350 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO the opening phases of the war, had made so many enemies that the Republicans were afraid to renominate him. Most of the leaders felt that any failure to elect a loyal Union man at this juncture would be a fatal blow, and might imperil the whole conduct of the war, as Ohio was politically and geographically in a highly strategic position. They therefore adopted a highly congratulatory resolution addressed to Governor Dennison, and cast about for a man who could command the united support of the Republicans and Union Democrats alike. Their choice fell on David Tod. That they were correct in their selection of a man is proved by the fact that he was triumphantly elected, and as triumphantly vindicated their election by the conduct of his office. Governor Tod took up the duties of his office in January, 1862, and served during the years 1862 and 1863, the darkest period of the war. While bloody battles were fought in the Dennison administration, it so happened that none of them involved any large number of Ohio men. But on April 9th came word that twenty thousand men had fallen at Shiloh. The result of the battle was doubtful; all that Ohio knew was that thousands of their own young men lay dead or wounded after the great battle. Wild rumors floated everywhere, and men were loud in their denunciations of the calamity which had destroyed so many of the flower of Ohio youth. People who stay at home are ever ready to criticise the administration of war affairs, and this was a case where the head of the government and the commander of the Union Army at Shiloh were both regarded as inferior and incompetent by many critics. When the true facts came to light, and it became known that not only had the Confederate Army been repulsed, but a large portion of the State of Tennessee had been wrested from the Confederacy, criticism to a great extent ceased. But the problem of aid to the suffering remained. Here, Tod showed both his humanity HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 351 and his executive ability by his speed in placing the resources of the state at the disposal of the hastily erected Sanitary Commission. Tod was continually confronted with the problem of furnishing troops when needed, taking the part of the Ohio men when they were treated with injustice, carrying on a recruiting system badly organized and sometimes unfair and unjust. It is impossible here to notice the many cases where the Governor interfered successfully to prevent injustice to Ohio soldiers; to do more than mention the many instances where he parried the efforts, sometimes selfish, sometimes well meaning, of the home folks to obtain undue favors for their boys. That he was nearly always right, and usually successful, was a certain indication of the genius, integrity and coolness of the man. The method of recruiting was first by voluntary enlistment, second by bounty and third by draft. The first was inadequate, the second unfair and dishonest, the third came too late to be popular, and met with sometimes armed opposition when it came. That an army was raised and sustained by these means was in itself a great achievement. The United States, like all other governments, learns its lessons slowly. It was not until the days of 1917 that an administration attempted the logical and fair thing: to place all the men of military age on an equal footing, and to select those fit to fight, without consideration of personal sentiment. The difference between the attitude of the nation toward the draft in the World War and in the Civil War is sufficient proof of the soundness of the plan, and would certainly seem to justify the position of those who would extend the draft to include those who stay at home as well as those who fight, in the event of another war. There were cases to be settled, not only of opposition to the draft, but also of the opposition to the whole war, and 352 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO even of treasonous assistance to the enemy. These Tod handled with tact and diplomacy where they were needed; with firmness and force where tact was not sufficient. In all some eleven men were arrested for interference during the administration. None of these became famous but one, the Vallandigham case, which is of sufficient importance, as concerning a man resident in our district, and as a nationally important episode, to receive special treatment in another chapter. The Morgan Raid, the only organized invasion of Ohio soil by a Confederate force, ended in Columbiana County, and will also receive a special accounting. One item in Tod's administration which should be mentioned is that the Ohio National Guard, in its present form of organization, took form during these years, under his direction, and as a war measure. One letter of Governor Tod we would like to quote intact, with no comment, except to say that it shows both the humanity and firmness of the man : "Columbus, Jan. 24, 1863. "Miss Rosella Rice, Perryville, Ohio. "Dear Girl : Your kind and benevolent letter of the 19th instant, asking a passport for a friend to visit her gallant boy at Bowling Green hospital, is before me, and it causes me great pain to say that I can not comply with your generous request. Our brave army near Nashville is suffering for the want of food, and the entire army under General Rosencrans is in peril for want of re-enforcements. This state of things made it the imperative duty of General Rosencrans to forbid all travel of civilians over the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, and my painful duty to carry out his orders to that effect. Your pleading letter came near swerving me from my duty, and yet I am glad that I possess the official firmness to deny you. "Very affectionately yours, "DAVID TOD, Governor." HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 353 When the time came for the party convention of 1863, Tod did not want to be a candidate. His health was breaking under the strain, and he felt that he could not survive another term. However, his friends united in pointing out his duty to him, with the result that he gave the final and historic reply : "Then, looking at it in that light, I am also willing to sacrifice my life." But the vagaries of party politics are not to be explained. When the convention met, it veered away from Tod, and nominated John Brough. This campaign is part of the Vallandigham story. Tod loyally supported Brough, and was largely influential in electing him. Then the great war governor again retired to his farm. His fame is secure, and it is pleasant to know that from Lincoln, at least, he received the recognition he deserved. Again and again the President spoke of Tod as one of the few governors, with Andrew of Massachusetts perhaps the other greatest, in whom absolute dependence could be placed. Lincoln offered Tod the portfolio of the Treasury Department when Chase resigned to take the place of Chief Justice. But Tod's health had failed. He was a dying man. He retired to his farm to gather up the threads of his various business enterprises and there he died, at Brier Hill, on November 23rd, 1868,—Youngstown's first citizen. CHAPTER III NORTHEASTERN OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR To give an account of the various campaigns and battles in which the soldiers of Northeastern Ohio took part would practically mean to tell the story of the war—a task entirely outside the scope of this work. It would be impossible, even, to discuss the various regiments and arms of the service in which our soldiers served. A study of the rosters of the Ohio regiments alone proves that nearly every one of them contained one or more soldiers from our territory. It is proper, however, to give some recognition to those regiments in which a large number of recruits come from Northeastern Ohio, and to such leading figures in the war as were resident here. The Third Ohio Volunteer Infantry was largely recruited from Columbiana County. It had a heroic but unfortunate record. It went first into active service in what is now West Virginia, under General McClellan. The Third was in the western army until 1863, taking part, among other engage-ments, in the bloody battles of Perrysville and Stone River. In April of 1863 the regiment was detached, in company with two Indiana regiments, to take part in a raid into Northern Georgia, their main objective being the iron works at Rome. These they succeeded in destroying, but, being gradually worn wo down, and hemmed in by the Confederate forces beyond the possibility of escape, the remnant of the regiment was compelled to surrender themselves as prisoners, their captor being the indomitable Confederate cavalry leader, General - 354 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 355 Forrest. The enlisted men of the regiment were paroled and finally exchanged, the officers being taken to Libby Prison. After the exchange was completed the regiment re-entered the service as a unit, but when the three year enlistment term ended they were mustered out. Most of the men entered other regiments and served out the war. One company of the Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry came from Stark County. This regiment, like the Third, began its service in West Virginia. It spent the early months of 1862 in the Shenandoah Valley, skirmishing with Stonewall Jackson. It was on the Peninsula with McClellan, and fought bravely and with heavy losses at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. The Fourth was one of the few Ohio regiments at Gettysburg, and helped repulse the Confederate forces on Cemetery Hill at the end of the first day. After Gettysburg the regiment was taken to New York to assist in putting down the draft riots. During the summer of 1864 the Fourth fought through the Wilderness with Grant. On the expiration of their service in September, 1864, they were mustered out. Those who re-enlisted were formed into a battalion, and spent the rest of the war in the neighborhood of Washington City. The Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry received several companies from Geauga, Lake and Portage counties. The Fifth spent the first year and a half in the Shenandoah Valley, making for itself a great reputation, taking part in the -battles of Winchester (first) and Cedar Mountain, and numberless skirmishes. They were present at Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. They went with the Fourth to New York at the time of the draft riots. Thence they were transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, arriving in time to open the battle of Lookout Mountain. The Fifth closed its great record of service by following Sherman "from Atlanta to the sea," and were present at Johnston's surrender. 356 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO The Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry was recruited almost entirely from the Western Reserve. One company was organized at Painesville, one at Warren and one at Youngstown. This regiment entered the war through West Virginia and spent the summer of 1861 and the following winter in the Shenandoah Valley, taking part in the first battle of Winchester, the battle of Cedar Mountain, and other smaller engagements. They were present at Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. They went to New York at the time of the draft riots, and thence were sent to the Army of the Cumberland, taking part in the battle of Lookout Mountain, and sustaining severe losses in the engagements round about Chattanooga. They remained in General Hooker's command after this campaign and were mustered out in 1864, the remainder of the regiment being incorporated with the Fifth, and going with them on Sherman's march. Part of the Eleventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry came from Columbiana County. The Eleventh was made part of the Kanawha Division, under General Cox, and remained in West Virginia until August, 1862, when they were moved into Maryland. After taking a brave part in the battle of Antietam they were sent back to West Virginia, and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland in February, 1863. They remained with the western forces, fighting in various battles, until 1864, when they were mustered out. The remnant of the regiment formed a battalion which went with Sherman to the sea, and remained with his army until the close of the war. The Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was almost entirely composed of men from Northeastern Ohio. A company came from Stark County; B, from Mahoning; C, from Trumbull ; D, from Ashtabula; E, from Columbiana; F, from Geauga ; G, from Summit; H, from Columbiana; I, from Ashtabula, and J, from Summit. The Nineteenth entered HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 357 the war as part of McClellan's army in West Virginia. They returned to Cleveland at the end of the ninety days' enlistment. Nearly all re-enlisted, and were sent to the west. They arrived at Shiloh in time to take part in the second day's battle. They were at Perrysville and Stone River, and played an important part at Chickamauga. They remained in the neighborhood of Chattanooga until January, 1864, when the term of their second enlistment expired. They returned to Cleveland, re-enlisted in a body, and returned to join Sherman's army. They went with Sherman as far at Atlanta, and then were assigned to Hooker's command, ending their service in Texas, where they were mustered out. Company H of the Twentieth Ohio Volunteer Infantry came from Trumbull and Mahoning. This regiment was located at Covington and Newport until February, 1862, when it joined Grant's army before Fort Donelson. They fought at Shiloh and Corinth, and took part in the siege of Vicksburg. After the surrender they were with Sherman until the end of the war, making the march to the sea, and ending their service with the surrender of Johnston's army. The Twenty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry was partly recruited from Mahoning and Ashtabula counties. This was General Rosencrans' original regiment, and is interesting here because it was here that William McKinley was promoted from private through the non-commissioned ranks /successively to second lieutenant, first lieutenant and captain. The regiment was engaged in the West Virginia campaign until August, 1862. Their first major battle was Antietam. They were returned to West Virginia, where they spent the remainder of their time, until they ended their war experience in the Shenandoah Valley with Sheridan. One company of the Twenty-fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry came from Trumbull County and one from Columbiana. After a brief period of service in West Virginia, this regi- 358 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO ment was sent west. They were at Shiloh, Chickamauga and Lookout Mountain, and a portion of the regiment fought at Stone River. They remained in the Army of the Cumberland until mustered out in 1864. A large number re-enlisted, but were absorbed in other regiments. One company of the Twenty-sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry came from Mahoning County. This regiment was transferred from West Virginia to the Army of the Cumberland in January, 1862. They were with Buell at Shiloh, and fought their first severe fight at Stone River. This regiment's most severe losses were at Chickamauga. They went with Sherman as far as Atlanta, and then joined Thomas in Tennessee. They ended their war experience in the final Texas expeditions, and were mustered out at Victoria. The Twenty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was largely recruited from Portage, Geauga, Lake, Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning. The personnel of this regiment came from all over the eastern part of the Reserve. This regiment early became a part of the Army of the Potomac. They fought in the first battle of Winchester, Cedar Mountain, the second battle of Manassas, and Chancellorsville. They went to New York to help suppress the draft riots, and thence were transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and fought under Hooker at Lookout Mountain. They made the march to the sea with Sherman, and stayed in his army until the surrender of Johnston. The Forty-first Ohio Volunteer Infantry came largely from Trumbull, Mahoning, Geauga and Portage counties. The Forty-first joined Buell's army at Louisville in November, 1861. Their first major engagement was at Shiloh. They took a heroic part in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. The regiment went as far as Atlanta with Sherman, returned to Tennessee HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 359 with Thomas, and joined the expedition to Texas, where they were finally mustered out at San Antonio. (Note.—The writer has a warm spot in his heart for the Forty-first, owing to an occurrence of his youth. Nearly thirty years ago he spent a happy afternoon listening to the stories told by six old men, all the survivors of one of the companies of this regiment. Their picture of Chickamauga will always be green in his memory.) The Fiftieth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was partly recruited from Ashtabula County. This regiment was mustered in August, 1862. They were in the battle of Perrysville, and remained in Tennessee and Kentucky until 1864, when they joined Sherman before Atlanta. They spent the remainder of their services in Tennessee and North Carolina, with General Thomas. They were mustered out in June, 1865. The Fifty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry was made up of soldiers from all over the state. A number came from Geauga, Lake and Portage counties, and a few from Ashtabula, Trumbull and Mahoning. This regiment saw its first action in Kentucky during the campaign of the Confederate General Bragg in the fall of 1862. It was a campaign of great hardship, and sorely tried the green troops. of the regiment. They were engaged at Perrysville and Stone River. They took a prominent part in the battles of Chickamauga and Lookout Mountain. They made the march to the sea with Sherman, and remained with his army till the end of the war. The Eighty-fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry made up partly of men from Trumbull and Mahoning counties, served during 1862 in Maryland and Virginia. At the end of their period of service they were mustered out with honor, many of the men re-enlisting. The One Hundred and Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was recruited almost entirely from Stark, Columbiana, 360 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO Summit and Portage counties. This regiment was mustered in August, 1862, their first duty being the defense of Cincinnati against General Bragg's army. They were in active service in Tennessee and North Carolina until 1865, taking part in the defense of Knoxville during the siege of that city by General Longstreet. The One Hundred and Fourth ended the war as part of General Sherman's army in North Carolina. The One Hundred and Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was recruited entirely from one territory, principally from Lake, Ashtabula, Geauga, Trumbull and Mahoning counties, with a few from Portage. This regiment entered the service in August, 1862. They marched into Kentucky, and fought their first battle at Perrysville. They were in the Chattanooga campaign, taking part in the battles of Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. They marched with Sherman to Atlanta, and finished their service in South Carolina and Georgia, marching north after Johnston's surrender. The One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry was recruited from Trumbull, Mahoning, Ashtabula, Portage and Columbiana counties, mainly. The regiment was organized in October, 1862, and in January, 1863, they moved into Kentucky. After several months of drill and skirmishing in Kentucky and Tennessee they arrived in the neighborhood of Chattanooga just before the battle of Chickamauga, in which they took part, with great valor. They were with Sherman until Atlanta was taken, and then were sent back into Tennessee to help in the opposition to General Hood. They were one of the regiments sent to Texas, where they were mustered out. Other Ohio regiments of infantry, including more than half of those organized, were recruited partly from Northeastern Ohio, but our space is not sufficient for further HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 361 discussion of them. We have tried to give a brief account of some of those regiments which saw long and active service, with no disparagement to the honorable records of those we must omit. We turn now to a brief discussion of those cavalry and artillery units which were largely recruited from our territory. Part of the First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry came from Ashtabula County, and a few from other parts of the territory with which we are concerned. This was the first cavalry regiment to join the western army, and their service was continued and highly honorable to the end. They spent the entire war in the west, being present at Stone River, Chickamauga and the remainder of the Chattanooga campaign, and continued with Sherman and others in the Carolina country until the end of the war. The Second Ohio Volunteer Cavalry was recruited almost entirely in the eastern counties of the Reserve, all our counties furnishing large quotas. The Second Cavalry had an extraordinarily varied service. They spent the entire year of 1862 on the west side of the Mississippi, campaigning in Missouri, Arkansas and the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) . During 1863 they were attached to the Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee and North Carolina. In 1864 they joined Grant's army, and served under Sheridan until the close of the war, taking part in the Shenandoah campaigns, and ending their service in the march that turned Lee's flank at Appomatox and ended the war. The Sixth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, like the Second, came almost entirely from the eastern Reserve counties. The Second and Sixth originally constituted a brigade, recruited by Senator Wade and John Hutchins. The two regiments were separated immediately, however. The Sixth Cavalry spent the entire period of the war with the Army of the Potomac. They fought at Cedar Mountain, Fredericksburg, 362 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the battles of the Wilderness, and were with Grant until the surrender at Appomatox. They were mustered out at Cleveland in August, 1865. The Twelfth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, recruited partly from Mahoning, Trumbull and Columbiana counties, saw service in Kentucky and Tennessee from 1863 to 1865, being finally discharged in November of the latter year. The Second Ohio Independent Battery was composed mostly of northeastern Ohio men. They were in service from August, 1861, to July, 1865. They served in Missouri at the beginning of the war, were with Grant at Vicksburg, followed Banks on the Red River expedition, and spent the remainder of their service guarding various points on the Mississippi River. The Third Ohio Independent Battery came from Stark and Columbiana counties, together with some men from the Reserve. They entered the service in the early part of 1862, and took part in the battle of Shiloh shortly after entering active service. They took part in the siege of Vicksburg, and remained there on guard after the surrender. The remainder of their service was in Tennessee and Kentucky, until they were mustered out in August, 1865. The Ninth Ohio Independent Battery came from the eastern portion of the Reserve. They entered the service in October, 1861. The first eight months of 1862 were spent in the Tennessee and Kentucky mountains, in great hardship and considerable danger. They joined the Army of the Cumberland in January, 1863, and remained in the west until they went with Sherman on the great march. They were mustered out in July, 1865. The Fourteenth Ohio Independent Battery was recruited from Ashtabula, Lake, Geauga and Trumbull counties. They entered the service in. September, 1861. They were at Forts Donelson and Henry, and helped fight the battle of Shiloh. HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 363 They were in Tennessee until 1864, when most of them were re-enlisted as veterans, and served actively in the west for the duration of the war. They were mustered out in August, 1865. The Fifteenth Ohio Independent Battery was about half composed of men from Ashtabula and Trumbull counties. They were mustered in about the first of January, 1862. They went through Shiloh and were with Grant at the siege of Corinth. They stayed with Grant until the surrender of Vicksburg. They left Vicksburg with Sherman, and stayed with him until the march to the sea. They were mustered out in June, 1865. The Twenty-fifth Ohio Independent Battery, made up cif men from the eastern portion of the Reserve, was formed out of the Second Ohio Cavalry, while on duty at Fort Scott, Kansas, in August, 1862. They spent the entire period of their service west of the Mississippi, in Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas. They were not finally mustered out until December, 1865, having made a great record, during which they participated in thirteen battles and skirmishes and marched 6,350 miles. Other units from Ohio and other states, besides sailors and marines, contained many men from northeastern Ohio, but space does not permit the story of their service. We have tried to give a brief account of those which had a large number of recruits from our territory. It is not possible in the space of this work to give a detailed account of their service, but it is only due to them, as numbered among the heroic saviors of the Union, to give them a brief recognition. Their sons and daughters feel a just pride in their deeds, and all Ohio should feel proud of the record of the state in the Civil War. CHAPTER IV THE MILITARY LEADERS OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO That Ohio furnished to the Civil War period a group of military and civil leaders as great in number, probably, as any other state, and that, after the supreme figure of Lincoln, several of these reached positions of highest eminence, is a well known historical fact. The three acknowledged masters of the military art who fought for the Union, Grant, Sherman and Sheridan, were all Ohio men. But, while Northeastern Ohio furnished several of the greatest names in the contest, it is a curious fact that they were all civil rather than military leaders, even Garfield, though rising to high military rank, achieving his greatest distinction in the political field, and that in the reconstruction period. Tod and Wade were never soldiers, and McKinley, although his military record was excellent, had not completed his education when he entered the army, so that the story of his rise to the supreme position in American life belongs to a later portion of this work. Nevertheless, there were men from northeastern Ohio who achieved sufficient distinction to entitle them to special mention, and it is the purpose of this chapter to give a brief account of the achievements of these. The Grant family, to be sure, first located in Portage County; the father of the general grew up in the neighborhood of Deerfield and Ravenna. Roswell Grant, brother of Jesse and therefore uncle of the general, was a resident of Youngstown in his younger days, and it is on record that young Ulysses visited there as a boy. But before Ulysses - 364 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 365 was born the Grant family had removed to another part of the state, so that all we may claim of him is a feeling of neighborliness and a share in his origin. Major General William Babcock Hazen has a peculiar claim on the affections of the residents of the Reserve, as an old resident of Portage County, and as the first commander of the Forty-first Ohio Volunteer Infantry, a regiment in which we take especial pride. He was born in Vermont in 1830, and was brought to the Reserve at the age of three, when his parents emigrated. The Hazens were old New England stock, and the general had his share of Revolutionary soldiers in his ancestry. He graduated at West Point in 1855, and spent the years between graduation and the outbreak of the war in service with the regular army on the Pacific Coast and in Texas. He had the rank of captain in 1861. Hazen was sent to West Point at the beginning of hostilities, as Assistant Professor of Infantry Tactics. This peaceful service, however, chafed him greatly, and he seized the first opportunity to change to field duty. In September he took charge of the Forty-first as commander. In January, 1862, he was placed in command of the Nineteenth Brigade of the Army of the Ohio, which included his own regiment. As brigade commander he fought at Perrysville and Stone River. His promotion to the ranks of Brigadier General came in May, 1862, but was not confirmed by the Senate until November. Hazen's service at Chickamauga and the other engagements of the Chattanooga campaign gave him a great and well deserved reputation. In 1865 he was raised to the rank of Major General, and placed in command of the Fifteenth Army Corps. Major General Jacob Dolson Cox, while rising, as will be seen to high political honors after the war, would perhaps 366 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO have preferred to be remembered for his military record. He was born in Montreal, Canada, although his parents were both native-born citizens of the United States, his father,, a master-builder, being located temporarily in Canada when Jacob D. Cox was born. The family returned to New York City when the boy was one year old, and in that city he grew up, until at the age of eighteen he came to Ohio. He graduated at Oberlin in 1851, and chose Warren as his place of residence, serving Trumbull and Mahoning counties in the Ohio Senate. Cox had held a commission as a general in the haphazard Ohio Militia before the war. In April, 1861, Governor Dennison appointed him Brigadier General of Ohio Volunteers. In this capacity, serving under Major General McClellan, he spent the early months of the war in organizing and equipping the Ohio volunteer enlistments. In July, 1861, he first entered on field service, taking command of a brigade of Ohio and Kentucky troops. The District of the Kanawha, in the present State of West Virginia, was established, with Cox as commander. He remained in West Virginia until the summer of 1862. He was transferred to the Army of the Potomac as division commander, and commanded the Ninth Corps at Antietam. Following this battle he was promoted to the rank of Major General. General Cox was sent back to West Virginia after the Antietam campaign, and placed in command of all the troops in that state. He remained in West Virginia until the spring of 1863, when he was transferred to the Army of the Ohio. In December, 1863, he was again transferred, at his own request, and joined the Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee. As corps commander and division commander at different times he remained in Tennessee, North Carolina and Georgia during the remainder of the war. At the time of Johnston's surrender Cox was in command of the Twenty-third Corps HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 367 of Sherman's Army. In July, 1865, he was sent back to Ohio and placed in charge of the mustering out of the Ohio soldiers. In the election of 1865 General Cox was chosen as the Republican candidate for governor. The success of the Republican ticket in that campaign was a foregone conclusion, and he was triumphantly elected. He therefore resigned his commission in December, to take up his new duties. As governor, Cox was not sufficiently radical, probably, to suit the tastes of the Ohio citizenry in the reconstruction period. He expressed himself in sympathy with President Johnson in the great controversy which resulted in Johnson's trial. It will be remembered that even as cool and calm a statesman as John Sherman was carried away by the wave of radicalism at this time, and voted, against his own better judgment, in favor of the impeachment of Johnson. As a result of the criticism which developed during Cox's administration, he refused to be a candidate for re-election, and at the close of his administration he retired to Cincinnati, where he spent his remaining years in the practice of the law. Cox was a good but not a great soldier; an honest and efficient public servant, but not a genius. Posterity will be kinder to him than his contemporaries were. One of the most valiant families in the military records of the United States was the "Fighting McCooks," natives of New Lisbon. The history of this family in the Civil War would make a most interesting book. We have only space here to note briefly the achievements of these heroic sons of Columbiana County. The founders of this family were George and Mary McCook, who were among the early New Lisbon residents. They were the parents of three sons, Doctor George McCook, Major Daniel McCook and Doctor John McCook. All of the sons of these three men who survived until the Civil War were engaged either as members of the military or naval forces of 368 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO the Union, and several rose to distinguished rank. Two families, really, entered the war: Major Daniel McCook and his eight sons, Surgeon Latimer A. McCook, General George McCook, General Robert Latimer McCook, General Alexander McDowell McCook, General Daniel McCook, General Edwin S. McCook, Charles M. McCook, and Colonel John J. McCook; and the five sons of Doctor John McCook, General Edward M. McCook, General Anson G. McCook, Chaplain Henry C. McCook, Commander Roderick S. McCook, and Lieutenant John J. McCook. The personal records of only a few of these can be included within the space of this work. The one who rose to highest rank was Major General Alexander M. McCook. He was a graduate of West Point in the class of 1852, and served in the western army until 1858, when he returned to West Point as an instructor. At the opening of the war he took command of the First 0. V. I., and went into active service at the first battle of Bull Run. In December of 1861 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General of Volunteers. He commanded a division at Shiloh, and in July, 1862, became a Major General of volunteers. He was a corps commander at Chickamauga. His corps was broken and nearly destroyed in that disastrous battle. The Court of Inquiry held after the battle entirely absolved General McCook from blame, as it developed that the error was not his fault. In fact, the fault for the breaking of the line at Chickamauga cannot be properly placed on any one person. It is perhaps proper to say that it came from the impetuosity of the Confederate attack. This battle, however, was the reason for the fact that General McCook never again rose to high command during the war. He remained in the regular service after the war. A brief but glorious career was that of Brigadier General Robert Latimer McCook. Before the war he was engaged HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 369 in the practice of the law in Cincinnati. He entered the war as Colonel in command of the Ninth Ohio Infantry. In the last days of 1861, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. He was in command of his brigade at Shiloh. During August of 1862 while serving in Tennessee, he became so ill that he found it necessary to ride in an ambulance, but nevertheless refused to leave his brigade. While in this condition his brigade was attacked by a body of guerrillas. A small body of these men coming up in the rear of the Union troops found General McCook almost alone and defenseless, whereupon they fired and mortally wounded him. He died the next day. His death aroused his troops to tremendous wrath, with the result that they took revenge time and time again for the loss of their beloved commander. Daniel McCook, Junior, entered the army as a captain, serving under General Lyon in the early Missouri campaign. He was in the Army of Ohio at Shiloh, and received the command of the Second 0. V. I. after the battle, with the rank of Colonel. The regiment styled themselves the "McCook Avengers," in memory of the death of his brother, recorded above. Colonel Daniel McCook led his men in the assault on Kenesaw Mountain, but was mortally wounded in the charge. Lying on his death bed he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. He died July 21, 1864. It would be interesting to continue the story of the Fighting McCooks, but no more space is available. Brevet Major General Erastus B. Tyler, born in New York, was brought to Ravenna by his parents while a child. When the war broke out he was a brigadier general of Ohio Militia, in command of the division formed of Portage, Trumbull and Mahoning counties. He entered the war as Colonel in command of the Seventh 0. V. I. His early service was in West Virginia. He commanded a brigade at Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. He was then placed in 370 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO command of the defenses of Baltimore, as a consequence of Lee's Pennsylvania campaigns. He ended his military career in West Virginia, being recognized as a brave and intelligent commander during the entire period of his service. Brevet Major General Emerson Opdycke was a native of Trumbull County. He entered the war as a private of the Forty-first Infantry. He was promoted to captain in this regiment, and served as acting major in the battle of Shiloh. In the fall of 1862 he was ordered home to organize the One Hundredth and Twenty-fifth 0. V. I. As commander of this regiment he fought at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and served in the Army of the Cumberland until the end of the war. His brevet as Major General came at the close of the war, with a special letter of commendation from General Thomas. Other men who rose to rank in the army were Joel A. Dewey, who enlisted from Ashtabula as a second lieutenant, and rose to the rank of Brigadier General; and Thomas F. Wildes, a native of Canada, who grew up near Ravenna, entered the war as lieutenant colonel of the One Hundredth and Sixteenth 0. V. I., and ended his military career as Colonel of the One Hundredth and Eighty-sixth Ohio and Brevet Brigadier General. It would be pleasant to continue the account of Ohio's heroic sons of the Civil War, but we have no more space to spare. The record is one of which the state may always be proud. The many obscure heroes whom we may not even mention still remain enshrined in local memory, and serve as an inspiration to their descendants. It may be true that war is never justifiable, yet when it comes, it has always been true in our country that men will be found who will take arms in her defense, and leave the justification to those who can find time to study it. CHAPTER V MORGAN AND VALLANDIGHAM We intend in this chapter to give a brief account of two unrelated incidents of the Civil War, which have this sole connection, that they are both part of the history of Columbiana County. First, we shall relate the story of Morgan's Raid in Ohio; second, the case of Clement L. Vallandigham. It will be remembered that almost the entire Civil War was fought in territory belonging to the Confederacy. The major offensives in Union States were Bragg's campaign in Kentucky and Lee's two great offensive movements on the north side of the Potomac, the one culminating at Antietam, the other at Gettysburg. Compared with these, the famous Morgan's Raid was a minor incident, but on account of its romantic character, the fact that it terminated in Eastern Ohio, after crossing the entire state, and the additional fact that it frightened and aroused the entire state, justify its inclusion in this history. General John Morgan, cavalry commander under Bragg, had in the early years of the war made a reputation for daring and sagacity. In June of 1863, he planned with his commanding general a raid into the territory north of the Cumberland River, in order to create a diversion, and annoy the citizens of Kentucky. It is certain that Bragg never intended Morgan to cross the Ohio. But Morgan had other plans. Whether he originally intended to enter Indiana and Ohio, or whether he decided on this move after the raid had begun, is matter for argument. The best of the available au- - 371 - 372 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO thorities, however, are of the opinion that the full plan was in his mind from the beginning. If this is true he was acting against orders, and entirely on his own initiative from the start. At any rate, Morgan crossed the Cumberland and headed straight north through Kentucky, having a force of about twenty-five hundred mounted men, with four guns. They reached the Ohio at Brandenburg on July 8th, having crossed Kentucky in five days. Here they captured two steamboats and crossed into Ohio. General Judah, Union Cavalry Commander in Kentucky, sent his subordinate, General Hobson, in pursuit, and from this time on it was a chase through Indiana and Ohio. The Morgan men, of course, lived on the country. The speed of their march seems incredible to one who does not understand the circumstances. It must be remembered that they were in a rich farming country, and changes of horses were available at almost all times. One contemporary account states that the average number of horses per soldier which the Morgan cavalrymen used up in the march amounted to five apiece. Hobson's cavalry, in pursuit, used their own horses but had the advantage in rations. Both Governor Morton, of Indiana, and Governor Tod, of Ohio, issued orders to the citizenry to provide rations for the men of Hobson's command. At that time, as to a great extent yet, the great delicacy among the farming population was fried chicken. Hobson's men ate so much fried chicken on this march that they began to complain, and demand their regular rations of salt pork and hard-tack. Morgan crossed Southern Indiana and entered Ohio just northwest of Cincinnati. General Burnside, in command at that city, prepared to defend the place. But Morgan had no intention of attacking so well defended a place. Instead, he skirted the suburbs in the night, and before his whereabouts were known he was miles away at Washington Court House, HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO - 373 heading for the heart of Ohio, apparently. By the fifteenth of July he was marching east toward the Scioto. As a matter of fact, Morgan's intentions now were to reach the Ohio River again and cross into Kentucky, where he would be in comparative safety. His men were looting the farms and stores along the way, creating consternation, fear and dismay, destroying property and borrowing all the horses they could find. The nature of the loot would seem to indicate that they were not trying to gratify anything but caprice. They took rolls of calico cloth from stores, to throw them away when they found patterns they liked better. It is on record that one trooper appropriated a dozen pairs of skates, although it was July. But Morgan felt that the purpose of his raid had been accomplished, and now wished only to escape. This was becoming more and more a difficult thing to do. Hobson was close on the trail. Judah was following along the river by boat. Governor Tod had ordered out all the militia in the southern and central part of the state, and while they were green and entirely inexperienced in actual warfare, their very numbers made them a menace. Morgan's course took him straight across Southern Ohio. He had sent out spies before he entered the state and was aware of a ford at Buffington's Island, about half way between Pomeroy and Parkersburg. For this ford he headed his march. But misfortune overtook him. He had no adequate guides. He was lost at times, and by the time he reached the Ohio shore Hobson's men, full of fried chicken and in a friendly country, had overtaken him, while Judah, in the river, barred the way across the ford. Here the one pitched battle of the raid was fought. More than half the raiders were captured, including Morgan's brother. Morgan himself, with about twelve hundred men, escaped. But his chance to get away was gone. He struck back into the country, to McArthur, and thence doubled back to the river, hoping to find a crossing. Turned back again he moved 374 - HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO north into Muskingum County. He crossed the Muskingum at Eaglesport, and struck out toward the northeast. His last hope was to strike the river at Wellsville, and cross there before his pursuers caught up. But here he was turned back again, and near Salineville, in the southern part of Columbiana County, the end came. The story is that a certain James Burbeck had organized a company in and about New Lisbon, with which he had gone out to meet Morgan. When they made contact Morgan made Burbeck the proposition that he would agree not to molest the countryside if Burbeck would agree to guide him across the river. However, Morgan soon discovered that he was interrupted by the regular cavalry, and thereupon proposed to surrender to Burbeck on parole. The capture was made, however, by General Shackleford of Hobson's Column. He refused to accept the parole, as Burbeck had no military authority, and made Morgan and his men prisoners of war. The question of their status was difficult. The general opinion of the Ohio citizenry, on the one hand, was that they were horse thieves, and should be treated as criminals, and sentenced to the penitentiary. Morgan, on the other hand, stood on his parole, and appealed to Governor Tod. The Governor, however, stood by the people, and sent Morgan and his leaders to the Ohio Penitentiary. There they remained until November 27th, when they managed to escape, and got back to the Confederacy, thus closing Ohio's one experience of actual war at home. Yet there are still, here and there in old houses in Ohio, framed certificates hanging on the wall, telling how the father of the family left his peaceful pursuits, shouldered his rifle and joined the "Squirrel Hunters," who went out to fight John Morgan. One last item of interest to us is that Major Daniel McCook, father of one of the "Fighting McCook" families, went