortunate. In January; 1838, William P. Daniels and Eli Hubbard, members of the board of county commissioners, were authorized by a resolution of the board to purchase land for a "County Poor Farm." On April 9, 1838, they reported that they had purchased the north half of Section 16, Township 10, Range 7, containing 320 acres. Samuel Bartlett, the other county commissioner, concurred and the sum of $1,000 was appropriated for improvements. On the 16th of the following June, Roswell Cheney, John U. Pease and James Wilkinson were appointed directors and the institution was opened for the reception of inmates. In March, 1861, the county commissioners—Galen Norton, Samuel A. Raymond and William Taylor—ordered the erection of a building on the poor farm for the care of the incurable insane, "for the reason that it is inhuman and brutal to continue to keep them where they are, said building to be 40 by 50 feet in size and 12 feet high." This was the first provision made by the county for the care of such persons, who up to that time had been kept in the county jail. The contract for the erection of the building was awarded to John Farrell and George Wilson for $1,058, and it was occupied in the fall of 1861. About that time the name of the institution was changed to the "County Infirmary" instead of the "Poor Farm." 1604 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY When Adams township was formed in December, 1856, the poor farm was included within its limits. While the original tract of 320 acres was available, the male inmates, who were able to work, cultivated the land and raised the greater part of the grain, vegetables and supplies required for the support of the institution. The able-bodied women did all the indoor work such as cooking, laundry work, etc. As the city grew in that direction, portions of the farm were sold from time to time and part of it is now occupied by the State Hospital. The infirmary grounds now contain a little less than eighty acres, lying between Arlington and Aberdeen avenues and directly east of Detroit Avenue. The Lucas County Tuberculosis Hospital is located on the grounds, near the intersection of Arlington and Detroit avenues. Buildings and improvements have been added from time to time until now, under the superintendency of George Demuth the inmates are well housed and cared for. The story is told that when the first main building was constructed and accepted by the county commissioners, two of the members facetiously selected the rooms they would later occupy in their old age. By a turn of fate, one of these members lost his mind and was confined in the very room he had selected. WORKHOUSE AND WELFARE FARM About 1865 the Toledo city council purchased a tract of land lying between Swan Creek and the Miami and Erie canal for a workhouse for the care and confinement of prisoners sentenced for minor offenses. There were eighty-seven cells in the building with a brickyard and woodyard in connection. The old police station on Market Space also contained a prison for the confine. ment of offenders of the law. The old workhouse was utilized until 1918 at which time there were confined over two hundred men serving sentences, while the structure had a capacity for the confinement of one hundred and fifty. It was on account of these conditions that the "Welfare Farm" near Whitehouse was projected. In 1918 a tract of 310 acres of land was purchased by the council at a cost of $41,850. Here a fine plant has been established, and was occupied in part in the winter of 1918-19. There are shops as well as prisons, the structure is finely equipped throughout, costing $150,000, and barns and fine farm buildings have been added. In fact the "Welfare Farm" is what TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1605 the name implies, has rich, tillable soil where all farm products are produced and the institution is practically self sustaining. After the Welfare Farm was established, the old workhouse became a House of Correction. About 1920 it was turned over to the Social Service Federation which converted it into a "Way., farers Lodge" for transients, without sufficient funds for hotel lodgings. The majority of the cells were removed and the space provided with single iron bedsteads and equipped for service. The building was made sanitary, a woodyard opened in connection and in other ways inmates able to work were required to perform labor for their accommodations. THE TOLEDO STATE HOSPITAL The Toledo State Hospital has the distinction of being the first state or federal hospital for mental patients in the United States to be erected on the cottage plan. Charles Foster was governor of Ohio at the time the bill was passed by the General Assembly creating the institution and was very much interested in having the hospital constructed on the cottage plan. General Brinkerhoff was also greatly interested in the new institution and to him much credit is due in having the institution erected on that plan. When the idea was first proposed, it was ridiculed by a number of men prominent in the care and management of the insane. A number of uninformed politicians threw many obstacles in the way of its consummation. The idea was laughed at as "Foster's Folly," "Brinkerhoff's Idea." A prominent physician who was at that time Superintendent of one of the State Hospitals in Ohio called it "Toledo's Cattle Pen." Much credit should be given to the late Noah H. Swayne of Toledo, who was serving in the Ohio Legislature at the time, for having the hospital located in Toledo. A Building Commission was finally appointed, and with the knowledge they had at hand and the help of architects, finally worked out the plan and completed its construction. After the Commission had completed the buildings, a Board of Trustees was appointed and Dr. H. A. Tobey was elected the first superintendent. The first patients were admitted in January, 1888. Dr. Tobey was superintendent of the hospital for more than 19 years and was generally recognized by physicians and others as being extraordinarily well qualified as an administrative officer in the care and treatment of mental patients. He was succeeded by Dr. G. R. Love who served as superintendent for more than 13 years. Dr. Love is recognized as a leader in his profes- 1606 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY sion and to him much credit is due for the progress made and the high standing of the hospital. The plan that was originally ridiculed has now become the model for the construction of all modern hospitals for the treatment of mental patients. The hospital comprises thirty cottages of brick construction for patients, and twenty-seven other buildings. The hospital is located in a beautiful park of ninety-seven acres within the city limits. The institution farm comprises five hundred eighty-six acres of very fertile land, and in addition thereto, approximately four hundred acres are under lease. The total valuation of the institution property as shown by the last inventory, June 30, 1927, was $2,198,800.29. The resident patient population is approximately twenty-one hundred. The hospital employs two hundred forty people. The medical organization consists of the superintendent, seven assistant physicians, resident dentist, druggist, psychiatric social worker, assistant social worker, occupational therapist, five assistant occupational therapists, recreational therapist, laboratory technician, superintendent of nurses, four supervisors, four hydrotherapists, etc. The hospital maintains a training school for nurses, and now has in the service, thirty-five graduate nurses. The hospital has a well equipped laboratory, X-ray, operating room, two very complete hydrotherapeutic departments, occupational therapy department, recreational therapy department, etc. The resident medical staff is assisted in the physical examination of the patients by a visiting staff of specialists comprising several of the foremost physicians in Toledo. The Toledo State Hospital district comprises nineteen counties of Northwestern Ohio representing one of the most prosperous districts of this State. Dr. 0. 0. Fordyce is superintendent in 1929. CHAPTER LXXVII TOLEDO MEDICAL PROFESSION By Louis R. Effler, M. D. THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE OF TOLEDO AND LUCAS COUNTY-LIST OF PRESIDENTS-EARLY MEDICAL DAYS-MEDICAL PROGRESS AND HISTORY-THE DENTAL PROFESSION Introduction    History is that branch of knowledge that records and explains past events. It will be our plan to delve into the history of Organized Medicine in Lucas County from its inception in 1851 to its present high state in 1929. History usually associates in one's mind the thought of searching through old musty tomes and age-browned records. In this way, only, issues an authentic sequence. Tradition and half-knowledge gleaned by word of mouth serve mostly to give colored views. To the records, therefore, must we go perforce. Historians of the past have accused the Medical Profession in this region of having no adequate records from which to picture the development of the Toledo Society. This is true only in part. The writer has succeeded in unearthing musty tomes and hitherto forgotten papers. Records of the transactions of the Academy are in existence from its earliest organization. They record the minutes of every meeting and every step of its progress since 1851 to the present time. In the light of these records, it is possible to get a fair viewpoint of Past and Present. The story reads like an epic. The Academy points with pride to its veritable apostolic succession unbroken by vicissitude and controversy. Past Presidents in Order of Succession 1851, H. Graham ; 1856, J. Clark; 1859, W. Jones ; 1860, W. Daniels; 1861, S. Bergen ; 1862, S. Bergen ; 1863, C. Plessner ; 1864, C. Cochrane; 1865, J. W. Bond; 1866, S. S. Thorn ; 1867, S. S. Thorn ; 1868, S. S. Thorn ; 1869, S. S. Thorn ; 1870, S. W. Skinner; 1871, J. J. Nolen ; 1872, C. A. Collamore ; 1873, L. H. Bodman; 1874, W. Ridenour; 1875, J. M. Waddick ; 1876, S. F. Forbes; 1877, C. A. Kirkley; 1878, W. C. Chapman ; 1879, D. P. Chamberlin ; 1880, A. W. Fisher; 1881, H. M. Schnetzler ; 1882, - 1607 - 1608 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY J. F. Aris; 1883, J. T. Lawless; 1884, C. H. Reed; 1885, H. A. Root; 1886, J. T. Woods; 1887, J. T. Woods ; 1888, J. A. Duncan; 1889, J. A. Duncan ; 1890, A. R. Smart; 1891, H. Hathaway; 1892, J. T. Curry; 1893, J. L. Tracy; 1894; J. M. Bassey; 1895, O. Hasencamp, 1896, J. C. Reinhart; 1897, W. C. Chapman; 1898, T. Hubbard; 1899, W. H. Snyder; 1900, W. H. Fisher; 1901, W. H. Fisher; 1902, John North; 1903, J. H. Jacobson; 1904, J. A. Wright; 1905, T. Hubbard; 1906, H. Smead; 1907, W. Snyder; 1908, C. W. Smith; 1909, J. A. Duncan; 1910, J. C. Keller; 1911, L. C. Grosh; 1912, C. Moots; 1913, W. Dickey; 1914, J. L. Watson; 1915, P. Hohly; 1916, L. Mullen; 1917, C. Lukens; 1918, C. Lukens; 1919, C. Waggoner; 1920, E. W. Doherty; 1921, L. A. Levison; 1922, J. F. Wright; 1923, F. W. Alter; 1924, L. F. Smead; 1925, J. T. Murphy; 1926, E. J. McCormick; 1927, W. W. Alderdyce; 1928, E. J. McKesson. The data for this history are contained in a series of ten volumes. In the early days, the records are quaint yet dignified. In the later stages, they develop a confidence and business-like aspect that is more consistent with modern times. These volumes detail the events in periods. The first volume extends from 1851 to 1863; the second from 1864 to 1875; the third from 1876 to 1890; the fourth from 1891 to 1902; the fifth from 1903 to 1904; the sixth from 1905 to 1906; the seventh from 1907 to 1912; the eighth from 1913 to 1920; the ninth from 1921 to 1924 and the last from 1925 to date. For purposes of simplicity, we have divided the history of the Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County into four periods. We shall call them the Pre-historic, the Ancient, the Medieval, and the Modern. Authors Note: The seventh volume covering the period from 1907 to 1912 has not been found. Prehistoric-Let us picture a bit, medical conditions as they existed in the early days of Toledo. The year 1838 in Lucas County marked what was called the "terrible sickly season." The most severe drought in its history occurred at this time. It is said there was no rainfall from July 3rd to October 15th. During these four months streams dried up. The swamps and marsh lands in which this section then abounded became dank and fetid. A tremendous amount of ague laid the population low. Many deaths occurred. Those who recovered were said to have been troubled for the balance of their lifetimes with dyspepsia and diarrhoea. Perhaps, the large doses of Peruvian bark and calomel, which were the accepted medical treatment in, those days, were partly responsible. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1609 However this may be, Toledo was looked upon as a most unhealthful climate at best and at this particular time as the foulest at worst. The excavation of the canal was proceeding just then between Manhattan and Maumee. Upwards of 500 Irish laborers were employed on this project. They were lodged in temporary shacks under the most unhealthful conditions. Due to a variety of circumstances, a greater proportion of these laborers died than the resident population of Toledo. In 1852, a terrible cholera epidemic occurred in Toledo. There were upwards of 130 deaths in one month. Cases extended to what was then called Utah, since Yondota, and now East Toledo. The population of Toledo was at that time 2,000. The ratio of deaths from cholera to population was as 1 to 12. In the light of present day standards, this is a fearful mortality. The pioneers held on, however, in the face of illness and death, influenced partly by the scenic beauties and partly by the rich bottomlands of the Maumee Valley. The Medical Profession battled nobly in the face of numerous difficulties entirely apart from the limitations of early medical knowledge. There were other and more trying difficulties to be encountered. There were no street cars, taxis, bus lines, bridges, nor private automobiles. The roads were bad even in good weather. They wound around marsh and swamp. In wet weather they were morasses. Streams and rivers had to be forded or swum. The doctor was forced to make his rounds on horseback. His saddle-bags were stocked with crude drugs and instruments. His territory was unlimited. A call in those days might take him anywhere from one to thirty miles. It was not unusual to be called as far as Fremont or even Defiance. One doctor in answering a sick call to Defiance was forced to swim eight streams on horseback and then return home by canoe. It was the rigors and hardships of medical practice in these days that endeared the physician to the public. These were the days of the true Family Doctor. With crude knowledge and still cruder methods he labored uncomplainingly. Often, his drugs were gathered in the woods and swamps by himself and by himself prepared. There were no refinements in appearance and tastiness such as we associate with the modern pharmacy. There were none of the extracts that are now given in minute doses and masked as to taste. Those were the days of heroic doses of nauseating tinctures and fluid extracts. The surgery also was crude and cruel. The surgical mechan- 1610 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY ics were good up to a point—but, viewed from present-day standards, were woefully lacking. The total lack of antisepsis, in addition, caused the mortality rate to be very high. Despite these facts, the Doctor was always a welcome visitor either socially or professionally. He was friend and confidant alike. His rounds brought him into intimate contact with scattered groups so that he was the logical purveyor of news without being a gossip. Besides endearing himself in the hearts of the community, he was always looked upon as a man of mark and a leading citizen. As a consequence, offices of trust were often his portion. His position was never a sinecure; it was bought at the expense of hard labor that was yet a labor of love. Hand in hand with the better drainage and the more extensive cultivation of the soil, the Doctor labored with the public to improve disease conditions. From what was then considered to be the most unhealthful region in the whole Erie basin, he assisted as much as anyone to make it eventually the most healthful. As proof for this statement we can but quote Dr. W. A. Jones who grew up with Toledo as a member for many years of the Toledo Board of Health. This pioneer sanitarian said in 1888: "The writer has lived to see this city emerge during the last 40 years from the most sickly to the most healthful in the country." The first physician who settled in this region was Dr. Barton. He was located somewhere about the rapids near what is now Maumee. It must be remembered that the tide of early immigration tended toward Maumee as the natural site for a big city. Later developments caused this site to be looked upon less favorably. The trend became more toward the lake and what is known as Toledo. Suffice it to say, however, that Dr. Barton took up his task where the missionaries left off. These gentlemen also had had some skill in the Healing Art and had treated Whites and Indians alike till the coming of the doctor. After 1816, Dr. Horatio Conant settled in Maumee. He was joined in 1823 by Dr. Walter Colton and in 1829 by Dr. Oscar White. The latter is to be remembered because, after fifty years of busy practice in this locality, he donated to the Toledo Medical Association his large and valuable library. The first doctor locating in what is now Toledo was Dr. J. Sutphen in 1825. He purchased a tract of land at the time from Jessup Scott. Albeit it was then "in the woods," it marks now the heart of the city at 15th and Madison. In 1832, Dr. John Fassett took up his abode at Vistula. This was what is now Locust St. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1611 near Superior. Later on, he moved his residence to East Toledo near the present foot of the Cherry St. Bridge. So strongly did he build that the present Fassett Street and the Fassett Street Bridge bear tribute to his name. Ancient History—Period 1851-1902.—The first attempt at medical organization in this region resulted in the Maumee Valley Medical Association. The date of its start is not known. There are no official records of its transactions. In the newspaper files there appears a record of its meeting on July 6, 1842, with Dr. Conant in the chair. The Society consisted of nineteen members. Resolutions were drawn up at this time condemning mesmerism. These resolutions were evidently an attempt to counteract the influence of a certain itinerant "Professor de Bonneville" who was giving exhibitions of his skill in this region. Volume One (1851-1864)—The first real organization of the physicians of Toledo took place on September 22, 1851. Seven physicians met at the office of Dr. Graham for the purpose of organizing a medical society. The names of these physicians are Drs. Graham, Jones, Hazlett, Timpany, Scott, Taylor, and Dawson. Their names deserve to be memorialized. At this meeting, a resolution was adopted to draft a constitution and by-laws. The latter were reported back at a second meeting on September 29th. Thus the Toledo Medical Association was born with the above mentioned names as signatories to the charter. Dr. Graham was elected president. Among other things, the Constitution included the object and purposes of the Society. These were stated to be : "Mutual improvement and prosperity of its members; the general diffusion of medical science and useful knowledge; and the protection of the public from the impositions of quacks and quackery." The initiation fee was $1.00. The meetings were to be held once monthly. The By-laws for the most part inveighed against quackery. They condemned it in no uncertain terms. They warned against practising, consulting, or even associating with those who sanctioned quackery and urged against giving a quack the profession, al title of "Doctor." On October 6, 1851, a fee bill was drawn up and adopted by the Society. The charges, of course, seem ridiculously small in comparison with modern fees. They must have served their purpose, however, of giving both the doctor and the patient a standard with which to operate. Let us quote a few of the items contained in this original fee bill. They are interesting inasmuch as 1612 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY they serve to throw a side-light on the medical methods of the day. Visit to office - 50c to $1.00 Visit to patient in city - $2.00 Visit to patient in country not over three miles - 3.00 (Every additional mile, - 50c.) Consultation - $5.00 Non-instrumental delivery - $5.00 to 10.00 Venesection in office - 1.00 Cupping (dry or wet) - 1.50 Leeching - 1.50 Vaccination - 1.00 It must not be inferred that these charges were made in each instance. As we learn from the later records, certain doctors were censured for making sub-standard charges. The cholera epidemic of 1852 in Toledo temporarily dissolved the Toledo Medical Association. It was revived once more by a call from the secretary to meet at the Collins House on July 26, 1856. A new Constitution and new By-laws were submitted. These were adopted on July 31, 1856. New officers were elected with Dr. Jacob Clark, president. The new Constitution expressed its objects a little more clearly and forcefully than before. They were in brief : (a) Mutual recognition and fellowship; (b) The establishment and maintenance of union, harmony, and good government among its members, thereby to promote the interests, honor, and usefulness of the profession as a whole; (c) The cultivation and the advancement of Medical Science and Medical Literature; the elevation in standards of Medical Education; the improvement in knowledge and methods of Medical Practice; (d) The diffusion of useful Medical Knowledge to the public partly to put the Healing Art on its proper plane and partly to protect the public against the various systems of quackery and medical error. Article 10 of the By-laws explained that this society would be governed by the "code of ethics" adopted by the American Medical Association. The accusation against the Doctor of Old of poor busin methods seems scarcely supportable. To begin with, the abo TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1613 mentioned fee-bill is a first-class business method. In addition, at one of the earliest meetings in August of 1856, a resolution was adopted "urging ways and means for collecting accounts from those who are able but unwilling to pay." A bit later at a meeting in July, 1859, a resolution was adopted to set up a "blacklist" for the proper extension of credit and the collection of delinquent accounts. The latter is reminiscent of our own "Five and Ten List" for confidential distribution among Academy members. The meetings heretofore attended more particularly to business transactions. After August 22, 1856, the meetings began to emphasize more the clinical side. From this point, almost without exception, essays, case reports, and medical discussion form the bulk of the proceedings. It is interesting to note that the meeting dates at first were on Thursday evenings. Shortly after, however, they were changed to Friday evening. This custom still prevails at the present date. It will be impossible to enumerate the various medical subjects that came -up for discussion at the meetings during this period. A study of them proves very interesting. To our surprise, be it noted, they were always more or less formal in character. Strict attention to parliamentary procedure maintained. Discussions were lively and exhaustive. All meetings were reported in detail. Perhaps, they are too detailed. They seem at times to exceed the scope of minutes and invade the prerogatives of a true medical journal. However this may be, they adhere with great fidelity to fact. It will be our purpose to enumerate in chronological sequence various important steps both executive and clinical that took place throughout this period., On May 23, 1857, a resolution was adopted to affiliate the Toledo Medical Association with the Ohio State Medical Society at the annual meeting of the latter in Sandusky. As a corollary, a resolution was passed on June 2, 1859, requesting legal protection of the individual physician by the state society. On April 22, 1861, "patriotic resolutions" voted free professional care to the families of volunteers in the "War of the Rebellion." This same procedure was followed later in the Mexican war, the Spanish-American war, and the World war. The number of meetings, regular and special, held to this point was 65. A great many papers were read and interesting cases reported. The list of members from the organization of the so ciety to 1864 numbered forty-one. The active membership at this time, however, was twelve. 1614 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY It is interesting to note that St. Vincent's Hospital was established in this period. This is Toledo's oldest hospital. It was begun in October, 1855. Volume Two (1864-1875).—At the beginning of this period, anaesthetics were still in their infancy. Anaesthesia, it will be remembered, is a milestone in medicine. At the 58th regular meeting on April 7, 1864, an interesting item occurs. Dr. Eaton reported on this occasion his personal experience in having a tooth pulled under nitrous oxide or laughing I gas. This gas was introduced as an anaesthetic by Horace Wells, I a dentist of Hartford, Connecticut, in 1844. First using it upon himself, he later used it in public clinics and even set apart days solely for the extraction of teeth under its influence. Ether also was discovered about this time. Dr. Crawford Long, of Jefferson, Georgia, used ether as an anaesthetic in 1842, but did not publish his discovery till several years later. Dr. William Morton first administered ether as an anaesthetic in a surgical clinic in the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846. A controversy has waged ever since between the adherents of Morton and Long as to the priority of discovery. We shall not pass upon the merits of this controversy. It is interesting to note, however, that at a meeting of August 9, 1867, the same Doctor Morton of Boston addressed the Toledo Medical Association upon the "Origin of Anaesthetics." Needless to say he received a great ovation. At a special meeting on September 13, 1864, resolutions were adopted condemning the appointment of a certain enrollment surgeon on the grounds of incompetence. The act whereby these resolutions were voted down set a precedent the Society has followed ever since. It was pointed out that the Toledo Medical Association is a scientific and not a political body. On July 12, 1867, a resolution was adopted condemning "counter prescribing" for patients by druggists. This matter was threshed out on several occasions. It was only later, however, at the meeting of July 26, 1878, that definite resolutions on the subject were given to the press. The doctors insisted that if the druggists wished to continue prescribing they should go to medical school and become Doctors of Medicine. On May 10, 1867, Dr. Jones reported his visit to the meeting of the American Medical Association at Cincinnati, Ohio. The main subject concerned medical education. Prior to this time, requirements for practising medicine were lax. While some doc- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1615 tors were graduates of a Medical College, others were satisfied to "read" medicine or "assist" some older preceptor in his practice. No preliminary education was required for entrance to a Medical College. Only two terms of lectures of six months each were required of the candidates. This makes a poor comparison with the entrance requirements as we have them today, viz., high school graduation and a college degree. Some one has said that we must know more nowadays to get into a medical college than one needed then to get out of one. The present course of studies in medicine requires four terms of nine months each. In some quarters, an extra term of at least one year in hospital is becoming compulsory. Prior to 1871, the Toledo Medical Association had been subdivided into three sections: Medical, Surgical, and Obstetrical. At the meeting of February 10, 1871, however, it was deemed advisable to divide the society into five sections. These were: Surgery and Anatomy; Pathology and Microscopy; Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Pediatrics; Therapeutics and Practical Medicine; and Psychology and Medical Jurisprudence. Inasmuch as the society at this time numbered thirty-five active members, a resolution was passed to put seven members in each section. One member of each section was to report at each meeting. This decision was kept in vogue for a long time. We shall refer later to the present sections in the Academy of Medicine. It is interesting to note that at the meeting of March 14th, 1873, a proposal was made to organize a Medical College as part of the University of Arts and Trades. Reference is made to this project at several subsequent meetings. The actual fruit of this proposal was the establishment in 1878 of the Toledo School of Medicine. The object of this school was to provide preliminary instruction for admission to medical college. This was consistent with the effort at the time of raising the general standard of medical education. In 1882, this school was abandoned and a charter obtained for the Northwestern Ohio Medical College. The object of this college was to furnish training in medicine, surgery, and hygiene. This college was located at Lagrange Street, between Huron and Superior. Classes were graduated each spring until 1892. The building was razed by fire at this time and the College suspended. In the same year, the Toledo Medical College, which had been conducted as a separate institution, erected a building at Page and Cherry streets. It was a modern brick structure with specially designed lecture rooms and laboratories. 1616 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY In 1905, the Toledo Medical College became the Department of Medicine of the Toledo University. The course of study was four years. Many of our now practising Toledo physicians are graduates of this institution. The Toledo Medical College was discontinued in 1913. The number of regular and special meetings held in this period was 140. Toledo's second hospital—the present Toledo Hospital —was established in 1874. Volume Three (1876-1891).—On May 14, 1869, it had been proposed to give a digest to the newspapers of meetings of the Toledo Medical Association. This had been voted down on the ground that the place for such news was logically in a medical journal. As a follow-up of this decision, came a letter from the editor of the "Review," a Detroit medical journal, on April 28, 1876. The letter reads in part: "Dr. Jenks of this city tells me that you have a first-class medical society." It ends with a request for a condensed account of its meetings for publication. Reference is made to this point to show that the Toledo Medical Association was developing individuality. Its influence was becoming more than local. At the meeting of July 14, 1876, preparations were made for celebrating coincidently the 200th regular meeting and the 25th anniversary of the society. This celebration took place on September 29, 1876. It was featured by Dr. Chase on the one hand, who regaled the society with his personal experiences over forty years in this section, and Dr. Jones on the other hand, who outlined the history of the society with his reminiscences of the early practitioners. The former emphasized the battle against malaria and the latter the struggle against cholera when Toledo had a population of around 2,000 and Summit Street was just being "planked." On March 26, 1880, the first reference to telephone installation was made. A resolution was passed which requested that the doctor's telephone be put on the same charge basis as that of the private family. It will be remembered that the telephone was first introduced into Toledo in 1879. On December 11, 1886, the meeting was devoted to a report of cases operated under "cocaine anaesthesia." The discovery of cocaine as a local anaesthetic in 1884 is another milestone in medicine. The only reason for its mention here is to show how the Society tended always toward progressiveness. On May 25, 1887, the first mention is made in the society TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1617 transactions of "antiseptic surgery." It will be remembered that Lister's epoch-making researches in this field were being conducted at this time. They mark another milestone in medicine. And yet, with characteristic naivete and skepticism, a member at this meeting discussed the subject and falsely predicted that "antiseptics will have their day and die out." On June 14, 1889, reference is made to another milestone in medicine. This has to do with the combating of diphtheria by means of a new instrument. Needless to say, the reference is to O'Dwyer's "intubation tube." Hitherto, diphtheria had been a dread menace. The mortality ran as high as 50 per cent to 75 per cent. No adequate treatment had as yet been found to cope with it. The hopelessness of the situation is well pictured in Sir Fismet's famous picture entitled : "The Doctor." Laryngeal diphtheria especially was a menace. Tracheotomy had been done with indifferent success. The intubation-tube reduced the mortality considerably. Von Behring's discovery of diphtheria antitoxin in 1891 reduced it almost to the vanishing point. If antitoxin were used universally, diphtheria would probably become a forgotten disease. The antitoxin is a priceless boon to public and physician alike. The number of regular and special meetings held during this period was 298. The present Women's and Children's Hospital was founded in 1884. It was the third hospital in Toledo. Volume Four (1892-1902).—The meeting of November 14, 1892, marks the 500th regular meeting of the Toledo Medical Association. December 24, 1897, marks the 600th regular meeting. December 26, 1902, is noteworthy as the 679th meeting and actually the last meeting of the Toledo Medical Association as such. The most notable event of this period, apart from the clinical conferences that were regularly indulged in, was the merging of the Toledo Medical Association and the Lucas County Medical Society. The latter organization had been in existence for about ten years. Its establishment was a gesture against cliques and controversies of the parent organization. There was no good rea¬son at any time for the existence of two rival societies in the same locality. Ostensibly, of course, the Toledo Medical Association limited its membership to practitioners residing in Toledo. The Lucas County Medical Society numbered in its membership practitioners residing anywhere in the county. Many doctors were members of both societies. As the needlessness for two separate 1618 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY societies was becoming apparent, overtures went out from each society with a view to merger. With this object in mind, resolutions were adopted by each society to appoint a joint committee. This committee was to determine the best way in which these two societies could "merge their identities and form a new association under the name of the Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County." MEDIEVAL HISTORY (1903-1924 Volume Five (1903-1904).—On January 2, 1903, a joint meeting of the two societies was held. This marked the first regular meeting of the "Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County" as at present constituted. A new constitution and new by-laws were adopted at this joint meeting. The special sections into which the Academy of Medicine was now divided were : the Pathology, Experimental Medicine and Bacteriology Section, which met on the second Friday of each month; the Medical Section which met on the third Friday of each month; and the EyeEar-Nose and Throat Section which met on the fifth Friday of the month when there happened to be one. In addition, the trustees who are charged with the financial policies of the Academy held a regular meeting each month. In this way all executive and scientific matters were threshed out at regular intervals by the respective units of the Academy. The administration of Academy affairs thereby assumed a more business-like aspect. Meetings were numbered in a new series from this point. It was decided that the Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County be owner and custodian of the charters and properties of the two former societies. The official organ of the Toledo Medical Association had been the Medical and Surgical Reporter. The official organ of the Lucas County Medical Society had been The American Medical Compend. A resolution was adopted to have no official organ until the new Society could own and conduct its own publication. Several years were to elapse before the event took place which resulted in the present Bulletin of the Academy of Medicine. This was started in 1917. On September 23, 1904, the delegates of the Academy were instructed to vote for the establishment of the Ohio State Medical Journal which was to be owned and operated by the Ohio State Medical Society. This journal is a monthly visitor in the libraries of all members in good standing in the local Academy. All local TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1619 medical news is forwarded to the Ohio State Medical Journal for publication and distribution throughout the state. There were ninety-four active members at this time and the number of meetings held during this period was twenty-one. It was in this period that Flower Hospital was established (1902). This was the fourth hospital in Toledo. Volume Six (1905-1906).—The Academy of Medicine moved forward from this point in more impressive style. A better spirit of cooperation is everywhere manifest. The meetings which were held regularly during this period were dignified and constructive. Apart from its satisfying the members with better planned programs of real scientific worth, the Academy reached out in its first attempt to interest the public in matters medical. One important step was the meeting on December 8, 1905, in Zenobia Hall to which the public was invited. The subject for discussion was "Tuberculosis." Dr. Lowman of Cleveland was the main speaker on this occasion. The public attested its interest by turning out 400 strong. A similar meeting on November 13, 1906, was held in Memorial Hall. It was likewise well attended by the public. Dr. McCormack of Kentucky presented ably : "Some Things About Doctors that the Public and the Doctors Should Know." In addition, there were thirty-nine regular meetings during this period. Robinwood Hospital was founded in 1905. It was the fifth hospital in Toledo. Volume Eight (1913-1920).—It will be noted here that a gap takes place between 1906 and 1913. The official records of this period contained in Volume Seven have been lost. East Side Hospital was founded in this period (1909). It was Toledo's sixth hospital. The meeting of January 3, 1913, represented the 143rd regular general meeting of the Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County. During this year, affairs of increasing importance to the society were transacted. For instance, a resolution was read from the Toledo Dental Society for the appointment of a standing committee to promote mutual interests of both professions. On December 5, 1913, ten dentists made application for associate membership to the medical society. Several out-of-town speakers of national repute read papers before the society. On October 2, 1914, the mayor of Toledo appeared personally before the society to appeal for assistance in establishing the Municipal Hospital. A committee of twelve doctors was named 1620 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY to meet with a lay committee and draft plans. Thus, Toledo's seventh hospital was established. On February 15th, a resolution went forward to the governor of the state in reference to the newly established Industrial Commission of Ohio. It was recognized that the proper working of this vast organization affected three great bodies of Ohio's citizenry, viz., the doctors, the employers, and the employees. The resolution called attention to these facts and requested the appointment to the first vacancy on the commission of a physician of probity and experience. In the troublous war days of 1917, the Academy of Medicine carried on as an organization with professional and patriotic zeal. The meetings continued regularly with only a few exceptions. Throughout, there are references to war measures and patriotic service to our country. While in previous war days the society was content to vote resolutions, it went a step further in this crisis by giving more concrete evidence of its patriotism. It went so far as to equip twenty-six "patriot doctors" for war service. Their equipment represented a monetary outlay of no mean proportions. On January 4, 1918, the president of the academy tendered to the trustees a service flag with thirty-seven stars. These stars represented the thirty-seven Academy members in active service at the time. In the course of the year, seventy more stars were added. This brought the total up to 107. When it is remembered that this number represented 42 per cent of the membership, the Academy of Medicine will be found to have contributed more than a fair share to the cause of patriotism. "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." Nor were these "patriot doctors" forgotten by the Academy after hostilities ended. On April 23, 1919, a resolution was adopted to assist them in various ways to reestablish their practices. An event of first importance came to a climax during this period. This was the purchase of a permanent home for the Academy of Medicine. It is interesting to go back over the history of the society and note the frequency with which the subject of purchase was broached. Difficulties, however, always obtruded. In fine, it took exactly 69 years to bring this dream to realization. It will be remembered that the meetings of the Society for many years were held in various doctors' offices in turn. Later on, they were held at various times in the offices of the local Board of Health, in the Public library, at 65 Madison Avenue, Rooms TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1621 9 and 10, the Masonic Building, room 198 St. Clair Street, rooms 408 and 410 Superior Street, the National Union Building, room 442 the Valentine Building, the Chandelier Building, the Meredith Building, the Commerce Club, and the Y. M. C. A. At no time, however, was the thought forgotten that sooner or later the society would have a permanent place of meeting in its own home. Bear witness that as early as 1875, a resolution was passed "to secure a suitable room or rooms for the permanent use of the association." Ways and means of raising a building fund had been suggested and found impractical. It had even been suggested that an arrangement be made with the city to treat the indigent sick for a nominal sum and turn the proceeds into the society treasury as the nucleus of a building fund. This proposal met the same fate as numerous others. The plan adopted finally was per sonal subscription among Academy members. In a brief space of time, the announcement was made on October 2, 1914, that $19,000 had been subscribed to this fund. A committee was named to formulate the best plans for acquiring an Academy Home and submitting the proposition to the membership. Some of the latter were found to be highly enthusiastic aid others correspondingly lukewarm. In the main, however, the sentiment on the building project seemed to be growing. It was not until January 7, 1916, that the building committee woke the membership to life by taking an option of purchase on a lot at Sixteenth and Madison streets for $7,500. After much discussion this lot was purchased. It was never used, however, and was disposed of finally in 1922. The reason lay in the fact that the Hurd Club Building at Fifteenth and Monroe streets was offered in 1919 and found to be a far more suitable proposition. After numerous meetings, general and special; the motion was carried on April 23, 1920, to purchase the Hurd Club Building for the permanent home of The Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County. The building is fulfilling its fondest expectations. The lower floors are devoted to the library, the Doctors' Service Bureau offices and offices of the executive secretary and his staff. The upper floor contains a spacious auditorium with a seating capacity of 500 where all medical meetings are held. The Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County is the only medical society in Ohio having its own building. It is one of the few in the country. Its members take just pride in the fact that the purchase was made entirely by individual subscription among its members. Some other societies in the country have had 1622 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY their buildings donated. The doctors of Toledo deserve, therefore, the utmost credit for their financial sacrifice in the cause of medicine. The building is owned free and clear. Perhaps a knowledge of this fact has been a further stimulus in developing the various activities which emanate from the Academy home. The number of general meetings held during this period was sixty-seven. One of the most interesting meetings held in this period was that of January 4, 1918. Nineteen ex-presidents of the Academy sat at a round table and regaled the membership with experiences of their early days in practice. The active membership of the Academy at this time was 262. Mercy Hospital was founded in 1913. It was Toledo's eighth hospital. Volume Nine ( 1921-1925).—Beginning with this period, all activities were centered in the Academy home. It is no exaggeration to say that the interest among the profession in medical matters has been heightened materially with this forward step. The Academy Building becomes the hub as it were from which all medical activities radiate. On March 3, 1922, a bronze tablet was placed with impressive ceremonies at the entrance of the Academy Building. This tablet reads "Academy of Medicine." The ownership of this building has added prestige in the eyes of the physician and the public. The former have a settled place of meeting. The latter have a tangible place to turn when seeking medical information. The building will always stand as a citadel of Medical Truth. On May 6, 1922, a resolution was adopted that had its birth back in 1905. On this latter date, the first efforts were made to secure official recognition of the rights of a physician's auto on the city streets. An ordinance was passed at this time by the city council which gave physicians parking and speeding privileges in emergencies. A conference was held at the same time with the city clerk to select a suitable emblem for identifying physicians' cars. No real progress was made in this matter until 1922 when auto emblems were issued officially by The American Medical Association. These are now used almost universally on every physician's car throughout the country. The emblem which is a circular disk consists of a Caduceus (the emblem of the medical profession) and the name of the city. This emblem is usually attached to the radiator of the physician's car. In 1924, the first steps were taken in another matter that was to have far-reaching effects. This had to do with the increase TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1623 membership dues in the Academy. The annual dues at this point were $10. With the increased cost of maintenance of a new home, together with the constructive plans that were being discussed, this amount was found to be wholly inadequate. The income from this basis could not even take care of building maintenance. The question remained only to decide how much the dues should be increased. This matter was presented to the membership in 1925. A schedule was finally accepted unanimously which was modeled after the classification of the Cleveland Academy of Medicine. The new plan called for an increase in dues to $35 for senior active members, or those who had been in practice for five years Or over, and in increase to $15.00 for junior active members, or those who have been in practice under five years. In addition, six other classifications are in effect. Reference will be made to these later. At the present writing each class is well represented. The system has proven its value. It has not only allowed a large number of individuals, both professional and non-professional, to partake in the privileges of the Academy, but it has helped materially to solve its financial problems by increasing its revenue. It is only fair to note that the direct result of the increase in dues caused at first a loss in membership. This was to be expected. From 305 who were enrolled in active membership at this time, the membership fell to 284. This loss has since been more than regained as the members realize the increasing advantages which the Academy of Medicine offers to them. The first tangible result of the increase in dues was the appointment of a lay executive secretary. This measure had been discussed previously on numerous occasions. The value of such an appointment had always been conceded. Lack of funds was the chief stumbling block. Even in the early days, the doctors had attempted to train a stenographer to take the minutes of their meetings. This had proven unsatisfactory because of the difficulty in training along technical lines. It had even been suggested in 1889 that a reporter be specially trained for this purpose. In the last analysis, however, funds blocked the step. The result was that all along the secretary of the Academy, who has been a practicing physician, attempted to carry on his private practice and at the same time record the proceedings of the society. The increasing demands upon his time, however, prevented his carrying on both activities in ideal fashion. The logical necessity, therefore, was the appointment of a lay executive secretary 18-VOL. 2 1624 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY who could devote his whole time to Academy matters. Funds were now available. The need for this appointment was brought home to Academy members in forceful fashion by the president of the Cleveland Academy of Medicine. On February 6, 1925, he presented arguments in favor and traced the progress of that Academy since the appointment of their executive secretary. Following his discourse, very little time was lost. On March 15 1925, the appointment of a full time lay executive secretary was made in the Toledo Academy of Medicine. Final proof of the excellence of his appointment will be given with the passage of the years. It is safe to say that the Academy as a whole in this regime has progressed more in the last few years than it did in its whole previous history. New activities and new spheres for influence have now been developed to a high point and marked as accomplishments rather than hopes. MODERN HISTORY (1925 TO 1929) Duties of the Executive Secretary.—The history of this period is woven about the executive secretary. His office has been found indispensable. The whole time of the executive secretary is given to Academy matters. He is able not only to take care of routine business matters that present in endless detail, but he is able also to establish outside and inside contacts that make for the development of extensive constructive policies. With his corps of assistants, he is enabled to take care of all general, executive, and committee correspondence; to build liaisons with civic and social groups interested in medicine; to interview personally all individuals, both lay and medical, who have a proposition to offer or a problem to solve; to fulfill duties as managing editor of the Bulletin; to act as official secretary at all regular board and committee meetings; to direct the Doctors' Service Bureau; to give legal and economic suggestions that aid in collections, office practice, .etc.; to distribute newspaper articles for the Publications' Bureau and arrange assignments for the Speakers' Bureau; to manage the details of scientific programs for all general, section, and post graduate meetings; to prepare the annual budget, mail invoices, pay bills, keep an accurate set of books from which the yearly audit is made; to keep a record of the Endowment Fund transactions; and, in a word, to carry out the numerous assignments that are found necessary by the 500 doctors in the Academy. In brief, he is the medium between the profession and the public. His finger is kept constantly on the pulse of both. No individual physician TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1625 can possibly carry on his practice any more and attempt at the same time to carry on the business of the Academy. The latter has assumed such vast proportions that if the Academy is to progress at all, it must have one man who can give full time and full effort. The investment, furthermore, will pay rich returns financially and professionally. We venture the prediction that every Academy of prominence in the country will have sooner or later a lay executive. secretary to manage its affairs. THE BULLETIN As above mentioned, the Bulletin came into being in 1917. This was designed to be the official organ of the Academy of Medicine. In those early days, a four to eight-page booklet seemed like an ambitious attempt. What it lacked in size, it made up in the style and the selection of its items. The Bulletin of today is an imposing publication of from twenty-four to thirty-two pages. Medical data of real merit fill its columns. A medical bulletin must not be confused in any sense with a medical journal. The latter busies itself entirely with scientific data. The former is concerned somewhat with medical data but mostly with local medical news and problems. The Medical Bulletin explains the activities within the Academy, makes important announcements, analyzes various problems in the profession, and, in general, touches on the whole field of medical economics. The actual vis-a-tergo of the Bulletin is the executive secretary. He is managing editor. Besides doing a fair share of writing himself, he stimulates the Academy membership to contribute timely topics. It is his business further to see that the Bulletin is self-sustaining by virtue of its advertising. The Bulletin is mailed exclusively to doctors—in all, 1,600 throughout Northwestern Ohio. The main features of the Bulletin are : its "lead article" which usually is a problem in medical economics; the - program-announcement for the coming month; "The President's Corner," the editorial page for comments by the editor-in-chief ; "Education Echoes;" "What's What;" Health Doctors' Service Bureau news column; "Hospital News ;" Health Department items; certified milk reports; besides numerous other pages devoted to special feature articles. Each department has an appropriate column-heading design. The Bulletin is a necessary adjunct to any county medical society. It is its best salesman. A brisk Bulletin suggests a vigor- 1626 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY ous medical .organization. Just as the Stars and Stripes, published in France during war days, was found to stimulate morale in the A. E. F., so the Bulletin, fills a similar purpose with the members of the Toledo Academy and assists in welding them into a stable organization. Scientific Programs.—The Constitution and By-Laws governing the Society have been revised and brought strictly up to date. All scientific programs are held in the spacious auditorium on the second floor of the Academy Building. A general meeting is held on the first Friday of each month. The meeting is devoted partly to business but mostly to scientific matters. Usually an out-of-town doctor of prominence is invited to read a paper or conduct a symposium on some medical topic. In 1927, for instance, the Academy members were addressed by fourteen out-of-town doctors. The other Fridays of the month are devoted to section programs. These sections now consist of pathology, medicine, surgery, and oto-rhino-laryngology. These meetings are addressed mainly by local physicians, though out-of-town talent has been frequently imported. Post-Graduate Courses.—A special committee of the Academy has in charge the preparation of post-graduate courses. Post, graduate study in medicine has been in the past largely the privilege of the few. Obviously, time and money are the "raisons d'etre." There is no good reason why the majority should be denied further the opportunity for exceptional scientific advancement. The local Academy of Medicine has solved the difficulty. It has operated on the principle that: "If Mohammed cannot go to the mountain, the mountain must come to Mohammed." In other words, instead of forcing its members to go abroad, the Toledo Academy has brought eminent talent here. In the past few years, seven successful post-graduate courses have been held. The attendance at these courses has always been highly commendable. This further attests the thirst of Toledo doctors for better medical knowledge. The expense of these courses is prorated. The public should know these facts. More confidence will be placed in the local profession as a result. Post-graduate courses given to date include such celebrities in medicine as Dr. Franz Nagelschmidt of Berlin, Dr. Oskar Frankl of Vienna (two courses), Dr. Arthur Schuller of Vienna, Dr. Hans Brunner of Vienna, Dr. Frank N. Wilson of the University of Michigan, and Drs. H. Z. Giffen, F. J. Heck, V. C. Hunt, and A. H. Sanford of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1627 Medical Library.—Greater facilities for study are given Toledo doctors by their Academy library. Most of the volumes have been donated at one time or another by the membership. Several private libraries have come into possession of the Academy by will. The library numbers well over 6,000 volumes. In addition, the library receives the best current medical journals both from this country and abroad. These journals number about forty. This feature gives the benefit of up-to-the-minute discovery and new methods in medicine. Subscriptions to these journals have been donated to the Academy by certain doctors. A great deal of credit is due them for their fine sacrifice in the interests of contemporary medical advance. Endowment Fund for Research.—The crowning glory in the Academy's scientific efforts along medical lines has been achieved by the creation of an "Endowment Fund for Research." Toledo takes just pride in this undertaking. The goal of this fund is $300,000. It is hoped that this fund will give opportunity for original study and research that may prove as epoch-making as some of the great medical studies of the past Lack of funds has often been a bar to progress. The interest from this Fund will be used exclusively in Medical Research. It will be administered by the trustees of the Academy subject to certain well-defined provisions. The creation of this endowment fund is being established through "bequest insurance." Many doctors of the Academy are insuring themselves each for $1,000 and making the Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County their sole beneficiary. This plan is unique as far as we know in medical annals. The endowment fund, begun in June, 1927, now boasts $75,000 toward its goal. In addition, the fund will be increased undoubtedly by individual bequests in wills. Nothing more altruistic can be conceived than the creation of this Fund. No return will ever come to the subscribing doctors. It is entirely a gift to the public in the interests of better health and greater longevity. We all know there are still unsolved problems in medicine. The toll for instance from cancer, pneumonia, and tuberculosis is still very heavy. Much midnight oil has been burned in the attempt to solve the secrets of these and other diseases. None knows but that from this fund another Pasteur, or Ehrlich, or Carrell may be developed. The idea of this endowment fund is the same in miniature as that of the Rockefeller Foundation with all the noble purposes and ideals of that great organization. 1628 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Department of Education.—One of the foremost activities of the Academy of Toledo and Lucas County during 1926, 1927, and 1928 was its attempt to educate the public in matters medical. The public has long been hungry for medical information. It has secured its information and misinformation largely through the literature of the quack, the cultist, and the synopses of medical articles by lay journalists. Sensational, untrue, and garbled data have been the result. The physician himself had elected, in the past, to hold himself aloof. His silence was due largely to a mistaken idea of ethics. There is nothing inconsistent in the emanation of medical information from the profession. The physician is its logical source. This fact was brought home in 1926 by a trenchant editorial in the Saturday Evening Post which challenged the doctors of the country to fulfill the demands of a hungry public for authentic medical information. Toledo's answer to the challenge was the appointment of its department of education. For purposes of easier handling, this department was divided into a Publications' Bureau and a Speakers' Bureau with a chairman in charge of each and a Director of Education over both to correlate better their activities. The Publications' Bureau throughout 1926 published weekly medical essays in both the Toledo News-Bee and the Toledo Blade. It went further in 1927 and 1928. During these two years, it published a daily medical essay in the "Said by Toledo Doctors'' column Of the Toledo Times. The creation of this column is unique. Toledo asserts "priority rights" in this field. Upwards of 750 essays were published 'during this period. In addition, monthly essays were supplied to the American Flint, which is the official organ of the American Flint Glassworkers' Union of North America, and the Stonecutters' Journal which is the official organ of the Journeymen Stonecutters' Association in North America with headquarters in Indianapolis, Indiana. Upwards of 70 monthly articles were supplied each of, these magazines during this period. Furthermore, a series of 18 daily articles were supplied to the Toledo News-Bee under the heading "Health Hints for Children." In addition, numerous other articles were supplied various other newspapers on seasonal topics in medicine. These essays in the main discussed disease, history, biography, discovery, disappointments, hopes, etc.—everything in short that bears upon the science of medicine. They adhered strictly to generalizations. They discouraged self-medication. A question box was TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1629 maintained for the answering of any questions asked by the public. During this same period, the Speakers' Bureau functioned along the same lines. It furnished more personal contacts. It first advertised its willingness to supply a doctor to speak before luncheon clubs and various other societies in the city on any medical top that might be desired. The response as viewed from the number of requests was encouraging. These attested a thirst for medical information on the part of the public. During 1928, an average of ten medical speakers monthly was supplied and went forth under the auspices of the Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County. The radio also has been a feature in this work. Weekly programs were broadcast for the whole year of 1927. It is needless to say that Toledo is looked upon in national medical circles as a pioneer in the "Popular Medicine" movement. The Doctors' Service Bureau.—The establishment of the Doctors' Service Bureau has been a remarkable achievement. The main purpose of this service is to establish a link at all times between the Doctor and his patients. It is manifestly impossible for the doctor to be in his office at all times. The Service Bureau permits his patients to locate him in times of emergency or to make appointments for some later date. Back in 1922, the Physicians' Telephone Exchange had been established for the same purpose. It had been placed in private hands. Certain objections, however, to this course caused its early demise. The idea was reborn later and found its culmination in the Doctor's Service Bureau. It is of special value in emergencies and to strangers who come to town. It proves an invaluable aid in securing the services of an ethical practitioner. All doctors are listed as to their specialties, office hours, office and residence addresses, hospital connections, and the like. The Doctors' Service Bureau has been running twenty-four hours per day since August 1, 1925. It began approximately with 100 subscribers. This number has increased gradually to 150 Academy members, which is believed to be the saturation point. The subscribers are assessed $3.50 per month, payable quarterly, for this extra service. This bureau is owned and controlled by the Academy. It is operated at cost as a separate entity and is managed by the board of trustees. Thirty-nine subscribers have installed direct telephone extensions in their offices and residences to the office of the Doctors' 1630 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY Service Bureau. A special switchboard (called a "stop board" by the telephone company) combines the main trunk lines with these extensions. Every time the telephone rings in the doctor's office or residence, a light signal is received in the Bureau. If the doctor fails to answer, the call is taken and the message held until the doctor returns. In this way, no business is lost to the doctor and no great inconvenience caused to the patient. The Bureau proves to be day-and-night watchman combined. It is an especial boon to the younger doctor who cannot afford the expense of an eight-hour office assistant and much less a twenty-four hour telephone coverage. The subscriber pays the telephone company extra for this extension. Most of the men pay about $5.00 per month. Others living greater distances pay more. The business, conducted over this maze of wires called the Doctors' Service Bureau, is vast. The incoming and outgoing calls per month easily average 5,000. The Academy of Medicine of Toledo and Lucas County feels it is conserving thereby the best interests of the public and its doctors. Despite the grief and labor connected with its operation, the Doctors' Service Bureau keeps ethical Medicine where it belongs, viz, in the hands of the doctor. Medicine should be in the hands of the medical man as a profession, rather than in the hands of the non-medical man as a business. Affiliation With Local Organizations.—The Academy is affiliated with two local organizations that are proving of real practical value. The first of these is the Merchants' Credit and Adjustment Company. Connections with the latter offers three distinct services to each member of the Academy. First, credit ratings may be obtained on every patient who visits the doctor's office. Obviously, these assist in determining paying ability and paying inclination. Second, a delinquent account letter service mails out series of letters from the Bureau to "slow pay" patients. This proves an aid in the doctor's collections. Third, the collection division offers dependable help to the physician who wishes to have old accounts adjusted or settled. The whole idea of the service results in making the doctor not a more mercenary but a more efficient business man. The second local organization with which the Academy is affiliated is the Toledo Better Business Bureau. The whole purpose behind this organization is protective. It protects the physician and the public alike. On request, the operations and business methods of any individual or organization in the city are TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1631 ferreted out. Questionable enterprises or arrant quackeries are thus exposed. None need be taken in further by claims that never will be fulfilled. The motto of the Better Business Bureau is "Before you invest—investigate." Memorial Services.—A decent respect for deceased members has always been traditional in the Academy. It is wonderful to note that proper tribute was paid to its departed even in its beginnings. The older record books contain numerous instances of special meetings for the drawing up of resolutions on such occasions. Whole pages are occupied with the photographs, records, and written memorials of its deceased members. "De Mortuis Nil Nisi Bonum," has been the motto. Resolutions of sympathy always went out from the Academy to the bereaved family. A committee was likewise appointed either to act as pall bearers or to attend the funeral. These demonstrations to the memory of the dead lacked a certain something. At least, they appeared entirely too automatic since they were voted routinely with each member's death. They seem too machine-made. A more comprehensive plan was therefore evolved in late years. A single day is now given annually to the memory of all Academy doctors deceased during the preceding year. This practice seems more official and more impressive. The ritual takes on the character of a true memorial service. Not only the family, but all members of the Academy and also the public are invited. Each departed doctor is eulogized by some member of the Academy with whom he worked in close touch. The attributes of the deceased are thus given better expression. Their composite memory is preserved, as it were, in tableau. Golf.—It is refreshing to note that in the midst of arduous practice, the doctors of Toledo find time for recreation. In fact, the Academy sponsors golf as a healthy sport among its membership. Seven successive annual golf tournaments have been given under its auspices during the past seven years. "Qualifying day," which usually opens the golf season officially, is a gala one. It is the occasion for the gathering on the tees of between fifty and seventy-five doctors. Later in the day, they meet at dinner for entertaining speeches and the distribution of prizes. The gross scores made on this day determine the flights into which each golfing doctor falls. Thus, the first sixteen constitutes the "champion flight," the next sixteen compose the "first flight," and next sixteen the "second flight," and so forth. In each flight the players are bracketed. For the balance of the season, they engage in 1632 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY match-play to determine the winner of each flight. A suitably trophy is given each flight-winner and each runner-up. The mai trophy is competed for in the championship flight. In addition, golfing relations have become firmly established since 1923 between the medical profession and the dental profession of Toledo. For the last five years a picked team of fifteen doctors and fifteen dentists have met on the links in friendly combat. A suitable trophy, in the shape of a wall plaque, remains in possession of the winning team for that year. This plaque has adorned the walls of the Academy of Medicine during the years 1924, 1925, 1926, and 1927. In addition, golf activities have been carried to other cities by the local Academy of Medicine. During the past five years, relations have been opened with the Academy of Medicine of Cleveland, Detroit, Jackson, and Sandusky. Home-and-home matches have been-played. The most pleasant relations have been established with the doctors of these cities both as individuals and as organizations. These meetings have done much to cement friendships and establish closer medical relations. The doctor under such circumstances is found to drop his professional air. He is more real and more approachable. Apart from the physical exercise, there is mutual benefit from the interchange of medical ideas. Without reverting conciously to "shop-talk," this relationship often brings out knotty problems that confront medicine and healthy suggestions aiding in their solution. Membership Classifications.—The eight classes into which membership in the Academy falls are 1. Senior active members (defined above). Dues, $35.00. Number, 252. 2. Junior active members (defined above). Dues, $15.00 Number, 62. 3. Privileged members are those in full-time teaching or public health positions. Dues, $15.00. Number, 8. 4. Emeritus members are those engaged in practice over fifty years or retired by age or disability. Dues, $10.00. Number, 11. 5. Non-resident members are those physicians practicing out Lucas County and in good standing in their own county so- cieties. Dues, $5.00. Number, 91. 6. Associate members are those who are not members of the profession, but who are working in sciences allied to medicine. Dues, $5.00. Number, 34. 7. Interne members are those graduates in medicine who are TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1633 serving on a full-time basis as internes in recognized hospitals of Toledo and Lucas County. Dues, $2.00. Number, 32. 8. Honorary members are those whom the Academy deems worthy of honor for special services to medicine. Dues are abrogated. Number, 4. The total active membership of the Academy up to and including December 31, 1928, numbers thus 494. The total number of regular general meetings held to this point is 316. This is exclusive of the regular weekly section meetings and the regular monthly trustees' meetings. Conclusion. The medical profession has grown with Toledo. It has passed through primitive stages to the modern conception. It is a far cry from mud roads to paved streets, from horse to auto, from log cabin to mansion, from village to city, from crude drugs to active principles, from non-antiseptic surgery to antiseptic surgery, from rented halls to an Academy Home, and from recording secretary-physicians to a lay executive secretary. The two sides of the picture offer strong contrast. They present successive stages in the developmentary process. Through it all, the principles of medicine have held fast. The methods only have changed. The pioneer physician and the modern physician have built with strong hands. With the tools at their command, each has raised bit by bit the standard of the medical profession. In this, each has but fulfilled his bounden oath and duty as a true disciple of Aesculapius. Today, we see the Academy of Medicine not a physicians' club, as some suppose, but a physicians' school, as the word "academy" implies. It has endured for seventy-eight years and is hallowed by traditions. It is the educational center of Medicine in Toledo and Lucas County. Such an association makes better doctors, not only in a scientific sense, but in the sense that they have a keener appreciation of the highest ethical standards of public service. In its last analysis, this is the true relation of the Academy of Medicine of the community. HISTORY OF TOLEDO DENTAL SOCIETY By Dr. E. N. Bach The Toledo Dental Society had its beginning at a meeting held in the office of Dr. C. H. Harroun, on October 22, 1889. Dr. C. H. Harroun was elected temporary chairman, and Dr. L. P. Bethel, temporary secretary. The permanent organization was formed 1634 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY at the Boody House, November 29, 1889, the society being known as the Second District or North Western Ohio Dental Society. The name was changed to the Toledo Dental Society on November 11, 1898. The officers elected were : Dr. C. H. Harroun - President Dr. E. D. Scheble - Vice President Dr. Frank Hart - Secretary Dr. J. A. Stipp - Treasurer Charter members : Dr. C. H. Harroun. Dr. D. A. Allen. Dr. S. Clippinger. Dr. E. M. Cook. Dr. Frank Hart. Dr. L. L. Barber. Dr. F. O. Brake Dr. F. A. Root. Dr. H. C. Kuebler. Dr. A. S. Condit. Dr. S. D. Potterf. Dr. D. A. Harroun. Dr. Edw. Heffron. Dr. J. A. Stipp. Dr. L. P. Bethel. Dr. H. E. Harlan. Dr. E. D. Scheble. The first regular meeting was held at rooms of the Ransom and Randolph Company, December 10, 1889, with nine members in attendance. L. P. Bethel read a paper by Dr. Chas. B. Atkinson, of New York, subject "A Partial Consideration of Cement Work, and Some Non-Scientific Experiments Therein." It was voted to hold the annual meeting September 2, 1890, and each year thereafter. At the meeting of March 21, 1890, it was stated that Van Wert County had been dropped from the Second District by order of the State Society, and that Sandusky, Erie, Huron, Seneca, and Ottawa counties had been admitted. At a meeting held November 11, 1898, it was voted to change the name to Toledo Dental Society. No election was held on the date set for the annual meeting, and after the meeting of November 14, 1890, no meetings were held until June 26, 1896, when Dr. C. H. Harroun called the society together and stated that it was his wish that the meetings should be continued in the future. Meetings have been held continuously since that time.,' It was reorganized as a component of the Ohio State Dental Society, November 10, 1909. At the present time (1929) its membership numbers 150. Two meetings are held each month during the year excepting July and August. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1635 Past presidents and year of office are as follows: 1895-C. H. Harroun. 1896-E. D. Scheble. 1897-J. A. Stipp. 1898-D. A. Allen. 1899-H. C. Kuebler. 1900-L. T. Canfield. 1901-W. S. Graves. 1902-A. J. Wolfert. 1903-E. D. Gardner. 1904-L. L. Sheffield. 1905-L. L. Zarbaugh. 1906-L. L. Barber. 1907-W. H. VanDeman. 1908-Burt Abell. 1909-M. M. Park. 1910-J. W. Hartshorn. 1911-L. E. Phelps. 1912-A. E. Cole. 1913-J. D. Sullivan. 1914-D. A. Elwell. 1915-J. W. Travis. 1916-E. M. Cook. 1917-J. J. Welker. 1918-W. J. Dierks. 1919-T. S. Shaw. 1920-R. K. Wood. 1921-W. H. Hisey. 1922-C. H. Cox. 1923-F. B. Conkle. 1924-W. S. Sargeant. 1925-W. J. Dierks. 1926-E. N. Bach. 1927-R. L. Bearss. 1928-W. J. Cosgray. 1929-I. E. Jones. 1930-L. E. Struble. The Toledo Dental Society is proud to have listed among its members, the following men who have been presidents of dental organizations : Dr. L. L. Barber, President of American Dental Association, President of the Ohio State Dental Society, President of the Northern Ohio Dental Association. Dr. C. H. Harroun, President of Ohio State Dental Society. Dr. J. W. Hartshorn, President of Ohio State Dental Society, President of the Northern Ohio Dental Association. Dr. L. P. Bethel, President of Northern Ohio Dental Association. Dr. D. A. Allen, President of Northern Ohio Dental Association. Dr. J. J. Welker, President of Northern Ohio Dental Association. Dr. L. E. Phelps, President of Northern Ohio Dental Association. Dr. Burt Abell, President of American Society of Orthodontists. Dr. W. S. Sargeant, President of Great Lakes Society of Orthodontists. CHAPTER LXXVIII LUCAS COUNTY OUTSIDE OF TOLEDO By the Honorable W. W. Farnsworth EARLIEST SETTLEMENT-AGRICULTURE-SOILS-PIONEERS-FRUIT PRODUCTION-SCENIC BEAUTIES-COUNTY ORGANIZATION-TOWNSHIPS. Although Lucas County was one of the later counties of the Maumee Valley to be organized, the territory within its limits was the first of the Northwestern Ohio section to be settled and improved. There were at least two reasons for this condition. The principal reason, was the fact that the Maumee Bay and River afforded access to it by water, which was the most convenient method of traveling at that time, when unbroken forests and swamps covered much of the country. Lucas County also contained much sandy soil, which was higher and drier than the Black Swamp land adjoining, and much easier to hunt over, and later to till, for the "Corn and Pumpkins" to balance up the pioneer rations of fish and game. It also contained several strategic points of commercial importance for traffic in furs, and the primitive products of the early settlement of the country. Later the hardy pioneer settlers of adjoining counties of black swamp land, after incredible labor, hardship and suffering, succeeded in developing from these same Black Swamps, a vast area of rich agricultural lands, which have made this section the agricultural pride of Ohio. The earliest settlement in this section of the state at Fort Miami, was made because of its accessibility by water for the canoes of savage hunters and trappers, and the larger boats of the slightly more civilized French traders. This settlement made in the seventeenth century constituted not only a point of commercial advantage, but gave to the French another reason to claim this territory, for in the earlier day, "possession was nine points of the law," and "first come, first served," More than this, it provided a center from which the surrounding country could be brought under cultivation and civilization, - 1636 - 1638 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY by the pioneers of the states farther east, when their country became so "crowded" that they could see the smoke of their neighbor's chimney, or hear the ring of his ax. The first recorded settlement of this county, if indeed it might be called a settlement, was when a party of Frenchmen are said to have erected a building just below where the City of Maumee now stands. Later, in 1794, the British, who were then claiming this country, built Fort Miami, at the same place. This was a strategic point, for the reason that it was as far up-stream as the boats of the French, or English, could safely travel, to meet the lighter canoes, of the Indians. Rivers were the main arteries of travel and traffic then, as railroads and improved highways are now. In 1817 the Village of Maumee was established about a mile up-stream from Fort Miami, and this place was for many years the leading city of the valley until it was outstripped by Toledo. AGRICULTURE OF THE COUNTY The first developments in agriculture in the county, were along the banks of the rivers and creeks where the natural drainage permitted cultivation, and also on the higher and sandier soil of the county, which was found largely in a strip of land entering the county at its southwestern corner, and extending in a northerly direction, clear across the county to the Michigan line. The soil immediately adjoining these streams, was in most part rather heavy with considerable clay, some of it very tenacious; but while new and full of the humus deposited therein by the decaying vegetable matter for ages, it was quite productive. The sandier soils were also fairly productive while new, but a few years of tillage depleted their reserves of plant food, unless unusual care was given to maintain it. Much of it had a subsoil of quicksand, where the necessary drainage was very difficult. The better land of the county was developed later, after the timber was removed and necessary ditches dug. In practically all of the county, underdraining by tile is absolutely essential in order to secure best results, and a great deal of it has been done, but much more is advisable and in many cases absolutely necessary before profitable return may be expected. The presence of the City of Toledo on its borders has naturally tended to direct the attention of many of our farmers to the more perishable products of the soil, for which a good market exists not only in Toledo, but in the City of Detroit and numerous smal- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1639 ler cities near-by. Accordingly, we find the soil products of the county, are quite diversified. The Census of 1925, gives, the following statistics, viz. : Vegetables (in Potatoes) - $ 800,000 Greenhouse products - 1,000,000 Sugar Beets - 850,000 Dairy products - 600,000 Wheat and Oats - 825,000 Corn - 1,147,000 Poultry - 500,000 Hay - 250,000 Fruit - 500,000 This highly diversified production is caused, not only by ability to market these products advantageously, but is made possible by the wide diversity of soils in the county, as shown by the following extracts from the State Soil Survey. THE SOILS OF LUCAS COUNTY In common with most of the counties of Northwestern Ohio, Lucas County is located within the "lake plain" area, a region which was covered with a broad lake, when waters of the site of the present Lake Erie stood at a much higher level than at present. The history of the surface deposits of the county presents several interesting phases. Wherever bed rock is exposed limestone occurs, showing that this probably forms the foundation rock for most of the county. On the limestone there is a somewhat gravelly clay, deposited by the ice during the glacial period. Toward the close of this period, temporary glacial lakes were formed covering the land surface. Characteristic lake deposits were laid down, consisting of sand and gravel along the shores of the lakes, and finer deposits—very fine sand, silt and clay, at some distance from the lake border. In Lucas County the most striking lake deposit is the sandy belt in the western part of the county known as the "Oak Openings." In this area, extending from the, state line near Sylvania southwest across the county, the principal soils are light colored sands (Plainfield fine sand) and dark colored sands (Newton fine sand). The soils are quite variable, most fields showing areas of both soils. In this belt the soils are of moderate fertility only, but in recent years, the area has been developing rapidly for truck and small fruit production. 1640 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY In the northwestern corner of the county, in Richfield and adjoining townships, the principal soil is a heavy dark colored clay (Brookston clay) of glacial origin with which is associated limited areas of dark colored clay loams, loams, and fine sandy loams. These soils are naturally very productive, as is shown by the prosperous condition of agriculture in this region. To the east of the "Oak Openings" on the west side of the Maumee River, there is a gradation of soils from the deep sand, thin, fine and very fine sandy loams, loams, clay loams and clays. The area bordering the "Oak Openings" is extremely variable in soil character, nearly every field showing several soils. With the exception of the higher sand ridges, the soils of most of this area have rather heavy subsoils. The dark sandy soils (Toledo fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam) the area west of Toledo, are used very extensively for truck crops. To the east, the soils are heavier ( Toledo loam and clay loam) while just west of Maumee is a considerable area of dark colored clay soil (Toledo silty clay). These heavier soils are used more commonly for general farming. Providence township in the southwestern corner of the county, has a narrow sand belt in the western section, but for the most part the soils are dark colored, very fine sandy loams, and loams ( Toledo very fine sandy loams and Toledo loam) which are excellent soils. East of the Maumee River, there is a narrow belt of somewhat sandy soils which are largely utilized for truck. Beyond this belt is a broad, almost level area of dark colored clay soils (Toledo silty clay) which continues to within a few miles of the Lake Erie on the eastern border of the county. On these heavy dark soils general farming is the chief type of agriculture, with sugar beets as the main special crop. In the extreme eastern part of the county in places, swamp borders Lake Erie. Some of these areas have been drained by pumping and placed under cultivation. In the same part of the county there are some areas of peat and muck which, when cultivated, are utilized in part for onions, and in part for corn. The eastern part of Lucas County, east of the Maumee River has rather uniform soil conditions. West of the Maumee River, on the other hand, there is considerable variation in soils. This variation in soil conditions forms the basis for the diversified agriculture of the county. This diversification of the soil, was caused by the presence of a lake in former ages, and by the rock formations. These rock formations have been largely responsible TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1641 for the variation in soils, but have added materially to the resources of the county. Nature has been kind to Northwestern Ohio. The Lucas County part of this section has prospered by reason of her own natural resources, as well as by the development of others near-by. Beneath a level fertile soil mantle which was but recently the lake bottom, lie the masses of limestone and sandstone formed during earlier ages. These have contributed their portion to the general well-being, by aiding the formation of soil and by supplying the soil with the elements needed by plants growing therein. This is perhaps the greatest service to man. Next in importance, is providing him with a material suited to so many industrial needs. Near the surface in most of Lucas County lies the stone belonging to the geologic periods known as the Middle Devonian. A great deposit of dolomitic limestone from fifty to sixty feet thick, was built up through long ages. Many interruptions took place during this formative period, as can be traced by variations in the chemical composition and physical properties of the stone in any vertical section as a quarry face. In places the stone is practically pure calcium carbonate, while in others it becomes almost pure dolomite, containing over 40 per cent magnesium carbonate. Because of this variation, special uses are made of the several types. Thus we find a call for the high calcium limestone in the process of sugar refining, cement manufacture, steel production and the glass industry. The dolomite and dolomitic limestone serve just as well in other lines, such as in the manufacture of basic refractories and finishing lime. The intermediate compositions find their places in the service of man. Lucas County has within her border four large limestone quarries located at Silica, Holland, Whitehouse, and Waterville. These are operated by the France Stone Company of Toledo. The annual capacity of crushed stone from these quarries is about 1,200,000 tons. The product is a crushed, graded, washed material, screened into six sizes, each of which meets its own industrial need. The largest size (No. 1 ) which is above three inches in diameter, finds its chief purpose in the construction of macadam roads, as railroad ballast, and as the medium for sewage disposal trickle beds. The No. 2 stone from two inches to three inches, is used similarly and to some extent in concrete work. The usual concrete sizes of crushed stone, range from two inches, to one-half inch and include the sizes known as No. 3 1642 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY and No. 4. The use of No. 6 (one-half inch to one-fourth inch) in concrete is increasing, being desired in connection with No. 4 or No. 3 and No. 4, to make an aggregate, well graded from fine to coarse. These concrete sizes are likewise used in bituminous road construction, macadam, etc. Below No. 6, is material classified into two products, one-fourth inch down, known as No. 7, and from one-eighth down, as No. 8. These are popularly known as "screenings" and are used in a variety of ways. Approximately 10,000 tons of these sizes produced in this county, serve as agricultural limestone. The importance of this product to the basic industry of agriculture can hardly be over stated. Annually the soil in new sections of Ohio is becoming so depleted in limestone that the leguminous crops like clover and alfalfa, which are so vital to successful farming, can no longer be grown. The application of a few tons of agricultural limestone per acre restores this depleted soil to a state of productivity and tilth. Large tonnages of No. 7 and No. 8 get into road construction and the manufacture of concrete block tile. During 1928 a new product was developed at one of these Lucas County quarries. It is a washed limestone sand, prepared to meet the State Highway specifications for concrete fine aggregate. Some 12,000 tons of this material were used in the construction of the concrete pavement on Central Avenue, west of Toledo to the county line. The materials in this pavement are distinctly Lucas County products, as the cement used was manufactured by the Sandusky Portland Cement Company at Silica, while both the fine and coarse aggregate came from the Toledo Stone and Glass Sand Company at the same location. To the casual observer as well as to the student of geology, the stone formations at Silica are of definite interest. Within a few hundred yards of each other in a west-to-east line, lie the deposits of high calcium limestone, well suited to the manufacture of Portland cement, a dolomitic limestone quarried extensively for crushed stone, and a sandstone deposit which has been used for glass bottle manufacture. The limestones belong to the Lucas Limestone series, while the sandstone is the Sylvania member, both of the Upper Silurian period. It is rare indeed that such a variety of commercially adaptable resources are found located so close to each other and to a ready market such as Toledo provides. Thus have the mineral resources of Lucas County contributed largely to the prosperity of this section. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1643 THE PIONEERS The statistics of agricultural production already given, may perhaps satisfy the economist, but there is much of personal history connected with the achievement of such production, which contains a great deal of personal interest. The hardships and handicaps which our pioneer fathers and mothers suffered and endured, are matters of such common history and general knowledge, that it is unnecessary to recount them in detail. Toledo, Maumee and Waterville, being situated on the highway of pioneer traffic, the rivers were naturally the sources from which emanated much of the agricultural development, and supplied the main markets for the scanty surplus of agricultural products. The ox team, worked among stumps and roots, or in the "Deadening" which covered but few acres. But few small fields could be harvested by scythe and cradle, or threshed by the flail. After the grain was threshed, the facilities for grinding were very meager. The first mill in Waterville township and possibly the first in the county, was built about a mile and a half north of Waterville in 1818, and known as "The old red ox mill," because operated by oxen. Soon after that John Pray, one Of the leading settlers of the county, who laid out the Village of Waterville and a little later built the well known Columbian Hotel, in 1821 built a grist mill on "Granger Island" at Waterville. Before this, the settlers were obliged to go to Monroe, Michigan, to secure the grinding of wheat. The development of the City of Toledo soon created a demand for dairy products, as well as vegetables, fruit and poultry products. In the crude methods of those days, the milk had to be produced on near-by farms, sometimes under questionable conditions and ineffective methods. It was then poured into large cans and hauled around the city by horses, the drivers stopping at the customers' doors to dip out the amount which the purchaser desired. Improved methods of production and distribution, together with a better understanding of the great value of milk in its various forms, have tremendously increased the amount of dairy products used. In addition to the large amount of "liquid milk" used directly in the county, a large Condensery of the Henry Page Company, located at Whitehouse, prepares much of the milk product for transportation to distant markets. The same causes have also contributed very largely to the increase in the amount of poultry and eggs produced in the 1644 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY section. This has been aided by the increasing costs of other kinds of meat, and also by the great improvements in methods in use in poultry production by the commercial incubators, of which there are several in the county, and by the better understanding of the requirements of the fowls. It is coming to be recognized as a stable industry, and especially lends itself to persons of moderate physical ability and small acreage and means. A very interesting experiment in this line is being carried on by Mr. Percy Jones of Toledo, who has developed a very successful Cooperative Colony of poultry establishments on his large farm northeast of Toledo. FRUIT PRODUCTION In the production of fruits of various kinds, Lucas County is particularly favored, not only by home markets, but by a diversity of soils, among which may be found those suitable for all varieties of fruit suited to the temperate zone; but the climatic conditions are very favorable by reason of the proximity of the Maumee Bay, and Lake Erie. Fruits are grown here to a considerable extent, both for home consumption and shipment, but are not grown to as great an extent as might be imagined by reason of the fact that so many other products are raised to meet demands, and which afford quicker returns, and in some instances less application. About 1838, J. Austin Scott, one of the earlier members o the noted Scott family, whose lives and activities have been so closely connected with Toledo's progress, began to cultivate and distribute fruit trees throughout the county from his home at Fort Miami. A little later, Fannestock, Prentice, Maddocks, Powers and others of this county and of Wood, accomplished great results in promoting horticulture. Nature was kind to the earlier horticulturist and abundant crops were the rule. A little later however, as the forests gradually gave way to fields, and orchards, vineyards and berry patches multiplied, insect and fungus enemies increased, until it would no longer do to "Trust to Providence," unless such trust was supplemented by vigorous, intelligent and untiring efforts on the part of the grower. As a consequence, many of the less zealous growers dropped out of this pursuit. About 1880 practical growers of fruits aided by scientific workers, began to investigate the causes of failures and devise remedies. Since then, a constantly increasing amount of research TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1645 and experimentation has been devoted to the advance of this as well as to all other departments of agriculture, until now, we can feel assured that we have made some definite progress, and can have more confidence in the power of man to retain that "Dominion" promised by the Creator, when He first inspected His world and pronounced it "good." The most extensive, and successful growers at this time (1928) are the Farnsworth Bros. at Waterville. The elder, W. W. Farnsworth, began near his birthplace in 1876, and the younger brother W. G. Farnsworth began some ten years later. Their farms while adjacent, are operated separately by the original founders and their descendants, and are considered as among the best in the state or nation. Together they have 400 acres in orchards and are continually increasing their acreage. They are constantly studying for improved methods, not only of production but of marketing. Each has storage houses for handling winter apples and pears. The W. W. Farnsworth Co., also are producing a considerable amount of by-products in the form of pasteurized cider and apple butter. Last year they applied over half a million gallons of sprays to their orchards, besides over a car load of commercial fertilizers. When one of their fruit trees is carrying too much fruit to bring it to the highest perfection, the surplus is removed by hand, early in the season. [Since the foregoing was written, W. G. Farnsworth died early in 1929, from an automobile accident, and his family is carrying on his fruit interests successfully—Editor.] The development of the truck gardening and greenhouse industry in Lucas County during the past twenty-five or thirty years has been most interesting. From a humble beginning with hotbeds, there has grown up in response to a demand for the product, an industry which measures the area devoted to vegetable culture under glass by acres, and represents an investment in the territory about Toledo, of well over one and one-half millions of dollars. In a local association, incorporated under the cooperative marketing laws of the State, are enrolled eighty acres of glass, the combined output of which (now being all marketed through the association) has an annual value of approximately one million dollars. In the outdoor truck growing field, the development of sweet corn growing deserves mention. Also in response to a demand principally from the Detroit market, there has sprung up in the 1646 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY past eight or ten years, a phenomenal increase in the acreage of this crop. The volume in the year 1928, has been estimated at from 1,000 to 1,300 acres, and practically ninety per cent of the crop is hauled by truck and sold on the Detroit market, sixty miles from Toledo. Other garden crops, principally potatoes, tomatoes, melons, peppers, squashes, cabbage, etc. are produced in abundance, the total value of the annual production of these being estimated at $1,200,000. Among the pioneer families who have been largely responsible for the building up of these industries may be mentioned the Searles family, the Wright family, and the Miller Bros. the latter now being incorporated under the name of The Miller Farm & Greenhouse Company. SCENIC BEAUTIES Lucas County, in common with the entire Maumee Valley, is especially rich in a quiet natural beauty, particularly along its river and creeks. It is not of the majestic, spectacular nature, but a quiet, restful example of the work of the Great Artist of Nature's creations. Unfortunately much of this has been desecrated and destroyed, and the people have already lost much of their birthright, by the encroachment of commercialism and indifference. The people, however, are awakening to a realization of the fact that, with the present growing congestion of population and with the greater strenuousness of our national life, we must needs have greater opportunity for healthful recreation and relaxation, and that no other form equals that which brings one into close contact with nature in her happier moods. This sentiment has finally crystallized in the form of a newly appointed Metropolitan Park Board, who hope to preserve for posterity as many as possible of these breathing spots and works of Nature's Art. HER PEOPLE The population of Lucas County, like that of most Ohio counties, is of a varied origin. The earlier settlers were largely from the New England states and New York and Pennsylvania. A little later many German emigrants were attracted to Western Ohio by the rich, level lands of most of it, and a fair proportion of them settled in this county and have become closely identified with its activities. TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1647 In its earlier religious organizations, the Methodists, Presbyterians and Catholics predominated. The Catholics had a seminary and church in the southwest part of the county at Providence, which was later depleted by the cholera. The Presbyterians established a mission and school in Wood County for the Indians, and cultivated an island called Mission Island, and now called Indianola Island. Among the first Protestant services in the county were those held in Toledo in 1825. From these humble beginnings have grown a network of houses of worship of various branches of the church, so that they are available to every citizen and are largely responsible for the high moral and Christian tone of the people as a whole. Fraternal orders of various classes are numerous and well supported. Various sections of the county were active in the earlier efforts to promote temperance among the people, and to free them from the curse of strong drink, which was lamentably prevalent at the time. The first public temperance demonstration in the county was at Waterville, in May, 1837, when Dr. Paris Pray presided over a meeting called to curb the evil. A little later stringent measures were taken to restrain the use of alcoholic liquors among the laborers constructing the Miami and Erie Canal. This sentiment in Waterville continued to keep it active in the various temperance organizations of the times, and in 1909 culminated in an organized effort to vote out the five saloons then in the village, under the provisions of the local option law then in effect. This campaign has often been called by state-wide temperance workers "The best organized and planned and the most successfully executed of any of the similar campaigns in the state." It resulted in voting out the saloons, and they were unable to regain a foothold until finally the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution abolished saloons. Following the story of Lucas County outside of Toledo, written by the Hon. W. W. Farnsworth, the following history of the county is added : As noted elsewhere, Lucas County was organized in 1835, and formed from territory included in Wood County, a portion of then Henry, and took in a part of now Fulton County. It took its name from Robert E. Lucas, Governor of Ohio from 1832 to 1836. The organization of the courts and the changes of the 1648 - STORY OF THE MAUMEE VALLEY location of the county seat from Toledo to Maumee and back to Toledo is told about in the chapter on the Judiciary. COUNTY ORGANIZATION The first session of the commissioners of Lucas County was held in Toledo, September 14, 1835. Only two members of the board, John Baldwin and Robert Gower, were present. The third and absent member was Cyrus Holloway. Samuel M. Young, father of Mott W. Young, now of Toledo, was clerk of the board session. Mr. Young, then residing at Maumee, was appointed county auditor; Eli Hubbard of Port Lawrence, treasurer; and Frederick Wright of Port Lawrence, recorder. At this session the township of Lucas was formed, made up of the territory north of the "Fulton Line" and west of the east line of range 4 east. This was before the boundary controversy with Michigan was settled and the township consisted of the disputed strip of land. The second session of the commissioners was held October 13, 1835, a few days over a month after the celebrated first session of the Court of Common Pleas was secretly held in Toledo for Lucas County, to establish jurisdiction of the Ohio courts in the disputed section. At this session of the board, "it being deemed expedient and absolutely necessary for the well-being and the enjoyment of the rights of citizens of this state that the part of the County of Lucas known as the disputed territory, and lying north of what is known as the 'Fulton Line,' be annexed, for township purposes, to the township of Waynesfield," it was resolved, that that part of Lucas County known as Port Lawrence township be annexed to the township of Waynesfield, for all civil purposes, and that the electors of the same have equal rights and privileges at the then ensuing election as did other electors of Waynesfield township; whereupon, it was directed, that notice be given to the electors of Port Lawrence that they should vote at Maumee City, and thus have "the privilege of voting, without interference of the Michigan authorities." These precautions were taken because of the possible interference by the Michigan authorities with a peaceful election in the disputed territory, which was being held under the laws of Ohio. Waggoner says further: "At a session held October 13, the object for which such annexation was made having been accomplished,' Port Lawrence was restored to its former status. The emergency demanding the former action had been removed by the agreement on the part of the Michigan authorities, peace- TOLEDO AND THE SANDUSKY REGION - 1649 ably to abide the action of Congress upon the boundary question. This latter action by the commissioners took place on the day of the state election; consequently, Toledo and Port Lawrence township held one election within the polling precinct of Maumee City." At a meeting of the county commissioners held December 7, 1835, Samuel Barrett, who had been elected commissioner to succeed Cyrus Holloway, took his seat. Several county roads were provided for, and the former action creating the township of Lucas was rescinded, as the township had not been organized. June 6, 1836, York township (now in Fulton County) was established, and the first election was held at the house of David Doolittle, June 30th. The township of Providence was created at the same time, the first eIection to be held June 30th at the house of Peter Manor. June 20, 1836, the township of Springfield was created, the first election being held October 8th, at the house of William Ford. Two appropriations for road improvements were made—one of $20, between Toledo and Tremainesville; and one of $500, between Toledo and the head of the Rapids. An allowance of $47.66 was made to County Auditor Young in full for his services from September 14, 1835, to June 20, 1836. Tax levies were made as follows: For county purposes, 5 mills on the dollar; for road purposes, 3 mills; for school purposes, 11/2 mills; and for township purposes in Port Lawrence, 1/2 mill. December 5th, William P. Daniels became a member of the board, vice John Baldwin, elected associate judge. County Roads 14, 15, 16 and 17 were then established, with Wiley Hamilton, Daniel Strayer, William Allman, Thomas Gleason, James Wolcott and Oscar White as viewers. An appropriation of $100 was made for the road from Upper Toledo to the state line, to be expended by Sanford L. Collins. At the March meeting, 1837, petitions were presented for five new townships, which were not acted on. A survey was ordered for a road to extend from the northern termination of Monroe Street, Toledo, to the intersection of the Indiana Road with the turnpike leading from Maumee to Monroe, with Coleman I. Keeler Jr., Mareno Fox and John T. Baldwin as superintendents. January, 1838. William P. Daniels and Eli Hubbard were appointed a committee to purchase a "County Poor Farm." February 6, 1838. Fifty dollars was appropriated toward the erection of a bridge over Swan Creek at its mouth in Toledo.